Clase 2 Teórico b anatomia

Ctedra Anatoma. Licenciatura Kinesiologa y Fisiatra. UNAJ

Aparato Locomotor. Generalidades. Tipos de huesos. Clasicaciones.

ObjeDvo:

Clase 2 Terico B Sistema esquelDco. ArDculaciones

BibliograMa: Human Anatomy - MarDni 7ma Ed. 2012

ArDculacin: Unin de un hueso con otro

ArDculaciones

Las arDculaciones se clasican

Por la movilidad Por el tejido de unin

1. Hueso

2. Tejido broso

3. CarWlago

4. Sinovial

Chapter 8 The Skeletal System: Articulations 213

Diarthroses (Freely MovableJoints) [Figure 8.1]Diarthroses, or synovial ( ) joints, arespecialized for movement, and permit a wide rangeof motion. Under normal conditions, the bony sur-faces within a synovial joint are covered by articularcartilages and therefore do not contact one another.These cartilages act as shock absorbers and also helpreduce friction. These articular cartilages resemblehyaline cartilage in many respects. However, articu-lar cartilages lack a perichondrium and the matrixcontains more fluid than typical hyaline cartilage.Synovial joints are typically found at the ends of longbones, such as those of the upper and lower limbs.

Figure 8.1 introduces the structure of a typicalsynovial joint. All synovial joints have the same basiccharacteristics: (1) a joint capsule; (2) articular carti-lages; (3) a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid; (4) asynovial membrane lining the joint capsule;(5) accessory structures; and (6) sensory nerves andblood vessels that supply the exterior and interior ofthe joint.

Synovial FluidA synovial joint is surrounded by a joint capsule,or articular capsule, composed of a thick layer ofdense, regularly arranged connective tissue. A

si-NO!

-ve!-al

A Structural Classification of Articulations

Structure Type Functional Category Example*

BONY FUSION Synostosis Synarthrosis

FIBROUS JOINT SutureGomphosisSyndesmosis

SynarthrosisSynarthrosisAmphiarthrosis

CARTILAGINOUSJOINT

SynchondrosisSymphysis

SynarthrosisAmphiarthrosis

SYNOVIAL JOINT MonaxialBiaxialTriaxial

All diarthroses

*For other examples, see Table 8.1.

Frontal suture(fusion)

Frontal bone

Lambdoid suture

Skull

Symphysis

Pubic symphysis

Synovial joint

Table 8.2

Medullary cavity

Spongy bone

Periosteum

Joint capsule

Synovial membrane

Articular cartilages

Compact bone

Synovialmembrane

Bursa

Tibia

Femur Patella

Articularcartilage

Fat pad

Joint capsule

Meniscus

Meniscus

Joint cavity

Intracapsularligament

Quadricepstendon

Patellarligament

Joint cavity containingsynovial fluid

Diagrammatic view of a simple articulation A simpli!ed sectional view of the knee jointa b

Figure 8.1 Structure of a Synovial Joint Synovial joints are diarthrotic joints that permit a wide rangeof motion.





si-NO!

-ve!-al






CARTILAGINOUSJOINT




All diarthroses



Frontal bone

Lambdoid suture

Skull

Symphysis

Pubic symphysis

Synovial joint

Table 8.2

Medullary cavity

Spongy bone

Periosteum

Joint capsule

Synovial membrane


Compact bone

Synovialmembrane

Bursa

Tibia

Femur Patella

Articularcartilage

Fat pad

Joint capsule

Meniscus

Meniscus

Joint cavity


Quadricepstendon

Patellarligament








si-NO!

-ve!-al






CARTILAGINOUSJOINT




All diarthroses



Frontal bone

Lambdoid suture

Skull

Symphysis

Pubic symphysis

Synovial joint

Table 8.2

Medullary cavity

Spongy bone

Periosteum

Joint capsule

Synovial membrane


Compact bone

Synovialmembrane

Bursa

Tibia

Femur Patella

Articularcartilage

Fat pad

Joint capsule

Meniscus

Meniscus

Joint cavity


Quadricepstendon

Patellarligament








si-NO!

