Post on 29-Jan-2022
Q1 Scenari, a cura di Maria Chiara TosiQ2 New Territories, a cura di Paola ViganòQ3 Comment vivre ensemble, a cura di Paola
Pellegrini e Paola ViganòQ4 Storie del futuro, di Paolo Bozzuto, Andrea
Costa, Lorenzo Fabian, Paola PellegriniQ5 Landscapes of urbanism, a cura di Viviana
Ferrario, Angelo Sampieri, Paola ViganòQ6 The Next Urban Question, a cura di
Valentina Bandieramonte, Chiara Cavalieri, Irene Guida, Kaveh Rashidzadeh
Q7 Suolo, a cura di Monica Bianchettin Del GranoQ8 Bernardo Secchi. Libri e piani, a cura di
Cristina Renzoni e Maria Chiara TosiQ9 Utopia and the Project for the City and
Territory, a cura di Luca Velo e Michela Pace
utopia and the project for the city and territoryLuca Velo, Michela Pace eds.
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Q9 utopia an
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utopia and the project of the city territory Paola Viganò • the urbanistic imagination Andrea Cavalletti • what is inside Bernardo Secchi’s non-trivial machine? Daniele Vazquez Pizzi • living urbanism. The bio-political paradigm in the research of Bernardo Secchi Giuseppe Caridi • small and great utopias Marco de Michelis • postmodern dystopias: populist landscapes Federico Ferrari • the city as a project–the farm as a hobby Diederik de Koning • those absent objects of desire: utopia in architecture Camilo Vladimir de Lima Amaral • icon seeks icons. image related rhetoric for place production in London Michela Pace • a new geography? utopia in the age of metacity David Graham Shane • from ‘redeeming’ to ‘humanising’ the land: utopias in Italy after WWII Alessandra Casu • the viennese terrassenhaus: an example of a utopian reality? Lorenzo De Chiffre • Handwerk und Kleinstadt: the Heinrich Tessenow’s urban utopia Gianluca Gnisci • utopias as practice. on imagination and the subjects that urbanism moves Michiel Dehaene • utopia as metaphor of Colin Rowe and the analogous city of Aldo Rossi Alioscia Mozzato • the site-specific manifestos Carlo Pisano • utopia between collage and modification Marco Voltini • multi-functional networks for territories - an utopia or a resilience strategy? Dan Narita • atlas of a utopia Qinyi Zhang • the new dutch horizon Iulia Cristina Sirbu • the concrete and uncertain utopia Luca Velo • Turgut cansever in Istanbul, identity and utopia of urban design Eliana Martinelli • Beirut: the image and the mask. From the modernity utopia to the contemporaneity eu-topia as the difference spot Cristian Gori • towards common imaginaries for a shared Cyprus Andrea Verni • regional design for strategic planning: a vision for the metropolitan city of Florence Valeria Lingua
Q9officina edizionioe
This volume explores the multifaceted aspects of Utopia, considered as an “extreme effort in imagination”. This approach implies a survey of the most powerful criticisms of the exiting as a possible alternative to approach urbanism. An effort able to conceptualize the city, the territory and the society against new backgrounds in order to understand the future. The reflection on Utopia investigates the need to find a stronger and more flexible language, adequate to describe the complexity of the different elements of the contemporary. The urban project should reaffirm its role as critical tool amongst actors and places, being a ground for representation and confrontation to finally contribute the exploration of reality. After today’s growing crisis and uncertainties in democracy, economy and society new challenges are established. They need to be understood through investigation and construction of innovative and original devices. Utopia, as for Bernardo Secchi, is a specific mode developed by the Western culture to imagine the future, with the elaboration of the city and its design at its centre. Urbanism reflects on the best of possible worlds, not in an abstract way but, in Bernardo Secchi’s words, through the immersion of a wide number of practices and the conscious modification of the city and territory. Referring to the 500th anniversary of the publication of Utopia by Thomas More, this book is a collection of essays, scientifically peer reviewed by a network of scholars and academics in urbanism. They were originally presented in the first Bernardo Secchi’s Study Day in November 2016, and sponsored by the Doctorate School of Architecture, City and Design. The event took place at the Iuav University of Venice, the same school he taught for many years becoming a reference for several student generations.
On cover: detail from Bernardo Secchi’s preparatory notes for a cycle of lessons about the role of Utopia in Urbanism (November-December 1991). Courtesy of Annacarla, Maralessandra and Piercesare Secchi, p. 117.
