Biodiversidad en ambientes acu...
Transcript of Biodiversidad en ambientes acu...
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Angelo Antonio AgostinhoAngelo Antonio AgostinhoUNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE MARINGUNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE MARING ÁÁ
NNúúcleocleo de de PesquisasPesquisas emem LimnologiaLimnologia , , IctiologiaIctiologia e e AquiculturaAquicultura
Sistemas Fluviales y Represas: biodiversidad, conservación e impactos ambientales
18 de marzo de 2010
WWF Universidad del Sur
Universidad Ricardo Palma, Kawsay Pacha Asociación Biodiversidad
BiodiversidadBiodiversidad enenambientes ambientes acuacuááticosticos
DEFINICIDEFINICIÓÓNN
"La biodiversidad es la variabilidad entre los organis mos vivos
de todas las fuentes, incluidos, entre otros, terrest res, marinos
y otros ecosistemas acuáticos y los complejos ecológico s de
que son una parte; esto incluye la diversidad dentro de l as
especies, entre las especies y ecosistemas"
Convention on Biological Diversity, Rio 1992
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GLOBAL BIODIVERSITYGLOBAL BIODIVERSITY
Fonte: World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1992)
Control de plagas
Alimento
Animales domesticos
Superstición
Polución
caça
pesquerias
Deforestación
Agricultura
Reprezas
Carreterastio
Urbanizacón
Amenaza
Human population increasing
GLOBAL BIODIVERSITYGLOBAL BIODIVERSITY
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GLOBAL BIODIVERSITYGLOBAL BIODIVERSITY
Beyond the boundary
Rockstrom et al., 2009 - Nature
Unit: Species per million species per yearPre-industrial=0,1-1Proposed boundary=10Current status=>100
{CO2)Unit: part per million by volume
Pre-industrial=280Proposed boundary=350Current status=387
Unit: Millions of tones per yearPre-industrial=0
Proposed boundary=35Current status=>121
Change om radiative forcingWatts per m2Pre-industrial=0Proposed boundary=1Current status=1,5
GLOBAL BIODIVERSITYGLOBAL BIODIVERSITY
Primitive Man1 000 000 AC
Hunter
100000 AC
Primitive
farmer5 000 AC
Developed
farmer
1.400 DC
Industrial man
1875 DC
Energy consumed in form of food
Energy for cooking, heating, services, etc
Energy for industry and agriculture
Energy for transport
GIGAJO
ULES P
ER CAPTA.YEAR
Individual energy consumptionAdapted from UNESCO Courier
Tecnological man1950 DC
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Today:28% of the world’s populationconsumes 77% of the world’s energy production
¾ of the world’s populationUses less than ¼ of the
energy produced
or
GLOBAL BIODIVERSITYGLOBAL BIODIVERSITY
REGIONAL BIODIVERSITYREGIONAL BIODIVERSITY
UrbanUrban centercenter, , industryindustry andandagricultureagriculture
IndustryIndustry, , agricultureagriculture..irrigationirrigation,,aquicultureaquiculture
WaterWater scarcityscarcity
deforestationdeforestation, , waterwaywaterway, , intensiveintensive cattlecattleraisingraising
InadequateInadequate treatmenttreatment ofof sewagesewage andimpoundmentsimpoundments
Threats
Tundisi, 2003; Agostinho Tundisi, 2003; Agostinho etet al., 2005al., 2005
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Environmental changes and biodiversity losses
REGIONAL BIODIVERSITYREGIONAL BIODIVERSITY
Agostinho et al. (2005). Conservation Biology, 19(3): 646-651
REGIONAL BIODIVERSITYREGIONAL BIODIVERSITY
agriculture, cattle raising,silviculture
Native vegetation
replaced by few cultivated non native species
Hunting, pesticides and
habitat changing
Changes in nutrient cycle, runoff, soil erosion and streams siltation
Dispersion of non native
species from cultivated to non-cultivated
area
Biodiversity losses
Environmental changes and biodiversity losses
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Fonte: Pagiola et al. (1989)
GLOBAL BIODIVERSITYGLOBAL BIODIVERSITY
Forest versus agricultural ecosystems in Borneo
REGIONAL BIODIVERSITYREGIONAL BIODIVERSITY
Fonte: Pagiola et al. (1989)
Forest versus agricultural ecosystems in Borneo
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* Sala et al. 2000 – Global diversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science , 287 Dudgeon et al. 2006 – Biol.Rev.