-ve!-al






CARTILAGINOUSJOINT




All diarthroses



Frontal bone

Lambdoid suture

Skull

Symphysis

Pubic symphysis

Synovial joint

Table 8.2

Medullary cavity

Spongy bone

Periosteum

Joint capsule

Synovial membrane


Compact bone

Synovialmembrane

Bursa

Tibia

Femur Patella

Articularcartilage

Fat pad

Joint capsule

Meniscus

Meniscus

Joint cavity


Quadricepstendon

Patellarligament




ArDculaciones Clasicacin Por el tejido de unin

5. Msculo

Mviles Semimviles Inmviles (diartrosis) (anartrosis) (sinartrosis)

Fibrosas CarDlaginosas

Sinoviales Fibrosas CarDlaginosas

seas

ArDculaciones Clasicacin

Por el tejido de unin

Muscular

Mviles (diartrosis)

Monaxial

Biaxial

Triaxial

ArDculaciones

121

Ball-and-socket joint Condyloid joint Hinge joint

Pivot joint Saddle joint Plane joint

! Ball-and-Socket Joints (Spheroid Joints) consist of a ball-shaped headand a correspondingly concave socket. They have three main axes per-pendicular to each other and allow six main movements. Typical ball-and-socket joints are the hip and shoulder joints.

General Anatomy of the Locomotor System

Fig. 4.4 Types of joint. The arrows show the direction in which the skeletal parts canmove around each axis.

Faller, The Human Body 2004 ThiemeAll rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.

121







121







ArDculaciones mviles - Diartrosis

Cavidad arDcular CarWlago hialino Membrana sinovial Lquido sinovial Cpsula Ligamentos Menisco, labrum (a veces)

Sinoviales

119

Joint space Hyaline cartilage of jointCancellous bone Bone marrowcavity

Inner joint membrane(synovial membrane)

Fibrous joint capsule

Joint cavity

Long flexor tendon

Tendon sheath

Compact bone

! Joint Cartilage. The smooth surface of joint cartilage consistsmostly ofhyaline cartilage (Fig. 4.3), the mechanical and shock absorbing prop-erties of which are essentially due to its extracellular matrix. Importantconstituents of extracellular matrix are collagen fibers, macromolecules(protein saccharides), and water. The thickness of joint cartilage variesconsiderably. It averages 23mm, but in some places (joint surface of thepatella) joint cartilage can reach 8mm. Since this cartilage does not con-tain blood vessels, it must receive nutrients by diffusion from the syn-ovial fluid. Optimal nutrition requires regular movement (loading andunloading) of the cartilage, so that the synovia is pressed into the car-tilage. Lack of movement and unphysiologically high tensions lead todegenerative changes (osteoarthritis) in joint cartilage, especially in older

Fig. 4.3 Structure of a movable joint as exemplified in the metatarsophalangealjoint of the big toe



119

Joint space Hyaline cartilage of jointCancellous bone Bone marrowcavity

Inner joint membrane(synovial membrane)

Fibrous joint capsule

Joint cavity

Long flexor tendon

Tendon sheath

Compact bone

! Joint Cartilage. The smooth surface of joint cartilage consistsmostly ofhyaline cartilage (Fig. 4.3), the mechanical and shock absorbing prop-erties of which are essentially due to its extracellular matrix. Importantconstituents of extracellular matrix are collagen fibers, macromolecules(protein saccharides), and water. The thickness of joint cartilage variesconsiderably. It averages 23mm, but in some places (joint surface of thepatella) joint cartilage can reach 8mm. Since this cartilage does not con-tain blood vessels, it must receive nutrients by diffusion from the syn-ovial fluid. Optimal nutrition requires regular movement (loading andunloading) of the cartilage, so that the synovia is pressed into the car-tilage. Lack of movement and unphysiologically high tensions lead todegenerative changes (osteoarthritis) in joint cartilage, especially in older

