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Transcript of Ch 01 Lecture Presentation
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2012 Pearson Education Inc.
Lecture prepared by Mindy Miller-KittrellNorth Carolina State University
Chapter 1
A Brief
History of
Microbiology
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The Early Years of Microbiology
What Does Life Really Look Like?
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch)
Began making and using simple microscopes
Often made a new microscope for each specimen
Examined water and visualized tiny animals, fungi,algae, and single-celled protozoa: animalcules
By end of 19th century, these organisms were called
microorganisms
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Figure 1.1 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
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Figure 1.2 Reproduction of Leeuwenhoeks microscope
Specimen holderLens
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Figure 1.3 The microbial world
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The Early Years of Microbiology
How Can Microbes Be Classified? Carolus Linnaeus developed taxonomic system
for grouping similar organisms together
Leeuwenhoeks microorganisms grouped into sixcategories:
Bacteria
Archaea
Fungi Protozoa
Algae
Small multicellular animals
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The Early Years of Microbiology
Bacteria and Archaea
Unicellular and lack nuclei
Much smaller than eukaryotes
Found everywhere there is sufficient moisture Reproduce asexually
Two kinds
Bacteriacell walls contain peptidoglycan
Archaeacell walls composed of polymersother than peptidoglycan
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Figure 1.4 Cells of the bacterium Streptococcus
Nucleus of
eukaryotic cheek cellProkaryotic
bacterial cells
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The Early Years of Microbiology
Fungi
Eukaryotic(have membrane-bound nucleus)
Obtain food from other organisms
Possess cell walls Include
Moldsmulticellular; grow as long filaments;reproduce by sexual and asexual spores
Yeastsunicellular; reproduce by budding orsexual spores
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Figure 1.5 Fungi-overview
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The Early Years of Microbiology
Protozoa
Single-celled eukaryotes
Similar to animals in nutrient needs and cellularstructure
Live freely in water; some live in animal hosts
Asexual (most) and sexual reproduction
Most are capable of locomotion by
Pseudopodia Cilia
Flagella
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Figure 1.6 Locomotive structures of protozoa-overview
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The Early Years of Microbiology
Algae
Unicellular or multicellular
Photosynthetic
Simple reproductive structures Categorized on the basis of pigmentation,
storage products, and composition of cell wall
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Fi 1 7 Al i
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Figure 1.7 Algae-overview
Fi 1 8 A i t t f iti i bl d
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Figure 1.8 An immature stage of a parasitic worm in blood
Red blood cell
Fi 1 9 Vi i f ti b t i
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Figure 1.9 Viruses infecting a bacterium
Virus
Bacterium
Viruses
assemblinginside cell
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
Scientists searched for answers to four
questions
Is spontaneous generation of microbial life
possible? What causes fermentation?
What causes disease?
How can we prevent infection and disease?
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
Some thought living things arose from
three processes
Asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction Nonliving matter
Aristotle proposed
spontaneous generation(384-322 B.C.)
Living things can arise from nonliving matter
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
Redis Experiments
When decaying meat was kept isolated from
flies, maggots never developed
Meat exposed to flies was soon infested
As a result, scientists began to doubt
Aristotles theory
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Figure 1 10 Redis experiments: late 1600s
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Figure 1.10 Redi s experiments: late 1600s
Flask unsealed Flask sealed Flask coveredwith gauze
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
Needhams Experiments
Scientists thought microbes, but not animals,
could arise spontaneously
Needhams experiments reinforced this idea
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
Spallanzanis Experiments
Conclusions
Needham failed to heat vials sufficiently to kill all
microbes or had not sealed vials tightly enough Microorganisms exist in air and can contaminate
experiments
Spontaneous generation does not occur
Critics argued against experiments Sealed vials did not allow enough air for
organisms to survive
Prolonged heating destroyed life force
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Figure 1 11 Louis Pasteur
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Figure 1.11 Louis Pasteur
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Pasteur Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0OmWbRK
W4K8
Th G ld A f Mi bi l
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0OmWbRKW4K8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0OmWbRKW4K8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0OmWbRKW4K8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0OmWbRKW4K8 -
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
Pasteurs Experiments
When the swan-necked flasks remained
upright, no microbial growth appeared
When the flask was tilted, dust from the bendin the neck seeped back into the flask and
made the infusion cloudy with microbes
within a day
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Figure 1.12 Pasteurs experiments with swan-necked flasks
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Figure 1.12 Pasteur s experiments with swan necked flasks
Steam escapesfrom open endof flask.
