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Prefacio xvAgradecimientos xviiAcerca del autor xixNomenclatura xxi

Captulo 1 Introduccin a la ingeniera de procesos de separacin 1

1.1. Importancia de las separaciones 1 1.2. El concepto de equilibrio 2 1.3. Transferencia de masa 4 1.4. Mtodos para resolver los problemas 5 1.5. Prerrequisitos 7 1.6. Otras fuentes sobre ingeniera de procesos de separacin 8 1.7. ResumenObjetivos 9 Referencias 9 Tarea 10

Captulo 2 Destilacin instantnea 12

2.1. Mtodo bsico de destilacin instantnea 12 2.2. Forma y fuentes de los datos de equilibrio 14 2.3. Representacin grca del equilibrio binario vapor-lquido 16 2.4. Destilacin instantnea binaria 21

2.4.1. Procedimiento secuencial de solucin 21 Ejemplo 2-1. Separador de evaporacin instantnea para etanol y agua 242.4.2. Procedimiento de solucin simultnea 27

2.5. Equilibrio vapor-lquido con varios componentes 29 2.6. Destilacin instantnea de varios componentes 34 2.7. Convergencia simultnea con varios componentes 40 2.8. Clculo de los tamaos 45 2.9. Uso de tambores de destilacin existentes 49 2.10. ResumenObjetivos 50 Referencias 51 Tarea 52 Apndice al captulo 2 Simulacin en computadora de la destilacin instantnea 59

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Captulo 3 Introduccin a la destilacin en columna 65

3.1. Desarrollo de una cascada de destilacin 65 3.2. Equipo de destilacin 72 3.3. Especicaciones 74 3.4. Balances externos de la columna 76

&KFNQMP#BMBODFTFYUFSOPTQBSBEFTUJMBDJOCJOBSJB 3.5. ResumenObjetivos 81 Referencias 81 Tarea 81

Captulo 4 Destilacin en columna: balances internos, etapa por etapa 86

4.1. Balances internos 86 4.2. Mtodos de solucin de etapa por etapa, para destilacin binaria 90

&KFNQMP$MDVMPTFUBQBQPSFUBQBDPOFMNUPEPEF-FXJT 4.3. Introduccin al mtodo de McCabe-Thiele 97 4.4. Lnea de alimentacin 101

&KFNQMP$MDVMPTEFMBMOFBEFBMJNFOUBDJO 4.5. Mtodo completo de McCabe-Thiele 109

&KFNQMP.UPEPEF.D$BCF5IJFMF 4.6. Perles para destilacin binaria 112 4.7. Calentamiento con vapor directo 114

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4.8. Procedimiento general de anlisis McCabe-Thiele 118 &KFNQMP%FTUJMBDJODPOEPTBMJNFOUBDJPOFT

4.9. Otras situaciones en las columnas de destilacin 1254.9.1. Condensadores parciales 1254.9.2. Vaporizadores totales 1264.9.3. Corrientes laterales o lneas de salida 1264.9.4. Vaporizadores intermedios y condensadores intermedios 1284.9.5. Columnas de agotamiento y enriquecimiento 129

4.10. Condiciones lmite de operacin 1304.11. Eciencias 1334.12. Problemas de simulacin 1354.13. Usos nuevos para columnas viejas 1364.14. Reujo subenfriado y vapor sobrecalentado al plato inferior 1384.15. Comparaciones entre los mtodos analticos y los grcos 1404.16. ResumenObjetivos 142 Referencias 143 Tarea 144 Apndice al captulo 4 Simulaciones de destilacin binaria en computadora 158

Captulo 5 Introduccin a la destilacin de varios componentes 161

5.1. Dicultades de clculo 161 &KFNQMP#BMBODFTFYUFSOPTVTBOEPSFDVQFSBDJPOFTGSBDDJPOBSJBT

5.2. Perles para destilacin de varios componentes 167 5.3. ResumenObjetivos 172 Referencias 172 Tarea 172

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Captulo 6 Procedimientos de clculo exacto para destilacin de varios componentes 176