Fig. 4.3 Structure of a movable joint as exemplified in the metatarsophalangealjoint of the big toe



CarWlago hialino Interlnea arDcular

Hueso esponjoso

Hueso compacto

Cavidad arDcular

Sinovial Cpsula

Cavidad medular

161

Head of humerus

Joint cavity

Glenoid lip(labrum glenoidale)

Glenoid cavity

Glenoid lip

Pouch of glenoidcapsule

Tendonof long

head ofbiceps(caput

longum)a

Shaft of humerus

Jointcapsule

b

Tendon of long headof biceps (caput longum)


Insertion of subcapularismuscle

Joint capsule

Acromion

Coracoacromialligament

Coracoidprocess

Coracoa-cromial

joint

Shaft of humerus

Fig. 4.30a, b Right shoulder jointa Coronal section, anterior viewb Joint capsule and acromioclavicular joint, anterior view (After Platzer)

Special Anatomy of the Locomotor System


Capsula ArDcular

Porcin larga del msculo bceps

Disis humeral

161

Head of humerus

Joint cavity

Glenoid lip(labrum glenoidale)

Glenoid cavity

Glenoid lip


Tendonof long

head ofbiceps(caput

longum)a

Shaft of humerus

Jointcapsule

b

Tendon of long headof biceps (caput longum)


Insertion of subcapularismuscle

Joint capsule

Acromion


Coracoidprocess

Coracoa-cromial

joint

Shaft of humerus

Fig. 4.30a, b Right shoulder jointa Coronal section, anterior viewb Joint capsule and acromioclavicular joint, anterior view (After Platzer)



This arrangement helps keep the head from moving away from the acetabulum.Additionally, a circular rim of fibrous cartilage, called the acetabular labrum(Figure 8.14a), increases the depth of the acetabulum.

Stabilization of the Hip [Figures 8.14 8.15]Four broad ligaments reinforce the articular capsule (Figure 8.14b,c). Three ofthem are regional thickenings of the capsule: the iliofemoral, pubofemoral, andischiofemoral ligaments. The transverse acetabular ligament crosses the ac-


Greatertrochanter

Greatertrochanter

Pubofemoralligament

Lessertrochanter

Iliofemoralligament

Iliofemoralligament

Fibrous cartilagepad

Acetabular labrum

Acetabulum

Ligament of thefemoral head

Fat pad inacetabular fossa

Ischiofemoralligament

Iliofemoralligament

Lessertrochanter

Ischial tuberosity

Transverse acetabularligament (spanningacetabular notch)

Lateral view of the right hip joint with the femur removed aa

Anterior view of the right hip joint. This joint is extremely strong and stable, in part because of the massive capsule.

b

Posterior view of the right hip joint showing additional ligaments that add strength to the capsule

c

Figure 8.14 The Hip Joint Views of the hip joint and supporting ligaments.

etabular notch and completes the inferior border of the acetabular fossa. A fifthligament, the ligament of the femoral head, or ligamentum capitis femoris, orig-inates along the transverse acetabular ligament and attaches to the center of thefemoral head (Figures 8.14a and 8.15). This ligament tenses only when the thighis flexed and undergoing external rotation. Additional stabilization of the hipjoint is provided by the bulk of the surrounding muscles. Although flexion,extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation are permitted, hip flexion is themost important normal movement. All of these movements are restricted bythe combination of ligaments, capsular fibers, the depth of the bony socket,and the bulk of the surrounding muscles.

The almost complete bony socket enclosing the head of the femur, thestrong articular capsule, the stout supporting ligaments, and the dense muscularpadding make this an extremely stable joint. Because of this stability, fractures ofthe femoral neck or between the trochanters are actually more common than hipdislocations.