Infusion
is heated.
Infusion sits;
no microbes appear.
Months
Air moves inand out of flask.
Infusion remains
sterile indefinitely.
Dust fromair settlesin bend.
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
The Scientific Method
*IdentifyQuestion
Form Hypothesis
Collect data by performing experiment
*Interpret results If hypothesis is rejected
Peer Review
Publish Findings
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
The Scientific Method: Pasteurs experiment
*IdentifyQuestion
Form Hypothesis
Collect data by performing experiment
*Interpret results
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Figure 1.13 The scientific method
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g
Observations
Question
Hypothesis
Repeat
Experiment,includingcontrol groups
Modifiedhypothesis
Observations
Experimentaldata supporthypothesis
Experimentaldata do notsupporthypothesis
Accepthypothesis
Rejecthypothesis
Modifyhypothesis
Theoryor law
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
What Causes Fermentation?
Spoiled wine threatened livelihood of vintners
Some believed air caused fermentation
Others insisted living organisms causedfermentation
Vintners funded research to prevent spoilageduring fermentation
This debate also linked to debate overspontaneous generation
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Figure 1.14 Pasteur's application of the scientific method
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Observation:
Hypothesis Experiment Observation Conclusion
Fermentinggrape juice
Microscopic analysisshows juice contains
yeasts and bacteria.
Day 1: Flasks of grape
juice are heated sufficiently
to kill all microbes.
Day 2
I. Spontaneous
fermentation
occurs.
II. Air ferments
grape juice.
III. Bacteria ferment
grape juice
into alcohol.
IV. Yeasts ferment
grape juice
into alcohol.
Juice in flask is
inoculated with
yeast and sealed.
Juice in flask is
inoculated with
bacteria and sealed.
Flask remainsopen to air
via curved neck.
Flask issealed.
No fermentation;
juice remainsfree of microbes
No fermentation;
juice remains
free of microbes
Bacteria reproduce;
acids are produced.
Yeasts reproduce;
alcohol is produced.
Reject
hypothesis I.
Reject
hypothesis II.
Modify hypothesis
III; bacteria ferment
grape juice into
acids.
Accept hypothesis
IV; yeasts ferment
grape juice into
alcohol.
Table 1.1 Some Industrial Uses of Microbes
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
What Causes Disease?
Pasteur developed germ theory of disease
Robert Koch studied causative agents of
diseaseAnthrax
Examined colonies of microorganisms
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Figure 1.15 Robert Koch
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
Kochs Contributions
Simple staining techniques
First photomicrograph of bacteria
First photomicrograph of bacteria in diseasedtissue
Techniques for estimating CFU/ml
Use of steam to sterilize media
Use of Petri dishes Techniques to transfer bacteria
Bacteria as distinct species
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Figure 1.16 Bacterial colonies on agar
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Bacterium 1
Bacterium 2
Bacterium 3
Bacterium 4
Bacterium 5
Bacterium 6 Bacterium 7
Bacterium 8
Bacterium 9
Bacterium 10
Bacterium 11
Bacterium 12
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
Kochs Postulates Suspected causative agent must be found in
every case of the disease and be absent fromhealthy hosts
Agent must be isolated and grown outsidethe host
When agent is introduced into a healthy,susceptible host, the host must get the disease
Same agent must be found in the diseasedexperimental host
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Table 1.2 Other Notable Scientists of the Golden Age of Microbiology and the Agents of Disease They Discovered
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
Grams Stain Danish scientist Hans Christian Gram developed
more important staining technique than Kochsin 1884
Involves the applications of a series of dyes
Some microbes are left purple, now labeledGram-positive
Other microbes are left pink, now labeled Gram-
negative Gram procedure used to separate into two
groups
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Figure 1.17 Results of Gram staining
G iti G ti
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Gram-positive Gram-negative
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The Golden Age of Microbiology
How Can We Prevent Infection andDisease?