6.1. Introduccin a la solucin matricial para destilacin de varios componentes 176 6.2. Balances de masa de componentes en forma de matrices 178 6.3. Proposicin inicial para tasas de ujo 181 6.4. Clculos de punto de burbuja 181

&KFNQMP5FNQFSBUVSBEFQVOUPEFCVSCVKB 6.5. Mtodo de convergencia 184

&KFNQMP$MDVMPEFNBUSJDFTZDPOWFSHFODJBDPO 6.6. Balances de energa en forma matricial 191 6.7. ResumenObjetivos 194 Referencias 195 Tarea 195 Apndice al captulo 6 Simulaciones en computadora de columnas

de destilacin de varios componentes 200

Captulo 7 Mtodos abreviados aproximados para destilacin de varios componentes 205

7.1. Reujo total: Ecuacin de Fenske 205 &KFNQMP&DVBDJOEF'FOTLF

7.2. Reujo mnimo: Ecuaciones de Underwood 210 &KFNQMP&DVBDJPOFTEF6OEFSXPPE

7.3. Correlacin de Gilliland para la cantidad de etapas a relacin de reujo nita 215 &KFNQMP$PSSFMBDJOEF(JMMJMBOE

7.4. ResumenObjetivos 219 Referencias 219 Tarea 220

Captulo 8 Introduccin a mtodos complejos de destilacin 225

8.1. Ruptura de azetropos con otros separadores 225 &KFNQMP4FDBEPEFCFODFOPQPSEFTUJMBDJO

8-2. Procesos de destilacin azeotrpica binaria heterognea 2278.2.1. Azetropos heterogneos binarios 2278.2.2. Secado de compuestos orgnicos parcialmente miscibles con agua 230 &KFNQMP%FTUJMBDJOQPSBSSBTUSFDPOWBQPSEFBHVB

8.3. Destilacin por arrastre de vapor 234 8.4. Procesos de destilacin a dos presiones 238 8.5. Sistemas ternarios complejos de destilacin 239

8.5.1. Curvas de destilacin 2408.5.2. Curvas de residuo 243

8.6. Destilacin extractiva 245 8.7. Destilacin azeotrpica con solvente agregado 251 8.8. Destilacin con reaccin qumica 255 8.9. ResumenObjetivos 258 Referencias 258 Tarea 260 Apndice al captulo 8 Simulacin de sistemas complejos de destilacin 270

Captulo 9 Destilacin intermitente 276

9.1. Destilacin intermitente binaria: Ecuacin de Rayleigh 278

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9.2. Destilacin intermitente binaria simple 279 &KFNQMP%FTUJMBDJOTJNQMFEF3BZMFJHI

9.3. Destilacin intermitente a nivel constante 283 9.4. Destilacin intermitente por arrastre con vapor de agua 284 9.5. Destilacin intermitente en varias etapas 285

9.5.1. Relacin de reujo constante 286 &KFNQMP%FTUJMBDJOJOUFSNJUFOUFFOWBSJBTFUBQBT 9.5.2. Relacin de reujo variable 290

9.6. Tiempo de operacin 291 9.7. ResumenObjetivos 292 Referencias 292 Tarea 293

Captulo 10 Diseo de columnas de platos y empacadas 301

10.1. Descripcin de los equipos en las columnas de platos 30110.1.1. Platos, bajantes y vertederos 30410.1.2. Entradas y salidas 306

10.2. Eciencias de platos 309 &KFNQMP&TUJNBDJOEFMBFDJFODJBHFOFSBM

10.3. Clculo del dimetro de la columna 314 &KFNQMP$MDVMPEFMEJNFUSPQBSBVOBDPMVNOBEFQMBUPT

10.4. Distribucin y consideraciones hidrulicas para platos perforados 320 &KFNQMP%JTUSJCVDJOEFQMBUPZDMDVMPTIJESVMJDPT

10.5. Diseo de platos de vlvulas 327 10.6. Introduccin al diseo de columnas empacadas 329 10.7. Partes internas de las columnas empacadas 329 10.8. Altura del empaque. Mtodo de la Hetp 331 10.9. Inundacin de la columna empacada y clculo del dimetro 333