Aposis coracoides

Pectoral Mayor

Capsula arDcular

Acromion

Lig. Coracoacromial

Lig. Glenohumeral

Trocanter mayor

Trocanter menor

Lig. iliofemroal

Se subclasican segn la forma de las supercies arDculares y el Dpo de movimiento


Enartrosis Condilea Troclear Trocoide Encaje reciproco Atrodia


121







Enartrosis Troclear Condlea


121







Trocoide Encaje recproco Artrodia


121







Supercies esfricas

CoDloidea

Enartrosis

Representative ArticulationsThis section considers examples of articulations that demonstrate importantfunctional principles. We will first consider several articulations of the axialskeleton: (1) the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) between the mandible and thetemporal bone, (2) the intervertebral articulations between adjacent vertebrae,and (3) the sternoclavicular joint between the clavicle and the sternum. Next, wewill examine synovial joints of the appendicular skeleton. The shoulder has greatmobility, the elbow has great strength, and the wrist makes fine adjustments inthe orientation of the palm and fingers. The functional requirements of the joints

in the lower limb are very different from those of the upper limb. Articulationsat the hip, knee, and ankle must transfer the body weight to the ground, and dur-ing movements such as running, jumping, or twisting, the applied forces are con-siderably greater than the weight of the body. Although this section considersrepresentative articulations, Tables 8.3, 8.4, and 8.5 summarize information con-cerning the majority of articulations in the body.

The Temporomandibular Joint [Figure 8.7]The temporomandibular joint (Figure 8.7) is a small but complex multiaxial ar-ticulation between the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and the condylar

Gliding Joint

Pivot Joint

Saddle Joint

Hinge Joint

Ellipsoidal Joint

Ball-and-Socket Joint

Scapula

Humerus

Clavicle

Manubrium

Metacarpalof thumb

Trapezium

Atlas

Scaphoid

Radius Ulna

Axis

Humerus

Ulna

I

IIIII

Figure 8.6 A Structural Classification of Synovial Joints This classification scheme is based on theamount of movement permitted.


Coracoid process

Acromioclavicularligament

Coracoclavicularligaments

Subcoracoidbursa

Coracohumeralligament

Articularcapsule

Glenohumeralligaments

Clavicle

Scapula

Humerus

Acromion

Subacromialbursa

Transversehumeralligament

Subdeltoidbursa

Head ofhumerus

Deltoidmuscle

Infraspinatusmuscle

Subscapularismuscle

Glenoidcavity

Glenoidlabrum

Articularcapsule

Axillary vein

Pectoralismajor

CephalicveinLessertubercle

Greatertubercle

Intertuberculargroove

Subscapularbursa


Tendon ofsubscapularis

muscle

Tendon ofbiceps brachii

muscle

Tendon ofsupraspinatus

muscle

Glenoid labrum


Acromion

Clavicle


ScapulaGlenoid cavity


Coracohumeralligament (cut)

Subcoracoidbursa

Coracoidprocess

Subacromialbursa

Glenohumeralligaments

Subscapularbursa

Tendon ofsupraspinatus

muscle

Tendon of bicepsbrachii muscle

Tendon ofinfraspinatus

muscle

Teres minormuscle

Subscapularismuscle

Articularcapsule

Articularcapsule

Tendon of supraspinatusmuscle

Acromion

Subdeltoidbursa

Articularcapsule

Synovialmembrane

Humerus

Articularcartilages

Joint cavity

Glenoid labrum

Scapula

Coracoidprocess



Clavicle


Anterior view of the right shoulder jointa

A frontal section through the right shoulder joint, anterior viewc Horizontal section of the right shoulder joint, superior viewd

Lateral view right shoulder joint (humerus removed)b

Figure 8.10 The Glenohumeral Joint A ball-and-socket joint formed between the humerus andthe scapula.

