Breve historia de Internet, las computadoras y el networking

7/21/2019 Breve historia de Internet, las computadoras y el networking

1/15

Fgflgexbci CCMI

Fvbb kgsxevgi hb Gmxbvmbx,lis ce`~rxihevis w

bl mbxzevagmj_bvsgm 9->

Esciv Imxemge Jbve`bxxi


2/15

îj 6 FVB_B KGSXEVGI HB GMXBVMBX _BVSGM 9>

&Lis ce`~rxihevis bm bl orxrve llbjivm i ~bsiv me `s hb 92 xemblihis&@bcmgci ê~rliv, il ~vemesxgciv bl orxrve hb lis ce`~rxihevis bm 9787

&^gbmse yrb kiw rm `bvcihe `rmhgil ~ivi me `s hb cgmce ce`~rxihevis&Xkeìs Zixsem, ~vbsghbmxb hb GF@, 9783

&Kb gidihe ~ev xehe bsxb ~is w kb kiflihe cem sr jbmxb w lb ~rbhe isbjrviv yrbli gmoev`xgci me hrviv `s hb bsxb ie &Bl bhgxev i civje hb frssgmbs feeas hb ^vbmxgcb Kill, 972:

& ^bve yr ~ivi yr sgvb5&

Gmjbmgbve hb li Hggsgm hb sgsxbìs iimtihes hb ce`~rxicgm hb GF@, 97?;, ilce`bmxiv hbl `gcveckg~

&Me b{gsxb vitm iljrmi ~ivi yrb li jbmxb yrgsgbvi xbmbv rmi ce`~rxihevi bm srcisi&Abm Elsem, ~vbsghbmxb w ormhihev hb Hgjgxil Byrg~`bmx,97::

&Bsxb *xbloeme* xgbmb hbìsgihis hbogcgbmcgis ~ivi sbv sbvgi`bmxb cemsghbviheceè `bhge hb ce`rmgcicgm Bl hgs~esgxge bs gmkbvbmxb`bmxb sgm mgmjm ilev~ivi mesexves&@bè gmxbvme hb li Zbsxbvm Rmgem, 9;:?

&Is yrb orgès cem Ixivg w lb hgdgès, *Kbw, kbès cemsxvrghe ilje ise`fvese, cem

iljrmis ~ivxbs srwis, ceè bm mes vbs~ilhim5, sb les hiès, sle ~ijrbmmrbsxve srblhe w xvifidivbès ~ivi Rsxbhbs* W cemxbsxivem *Me*Bmxemcbs orgès cem Kbzlbxx-îcaivh, blles mes hgdbvem, &me les mbcbsgxiès, mgsgyrgbvi kim xbv`gmihe sr civvbvi&Sxbb Defs, ormhihev hb I~~lb Ce`~rxbv il xvixiv hb bmhbv li ce`~rxihevi yrbblifevivem cem Sxbb Zetmgia i Ixivg w i K^


3/15

FVB_B KGSXEVGI HB GMXBVMBX _BVSGM 9> îj

Gmxvehrccgm

Gmxbvmbx +il hbcgv hb _gmx Cbvo' bs rm b{~bvg`bmxe mrmci cemclrghe yrb kivbelrcgemihe bl `rmhe hb lis ce`~rxihevis w lis ce`rmgcicgembs ceè mihi lekifi kbcke imxbs Li gmbmcgm hbl xbljvioe, bl xbloeme, li vihge w lice`~rxihevi ivìvem bl bscbmivge ~ivi bsxi gmxbjvicgm hb ci~icghihbs sgm

~vbcbhbmxbs Gmxbvmbx bs il `gsè xgb`~e rmi ci~icghih hb b`gsgm hb ilcimcb`rmhgil, rm `bcimgsè ~ivi bl gmxbvci`fge hb gmoevìcgm, w rm `bhge ~ivi licelifevicgm w li gmxbviccgm bmxvb les gmhgghres sgm g`~evxiv sr lecilgticgmjbejvogci Gmxbvmbx vb~vbsbmxi rme hb les bdb`~les `s b{gxeses hb les fbmbogcgeshb li gmbvsgm w bl ce`~ve`gse cemsximxbs bm gmbsxgjicgm w hbsivvelle hbgmovisxvrcxrvi hb gmoevìcgm

B`~btimhe cem li gmbsxgjicgm gmgcgil sefvb cem`rxicgm hb ~iyrbxbs,evjimgsès jrfbvmi`bmxilbs, li gmhrsxvgi w les `fgxes icih`gces kim sghesecges bm li belrcgm w bl hbs~lgbjrb hb bsxi mrbi xbcmeleji Kew, xv`gmesceè &desbNcgrhihceìv& w &kxx~4%%zzzicèvj& vivi`bmxb cibm orbvi hbllbmjridb hb crilyrgbv ~bvsemi hb li cillb

Icxril`bmxb b{gsxb `rcke ìxbvgil sefvb Gmxbvmbx, ifivcimhe sr kgsxevgi, srxbcmeleji w sr rse Bsxi kgsxevgi jgvi ilvbhbhev hb crixve is~bcxes hgsxgmxes

Li belrcgm xbcmeljgci yrb b`~bt cem li ~vg`bvi gmbsxgjicgm sefvbcem`rxicgm hb ~iyrbxbs w IVÎMBX +w lis xbcmelejgis vblicgemihis', hemhb ligmbsxgjicgm icxril cemxgmi b{xbmhgbmhe les kevgtemxbs hb li gmovisxvrcxrvi i lelivje hb hgbvsis hg`bmsgembs, xilbs ceè bscili, ~vbsxicgembs w `s ilxe mgbl hbormcgemilghih

Lis e~bvicgembs w bl is~bcxe hb jbsxgm hb rmi gmovisxvrcxrvi hb e~bvicgembsjlefil w ilxi`bmxb ce`~lbdi

Bl is~bcxe secgil, yrb vbsrlx bm rmi i`~lgi ce`rmghih hb Gmxbvmirxis xvifidimhe

drmxes ~ivi cvbiv w hbsivvelliv li xbcmeleji

Bl is~bcxe hb li blifevicgm hb rmi bsxvrcxrvi hb mbjecges yrb i~vebcki bsxismrbis xbcmelejis w yrb icif bm rmi xvimsobvbmcgi b{xvbìhi`bmxb bobcxgi hbvbsrlxihes hb gmbsxgjicgm kicgi rmi gmovisxvrcxrvi hb gmoevìcgm i`~lgi`bmxbb{xbmhghi w hgs~emgflb

