Post on 14-Apr-2018
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Ardipithecus ramidus Ardipithecus ramidus
Tim White,Tim White, Alamayehu AsfawAlamayehu Asfaw,,
19921992--9494
AramisAramis, Ethiopia, Ethiopia
““Mystery SkeletonMystery Skeleton””
4.5 million years4.5 million years
Significance: The scientific world waitsSignificance: The scientific world waits
impatiently for a description of thisimpatiently for a description of this
quasiquasi--hominid, which includes much of hominid, which includes much of
a skeleton. It is hinted to have aa skeleton. It is hinted to have alocomotor locomotor pattern unlike that of any pattern unlike that of any
other known hominid or ape.other known hominid or ape.
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A. anamensis
2
1
3
4
1. Flared tibia1. Flared tibia
2.2. Enlarged lateralEnlarged lateral condylecondyle
3. Large carpal tunnel3. Large carpal tunnel
4. Apelike chin4. Apelike chin
Meave LeakeyLake Turkana
4.1 mya
Bipedal
hominid more primitive than
afarensis
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Hadar Knee Joint Australopithecus afarensisHadar Knee Joint Australopithecus afarensis
DonDon JohansonJohanson, 1973, 1973
Hadar Hadar , Ethiopia, Ethiopia
Age: 3Age: 3--4 million years4 million yearsSignificance: The distalSignificance: The distal
femur and proximal tibiafemur and proximal tibia
fragments articulate at anfragments articulate at an
angle characteristic of angle characteristic of bipedal hominids, rather bipedal hominids, rather
thanthan quadrupedalquadrupedal apes.apes.
This confirmed that theThis confirmed that the
Hadar Hadar fossils werefossils were
hominids.hominids.
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Lucy
(A.L. 288) Australopithecus afarensis
Lucy
(A.L. 288) Australopithecus afarensis
DonDon JohansonJohanson, 1974, 1974 Hadar Hadar , Ethiopia, Ethiopia
Age: 3.2 million yearsAge: 3.2 million years
Significance: The most famous fossil of our Significance: The most famous fossil of our century, and the most complete specimencentury, and the most complete specimen
of any hominid this old. Three and a half of any hominid this old. Three and a half
feet tall and fully bipedal with a chimpfeet tall and fully bipedal with a chimp--
sized brain, Lucy representssized brain, Lucy represents
Australopithecus Australopithecus afarenisafarenis, the earliest well, the earliest well--
described hominid species.described hominid species.
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A.L. 333 “First Family”
Australopithecus afarensis
A.L. 333 “First Family”
Australopithecus afarensis
DonDon JohansonJohanson, 1975, 1975
Hadar Hadar , Ethiopia, Ethiopia
Age: 3.2 mAge: 3.2 m
Significance:Significance: Hadar Hadar location 333 yielded the remains of nine adults and four juvenilocation 333 yielded the remains of nine adults and four juvenilesles
(including the child shown above and many of the(including the child shown above and many of the Hadar Hadar jaws at the right). If its jaws at the right). If its
discoverers are correct in their assumption that these individuadiscoverers are correct in their assumption that these individua
ls died together in als died together in a
catastrophic event, the site offers a crosscatastrophic event, the site offers a cross--section of ansection of an afarensisafarensis population. population.
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Meanwhile: Laetoli fossils & printsMeanwhile: Laetoli fossils & prints
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A. L. 444 - 2
Australopithecusafarensis
A. L. 444 - 2
Australopithecusafarensis
Yoel Rak Yoel Rak , 1992, 1992
Hadar Hadar , Ethiopia, Ethiopia
Age: 3 million yearsAge: 3 million years
Cranial capacity: 500 ccCranial capacity: 500 cc
Significance: This large male is theSignificance: This large male is the
most complete adultmost complete adult afarensisafarensis skullskullyet. It has fueled both sides of theyet. It has fueled both sides of the
debate about the number of speciesdebate about the number of species
atat Hadar Hadar ..