The Skeletal System224

Humero

Escapula

Enartrosis

162

150170

400

Flexion andextension

Elevation

150170

0 2040Abduction

0

7060

Rotation

90

Elevation

Adduction

joint. While the joint between the humerus and ulna (humeroulnarjoint) acts as a typical hinge joint, allowing only flexion and extension,the head of the radius has joints with the humerus (humeroradial joint)as well as the ulna (proximal radioulnar joint) (Figs. 4.28a, 4.32).

! Muscles and Movements. The proximal radioulnar joint, in combina-tion with the distal radioulnar joint, allows the hand to be turned for-ward and backward (pronation and supination) (Figs. 4.28b, 4.33). As thehand turns, the radius pivots in place at the elbow joint, while pivotingaround the ulna at its distal (hand) end. The position in which the fore-arm bones are parallel and the palm faces upward, is called supination.When the radius crosses the ulna, the back of the hand faces upward.This position is called pronation. The head of the radius is fixed by twocollateral ligaments aided by an annular ligament that surrounds theradial head (Fig. 4.32ac).

Muscles originating from the humerus or the shoulder girdle and in-serted into the ulna include the triceps (m. triceps brachii), which runsalong the posterior side of the upper arm and extends the elbow, and the

Fig. 4.31 Movements of the shoulder joint

4 The Locomotor System (Musculoskeletal System)


Movimientos Enartrosis

121







Supercies ovoideas - elipsoideas Condlea




Gliding Joint

Pivot Joint

Saddle Joint

Hinge Joint

Ellipsoidal Joint


Scapula

Humerus

Clavicle

Manubrium

Metacarpalof thumb

Trapezium

Atlas

Scaphoid

Radius Ulna

Axis

Humerus

Ulna

I

IIIII



Radio Cubito

Escafoides

Condlea


Zygomatic bone

Coronoid process

Zygomatic arch

Articular capsule

Mastoid process

Lateral ligament

Sphenomandibularligament

Styloid process

Stylomandibularligament

Ramus of mandible

Articular surface ofmandibular fossa

Articular disc

Condyloid process

Neck of mandible

Articular capsule

Zygomatic bone

Coronoid process

External acousticmeatus

Lateral view of the right temporomandibular jointa Sectional view of the same jointb

Figure 8.7 The Temporomandibular Joint This hinge joint forms between the condylar process of themandible and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone.

process of the mandible. pp. 151, 157158, 163 The temporomandibular jointis unique when compared to other synovial joints because the articulating sur-faces on the temporal bone and mandible are covered with fibrous cartilage ratherthan hyaline cartilage. In addition, a thick disc of fibrous cartilage separates thebones of the joint. This cartilage disc, which extends horizontally, divides the jointcavity into two separate chambers. As a result, the temporomandibular joint is re-ally two synovial joints: one between the temporal bone and the articular disc, andthe second between the articular disc and the mandible.

The articular capsule surrounding this joint complex is not well defined.The portion of the capsule superior to the neck of the condyle is relatively loose,while the portion of the capsule inferior to the cartilage disc is quite tight. Thestructure of the capsule permits an extensive range of motion. However, becausethe joint is poorly stabilized, a forceful lateral or anterior movement of themandible can result in a partial or complete dislocation.

The lateral portion of the articular capsule, which is relatively thick, iscalled the lateral (temporomandibular) ligament. There are also two extra-capsular ligaments:

! the stylomandibular ligament, which extends from the styloid process tothe posterior margin of the angle of the mandibular ramus; and

! the sphenomandibular ligament, which extends from the sphenoidalspine to the medial surface of the mandibular ramus. Its insertion coversthe posterior portion of the mylohyoid line.

The temporomandibular joint is primarily a hinge joint, but the loose cap-sule and relatively flat articular surfaces also permit small gliding and rotationalmovements. These secondary movements are important when positioning foodon the grinding surfaces of the teeth.

Intervertebral Articulations [Figure 8.8]All vertebrae from C2 to S1 articulate with symphysis joints between the vertebralbodies and synovial joints between the articulating facets. Figure 8.8 illustratesthe structure of the intervertebral joints.