Gmxbvmbx kew bs rmi b{xbmsi gmovisxvrcxrvi hb gmoevìcgm hb ilcimcb jlefil, yrb sbki hbsivvellihe hbshb rm ~vexexg~e gmgcgil hb le yrb cem sb lli` Gmovibsxvrcxrvi hbGmoevìcgm micgemil e jlefil sbjm les cises Sr kgsxevgi bs ce`~lbdi b g`~lgci`rckes is~bcxes xbcmeljgces, evjimgtixges w ce`rmgxivges Sr gmolrbmcgi ilcimtime sle i les ci`~es xcmgces hb lis ce`rmgcicgembs ~ev ce`~rxihevis ehgs~esgxges gmxblgjbmxbs sgme i xehi li secgbhih bm li `bhghi bm yrb mes

èbès kicgi rm rse cvbcgbmxb hb kbvvi`gbmxis em-lgmb ~ivi llbiv i cifece`bvcge blbcxvmgce, ihyrgsgcgm hb gmoevìcgm w e~bvicgembs ce`rmgxivgis

Les gmgcges hb li Gmoevìxgem Xbckmelejw +GX'

9?9: Dekm Mi~gbv cvbi le yrb iljrmes cemsghbvim bl ~vg`bv imxbcbhbmxb hb lisce`~rxihevis cemxb`~evmbis4 les krbses hb Mi~gbv, rm cemdrmxe hbivgllis rxglgtihis ~ivi cilcrliv


4/15


9?86 Flis îscil gmxvehrcb li `yrgmi srìhevi hgjgxil

9;66 Ckivlbs Fiffijb cvbi li @yrgmi Hgobvbmcgil w lrbje li @yrgmi Imilxgciyrb bs rm byrg~e hb c`~rxe hb ~ve~sgxe jbmbvil

97>? Lbb Hb Oevbsx gmbmxi bl frlfe +xvehe hb xrfe il ice', yrb sbv

b`~lbihe bm lis ~vg`bvis ce`~rxihevis blcxvgcis

9782 Dekm em Mbrìmm fesyrbdi li ivyrgxbcxrvi hb li ce`~rxihevi èhbvmihb ~vejviì ilìcbmihe bm sr bscvgxe4 ^vg`bv fevvihev hb rm gmoev`bsefvb li BH_IC-

978? Sb ~vbsbmxi li BMGIC, byrg~e hb c`~rxe blbcxvmgce cemsxvrghe ~ev@ircklw w ^vbs~bv Bcabvx

9787 Rmgbvsghih hb Ci`fvghjb4 Zglabs bmsi`fli li BHSIC, ~vg`bvice`~rxihevi hb ~vejviì ilìcbmihe

972> Bmjgmbbvgmj Vbsbivck Issecgixbs, @gmmbi~elgs, cemxvrwb li BVI 99>9,

rmi hb lis ~vg`bvis ce`~rxihevis ce`bvcgilbs

9726 Ce`gbmti i e~bviv li RMG_IC G, bm li Eogcgmi hb Cbmses hb les BsxihesRmghes

9723 GF@ limti sr ~vg`bvi ce`~rxihevi blbcxvmgci4 GF@ :>9

9728 I~ivbcb li GF@ ?2>, cilcrlihevi hb xi`fev ìjmxgce, ~vg`bvice`~rxihevi oifvgcihi bm sbvgb Bm rm ie bmhb 82> rmghihbs

9722 Les Lifevixevges Fbll imrmcgim li ~vg`bvi ce`~rxihevi ce`~lbxi`bmxbxvimsgsxevgtihi, li XVIHGC

972? - Bm bl @GX sb cemsxvrwb li X[->, ~vg`bvi ce`~rxihevi xvimsgsxevgtihi~vejviìflb hb ~ve~sgxe jbmbvil

9727 GF@ limti srs ~vg`bvis ce`~rxihevis xvimsgsxevgtihis4 les ìgòvi`bs hbli sbvgb :>>

97?> Les Lifevixevges Fbll hgsbim bl Hixi~kemb, ~vg`bv `hb` ce`bvcgil yrbcemgbvxb les hixes hgjgxilbs hb li ce`~rxihevi bm sbilbs imlejis ~ivixvims`gsgm i xvis hb li vbh xblbomgci

97?8 Kicb sr hbfrx bl sgsxbì SIFVB hb GF@, hgsbihe ~ivi I`bvgcim Igvlgmbsyrb ~bv`gxb bl ~vecbsi`gbmxe hb xvimsiccgembs bm lmbiGF@ imrmcgi bl limti`gbmxe hb Swsxb`%3?> rmi oi`glgi hb ? ce`~rxihevis

`rxri`bmxb ce`~ixgflbs hexihis hb 8> ~bvgovgces

97?2 Hgjgxil Byrg~`bmx ~vbsbmxi li ^H^-;, cemsghbvihi li ~vg`bvi`gmgce`~rxihevi ce`bvcgil`bmxb b{gxesi

97?? K^ gmjvbsi bm bl `bvcihe hb lis ce`~rxihevis hb ~ve~sgxe jbmbvil cemli K^-6992


5/15


97:9 Bm les lifevixevges hb GF@ bm Sim Des Cilgoevmgi sb gmbmxi bl ~vg`bvhgsce olb{gflb ~ivi ilìcbmi`gbmxe hb hixes hb ; ~rljihis

97:6 Gmxbl limti bl `gcve~vecbsihev ;>>;

97:3 I~ivbcb li @gcvil, ~vg`bvi ce`~rxihevi ~bvsemil ce`bvcgil fisihi bm rm

`gcve~vecbsihev Gmxbl ;>>;

97:2 ê~rliv Blbcxvemgcs ~vbsbmxi li Ilxigv ;;>>, fisihi bm bl ~vecbsihev Gmxbl;>;>

97:? Skrjivx Issecgixbs gmxvehrcb li rmghih hb hgsces olb{gflbs hb 29%8~rljihis

Evjbmbs hb Gmxbvmbx

972: - Hbs~rs yrb li Rmgm Segxgci sb ihblimxivi bm li civvbvi bs~icgil cem li~rbsxi bm vfgxi hbl S~rxmga, les Bsxihes Rmghes cvbi bl IVÎ +Evjimgsèhb ^vewbcxes hb Gmbsxgjicgm Iimtihi' hbmxve hbl @gmgsxbvge hb Hbobmsi

i ogm hb bsxiflbcbv sr lghbvitje bm lis vbis hb li cgbmcgi w li xbcmelejii~lgcihis i lis orbvtis ivìhis

97?9 - Lbemivh Albgmveca hbl @GX ~rflgci bl ~vg`bv hecr`bmxe sefvb li xbevi hbcem`rxicgm hb ~iyrbxbs4 &Olrde hb Gmoevìcgm bm Vbhbs I`~lgis hbCe`rmgcicgm&