&KFNQMP$MDVMPEFMEJNFUSPEFVOBDPMVNOBFNQBDBEB 10.10. Consideraciones econmicas 34110.11. ResumenObjetivos 345 Referencias 345 Tarea 348

Captulo 11 Economa y conservacin de energa en la destilacin 354

11.1. Costos de destilacin 354 11.2. Efectos de la operacin sobre los costos 359

&KFNQMP&TUJNBDJOEFMDPTUPQBSBVOBEFTUJMBDJO 11.3. Cambios en capacidades de la planta 366 11.4. Conservacin de la energa en la destilacin 366 11.5. Sntesis de secuencias de columnas para destilacin de varios componentes

casi ideales 370 &KFNQMP4FDVFODJBDJOEFDPMVNOBTDPOIFVSTUJDBT

11.6. Sntesis de sistemas de destilacin para mezclas ternarias no ideales 376 &KFNQMP%FTBSSPMMPEFQSPDFTPTQBSBTFQBSBSVOBNF[DMB

UFSOBSJBDPNQMFKB 11.7. ResumenObjetivos 380 Referencias 380 Tarea 382

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Captulo 12 Absorcin y arrastre 385

12.1. Equilibrios de absorcin y arrastre 387 12.2. Lneas de operacin para absorcin 389

&KFNQMP"OMJTJTHSDPEFMBBCTPSDJO 12.3. Anlisis del arrastre 394 12.4. Dimetro de la columna 396 12.5. Solucin analtica: La ecuacin de Kremser 397

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12.6. Absorbedores y separadores de arrastre con varios solutos diluidos 403 12.7. Solucin matricial para absorbedores y separadores de arrastre

con soluciones concentradas 406 12.8. Absorcin irreversible 410 12.9. ResumenObjetivos 411 Referencias 412 Tarea 413 Apndice al captulo 12 Simulaciones de absorcin y arrastre en computadora 421

Captulo 13 Extraccin inmiscible, lavado, lixiviacin y extraccin supercrtica 424

13.1. Procesos y equipos de extraccin 424 13.2. Extraccin a contracorriente 428

13.2.1. Mtodo de McCabe-Thiele para sistemas diluidos 428 &KFNQMP&YUSBDDJOEJMVJEBBDPOUSBDPSSJFOUFDPOGBTFTJONJTDJCMFT 13.2.2. Mtodo de Kremser para sistemas diluidos 434

13.3. Extraccin fraccionada diluida 435 13.4. Extraccin en una etapa y con ujo cruzado 439

&KFNQMP&YUSBDDJOEFVOBQSPUFOBDPOVOBFUBQBZVKPDSV[BEP 13.5. Extraccin con fases inmiscibles y concentradas 443 13.6. Extraccin intermitente 444 13.7. Procedimientos generalizados de McCabe-Thiele y de Kremser 445 13.8. Lavado 448

&KFNQMP-BWBEP 13.9. Lixiviacin 45213.10. Extraccin con uido supercrtico 45413.11. Aplicacin a otras separaciones 45713.12. ResumenObjetivos 457 Referencias 457 Tarea 459

Captulo 14 Extraccin de sistemas parcialmente miscibles 468

14.1. Equilibrios en extraccin 468 14.2. Clculos en mezclado y la regla de la palanca 471 14.3. Sistemas de una etapa y ujo cruzado 474

&KFNQMP&YUSBDDJOFOVOBFUBQB 14.4. Cascadas de extraccin a contracorriente 477

14.4.1. Balances externos de masa 47714.4.2. Puntos de diferencia y clculos de etapa por etapa 47914.4.3. Problema completo de extraccin 483 &KFNQMP&YUSBDDJOBDPOUSBDPSSJFOUF

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14.5. Relacin entre los diagramas de McCabe-Thiele y triangulares 485 14.6. Flujo mnimo de solvente 486 14.7. Simulaciones de la extraccin en computadora 488 14.8. Lixiviacin con tasas de ujo variables 489