Insecta60%
Vertebrates15%
Crustaceans10%
Aracnideans5%
Mussels4%
Others6%
Animals composition (±126.000 species)
FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITYFRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY
Abell et al. (2008). BioScience, 58(5): pg 403
Freshwater ecoregions of the world and fish diversity
GLOBAL FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITYGLOBAL FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY
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GLOBAL FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITYGLOBAL FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY
Abell et al. (2008). BioScience, 58(5): pg 403
Freshwater ecoregions of the world and fish diversity
GLOBAL BIODIVERSITYGLOBAL BIODIVERSITY
Reid (1998). TREE, 13(7)Myers et al. (2000). Nature, 403
Identification of hotspots
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Freshwater biodiversity:
the most affected*
* Sala et al. 2000 – Global diversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science , 287 Dudgeon et al. 2006 – Biol.Rev.
Huge species richness
(proportionally)
Convergence center
(bad uses of the catchments)
Very poor knowledge
(incomplete inventories)
Multiple uses and users
FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITYFRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY
1 2
3 4
Endemism5
FreshwaterFreshwater: 0,01% : 0,01% ofof thethe WorldWorld’’ss waterwater
8% 8% ofof thethe EarthEarth’’ss surfacesurface
Animal Animal speciesspecies in in freshwaterfreshwater: : ±±126.000 126.000 speciesspecies
(9,5% (9,5% ofof thethe total)total)
FishFish speciesspecies in in freshwaterfreshwater: +10.000 : +10.000 speciesspecies
40% 40% ofof thethe global global fishfish diversitydiversity
25% 25% ofof thethe global global vertebratesvertebrates
Dudgeon et al. (2006) Balian et al. (2008)
Huge species richness
FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITYFRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY
1
10
HydrobiologiaHydrobiologia 595595(Jan. 2008; 58 caps)(Jan. 2008; 58 caps)
DudgeonDudgeon etet al.al. (2006) e (2006) e BalianBalian etet al.al. (2008)(2008)
17.072
26.186
30.316
16.789 22.360
11.860
174
FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITYFRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY
Species richness per Zoogeographic Region
BalianBalian etet al.al. (2008)(2008)
FISHES
010002000300040005000
PA NA AT NT OL AU PAC ANT
Spe
cies
num
ber
AMPHIBIA
0
500
1000
1500
2000
PA NA AT NT OL AU PAC ANT
Spe
cies
num
ber
REPTILIAN
0
50
100
150
200
PA NA AT NT OL AU PAC ANT
Spe
cies
num
ber AVES
0
50
100
150
200
PA NA AT NT OL AU PAC ANT
Spe
cies
num
ber
MAMMALS
0
10
20
30
40
PA NA AT NT OL AU PAC ANT
Spe
cies
num
ber
PANA
AT
NT
OL
AU
PACANT
FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITYFRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY
Species number per zoogeographic region
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Agostinho et al. (2005). Conservation Biology, 19(3)
FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITYFRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY
21%
25%
33%
20%
14% of the global biodiversity
- Several basins were not sampled yet- Few researchers and infrastructure- Few aquatic inventories- Information is scattered- Several groups need major taxonomic revisions
Agostinho et al. (2005). Conservation Biology
Very poor knowledge2
EvenEven vertebratevertebrate: :
FishFish: 1% : 1% ofof thethe total is total is describeddescribed yearlyyearly
AmphibiansAmphibians: 35% : 35% waswas describeddescribed duringduring lastlast decadedecade
Dudgeon et al. (2006) – Biol.Rev.
FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITYFRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY
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Paraná basin
FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITYFRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY
Langeani et al. (2007) - Biot. Neot.
� Speciesdescription
~22 anos
Digenea (3 spp.)•Sanguinicola platyrhynchi Guidelli, Isaac & Pavanelli, 2002•Dadayius pacupeva Lacerda, Takemoto & Pavanelli, 2003•Magnivitellinum corvitellinum Lacerda, Takemoto & Pavanelli, 2009
Monogenea (8 spp.)•Kritskyia annakohnae Boeger, Tanaka & Pavanelli, 2001•Kritskyia boegeri Takemoto , Lizama & Pavanelli, 2002•Kritskyia eirasi Guidelli, Takemoto & Pavanelli, 2003•Unibarra sp. n. Lizama, Takemoto & Pavanelli, em prep.•Sciadicleithrum sp. n. Yamada, Takemoto, Bellay & Pavanelli, em prep.•Sciadicleithrum sp. n. Yamada, Takemoto, Bellay & Pavanelli, em prep.•Gussevia sp. n., Moreira, Takemoto & Pavanelli , em prep.•Sciadicleithrum sp. n. Bellay, Takemoto, Yamada & Pavanelli, em prep.