Li ~vg`bvi hbscvg~cgm vbjgsxvihi hb gmxbviccgembs secgilbs yrb ~ehvim sbvvbilgtihis i xvis hb vbhbs orb rmi sbvgb hb mexis bscvgxis ~ev DCV Lgcalghbv hbl@GX bm ijesxe hb 97?6 hgscrxgbmhe sr cemcb~xe hb &Vbh Jilcxgci& lcemsghbvifi rm cemdrmxe jlefil`bmxb gmxbvcembcxihe i xvis hbl cril crilyrgbvi~rhgbvi iccbhbv v~ghi`bmxb i hixes w ~vejviìs hbshb crilyrgbv sgxge Bmbsbmcgi, bl cemcb~xe bvi `rw ~ivbcghe i li Gmxbvmbx hb kew

97?2 - ^vg`bvi cemb{gm hb hes ce`~rxihevis gmcrlihis hgvbcxi`bmxb +sgmcem`rxicgm hb ~iyrbxbs' ~ev `bhge hb rmi lmbi xblbomgci hbhgcihi hb96>> f~s Sb xvix hbl byrg~e evhbmihev X[-6 bm bl lifevixevge Lgmcelm hbl@GX w bl IM%OSY-36 bm Simxi @mgci, Cilgoevmgi êsxbvgev`bmxb sbijvbjiv li ce`~rxihevi hb li Hgjgxil Byrg~`bmx Cev~evixgem, cemoevìmheli Vbh B{~bvg`bmxil

Cem bsxi b{~bvgbmcgi, Xkeìs @bvvgll w Vefbvxs cvbivem li ~vg`bvi +irmyrb~byrbi' vbh hb ce`~rxihevis hb vbi i`~lgi di`s cemsxvrghi Bl vbsrlxihe hbbsxb b{~bvg`bmxe orb hivsb crbmxi hb yrb lis ce`~rxihevis i xgb`~e ce`~ivxghe~ehim ormcgemiv fgbm drmxis, bdbcrximhe ~vejviìs w vbcr~bvimhe, crimhe orbvimbcbsivge, hixes hb li `yrgmi vbèxi, ~bve yrb bl sgsxbì xblbomgce hb cgvcrgxe

cem`rxihe bvi xexil`bmxb gmihbcrihe ~ivi bl xvifide

97?: - Livvw Vefbvxs ~vbsbmxi bm li isi`flbi IVÎ G^XE ^G bm @gckgjim bl~vewbcxe &IVÎMBX&

Bm bl `gsè bmcrbmxve sb ~vbsbmx rm xvifide hbl Vbgme Rmghe sefvb bl cemcb~xehb vbh hb ~iyrbxbs hb Hemilh Higbs w Vejbv Scimxlbfrvw hb M^L I ~ivxgv hb rmicembvsicgm bmxvb les gmbsxgjihevbs, ciwbvem bm li crbmxi hb yrb xehe bl xvifidebm bl @GX +97?9-97?:', bm VIMH +97?6-97?2' w bm M^L +97?8-97?:' kifi


6/15

îj ? FVB_B KGSXEVGI HB GMXBVMBX _BVSGM 9>

xvimscrvvghe bm ~ivilble sgm yrb mgmjrme hb les gmbsxgjihevbs sr~gbsb hbl xvifidehbl exve Bl M^L hb Gmjlixbvvi hbsivvell li Vbh M^L, ceè rm b{~bvg`bmxe bmcem`rxicgm hb ~iyrbxbs rxglgtimhe lmbis xblbomgcis hb 8?; A~fs

97?; - Sb ~vbsbmxi li vbh cem`rxihi ~ev ~iyrbxbs +^S-Mbxzeva' imxb bl IVÎ Sbbmim les ~bhghes hb ~ve~rbsxis ~ivi IVÎMBX Sb evjimgti bl Mbxzeva

Zevagmj Jver~, i ogm hb hbsivvelliv ~vexeceles i mgbl kesx ~ivi bsxiflbcbvce`rmgcicgembs bm IVÎMBX

97?7 - Sb cembcxim les ~vg`bves crixve mehes hb IVÎMBX4 RCLI, SVG+Sximoevh', Rmgbvsghih hb Cilgoevmgi Simxi Fvfivi w Rmgbvsghih hb Rxik

Hbfghe il hbsivvelle vbilgtihe gmgcgil`bmxb ~ev Albgmveca hb li xbevi hb licem`rxicgm hb ~iyrbxbs w i sr bmoeyrb sefvb bl imlgsgs, bl hgsbe w li `bhghi,sr Mbxzeva @bisrvb`bmx Cbmxbv bm li RCLI orb blbjghe ~ivi sbv bl ~vg`bv mehehb IVÎMBX Xehe bsxe srcbhg i li bt bm Sb~xgb`fvb hb 97?7, crimhe bl FFMgmsxil bl ~vg`bv G@^ +96 A hb `bèvgi, cem lmbis hb 2> Af~s ~vegsxis ~ev IX/X'bm li RCLI w sb cembcx bl ~vg`bv kesx Bl ~vewbcxe hb Herj Bmjblfivx sefvb&Ir`bmxe hbl Gmxblbcxe Krìme& +yrb gmclri MLS, rm ~vg`gxge sgsxbì hb

kg~bvxb{xe' bm bl Sximoevh Vbsbivck Gmsxgxrxb +SVG' ~ve~evcgem rm sbjrmhe meheBl SVG iledifi il Mbxzeva Gmoevìxgem Cbmxbv, hgvgjghe ~ev Blgtifbxk +Diab' Obgmlbv wyrb gmclri ormcgembs xilbs ceè ìmxbmbv lgsxis hb me`fvbs hb kesxs ~ivi blì~i hb hgvbccgembs, is ceè rm hgvbcxevge hb lis VOC +Selgcgxrhbs hbCe`bmxivges' Rm `bs hbs~rs, crimhe bl SVG orb cembcxihe i IVÎMBX, sbbmg bl ~vg`bv `bmsidb kesx-xe-kesx hbshb bl lifevixevge hb Albgmveca il SVG Sbiihgbvem hes mehes `s bm li RC Simxi Fivfivi w bm li Rmgbvsghih hb RxikBsxes hes lxgès mehes gmcev~evifim li i~lgcicgem hb ~vewbcxes hb gsrilgticgm,~rbs Jlbm Crllbv w Frvxem Ovgbh bm li RCSF bsxifim gmbsxgjimhe `xehes ~ivi blhbs~lgbjrb hb ormcgembs ìxb`xgcis rsimhe hgs~esgxges hb ilìcbmi`gbmxe~ivi xvixiv cem bl ~veflbì hbl vbovbsce hb li vbh, w Vefbvx Xiwlev b GimSrxkbvlimh bm Rxik bsxifim gmbsxgjimhe `xehes hb vb~vbsbmxicgembs bm 3Hsefvb li vbh Is, i ogmilbs hb 97?7, crixve ce`~rxihevis orbvem cembcxihis

cemdrmxi`bmxb bm li ~vg`bvi IVÎMBX, w cem bsxe bmxv bm e~bvicgembs bl mrclbegmgcgil hb li icxril Gmxbvmbx