&KFNQMP$MDVMPTQBSBMJYJWJBDJO 14.9. ResumenObjetivos 492 Referencias 492 Tarea 493 Apndice al captulo 14 Simulacin de la extraccin en computadora 499

Captulo 15 Anlisis de la transferencia de masa 501

15.1. Fundamentos de la transferencia de masa 501 15.2. Anlisis de las columnas de destilacin con altura y nmero de unidades

de transferencia (HTU y NTU) 504 &KFNQMP%FTUJMBDJOFOVOBDPMVNOBFNQBDBEB

15.3. Relacin entre HETP y HTU 511 15.4. Correlaciones de transferencia de masa para torres empacadas 513

15.4.1. Correlaciones detalladas para empaques aleatorios 513 &KFNQMP&TUJNBDJOEF)

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- 15.4.2. Correlaciones sencillas 520

15.5. Anlisis HTU-NTU de absorbedores y separadores de arrastre 521 &KFNQMP"CTPSDJOEF40

15.6. Anlisis HTU-NTU de absorbedores concurrentes 526 15.7. Transferencia de masa en un plato 528

&KFNQMP&TUJNBDJOEFMBFDJFODJBEFQMBUP 15.8. ResumenObjetivos 531 Referencias 531 Tarea 532

Captulo 16 Introduccin a los procesos de separacin con membrana 535

16.1. Equipos de separacin con membrana 537 16.2. Conceptos relacionados con las membranas 541 16.3. Permeacin de gases 544

16.3.1. Permeacin de mezclas binarias de gases 54416.3.2 Permeacin binaria en sistemas perfectamente mezclados 547 &KFNQMP1FSNFBEPEFHBTCJFONF[DMBEPTPMVDJO

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TJNVMUOFBTBOBMUJDBZHSDB 16.3.3 Permeacin de varios componentes en sistemas perfectamente

mezclados 555 &KFNQMP1FSNFBDJOHBTFPTBQFSGFDUBNFOUFNF[DMBEB

EFWBSJPTDPNQPOFOUFT 16.4. smosis inversa 558

16.4.1. Anlisis de la smosis y la smosis inversa 558 &KFNQMPTNPTJTJOWFSTBTJOQPMBSJ[BDJOEFDPODFOUSBDJO 16.4.2. Determinacin experimental de las propiedades de las membranas 564 &KFNQMP%FUFSNJOBDJOEFMBTQSPQJFEBEFTEFNFNCSBOBT

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16.4.3. Determinacin de la polarizacin de concentracin 566 &KFNQMPTNPTJTJOWFSTBDPOQPMBSJ[BDJOEFDPODFOUSBDJO &KFNQMP$MDVMPEFMBPQFSBDJOEFTNPTJTJOWFSTBDPO

QPMBSJ[BDJOEFDPODFOUSBDJO 16.4.4. smosis inversa con soluciones concentradas 573

16.5. Ultraltracin 573 &KFNQMP6MUSBMUSBDJODPOGPSNBDJOEFHFM

16.6. Pervaporacin 579 &KFNQMP1FSWBQPSBDJODMDVMPEFGBDUJCJMJEBE &KFNQMP1FSWBQPSBDJOEFTBSSPMMPEFVOEJTFPGBDUJCMF

16.7. Efectos de la pauta de ujo general 588 &KFNQMP&GFDUPTEFMBQBVUBEFVKPTPCSFMBQFSNFBDJOEFHBTFT 16.7.1. Permeacin binaria con ujo cruzado 59016.7.2. Permeacin binaria concurrente 59216.7.3. Flujo binario a contracorriente 594

16.8 ResumenObjetivos 595 Referencias 596 Tarea 597 Apndice al captulo 16 hojas de clculo para clculos con pautas de ujo,

para permeacin de gases 60316.A.1. Flujo cruzado 60316.A.2. Flujo concurrente 60516.A.3. Flujo a contracorriente 607