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KNM-WT 17000: The Black Skull
Australopithecus aethiopicus
KNM-WT 17000: The Black Skull
Australopithecus aethiopicus
LeakeyLeakey team, Westteam, West TurkanaTurkana, Kenya, 1985, Kenya, 1985 Age: 2.6 million yearsAge: 2.6 million years
Cranial Capacity: 410 ccCranial Capacity: 410 cc
Significance: This surprisingly old, hyper Significance: This surprisingly old, hyper --robust australopithecine ruined robust australopithecine ruined JohansonJohanson’’ss
hypothesis thathypothesis that robustsrobusts descended fromdescended from A. A. africanusafricanus. In fact, it poses a challenge to. In fact, it poses a challenge toall neat, simple hominid all neat, simple hominid phylogenies phylogenies..
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Raymond Dart, 1924Raymond Dart, 1924
TaungTaung, South Africa, South Africa
Australopithecus Australopithecus africanusafricanus
2.52.5 myamya
FourFour--year old with an apeyear old with an ape--sizedsized
brain, humanlike smallbrain, humanlike small
canines, and foramen magnumcanines, and foramen magnum
shifted forwardshifted forward
Taung Child Taung Child
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STS 5, “Mrs. Ples”
Australopithecus africanus
STS 5, “Mrs. Ples”
Australopithecus africanus Robert Broom and JohnRobert Broom and John
Robinson, 1947Robinson, 1947
SterkfonteinSterkfontein, S. Africa, S. Africa
Age, 2.3Age, 2.3--2.8 million years2.8 million years
Cranial capacity, 450 ccCranial capacity, 450 cc
An adultAn adult A. A. africanusafricanus;; maymay
actually be a male.actually be a male.
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Swartkrans 48
Australopithecusrobustus
Swartkrans 48
Australopithecusrobustus
Robert Broom, 1950Robert Broom, 1950
SwartkransSwartkrans, S. Africa, S. Africa
Age: 1.5Age: 1.5--2 my2 my
Cranial capacity: 500 cc.?Cranial capacity: 500 cc.?
Significance: Classic South AfricanSignificance: Classic South African robustusrobustus
Below: with
Swartkrans
23 mandble
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OH 5 “Zinj”
Australopithecus boisei
OH 5 “Zinj”
Australopithecus boisei
MaryMary LeakeyLeakey, 1959, 1959
OlduvaiOlduvai Gorge, TanzaniaGorge, Tanzania
Age: 1.8 million yearsAge: 1.8 million years
Significance: The longSignificance: The long--awaited awaited
hominid to go with thehominid to go with the
OlduvaiOlduvai tools, this hyper tools, this hyper --
robust specimen surprised robust specimen surprised everyone. It was dubbed everyone. It was dubbed
““ZinjanthropusZinjanthropus”” from thefrom the
Swahili name for East Africa,Swahili name for East Africa,
and nicknamed and nicknamed ““ Nutcracker. Nutcracker.””
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Australopithecus garhi Australopithecus garhi
Bouri site, Ethiopia 1998Bouri site, Ethiopia 1998
IHO team led by Tim White,IHO team led by Tim White,
Berhane AsfawBerhane Asfaw
2.5 million years old 2.5 million years old
Skulls and Skulls and postcranial postcranial bones bones
found with stone tools,found with stone tools,
butchered animal bones butchered animal bones HumerofemuralHumerofemural index moreindex more
modern thanmodern than afarensisafarensis or or
africanusafricanus
Face more apelike, molarsFace more apelike, molarslarger thanlarger than africanusafricanus
Claimed as possible link Claimed as possible link
between between afarensisafarensis and and Homo Homo
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Kenyapithecus platyopsKenyapithecus platyops
Meave Leakey team 1999
Lake Turkana, Kenya
Age: 3.2 to 3.5 mya
Very complete cranium
Same age as afarensis New species, perhaps even new genus
Unique facial morphology, like later 1470
Meave: Has as good a claim as Lucy