Ceè imchexi sb crbmxi yrb bl ~vg`bv gmxbmxe hb cemb{gm bmxvb li RCLI w blSVG vbsrlx bm rm celi~se hbl sgsxbì il gmjvbsiv li lbxvi &j& hb &lejgm&

Gmclrse bm bsxi bxi~i gmgcgil, kiw yrb sbiliv yrb li gmbsxgjicgm sefvb vbhbsgmclri ximxe bl xvifide sefvb li vbh srfwicbmxb ceè bl xvifide icbvci hb cèrxglgtiv li vbh Bsxi xvihgcgm cemxgmi kisxi kew V~ghi`bmxb sb orbvem iihgbmhemrbis ce`~rxihevis i IVÎMBX hrvimxb les ies sgjrgbmxbs, w bl xvifide sbcemcbmxv bm ce`~lbxiv rm ~vexecele kesx-xe-kesx ormcgemil`bmxb ce`~lbxe w exveseoxzivb hb vbh Bm Hgcgb`fvb hb 97:> bl Jvr~e hb Xvifide bm Vbhbs +MbxzevaZevagmj Jver~- MZJ' hgvgjghe ~ev S Cvecabv icif bl ~vexecele kesx-xe-kesxgmgcgil hb IVÎMBX, lliìhe ^vexecele hb Cemxvel hb Vbh +Mbxzeva Cemxvel^vexecel - MC^'

Bm li `bhghi bm yrb les sgxges hb IVÎMBX orbvem ce`~lbximhe lig`~lb`bmxicgm hb MC^ hrvimxb bl ~bvehe 97:9-97:6, les rsrivges hb li vbhogmil`bmxb ~rhgbvem ce`bmtiv i hbsivvelliv i~lgcicgembs

97:6 - Fef Aikm evjimgt rmi hbèsxvicgm hb IVÎMBX `rw jvimhb +8>xbv`gmilbs' yrb vbsrlx b{gxesi, bm li Gmxbvmixgemil Ce`~rxbv


7/15


Ce``rmgcixgem Cemobvbmcb +GCCC' Orb li ~vg`bvi hbèsxvicgm ~flgcihb bsxi mrbi xbcmeleji hb vbh Bm bsi e~evxrmghih xi`fgm sb hbsivvellbl ~vg`bv ckix bmxvb Sximoevh w FFMSb cvb bl Jvr~e hb Xvifide hb Vbhbs Gmxbvmicgemil +GMZJ' cem bl efdbxgehb lejviv iimcbs bm li xbcmelejiVOC 39; - Bs~bcgogcicgm Xblmbx

Orb xi`fgm bm 97:6 crimhe sb gmxvehrde li ~vg`bvi i~lgcicgm &cilgbmxb& hbGmxbvmbx4 bl cevvbe blbcxvmgce

Bm @ivte, Viw Xe`lgmsem bm bl FFM bscvgfg bl seoxzivb fsgce hb bmge w lbcxrvihb `bmsidbs ~ev cevvbe blbcxvmgce, èxgihe ~ev li mbcbsghih hb rm `bcimgsèocgl hb ceevhgmicgm ~ivi les hbsivvellihevbs hb IVÎMBX Sb blgjb bl sgjme Nbmxvb les sgjmes hb ~rmxricgm hb li `yrgmi hb xblbxg~es Xe`lgmsem èhble 33~ivi vb~vbsbmxiv bl xv`gme &bm&4 rsrivge bm li vbhb bs ikevi rsrivgeNvbh

Bm Drlge, Vefbvxs b{~imhg li rsifglghih hbl cevvbe blbcxvmgce bscvgfgbmhe bl~vg`bv ~vejviì hb rxglghihbs ~ivi cevvbe blbcxvmgce yrb ~bv`gxi lgsxiv, lbbvsblbcxgi`bmxb, ivckgiv, vbbmgiv w vbs~emhbv les `bmsidbs Hbshb bmxemcbs blcevvbe blbcxvmgce sb ~esgcgem ceè li ìwev i~lgcicgm hb li vbh Bsxe orb rm

imrmcge hbl xg~e hb icxgghih yrb lrbje sb hbs~lbj bm li Zevlh Zghb Zbf, bshbcgv, bl cvbcg`gbmxe bmev`b hb xehes les xg~es hb xvogce &~bvsemi-i-~bvsemi&

Les cemcb~xes gmgcgilbs hb Gmxbvmbx

Bl ~vewbcxe evgjgmil lliìhe IVÎMBX cvbcg kisxi cembvxgvsb bm li icxrilGmxbvmbx

Gmxbvmbx bsx fisihe bm li ghbi gmgcgil hb yrb kifvi `lxg~lbs vbhbsgmhb~bmhgbmxbs hb hgsbe `s fgbm ivfgxvivge, b`~btimhe ~ev IVÎMBX ceè vbh~gembvi, ~bve yrb ~vemxe gmclrgvi vbhbs hb sixlgxb, vbhbs xbvvbsxvbs hb vihge, wexvis yrb gvim srvjgbmhe Xil ceè li cemecbès ikevi, Gmxbvmbx gmclrwb hbshbsrs gmgcges rmi ghbi xcmgci srfwicbmxb yrb bs clib, li hb vbh hb ivyrgxbcxrvi

ifgbvxi

Bm bsxb bmoeyrb, li blbccgm hb li xbcmeleji hb cihi vbh gmhgghril me bsxifig`~rbsxi ~ev rmi ivyrgxbcxrvi hb vbh ~ivxgcrliv, sgme yrb `s fgbm rm ~vebbhev~ehi sblbccgemivli lgfvb`bmxb w ~embvli i xvifidiv cemdrmxi`bmxb cem exvis vbhbsi xvis hb rmi &ivyrgxbcxrvi hb ormcgemi`gbmxe gmxbvvbhbs& i rm `bxi mgbl

Kisxi bsi ~eci kifi rm sle `xehe jbmbvil ~ivi obhbviv vbhbs Bsxb bvi bl`xehe xvihgcgemil hb cem`rxicgm hb cgvcrgxe hemhb lis vbhbs sb gmxbvcembcxifimi mgbl hb cgvcrgxe osgce, ~isimhe les fgxs sefvb lmbis sgmcvmgcis yrb mbjecgimrmi cemb{gm b{xvbè-i-b{xvbè bmxvb rm ~iv hb lecilgticgembs xbv`gmilbsrxglgtimhe les vbcrvses hb rmi vbh osgci `rcke `s b{xbmsi