Semmelweisand handwashing
Listersantiseptic technique Nightingaleand nursing
Snowinfection control and epidemiology
Jennersvaccinefield of immunology
Ehrlichs magic bulletsfield ofchemotherapy
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Semmelweis and Lister video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T73PYNyyeiI&feature=related
Figure 1.18 Florence Nightingale
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T73PYNyyeiI&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T73PYNyyeiI&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T73PYNyyeiI&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T73PYNyyeiI&feature=related -
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Figure 1.19 Some scientific disciplines and applicationsBIOLOGISTS MODERN DISCIPLINES
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BIOLOGISTS MODERN DISCIPLINES
Pre-1857
The Golden Age ofMicrobiology (18571907)
Leeuwenhoek
Linnaeus
Semmelweiss
Snow
Bacteriology (bacteria)
Protozoology (protozoa)
Mycology (fungi)
Parasitology (protozoa and
animals)
Phycology (algae)
Taxonomy
Infection control
Epidemiology
Pasteur
Pasteurization
Industrial microbiology
Food and beverage technology
Buchner
Koch Kochs postulates
Ivanowski
Beijerinck
Winogradsky
Gram
Lister
Nightingale
Jenner
von Behring
Kitasato
Ehrlich
Fleming
Microbial metabolism
GeneticsGenetic engineering
Etiology
Virology
Environmental microbiology
Ecological microbiology
Microbial morphology
Antiseptic medical techniques
Hospital microbiology
Serology
Immunology
Chemotherapy
Pharmaceutical microbiology
Table 1.3 Fields of Microbiology
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The Modern Age of Microbiology
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The Modern Age of Microbiology
What Are the Basic Chemical Reactions of Life?
Biochemistry
Began with Pasteurs and Buchners works
Microbes used as model systems for biochemicalreactions
Practical applications
Design of herbicides and pesticides
Diagnosis of illness and monitoring responses totreatment
Treatment of metabolic diseases
Drug design
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The Modern Age of Microbiology
How Do Genes Work?
Microbial genetics
Molecular biology
Recombinant DNA technology Gene therapy
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The Modern Age of Microbiology
Microbial Genetics
Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty: genes are
contained in molecules of DNA
Beadle and Tatum: a genes activity is related toprotein function
Translation of genetic information into protein
explained
Rates and mechanisms of genetic mutationinvestigated
Control of genetic expression by cells described
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The Modern Age of Microbiology
Molecular Biology
Explanation of cell function at the molecular level
Pauling proposed that gene sequences could
Provide understanding of evolutionaryrelationships/processes
Establish taxonomic categories
Identify microbes that have never been cultured
Woese determined cells belong to bacteria,archaea, or eukaryotes
Cat scratch disease caused by unculturable
organism
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The Modern Age of Microbiology
Recombinant DNA Technology
Genes in microbes, plants, and animals
manipulated for practical applications
Production of human blood-clotting factor byE. colito aid hemophiliacs
Gene Therapy
Inserting a missing gene or repairing a defectiveone in humans by inserting desired gene into
host cells
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g gy
What Roles Do Microorganisms Play in theEnvironment?
Bioremediation uses living bacteria, fungi,
and algae to detoxify polluted environments
Recycling of chemicals such as carbon,
nitrogen, and sulfur
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g gy
How Do We Defend Against Disease? Serology
The study of blood serum
Blood contains chemicals and cells that fight
infection
Immunology
The study of the bodys defense against specificpathogens
Chemotherapy Fleming discovered penicillin
Domagk discovered sulfa drugs
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Figure 1.20 Effects of penicillin on a bacterial lawn in a petri dish
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Fungus colony(Penici l l ium)
Zone of inhibition
Bacterial colonies(Staphy lococcus )
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g gy
What Will the Future Hold?
Microbiology is built on asking and answering
questions
The more questions we answer, the morequestions we have