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
UtopiaandTheProjectofTheCityTerritoryPaola Viganò
ExploringUtopia:aShortIntroductionLuca Velo
AN EXTREME EFFORT OF IMAGINATION
19 TheUrbanisticImaginationAndrea Cavalletti
25 WhatisInsideBernardoSecchi’sNon-TrivialMachine?Daniel Vazquez Pizzi
30 LivingUrbanism.TheBio-PoliticalParadigmintheResearchofBernardoSecchiGiuseppe Caridi
IMAGINARIES, IDEALS AND UTOPIAS
37 SmallandGreatUtopiasMarco de Michelis
42 PostmodernDystopias:PopulistLandscapesFederico Ferrari
49 TheCityasaProject–TheFarmasaHobbyDiederik de Koning
54 ThoseAbsentObjectsofDesire:UtopiainArchitectureCamilo Vladimir de Lima Amaral
60 IconSeeksIcons.ImageRelatedRhetoricforPlaceProductioninLondonMichela Pace
UTOPIAS OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
69 ANewGeography?UtopiaintheAgeofMetacityDavid Graham Shane
78 From‘Redeeming’to‘Humanising’theLand:UtopiasinItalyAfterWWIIAlessandra Casu
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83 TheVienneseTerrassenhaus:AnExampleofaUtopianReality?Lorenzo De Chiffre
88 HandwerkundKleinstadt:theHeinrichTessenow’sUrbanUtopiaGianluca Gnisci
UTOPIAS AS VISIONS
95 UtopiasasPractice Onimaginationandthesubjectsthaturbanismmoves
Michiel Dehaene
101 UtopiaasMetaphorofColinRoweandtheAnalogousCityofAldoRossiAlioscia Mozzato
107 TheSite-SpecificManifestos:aPreciseFormofUtopiaCarlo Pisano
112 UtopiaBetweenCollageandModificationMarco Voltini
117 Multi-functionalNetworksforTerritories-AnUtopiaoraResilienceStrategy?Dan Narita
124 AtlasofaUtopiaQinyi Zhang
130 TheNewDutchHorizonIulia Cristina Sirbu
UTOPIAS, CITIES, VISIONS AND POLITICS
137 TheConcreteandUncertainUtopiaLuca Velo
142 TurgutCanseverinIstanbul,IdentityandUtopiaofUrbanDesignEliana Martinelli
147 Beirut:theImageandtheMask Fromthemodernityutopiatothecontemporaneityeu-topiaasthedifferencespot
Cristian Gori
152 TowardsCommonImaginariesforaShared1CyprusAndrea Verni
158 RegionalDesignforStrategicPlanning:AVisionfortheMetropolitanCityofFlorenceValeria Lingua
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Turgut Cansever in Istanbul, Identity and Utopia of Urban Design
Eliana Martinelli
THE POLYCENTRIC URBAN MODELSince1957TurgutCanseverstartsworkingontheIstanbulMasterPlanwithLuigiPiccinato,criticizingthepreviousProstplanforthecity(1936-1951).Thefirstproject,withwhombeginafruitfulcollaborationbetweentheItalianurbanplannerandtheTurkishadministrations,isthatforthesatellitecityofAtaköy(1956-59),whichprovidesacomplexsystemofaccommodatingandbathing facilities, separated fromthe residentialareabyacoastal road(Malusardi1993).TogetherwithPiccinato,Canseverplansthedevelopmentofseveralsatellitecitiestoenablethedistributionofservicesandpopulationontheterritory,preservingthehistoricpeninsulafromtheconstructionofimposingtrafficroutes,whichwereinsteadproposed,andpartlyimplemented,bytheProstplan.AccordingtoCansever,thereferenceforthefuturelayoutofthecity,inanticipationofpopulationgrowth,liesinthepast,preciselyintheOttomancities.Untilthelatenineteenthcentury,whattodayisasinglecityconsistedofthreeindependentcentralities,Istanbul,GalataandPera;itwas‘triune’,asLeCorbusierwrotein1911(LeCorbusier1974).Inadditiontothese,thereweretheholycityofEyüpandthevillagesontheBosphorus,inahierarchyofindependentcentralities,neverthelessactingasauniquecity.Insteadofacentralizedsystem,whichwouldlead,asithappened,to thedestructionofarchitecturalheritage, to thepollutionand to theproperty speculationwithin