Hihe yrb sbs cemxifi cem xbcmelejis lg`gxihis ~ivi gmxbvcembcxiv vbhbshgobvbmxbs, sb vbyrbvi yrb rmi orbsb rxglgtihi ceè ce`~embmxb hb li exvi bm bthb icxriv ceè gjril i li exvi ~ivi ~ehbv eovbcbv bl sbvgcge b{xvbè-i-b{xvbè Bmrmi vbh hb ivyrgxbcxrvi ifgbvxi, lis vbhbs gmhgghrilbs hbfim ~ehbv sbv hgsbihisw hbsivvellihis ~ev sb~ivihe w cihi rmi xbmbv sr ~ve~gi gmxbvoit mgci yrb ~rbhbeobvxiv i les rsrivges w%e ~vebbhevbs, gmclrwbmhe ~vebbhevbs hb Gmxbvmbx Li ghbibvi yrb vbh ~rhgbvi sbv hgsbihi hb icrbvhe i sr bmxevme bs~bcogce w i lesvbyrbvg`gbmxes hb les rsrivges hb bsi vbh


8/15

îj ; FVB_B KGSXEVGI HB GMXBVMBX _BVSGM 9>

Kew, jbmbvil`bmxb me kiw vbsxvgccgembs sefvb les xg~es hb vbhbs yrb ~rbhbmgmclrgvsb e sefvb sr ilcimcb jbejvogce, irmyrb cgbvxis cemsghbvicgembs~vij`xgcis hbxbv`gmim le yrb xgbmb sbmxghe eobvxiv

Bm bsxi ~eci, bl ~vejviì ce`bmt i lliìvsb &Gmxbvmbxxgmj&

97:3 - Sb vbilgtim lis ~vg`bvis cemb{gembs gmxbvmicgemilbs i li IVÎMBX4 blRmgbvsgxw Cellbjb eo Lemhem +Gmjlixbvvi', w bl Vewil Vihis Bsxiflgsk`bmx+Mevrbji'

I ~ivxgv hb rmi xbsgs ~vbsbmxihi ~ev Fef @bxcilob bm Kivivh, w sefvb rmhbsivvelle ~vbsbmxihe bm 97:> ~ev li Rmgbvsghih hb Kizig, srvjb blcemcb~xe hb Bxkbvmbx yrb sbv gm`bhgixi`bmxb ~vefihe bm ce`~rxihevis[bve{Bm bl `bs hb sb~xgb`fvb, Cbvo w Aikm ~vbsbmxim bm bl GMZJ lis ghbisfsgcis hb li icxril Gmxbvmbx bm li Rmgbvsghih hb Srssb{, Vbgme RmgheBl m`bve hb rsrivges hb IVÎMBX sb bsxgì bm 6>>>, bl cevvbeblbcxvmgce cemsxgxrwb bm bsb è`bmxe bl :2 " hbl xvogce hb li vbhVOC 828 - Bs~bcgogcicgembs ~ivi li xvimsobvbmcgi hb ivckgesVOC :89 - Bs~bcgogcicgembs ~ivi ^vexecele hb _et bm Vbhbs Sb

g`~lb`bmxi ~ivi ~bv`gxgv lliìhis bm cemobvbmcgi i xvis hb IVÎMBX

97:8 Sb limti Xblbmbx, bl ~vg`bv sbvgcge ~flgce hb ~iyrbxbs hb gmoevìcgm,rmi bvsgm ce`bvcgil hb IVÎMBXCbvo w Aikm ~rflgcim &^vexecele ~ivi Gmxbvcemb{gm hb Vbhbs ~ev îyrbxbs&yrb bs~bcgogci bm hbxillb bl hgsbe hb XC^

97:2 - Sb cvbi li ~vg`bvi lgsxi hb hgsxvgfrcgm hb IVÎMBX Sb cvbi li ~vg`bvilgsxi hb cgbmcgi ogccgm +SO-Lebvs', li lgsxi me-eogcgil `s ~e~rliv bm blè`bmxeDekm _gxxil hbsivvelli @SJ, bl ~vg`bv ~vejviì hb cevvbe blbcxvmgce yrbgmclrwb li ~esgfglghih hb cemxbsxiv, vbbmgiv w jrivhiv `bmsidbsKizig w Lemhvbs sb bmlitim sixblgxil`bmxb, `gbmxvis bm Sximoevh sb

vbilgtim lis ~vg`bvis ~vrbfis hb XC^

97:? - IX/X Fbll Lifs hbsivvelli RRC^ +Rmg{-xe-Rmg{ Ce~w', yrb ce`bmtiv ihgsxvgfrgvsb cem Rmg{ rm ie hbs~rs

97:;Bl ~vexecele XC^ sb hgghb bm 6 ~vexeceles gmhb~bmhgbmxbs4 XC^ b G^

97:7 - IVÎ bsxiflbcb li ~vg`bvi Ce`gsgm hb Cemxvel hb li Cemogjrvicgm hbGmxbvmbx +GCCF'êv srjbvbmcgi hb Abgm @icAbmtgb, cem bl ~ve~sgxe hb gmcev~eviv&bècgm& e sbmsicgembs il xb{xe hb les `bmsidbs hb cevvbe blbcxvmgce, sbgmcev~evim il lbmjridb hb les `bmsidbs les &bèxgcembs&4 4-' 4-+ , bxc

97;> - Bl 6: hb ecxrfvb IVÎMBX hbdi hb ormcgemiv ~ev ce`~lbxe hbfghe i rmgvrs ~ve~ijihe iccghbmxil`bmxb

97;9 - Ce`gbmti i ormcgemiv FGXMBX, ceè vbh cee~bvixgi bm li Rmgbvsghih hbMbz Weva cem li ~vg`bvi cemb{gm cem Wilb ^vebb cevvbe blbcxvmgce wsbvghevbs hb ivckges yrb hgsxvgfrwbm gmoevìcgm w ~bv`gxbm lixvimsobvbmcgi hb ivckges

I~ivbcb xi`fgm CSMBX cem li celifevicgm hb b{~bvxes bm ce`~rxicgmhb li Rmgbvsghih hb Hblizivb w exvis, cem bl efdbxe hb ~vbsxiv sbvgcges hb


9/15


vbh +bs~bcgil`bmxb cevvbe blbcxvmgce' i les cgbmxogces yrb me xbmimiccbse i IVÎMBXVOC ;>94 ^lim hb xvimsgcgm MCX^%XC^