Cestoda (19 spp.)•Jauella glandicephalus Rego e Pavanelli, 1985•Megatilacus brooksi Rego & Pavanelli, 1985•Travassiela avitellina Rego & Pavanelli, 1987•Spatulifer maringaensis Pavanelli & Rego, 1989•Goezeella nupeliensis Pavanelli & Rego, 1989•Chambriella paranaensis (Pavanelli & Rego, 1989)•Nomimoscolex matogrossensis Rego & Pavanelli, 1990•Proteocephalus serrasalmus Rego & Pavanelli, 1990•Cangatiella arandasi Pavanelli & Machado dos Santos, 1991•Paramonticellia itaipuensis Pavanelli & Rego, 1991•Nupelia Portoriquensis, Pavanelli & Rego, 1991•Chambriella agostinhoi Pavanelli & Machado dos Santos, 1992•Monticellia loyolai Pavanelli & Machado dos Santos, 1992•Proteocephalus gibsoni Rego & Pavanelli, 1992•Megathylachus travassosi Pavanelli & Rego, 1992•Monticellia belavistensis Pavanelli, Machado, Takemoto & Santos, 1994•Proteocephalus chubbi Pavanelli & Takemoto, 1995•Proteocephalus vazzolerae Pavanelli & Takemoto, 1995•Spasskyellina mandi Pavanelli & Takemoto, 1996
Acanthocephala (1 spp.)•Neoechinorhynchus pimelodi Brasil & Pavanelli, 1998
FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITYFRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY
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- Erosion- Pollution (ex.:organic, pesticides, fertilizer, sewage)- Siltation- runoff pattern- upstream activities (ex:impoundments, drainage)- downstream migration
Agostinho et al. (2005). Conservation Biology
Convergence center3
FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITYFRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY
Irrigation73%
Domestic6%
Industry21%
Multiple uses and users4
OthersNavigationRecreationFisheriesHydropowerSewageetc
FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITYFRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY
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Abell et al. (2008). BioScience, 58(5): pg 403
GLOBAL FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITYGLOBAL FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY
Endemism5
Abell et al. (2008). BioScience, 58(5): pg 403
GLOBAL FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITYGLOBAL FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY
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Agostinho et al (2005)
FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITYFRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY
Iguaçu basin: ±80 species=> 70% endemic
FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITYFRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY
Dudgeon et al. (2006). Biol. Rev.,
Threats
Nitrogen deposition
Climate changes
Shifts in precipitation Shifts in runoff pattern
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Dudgeon et al. (2006). Biol. Rev., 81
FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITYFRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY
REGIONAL BIODIVERSITYREGIONAL BIODIVERSITY
0 400km200
N
S
O L
UpperUpper ParanParanáá RiverRiver FloodplainFloodplain andand impoundmentsimpoundments(420km)(420km)
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LOCAL AQUATIC BIODIVERSITYLOCAL AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY
ILHAS E VÁRZEA DO RIO PARANÁPROTECTED AREA
L E G E N D
ILHA GRANDE NATIONAL PARK
R.
I VIN
HE
I MA
R.
CAIUÁPORTO
PORTO CAMARGO
XXX
XX X
x
PAR
AN
Á
PAR
AN
Á
PAR
AN
Á
PARA
NÁ
R.
R.
R.
R.
R.
ANDRADINANOVA
BAIA
R.
PATRÃO
R.
R. GUIRAÍ
VITÓRIA
R.
BATAIPORÃ
ROSANA
IVAIR.
R.
R. PARACAI
R. PIRAJUÍ
MARACAÍ
R. AMAMBAÍ
Ilha
Gra
nde
PARANÁ STATE
PORTO RICO
PORTO SÃO JOSÉ
BA
ILE
R.
IVIN
HE
IMA
PORTO PRIMAVERA
PARANAPANEMA
MATO GROSSO DO SUL STATE
RIO IVINHEIMA STATE PARK
R. DO VEADO
Km40 30 20 10 0 10
54º 20’
23º 00’
SCALE
GUAÍRA
PIQ
UIR
IR
.
BRAZIL
PAR
AG
UAY
JOÃOSÃO R.
R. MORUMBI
IGUATEM
I
R.