thehistoricpeninsula,Canseversuggestedamultipolarsystem,infullrespectofIstanbultopography,historyandespeciallyinregardtothepeoplepsychologicalnecessities.IntheMasterPlanproposedbyPiccinato,Istanbulisrepresentedintheformofthreedistinctcoredistricts,Stanbul,BeyoğluandÜsküdar,separatedfromeachotherbytheGoldenHornandtheBosphorus.Thesatellitecitiesareconnectedto these,andtheir traffic routes lead into the Istanbul–Edirne–Londonhighway, themainaxisofthe national highway system (Malusardi 1993). According to the two urban planners, thanks to such a trafficplanningstrategy,itispossiblenottounderminethehistoricalcitycentrewithfurtherdemolitions,developingatthesametimeanopenurbanmodel,abletoextenditselfthroughamultiplicationofcentralities,inanticipationofademographicincrease.The advantage of this solution is demonstrated by some Cansever’s sketches, describing different possibledevelopmentsofthecityofIstanbul.ForCansever,however,thepolycentricmodelismuchmorethananoperationalchoice:itrepresentsthepossibilityofreconstitutingtheurbanidentityofIstanbul,builtmodeloftheOttomancity,rediscoveringinthemeantimeaculturalandsocialidentity,deeplyincrisisinTurkeyatthattime.Thearchitecttalksabouta‘relationalpattern’(Cansever2010)betweenthevariousurbanareas.Between1965and1966,CansevercarriesoutacarefulhistoricalanalysisofthetransitionperiodatthetimeoftheTanzimat1(1839-1876),duringwhichIstanbulmodernizedanddemographicallygrew,havingsimultaneouslytotackletheproblemoftransportationsandconnectionsbetweenvariousdistricts.Sincethen,Beyoğlubecamethenewculturalcentreofthecity,whiletheGoldenHornswitchedfromrecreationalcentretostorageareaforgoodsderivingfromshipping.Startingfromthisanalysis,thearchitecttriestoanswertotheneedsimposedbythecontingentincreaseofpopulation,thataccordingtohispredictions,provedtoberealistic,couldhavereachedthenumberofaboutsixmillioninhabitantsby1985(ibidem)andthengrownagain.InthereportCanseverhighlights
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the opportunity to build, on the opposite sides of the Bosphorus, two different but functionally autonomoussettlementsthatminimizetheneedtocrosstheseastraight,inordertoavoidtheconstructionofotherbridges,andconsequentlyofotherroadsandrailways.InpointingoutthepotentialofIstanbul,Canseveralsodrawsattentiontothevariousseasthatborderthecity,eachwithitsownclimaticandnaturalconditions,whichcangiverisetodifferenttypesofrecreationalactivities,necessarytomakethesettlementseconomicallyself-sufficient.Thearchitectidentifiessomestrategiesforthecorrectplanningoftheterritory,suchastheseparationofresidentialareas, located into thenatural landscapeanddrivenby socio-cultural activities, from thedistrictshostingothercollectivefunctions.Inthecontemporarycitythisisreflectedinaseparationbetweenresidentialneighbourhoods,supportedbyrecreationalactivities,andbusinessandproductivedistricts,inlinewithPiccinato’sideaforthefuturelayoutofthecity.
DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS FOR THE CITYThecollaborationwithLuigiPiccinatocontinuesduringthe‘70s,whenCansever,astheheadoftheGreaterIstanbulPlanningAuthority,promotedtheGeneralPlanningandUrbanDevelopmentStudy(1974-75).InthesameyearstheTurkishgovernmententrustedPiccinatowiththetaskofadvisorforthestudiesoftheIstanbulMetropolitanAreaPlan,tobecarriedoutincoordinationwiththeMinistryoftheRegionalPlanningofMarmara(Malusardi1993).Probablythankstothislongperiodofcollaboration,thetwodesignersmaturedarelationshipofmutualestimationandfriendship.
Comparison between the different developments for Istanbul (Cansever, 1981, p.79). Courtesy Cansever family.