Bl hbsivvelle hb Gmxbvmbx

97;6 - Sb ihe~xim bl ^vexecele hb Cemxvel hb Xvims`gsgm +XC^' w bl ^vexecele hbGmxbvmbx +G^' ceè bl cemdrmxe hb ~vexeceles bsxmhiv ~ivi IVÎMBX Bsxejbmbv rmi hb lis ~vg`bvis hbogmgcgembs hb Gmxbvmbx4 &rmi sbvgb hb vbhbsgmhb~bmhgbmxbs cembcxihis bmxvb sg, bs~bcogci`bmxb iyrbllis yrb rxglgtimbl ~vexecele XC^%G^&Bl @gmgsxbvge hb Hbobmsi hb les BBRR ihe~xim bl sxica hb ~vexecelesXC^%G^ ceè sr bsxmhivSb cvbi BRMbx, ~ivi fvgmhiv cevvbe blbcxvmgce w rsbmbx bm Brve~iGmgcgil`bmxb sb cembcxivem les îsbs Fides, Hgmiìvci, Srbcgi w bl VbgmeRmgheVOC ;6:4 Bs~bcgogcicgembs ~ivi BJ^ ~ivi bl iccbse bmxvb vbhbs

97;3 - Li Rmgbvsghih hb Zgscemsgm ~emb bm ormcgemi`gbmxe rm sbvghev hb

me`fvbs, yrb wi me vbyrgbvb yrb bl rsrivge cemetci li vrxi b{icxi ~ivi~ehbv iccbhbv i exve sgsxbì Bl sgsxbì ce`bmtiv i ormcgemiv hb èhe~lbme i ~ivxgv hb 97;8Sb ~isi hb MC^ i XC^%G^Li vbh IVÎMBX sb hgghb bm IVÎMBX w @GLMBX, yrb sb gmxbjvi cem liVbh hb Gmoevìcgm hb Hbobmsi

I~ivbcbm lis ~vg`bvis bsxicgembs hb xvifide, `rckis hb bllis cem blsgsxbì Fbvablbw RMS, yrb gmclrwb seoxzivb hb vbh G^Sb bsxiflbcb li Ce`gsgm hb Icxgghihbs hb Gmxbvmbx +GIF'Bm bsxb ie sb bsxiflbcb li BIVM, vbh brve~bi, sg`gliv i FGXMBX, cem rmiccbse ogmimcgihe ~ev GF@

97;8 - Di~m bsxiflbcb sr ~ve~gi vbh4 DRMBX

Bm Gmjlixbvvi ce`gbmti i ormcgemiv rmi vbh icih`gci4 DIMBX Xi`fgm liRmgm Segxgci sb cembcxi bm bsxb ieSb sr~bvim les 9>>> kesxs cembcxihesSb bsxiflbcbm DRMBX bm Di~m w DIMBX bm vbgme Rmghe

97;2 - Bl 92 hb ìvte sb vbjgsxvi bl ~vg`bv he`gmge4 sw`felgcsce`Le sgjrbm gm`bhgixi`bmxb c`rbhr1 ~rvhrbbhr1 vgcbbhr1 rclibhr1cssje1 gxvbevjBl Gmsxgxrxe hb cgbmcgis hb li Gmoevìcgm +GSG' vbcgfb li vbs~emsifglghih hbih`gmgsxviv bl vfel hb HMS

97;? - Cem rmi blecghih hb 2? af~s, sb cvbi MSOMBX, bsxiflbcgbmhe 2 cbmxvescem sr~bvce`~rxihevis hb ilxe ~ehbv hb ~vecbsi`gbmxe gmxbvcembcxihes

Bsxe ~esgfglgxi rmi b{~lesgm hb cemb{gembs, bs~bcgil`bmxb bm lisrmgbvsghihbsCe`gbmti i xvifidiv li Gmxbvmbx Bmjgmbbvgmj Xisa Oevcb +GBXO' w li GmxbvmbxVbsbivck Xisa Oevcb +GVXO'

97;: - RRMBX sb ormhi ~ivi ~vebbv RRC^ ce`bvcgil w iccbse i RsbmbxSb sr~bvim les 9>>>> kexs cembcxihes Kiw `s hb 9>>> cembcxihes iFGXMBX


10/15

îj 9> FVB_B KGSXEVGI HB GMXBVMBX _BVSGM 9>

97;; - Bl 6 hb megb`fvb ixici bl Gmxbvmbx zev` +gvrs', iobcximhe i ?>>> hb leswi ?>>>> kesxs cembcxihes bm GmxbvmbxBl @gmgsxbvge hb Hbobmsi hb Bsxihes Rmghes hbcghb i~exiv bl èhble ESG,rxglgtimhe bmxvb ximxe XC^%G^Sb `rlxg~lgcim lis vbhbs ~vgihis, w bm hgbvses ~isbs @rckis hb bllis sbcembcxim i Gmxbvmbx ~bv`gxgbmhe bl gmxbvci`fge hb gmoevìcgm

Sb cvbi li Irxevghih hb Isgjmicgm hb M`bves hb Gmxbvmbx +GIMI'Divaae Egaivgmbm hbsivvelli bl Gmxbvmbx Vbliw Ckix +GVC'

97;7 - Sb sr~bvim les 9>>>>> kesxs cembcxihes Sb him les ~vg`bvesgmxbvci`fges bmxvb rm e~bvihev ce`bvcgil hb cevvbe blbcxvmgce b GmxbvmbxSb ~rflgcim les ~vg`bves vblixes hb rm jvr~e hb cvicabvs ilbìmbs yrblejvivem iccbhbv i ivges evjimgsès bsxihermghbmsbs

977> - Hbdi hb b{gsxgv IVÎMBXBl ~vg`bv ~vebbhev ce`bvcgil hb iccbse xblbomgce i Gmxbvmbx +Zevlh' sb~emb bm lmbi Bsxb ie xi`fgm sb cembcxi li ~vg`bvi `yrgmi hbe~bvicgm vbèxiSb hbsivvelli GSEHB +GSE Hbble~`bmx Bmgvem`bx' yrb ~bv`gxb yrb lis

i~lgcicgembs ESG ormcgembm bm bl bmxevme XC^%G^Bm bsxb ie sb cembcxi Ivjbmxgmi, drmxe cem Fvisgl, Ckglb w Bs~ii

9779 Bl CBVM limti li Zevlh Zghb Zbf +zzz' cvbihi ~ev Xg` Fbvmbvs-Lbb

9776 - Sb cvbi li Gmxbvmbx Secgbxw +GSEC'Sb sr~bvi bl `gllm hb kesxs cembcxihesLi Rmgbvsghih hb Mbihi limti &_bvmgci&, li ~vg`bv kbvvi`gbmxi hbfsyrbhi bm bmxevme je~kbvBl Fimce @rmhgil sb cembcxi bm lmbiDbim Ivèrv êllw cvbi li b{~vbsgm &mibjiv ~ev Gmxbvmbx&