Zygapophysial Joints [Figures 8.8 6.21]The zygapophysial joints (also termed facet joints) are the synovial joints foundbetween the superior and inferior articulating facets of adjacent vertebrae(Figures 8.8 and 6.21, p. 168). The articulating surfaces of these plane joints arecovered with hyaline cartilage, and the size and structure of the zygapophysialjoints vary from region to region within the vertebral column. These joints per-mit small movements associated with flexion and extension, lateral flexion, androtation of the vertebral column.

The Intervertebral Discs [Figure 8.8]From axis to sacrum, the vertebrae are separated and cushioned by pads of fi-brous cartilage called intervertebral discs. Intervertebral discs are not found inthe sacrum and coccyx, where vertebrae have fused, nor are they found betweenthe first and second cervical vertebrae. The articulation between C1 and C2 wasdescribed in Chapter 6. pp. 170171

The intervertebral discs have two functions: (1) to separate individual ver-tebrae, and (2) to transmit the load from one vertebra to another. Each interver-tebral disc (Figure 8.8 and Clinical Note on p. 222) is composed of two parts.The first is a tough outer layer of fibrous cartilage, the anulus fibrosus( ). The anulus surrounds the second part of the interverte-bral disc, the nucleus pulposus ( ). The nucleus pulposus is a soft,elastic, gelatinous core, composed primarily of water (about 75 percent) withscattered reticular and elastic fibers. The nucleus pulposus gives the disc re-siliency and enables it to act as a shock absorber. The superior and inferior sur-faces of the disc are almost completely covered by thin vertebral end plates. Theseend plates are composed of hyaline and fibrous cartilage. They are bound to theanulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc, and weakly attached to the adjacentvertebrae. The vertebral attachments are sufficient to help stabilize the positionof the intervertebral disc, and additional reinforcement is provided by the inter-vertebral ligaments considered in the next section.

Movements of the vertebral column compress the nucleus pulposus and dis-place it in the opposite direction. This displacement permits smooth gliding

pul-PO!

-susAN-u! -lus f!-BRO

!

-sus

Cavidad arDcular

Ap. Coronoides

Malar

Menisco

Cndilo

Lig. temporomandibular

Bi Condlea

Bi-Condlea doble

121







Supercies polea Troclear




Gliding Joint

Pivot Joint

Saddle Joint

Hinge Joint

Ellipsoidal Joint


Scapula

Humerus

Clavicle

Manubrium

Metacarpalof thumb

Trapezium

Atlas

Scaphoid

Radius Ulna

Axis

Humerus

Ulna

I

IIIII



Humero

Cbito

Distal

Media

Proximal

Proximal

Distal

163

Plane of section c

Humerus

Trochlea of humerusCapitulumof humerusLateralcollateralligament

Head ofradius

Annularligament(of radius)

Radialtuberosity(bicipitaltuberosity)

Radius

Medial collateralligament

Joint capsule

Olecranon

Ulna

Humeroulnarjoint

Radius

Interosseusmembrane

Ulna

Humerus

Medialcollateralligament

Olecranon

Joint capsule

b

a

c

Fig. 4.32ac Right elbow jointa Ligaments, anterior viewb Ligaments and joint capsule, medial viewc Longitudinal section through the humeroulnar joint (After Platzer)

biceps (m. biceps brachii), which runs along the front of the upper armand flexes the elbow. Both the biceps and the triceps also act on theshoulder joint, because one head of each originates from the scapula(Figs. 4.18a, b and 4.19). Four muscles primarily take part in pronation



164

80908090Supination Pronation

Flexion and extension

0

150

10

Fig. 4.33 Movements atthe elbow joint. Pronationand supination additionallyinvolve the distal radioulnarjoint

and supination, two internal rotator muscles (m. pronator teres and m.pronator quadratus) and two external rotator muscles (mm. supinatorand biceps brachii).