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During theperiodofdirectionof thePlanningAuthorityCanseverworks, as Piccinatohadalreadydone, on thesatellitecityofAtaköy,planningabusinesscentrenexttotheYeşilköyInternationalAirport,withinaparkofaboutthreehundredhectares,inordertomovetheeconomicengineofthecityoutsideoftheancienttown(Cansever1981).Amongtheotherurbanprojects,themostremarkablearethoseforthesettlementsalongtheMarmaraSeacoast(1976-78).IntheprivatearchiveoftheCanseverfamilywerefoundinparticulartwo:oneforthestretchbetweenHaydarpaşaandBostancıontheAsianside,theotherfortheYeşilköy-BakırköydistrictontheEuropeanside.Theplanningprogramsalsoincludeaseriesofpedestrianizationprojects(1976-78),stronglysupportedbyCansever,that assume importance if assessed in the overall rehabilitation of the Istanbul’s open spaces. In this sense,Cansever’sprojectforBeyazıtSquare(1958-61),thefirstpedestrianizationprojectinTurkey,anticipatedanintent,whichlaterrevealedanorganiccharacter.Fromthearchiveresearch,twootherpedestrianizationprojectsresulted,inadditiontothatfortheBeyazıtarea:oneforthesquareoverlookingtheNewMosque(Yeni Cami),theotherforanareainterposedbetweentheMosqueofMihrimahandthatofKariye,neartheEdirnegate.Fromtheseplans,itisreadabletheintentiontopromote,throughtheoustingofvehicles,thepreservationofcertainareasofthecity,whichhaveagreathistoricalsignificanceandatthesameastrategicimportancefortheirposition.ThefirstindeedislocatedinfrontoftheGalatabridge,theoldestbridgeontheGoldenHorn;thesecondisnearthemostimportantgateoftheancientcity.Consideringthethreepedestrianprojectsasawhole,wecouldsaythatCanseverworksexactlyatthemainpointsofaccesstothehistoricalPeninsula,forthosecomingfromEastorWest.Thetwodirections,whilenoteasilydetectableforthedensestratificationofIstanbul,convergeonapivotrepresentedbyBeyazıtSquare,centrallylocatedinthe
Position of the pedestrianization project areas within the historical peninsula. Image elaborated by the author.
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ancientcity.Eventoday,thesethreeareasareunsolvedplacesofthecity,whichhavelosttheirrepresentativeandidentityaspect,especiallybecauseofthenumerousdemolitionsincurredovertime.
CONSERVATION AND DESIGNInthesamecontext,thegentrificationproposalsforthehistoricalsettlementsofSüleymaniye,Zeyrek,EyüpandAyasofyaarerelevant,especiallyfortheideathat‘design’and‘conservation’,‘construction’and‘reconstruction’areactuallyinseparableconcepts.ForCanseverindeed,thethemeof‘conservation’includesnotonlythepreservationofremainsofarchitecturalheritage,butalsotherebuildingofsocialandculturalrelationalpatternsthathavebeenlost,throughthereconstructionofthecity’sarchitecture2.ManyoftheseproposalsaredevelopedtogetherwiththearchitectandprofessorNezihEldem(1921-2005).CanseverandNezihEldem’sarchitecturestudentstakepartintheseprojects,whicharerealfieldresearches,withadvicefromtheUNESCOrepresentatives.Amongothers,themostremarkableistherehabilitationprojectfortheareabetweenSultanahmetandHagiaSophia,inwhichseveralmorphologicalandfunctionalunits,constitutingsub-areaswithinthewholeneighbourhood,areidentified.Foreachoneisproposedadifferenttypeofintervention,whichtakesintoaccountthespecificformalandfunctionalcharacteristics.Inparticular,accordingtotheConservationandDevelopmentPlanpromotedbytheDepartmentofMonumentsandSites,thewoodenhousesofSoğukçeşmeStreetareconsideredmonumentsofgreathistoricalinterest,astheyrepresentsomeofthefewremainingexamplesofancienthousingarchitectureinIstanbul.Theparticularpositionofthesebuildings,leaningagainstthewallofPalazzoTopkapıandfacingthewallofthekitchensofHagiaSophia,makesthemuniqueexamples,givingtheidea,evenperceptual,ofthenineteenthcenturyIstanbulandofaparticulardialectic,amongstonemonumentsandwoodenhouses.Theresearchteamcomposedbythesearchitectswillnotunfortunatelybeabletocarryouttheproject,whichwillbeinsteadimplementedontheinitiativeofÇelikGülersoyin1985-86,onbehalfoftheTouringClubOtomobil.TodaythisroadisaUNESCOWorldHeritageSite,butinitsownway,itremainsaplaceexcludedfromthecity,mostlyexperiencedbywealthytourists,whostayhere.TherealizationandthelatestrestorationdidnotdeservethegreatresearchworkcarriedoutbyTurkisharchitectsduringthe1970s,studyingapossiblerehabilitationofthisareainaperspectiveofoverallreuseoftheneighbourhood.TheresearchteamattheIstanbulTechnicalUniversity,ledbyNezihEldem,proposedtohostsomeartexhibitionsandexhibitionspacesthatrepresentedthecomplexityofcultureswithinthesameneighbourhood,usingthecomplexofbuildingsaroundthemadrasaasahostel.Theapproachwasorientedtothereorganizationofthearea,inordertoavoidthebuildingspeculation(Eldem,Kamil,Yücel1980).Evenfromanarchitecturalpointofview,thecurrentpastelcoloursandthechoiceoffinishespartiallyrefertothetraditionalTurkishhouse,butatthesametimearereproducedwithafetishistattitude.Conservationandreconstruction,forCanseverasforEldem,wasnotintendedtoreturnapostcardimage,buttorebuildanurbanandsocialpatternthatwouldgiverisetopersistentinteractionsovertime.