9773 - Sb cvbi GmxbvMGC, cem bl ~ve~sgxe hb fvgmhiv sbvgcges hb4 +i' hgvbcxevge w

fisbs hb hixes1 +f' vbjgsxve1 +c' gmoevìcgmLi Cisi Flimci sb cembcxi bm lmbiSrvjbm mr`bvesis ivgbhihbs hb jrsimes bm li vbhCe`gbmtim lis xvims`gsgembs hb vihge ~ev Gmxbvmbx@esigc +rm mibjihev zbf' jbmbvi rm cvbcg`gbmxe b{~lesge4 389 " imril~ivi bl sbvgcge zbf, w 77: " imril ~ivi bl je~kbv

9778 - Les ~vg`bves ske~~gmjs ìlls bmxvim bm GmxbvmbxBl ~vg`bv lihvm hb fimces blbcxvmgce4 _lihg`gv Lbgm hb Sim ^bxbvsfrvjexvimsogbvb blbcxvmgci`bmxb `gllembs hb hlivbs hbl CgxgfimaRmi b`~vbsi hb ifejihes hb Ivgtemi +Cimxbv / Sgbjbl' gmrmhi Gmxbvmbxcem s~i` +cevvbe blbcxvmgce me selgcgxihe' Les cgfbvmirxis lb cemxbsxim hbli `gsì ìmbvi

Rmi ~gttbvi ce`gbmti i eovbcbv hblgbvg hb ~gtti ~ev GmxbvmbxCe`gbmti i e~bviv bl ~vg`bv cgfbvfimce4 Ogvsx _gvxrilCe`gbmtim i e~bviv lis ~vg`bvis b`gsevis hb vihge yrb xvims`gxbm lis 68kevis ~ev li vbhLi zzz bs bl sbjrmhe sbvgcge `s ~e~rliv bm li Vbh, hbs~rshbl cevvbeblbcxvmgceVOC 9?>? - Rmi gsgm kgsxvgci sefvb bl rse hbl G^8


11/15

FVB_B KGSXEVGI HB GMXBVMBX _BVSGM 9> îj 9

9772 - Srm limti DI_IVbil Irhge ~emb bm ormcgemi`gbmxe rmi xbcmeleji hb irhge yrb ~bv`gxbvbcgfgv semghe i xvis hb li vbh cisg bm xgb`~e vbilSrvjb KA, li ~vg`bvi vihge ce`bvcgil hb xvims`gsgm b{clrsgi bm GmxbvmbxLi Zevlh Zghb Zbf sb cemgbvxb bm bl sbvgcge `s vbyrbvghe hb li vbhLes sgsxbìs xvihgcgemilbs hb iccbse xblbomgce ce`gbmtiv i eovbcbv iccbse

i Gmxbvmbx +Ce`~rsbvb, I`bvgci Emlgmb, ^vehgjw'Lis b`~vbsis lgjihis i li vbh ce`gbmtim i kicbvsb oièsis bm bl `bvciheogmimcgbve4 Mbxsci~b ilcimti bl xbvcb ilev MISHIY GÊ ~ev iccgm `silxe hb li kgsxevgiXbcmeleji hbl ie4 li zzz w les èxevbs hb fsyrbhiXbcmelekis b`bvjbmxbs4 DI_I, DI_I scvg~x, bmxevmes gvxrilbs,kbvvi`gbmxis hb celifevicgm

977? - Lis xblbomgcis hb Bsxihes Rmghes selgcgxim il Cemjvbse yrb ~vekfi lesxbloemes hb GmxbvmbxBBRR ~vekfb li hgsxvgfrcgm hb ìxbvgil efscbme i xvis hb Gmxbvmbx,`bhghi yrb ogmil`bmxb sbv hbclivihi gmcemsxgxrcgemil ~ev li CevxbSr~vbì bm 977:

Sb hbsixi li jrbvvi hb les mibjihevbs bmxvb Mbxsci~b w @gcveseoxB{~levbvIcxes hb ~gvixbvi gmoev`xgci hbl ie4 Ixiyrbs il Hb~ivxi`bmxe hb Drsxgcgihb les Bsxihes Rmghes, li CGI, li Orbvti Ivbi hb Bsxihes Rmghes, blîvxghe Lifevgsxi hbl Vbgme RmgheXbcmelejis hbl ie4 les èxevbs hb fsyrbhi, DI_I, xblboemi i xvis hbGmxbvmbxXbcmelejis b`bvjbmxbs4 bmxevmes gvxrilbs, kbvvi`gbmxis hb celifevicgm,i~lgcicgm hb Gmxbvmbx

977: - Li bmxi hbl ie4 bl he`gmge frsgmbssce` sb bmhb bm r(s 92>>>>VOC 6>>> - Gmxbvmbx eoogcgil ~vexecel sximhivhsSb bsxiflbcb bl I`bvgcim Vbjgsxvw oev Gmxbvmbx Mr`fbvs +IVGM' i ogm hb

ih`gmgsxviv bl vbjgsxve hb lis hgvbccgembs G^ ~ivi lis hgsxgmxis vbisjbejvogcisIcxes hb ~gvixbvi gmoev`xgci hbl ie4 Ixiyrbs il jefgbvme hb Gmhembsgi, liMISI, bl îvxghe Cemsbvihev hb Vbgme Rmghe, bl sgxge eogcgil hb lis S~gcbJgvlsXbcmelejis hbl ie4 ^rsk, @rlxgcisxgmjXbcmelejis b`bvjbmxbs4 ^rsk, sxvbi`gmj `bhgi

977; - Bl 6: hb ìvte ~ev ~vg`bvi bt, les xblbghbmxbs ~rhgbvem icxriv ceèdrvihes hbl ci`~bemixe `rmhgil hb ~ixgmidb sefvb kgble i xvis hb rm~vejviì xblbgsge hb hb~evxbsSb vbjgsxvi bl he`gmge hb Gmxbvmbx m`bve 6>>>>>>Bl Sbvgcge hb Cevvbe hb les Bsxihes Rmghes ~bv`gxb yrb lis bsxi`~gllis sbce`~vbm b g`~vgìm hgvbcxi`bmxb hbshb li zbfSrcbses bm li Vbh4 les Drbjes El`~gces hb Gmgbvme, bl Ci`~bemixe@rmhgil hb Oxfel, sb ~rflgci i xvis hb Gmxbvmbx bl Gmoev`b hbl Ogscil Sxivv,sbjrg`gbmxe i xvis hb Gmxbvmbx hbl limti`gbmxe hb Dekmm Jlbmm ilBs~icge