SOUTH AMERICA
Conservation Conservation UnitsUnits
REGIONAL BIODIVERSITYREGIONAL BIODIVERSITYSpecies richness
• Plants 951
• Aquatic macrophytes 118
• Phytoplankton 585
• Periphyton 474
• Zooplankton (+ciliados+rotiferos) 1011
• Benthic invertebrates(+Ostracoda) 315
• Ictioparasites 284
• Fishes 137
• Amphibian 22
• Reptiles 37
• Birds 295
• Mammals 60
•• TOTALTOTAL 42894289
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REGIONAL BIODIVERSITYREGIONAL BIODIVERSITY
Atlantic Forest Biome: Atlantic Forest Biome: SSíítiotio 6 6 -- PELDPELD
0.4 %0.4 %
Fish : 50%
Amphibians : 6%
Annelidas: 58%
Rotifers: 50%
Cladocerans: 60%
Algae: 9%
Species Proportion
0 400km200
N
S
O L
REGIONAL BIODIVERSITYREGIONAL BIODIVERSITY
Ex.: Ex.: fishfish faunafauna
45% out of 310 species(0,7 % of the drainage area)
5,5% out of 2500 species0,058 % of Brazilian territory0,058 % of Brazilian territory
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REGIONAL BIODIVERSITYREGIONAL BIODIVERSITY
Ma
r-1
98
5
Ma
r-1
98
6
Ma
r-1
98
7
Ma
r-1
98
8
Ma
r-1
98
9
Ma
r-1
99
0
Ma
r-1
99
1
Ma
r-1
99
2
Ma
r-1
99
3
Ma
r-1
99
4
Ma
r-1
99
5
Ma
r-1
99
6
Ma
r-1
99
7
Ma
r-1
99
8
Ma
r-1
99
9
Ma
r-2
00
0
Ma
r-2
00
1
Ma
r-2
00
2
Ma
r-2
00
3
Ma
r-2
00
4
Ma
r-2
00
5
Ma
r-2
00
6
Ma
r-2
00
7
Ma
r-2
00
8
PERÍODO
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
NIV
EL
(cm
)
Ma
r-1
98
5
Ma
r-1
98
6
Ma
r-1
98
7
Ma
r-1
98
8
Ma
r-1
98
9
Ma
r-1
99
0
Ma
r-1
99
1
Ma
r-1
99
2
Ma
r-1
99
3
Ma
r-1
99
4
Ma
r-1
99
5
Ma
r-1
99
6
Ma
r-1
99
7
Ma
r-1
99
8
Ma
r-1
99
9
Ma
r-2
00
0
Ma
r-2
00
1
Ma
r-2
00
2
Ma
r-2
00
3
Ma
r-2
00
4
Ma
r-2
00
5
Ma
r-2
00
6
Ma
r-2
00
7
PERIODO
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
NIV
EL
(m
)
86 87 88 91 92 93 94 95 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0,10,20,30,40,50,60,7 CONECTIVIDADE
86 87 88 91 92 93 94 95 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4 CONECTIVIDADE
PARANPARANÁÁ IVINHEIMAIVINHEIMA
REGIONAL BIODIVERSITYREGIONAL BIODIVERSITY
Riqueza de espRiqueza de espééciescies
1987
1988
1992
199
3
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Ano
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Riq
ueza
de
espé
cies
(S
)
Baia Ivinheima Paraná
Fernandes Fernandes etet al., 2009al., 2009
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REGIONAL BIODIVERSITYREGIONAL BIODIVERSITY
AbundânciaAbundância
1987
1988
1992
1993
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Ano
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450C
PU
E d
e m
igra
dore
s
Baia Ivinheima Paraná
AbundânciaAbundância
Fernandes Fernandes etet al., 2009al., 2009
REGIONAL BIODIVERSITYREGIONAL BIODIVERSITY
Fernandes Fernandes etet al., 2009al., 2009
AbundânciaAbundância
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
ÉPOCA DA CHEIA
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
CPU
E (in
diví
duos
/m2 )
BAIA IVINHEIMA PARANÁ
ARRASTO - LAGOAS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
NÚMERO DE PULSOS
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
CP
UE (in
diví
duos
/m2 )
BAIA IVINHEIMA PARANÁ
ARRASTO - LAGOAS
0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35
CONECTIVIDADE
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
CPU
E (in
diví
duos
/m2 )
BAIA IVINHEIMA PARANÁ
ARRASTO - LAGOAS
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2Out Nov Dez Jan Fev Mar Abr
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