CONCLUSIONSWritingaboutCansever’surbanplanningprojectsforIstanbulisanopportunitytocontextualizehisoverallthought,whichrangefromarchitecturetourbanism,andremainsstrictlyconsistentwiththerealityoftheurbanfacts,whilebeingattributabletoanutopianandpartiallyidealisticconceptionofthepast.If,ontheonehand,theprojectproducesknowledgeanditisthereforedifficulttoseparateitfromthesocialsciences(Viganò2010),ontheotherhanditcanbealsoaproducerofconsciousness.Intheproposalsinquestion,whichfacetheidentitycrisisofacitybecomingametropolis,theissueofbuildingawarenessofthearchitecturalheritageiscentral.AccordingtoCansever,thestrategiesfortheurbanprojectinIstanbulshouldnotlosesightoftwoneeds:the
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first,tore-qualifythemonumentsandthesmallurbanfabric,sothatthecitizensthemselveswillbeawareofit;thesecondoneistotransmittothefuturegenerationstheresponsibilityofaconsciousproject,lookingatarchitecturalandurbansolutionsthatmakebuildingsofdifferentagesabletoco-existinharmony.TheplanningprogramsdirectedbyCanseverwerenever implemented, for theircomplexitybutalso forpoliticaldisagreements.However,theurbanprojects inquestion,whicharenotwell-knowninaTurkeywheredemolitionismorecommonthenconservation,tellusofanaspectofutopianinnovationderivingfromthecollectiveculturalpremises.Inthissense,itisevocativewhatBernardoSecchiwroteintheafterwordofthevolumeFare Utopia:
Necessitiamodiprogettiradicali,cheesprimanoicambiamentiradicalidellasocietà,dell’economia,delviverequotidiano,come dello ‘stare insieme’ alle diverse scale. Abbiamo bisogno forse anche di utopia, di esplorare i futuri possibiliabbandonandoiluoghicomuni.Abbiamobisognodisollecitaregliimmaginaricollettivi,senzaabbandonarelamemoriadelpassato,marileggendoloallalucedelcambiamento(Bilotta,et.al2012,163).
Notes:1.“Literally‘reorganization’,itisaperiodofreformationoftheOttomanstate,whichbeginsandendsinthenineteenthcentury.Thisperiodwascharacterizedbyanattempttomodernizethestate.”(Cansever2005)Translationbytheauthor.2.ObservationstakenfromanunpublishedwritingbyT.Cansever,titledLegislation, Effects and Roles in Conservation,foundintheprivatearchiveoftheCanseverfamilyinIstanbul.Beirut:theimageandthemask.
REFERENCESBilottaE.,BanaiutoM.,2012,Fare utopia,Prospettive,Roma.CanseverT.,1981,Thoughts and architecture,TürkTarihKurumuBasımevi,Istanbul.CanseverT.,2005,Mimar Sinan, AlbarakaTürk,Istanbul.CanseverT.,2010,“IstanbulanditsProblem”,inBaşarF.,Yılmaz,Ş.(eds.),Capital of Cultures Istanbul,TürkKültürüneHizmetVakfı,Istanbul,pp.538-547.EldemN.,KamilM.,YücelA.,1980,“APlanforIstanbul’sSultanahmet-Ayasofyaarea”,inHolodR.(ed.),Conservation as cultural survival,AgaKhanAwardforArchitecture,Philadelphia,pp.53-56.LeCorbusier,1974,Viaggio in Oriente / Le voyage d’Oriente,FaenzaEditrice,Milano.MalusardiF.,1993,Luigi Piccinato e l’urbanistica moderna,OfficinaEdizioni,Roma.ViganòP.,2010,I territori dell’urbanistica. Il progetto come produttore di conoscenza,OfficinaEdizioni,Roma.YücelA.,1982,“Risanamentodell’areaSultanahmet.S.SofiaaIstanbul”,inBiennale di Venezia, Architettura nei paesi islamici: seconda mostra internazionale di architettura,Electa,Milano.
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