Icxes hb ~gvixbvi hbl ie4 Ixiyrb il Hb~ivxi`bmxe hb Ce`bvcge hb lesBsxihes Rmghes, il Mbz Weva Xg`bs, i li Ckgmbi Secgbxw ~ivi les Bsxrhgeshb Hbvbckes Krìmes, il RMGCBO


12/15


Xbcmelejis hbl ie4 b-ce``bvcb, b-ircxgems, ~evxilbsXbcmelejis b`bvjbmxbs4 ce`bvcge blbcxvmgce, {`l

9777 - Ce`gbmti i e~bviv bl ~vg`bv fimce yrb fvgmhi xehes les sbvgcgesb{clrsgi`bmxb i xvis hb Gmxbvmbx4 bl Ogvsx Gmxbvmbx Fima eo GmhgimiGF@ bs li ~vg`bvi ce`~ii i~vefihi ~ivi fvgmhiv iccbse i Gmxbvmbx 6,

yrb bsxb ie cvrti bl Ixlmxgce ~ivi ce`bmtiv i gmxbjviv Brve~iBl he`gmge frsgmbssce` bs bmhghe bm r(s :2>>>>>Kicabihes hbl ie4 Sixiv Ziv, Di~m, RSGI, B-Fiw, bl Sbmihe hb lesBsxihes Rmghes, li MSG, bl Jefgbvme hbl ^ivijriw, ImxgEmlgmb, @gcveseox,RA ViglxvicaXbcmelejis hbl ie4 ce`bvcge blbcxvmgce, fimci em-lgmb, @^3Xbcmelejis b`bvjbmxbs4 mbx-cbll ~kembs, xkgm ce`~rxgmj


13/15


Lis cgovis hb Gmxbvmbx

Obcki Sbvghevbs | Obcki Sbvghevbs Vbhbs He`gmges

----- --------- ! ----- --------- -------- ---------

96%?7 8 | >:%;7 93>,>>> ?2> 3,7>>

>?%:> 7 | 9>%;7 927,>>> ;3:

9>%:> 99 | 9>%7> 393,>>> 6,>?3 7,3>>96%:> 93 | >9%79 3:?,>>> 6,33;

>8%:9 63 | >:%79 232,>>> 3,>;? 9?,>>>

9>%:6 39 | 9>%79 ?9:,>>> 3,22? 9;,>>>

>9%:3 32 | >9%76 :6:,>>> 8,26?

>?%:8 ?6 | >8%76 ;7>,>>> 2,679 6>,>>>

>3%:: 999 | >:%76 776,>>> ?,2?7 9?,3>>

96%:7 9;; | 9>%76 9,93?,>>> :,2>2 9;,9>>

>;%;9 693 | >9%73 9,393,>>> ;,62; 69,>>>

>2%;6 632 | >8%73 9,8;?,>>> 7,:66 66,>>>

>;%;3 2?6 | >:%73 9,::?,>>> 93,:?: 6?,>>>

9>%;8 9,>68 | 9>%73 6,>2?,>>> 9?,233 6;,>>>

9>%;2 9,7?9 | >9%78 6,69:,>>> 6>,237 3>,>>>

>6%;? 6,3>; | >:%78 3,696,>>> 62,69> 8?,>>>

99%;? 2,>;7 | 9>%78 3,;?8,>>> 3:,>66 2?,>>>

96%;: 6;,9:8 | >9%72 8,;26,>>> 37,89> :9,>>>>:%;; 33,>>> | >:%72 ?,?86,>>> ?9,23; 96>,>>>

9>%;; 2?,>>> | >9%7? 7,8:6,>>> 73,?:9 68>,>>>

>9%;7 ;>,>>> | >:%7? 96,;;9,>>> 938,3?2 8;;,>>>

| >9%7: 9?,98?,>>> ;6;,>>>

| >:%7: 97,28>,>>> 9,3>9,>>>

Mexi4 Bm Bmbve hb 977; hb hbsivvell rm `bcimgs`e hb gmbsxgjicgm `s ~vbcgse1lis cgovis cevvbcxis bsxm b{~vbsihis bm bl sgjrgbmxb crihve w hixim hb Bmbve hb9772


14/15


Belrcgm hbl m`bve hb sbvghevbs cembcxihes4

Obcki Sbvghevbs | Obcki Sbvghevbs | Obcki Sbvghevbs

----- ----------- ! ----- ----------- ! ----- -----------

>9%72 2,;8?,>>> | >9%7: 69,;97,>>> | >9%77 8363>>>>

>:%72 ;,6>>,>>> | >:%7: 6?,>23,>>> | >:%77 2?69;>>>

>9%7? 98,326,>>> | >9%7; 67,?:>,>>> |>:%7? 9?,:67,>>> | >:%7; 3?,:37,>>> |

Belrcgm hbl m`bve hb he`gmges4

Belrcgm hbl m`bve hb vbhbs cembcxihis4


15/15


Cvbcg`gbmxe hb li ZZZ4

Obcki Sgxges | Obcki sgxges | Obcki Sgxges

----- ---------- ! ----- ---------- ! ----- ----------

>?%73 93> | >8%7: 9,>>6,296 | 9>%7; 3,32;,7?7

>7%73 6>8 | >2%7: 9,>88,9?3 | 99%7; 3,29;,92;

9>%73 66; | >?%7: 9,99:,622 | 96%7; 3,?;7,66:96%73 ?63 | >:%7: 9,6>3,>7? | >9%77 8>?66;>

>?%78 6,:3; | >;%7: 9,6?7,;>> | >6%77 83>9296

96%78 9>,>66 | >7%7: 9,3?8,:98 | >3%77 83;7939

>?%72 63,2>> | 9>%7: 9,8??,7>? | >8%77 2>8>??3

>9%7? 9>>,>>> | 99%7: 9,223,77; | >2%77 2898362

>?%7? 626,>>> | 96%7: 9,?;9,;?; | >?%77 ?9::823

>:%7? 677,8>3 | >9%7; 9,;38,:9> | >:%77 ?27;?7:

>;%7? 386,>;9 | >6%7; 9,76>,733 | >;%77 :>:;978

>7%7? 37:,6;9 | >3%7; 6,>;8,8:3 | >7%77 :3:>767

9>%7? 8?6,>8: | >8%7; 6,692,972 | 9>%77 ;992;6;

99%7? 262,7>? | >2%7; 6,3>;,2>6 | 99%77 ;;882:3

96%7? ?>3,3?: | >?%7; 6,89>,>?: | 96%77 72?>;??

>9%7: ?8?,9?6 | >:%7; 6,278,?66 |

>6%7: :37,?;; | >;%7; 6,;>:,2;; |

>3%7: ;;3,987 | >7%7; 3,92?,368 |

Gmcghbmxbs hb Sbcrvghih +CBVX'4

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Breve historia de Internet, las computadoras y el networking

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