Captulo 17 Introduccin a la adsorcin, cromatografa e intercambio inico 609

17.1. Sorbentes y equilibrio de sorcin 61017.1.1. Deniciones 61017.1.2. Tipos de sorbente 61217.1.3. Comportamiento de equilibrio en adsorcin 615 &KFNQMP&RVJMJCSJPEFBETPSDJO

17.2. Anlisis del movimiento de soluto para sistemas lineales: fundamentos y aplicaciones a la cromatografa 62117.2.1. Movimiento del soluto en una columna 62317.2.2. Teora del movimiento del soluto para isotermas lineales 62517.2.3. Aplicacin de la teora lineal del movimiento del soluto a ciclos

de purga y a la cromatografa de elucin &KFNQMP"OMJTJTMJOFBMEFMNPWJNJFOUPEFMTPMVUPFO

DSPNBUPHSBGBEFFMVDJO 17.3. Anlisis de movimiento de soluto para sistemas lineales: Adsorcin trmica

y con variacin de presin, y movimiento simulado de lecho 63117.3.1. Adsorcin con oscilacin de temperatura 631 &KFNQMP3FHFOFSBDJOUSNJDBDPOJTPUFSNBMJOFBM 17.3.2. Adsorcin con oscilacin de presin 641 &KFNQMP4JTUFNBEFBETPSDJODPOPTDJMBDJOEFQSFTJO 17.3.3. Lechos mviles simulados 649 &KFNQMP4JTUFNBEFMFDIPNWJMTJNVMBEP

17.4. Anlisis de movimiento no lineal del soluto 65417.4.1. Ondas difusas 655 &KFNQMP0OEBEJGVTB

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17.4.2. Ondas de choque 658 &KFNQMP0OEBEFDIPRVFBVUPBMBEPSB

17.5. Intercambio inico 66317.5.1. Equilibrio en el intercambio inico 66417.5.2. Movimiento de los iones 667 &KFNQMP.PWJNJFOUPEFJPOFTQBSBJOUFSDBNCJP

EJWBMFOUFNPOPWBMFOUF 17.6. Transferencia de masa y energa 672

17.6.1. Transferencia de masa y difusin 67217.6.2. Balances de masa en la columna 67417.6.3. Transferencia de masa con parmetro agrupado 67517.6.4. Balances de energa y transferencia de calor 67617.6.5. Deduccin de la teora del movimiento del soluto 67717.6.6. Simuladores detallados 678

17-7. Soluciones de transferencia de masa para sistemas lineales 67817.7.1. Solucin de Lapidus y Amundson para equilibrio local con dispersin 67917.7.2. Superposicin en sistemas lineales 680 &KFNQMP4PMVDJOEF-BQJEVTZ"NVOETPOQBSBFMVDJO 17.7.3. Cromatografa lineal 683 &KFNQMP%FUFSNJOBDJOEFMPTQBSNFUSPTEFVOBJTPUFSNB

MJOFBM/ZMBSFTPMVDJOFODSPNBUPHSBGBMJOFBM 17.8. Mtodo LUB para sistemas no lineales 687

&KFNQMP.UPEP-6# 17.9. Lista de control para diseo y operacin en la prctica 69117.10. ResumenObjetivos 693 Referencias 693 Tarea 696 Apndice al captulo 17 Introduccin al simulador Aspen Chromatography 708

Gua de localizacin de problemas en Aspen Plus para separaciones 713

Respuestas a problemas seleccionados 717

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-BUFSDFSBSFBEFQSFSSFRVJTJUPTDPODJFSOFBCBMBODFTEFNBTBCBMBODFTEFFOFSHBZFRVJMJCSJPTEFGBTFT"VORVFMBCBTFEFMPTCBMBODFTEFNBTBZFOFSHBQVFEFBQSFOEFSTFFONVZDPSUPUJFNQPTFSFRVJFSFQSDUJDBQBSBVTBSMPTDPOGBDJMJEBE"TFTUFMJCSPFOFMDBTPOPSNBMWJFOFBOUFDFEJEPEFVODVSTPTPCSFCBMBODFTEFNBTBZFOFSHB"ZVEBDPOPDFSMBTJEFBTCTJDBTEFMFRVJMJCSJPEF GBTFT JODMVZFOEPFMDPODFQUPEFFRVJMJCSJP MBSFHMBEF MBT GBTFTEF(JCCT MPTDPFDJFOUFTEFEJTUSJCVDJOZFTUBSGBNJMJBSJ[BEPDPOSFQSFTFOUBDJPOFTHSDBTEFEBUPTEFFRVJMJCSJPZFMDPOPDJNJFOUPEFDPSSFMBDJPOFTFOUSFWBQPSZMRVJEP7-&EFWBQPSMJRVJEFRVJMJCSJVN

6ODVBSUPHSVQPEFQSFSSFRVJTJUPTFTFMEFMBEFTUSF[BQBSBSFTPMWFSQSPCMFNBT:BRVFFMJOHFOJFSPRVNJDPEFCFTFSCVFOPQBSBSFTPMWFSQSPCMFNBTFTJNQPSUBOUFEFTBSSPMMBSMBEFTUSF[BFOFTUFDBNQP-BDBQBDJEBEEFSFTPMWFSQSPCMFNBTFTQSFSSFRVJTJUPQBSBUPEPTMPTDVSTPTEFJOHFOJFSBRVNJDB

&OHFOFSBMMPTDBQUVMPTQPTUFSJPSFTEFQFOEFOEFMPTQSJNFSPTDPNPTFWFFOFMFTRVFNBEFMBHVSB/PTFSFRVJFSFOMPTDBQUVMPTZQBSBDPNQSFOEFSMPTDBQUVMPTQPTUF

1

2

3

4

5

6 7

8

9

10

11

12

13

1415

16 17

Paramatrices

'*(63" */5&3%&1&/%&/$*"%&-04$"156-04-"4-/&"4*/5&336.1*%"4*/%*$"/7/$6-04.4%#*-&4

1SFSSFRVJTJUPT


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053"4'6&/5&440#3&*/(&/*&3"%&130$&404%&4&1"3"$*/

$PNPMPTBMVNOPTUJFOFOEJTUJOUPTFTUJMPTEFBQSFOEJ[BKFOFDFTJUBSVTUFEBEBQUBSMBGPSNBFORVFVTFFTUFMJCSPBTVFTUJMPEFBQSFOEJ[BKF/BUVSBMNFOUFUFOESRVFIBDFSTFDBSHPEFTVBQSFOEJ[BKFZIBDFSMPQPSVTUFENJTNP4JMFJOUFSFTBFYQMPSBSTVFTUJMPEFBQSFOEJ[BKFVOCVFOMVHBSQBSBFNQF[BSFTFMOEJDFEF&TUJMPTEF"QSFOEJ[BKF*OEFYPG-FBSOJOH4UZMFT

EFTBSSPMMBEPQPS3JDIBSE.'FMEFSZ-JOEB,4MWFSNBO&TUFOEJDFTFDPOTJHVFTJODPTUPFO*OUFSOFUFOXXXODTVFEVGFMEFSQVCMJD*-4QBHFIUNM5BNCJOQVFEFVTUFECVTDBSMBQBMBCSBi'FMEFSuDPOVONPUPSEFCTRVFEBDPNP(PPHMF

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iQSPDFTPTEFTFQBSBDJOuDPODVBMRVJFSBEFMPTNPUPSFTEFCTRVFEBNTQPQVMBSFT

5"#-" #*#-*0(3"'"$0.&/5"%"%&'6&/5&440#3&*/(&/*&3"%&130$&404%&4&1"3"$*/

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3&46.&/m0#+&5*704

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VTBSFTUFNUPEP 5FOFSDJFSUBGBNJMJBSJEBEDPOMPTQSFSSFRVJTJUPT

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3&'&3&/$*"4

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3FGFSFODJBT


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EJDJFNCSFEF

5"3&"

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16062014Ingenieria de Procesos de Separacion 2edi Wankat

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