Beside its function as flexor at the elbow, the biceps, with its inser-tion in a roughened area of the radius (radial tuberosity) (Fig. 4.32), is thestrongest supinator. This external rotation is especially strong when theelbow is flexed and at the same time the biceps tendon unwinds from acoiled position around the radius.



Humero

Troclea humeral

Capsula arDcular

Radio Cubito Capsula arDcular

Cubito

Art. Humeroradial

Lig. Medial Colateral

Flexo-extension

Supinacion Pronacion Lig. Medial Colateral

Humero

121







Supercies segmento cilndro


Capitulumof humerus

Ulna

Radius

Ulna

Radius

Antebrachialinterosseousmembrane

Annular ligament(covering head and

neck of radius)

Annularligament

Annularligament

Radialtuberosity

Radialtuberosity

Radialcollateralligament

Capitulum

Ulnarcollateralligament

Olecranonof ulna

Medialepicondyle

Ulnarcollateralligament

Olecranonof ulna

Medialepicondyle

Radius

Trochlea ofhumerus

Trochlearnotch of

ulna

Annularligament

Head of radius

Radial notchof ulna

Olecranonof ulna

Articular capsule

Olecranonof ulna

Head Neck

Radius Radialtuberosity

Coronoidprocessof ulna

Supracondylarridge

Trochlear notchof ulna

Humerus

Humerus

Ulna

Tendon of bicepsbrachii muscle

Articularcapsule

Antebrachialinterosseousmembrane

Trochlea ofhumerus

Coronoid process of ulna

Medialepicondyleof humerus

Fat pad

Joint capsule

Olecranon bursa

Tendon oftriceps brachii

Synovialmembrane

Trochlea

Olecranon

Capitulum


Tendon ofbiceps brachii

Head of radius

Retractor

Lateral viewa

X-rayc

Sagittal view of the elbowd

A posterior view; the posterior portion of the capsule has been cut and the joint cavity opened to show the opposing surfaces.

e

Medial view. The radius is shown pronated; note the position of the biceps brachii tendon, which inserts on the radial tuberosity.

b

Figure 8.11 The Elbow Joint The elbow joint is a complex hinge joint formedbetween the humerus and the ulna and radius. All views are of the right elbow joint.

The Joints of the Wrist [Figure 8.13]The carpus, or wrist, contains the wrist joint (Figure 8.13). The wrist joint consistsof the radiocarpal joint and the intercarpal joints. The radiocarpal joint involvesthe distal articular surface of the radius and three proximal carpal bones: thescaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum. The radiocarpal joint is a condylar articulationthat permits flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, and circumduction. The in-tercarpal joints are plane joints that permit sliding and slight twisting movements.

Stability of the Wrist [Figure 8.13b,c]Carpal surfaces that do not participate in articulations are roughened by the at-tachment of ligaments and for the passage of tendons. A tough connective tissue

Epitroclea

Condilo Humeral

Lig. Anular

Cpula radial

Art. Radiocubital Prox.

Olecrann Cavidad Olecraneana

Ap. Coronoidea Cap. Art.

Troclea

Trocoide




Gliding Joint

Pivot Joint

Saddle Joint

Hinge Joint

Ellipsoidal Joint


Scapula

Humerus

Clavicle

Manubrium

Metacarpalof thumb

Trapezium

Atlas

Scaphoid

Radius Ulna

Axis

Humerus

Ulna

I

IIIII



Trocoide

121







Supercies silla de montar

---

b

Fig. 132

Fig. 133

R-

,b

,a ,, , ,

St:gn A. Caroli

e

//

/-L--/

1,/,/ /' /1'IIII

Fig. 130

a

III

Fig.131

Fig. 135

B.

,,,

T

'.'--,,,

Fig.129

Fig. 134

M,

I\,

259

---

b

Fig. 132

Fig. 133

R-

,b

,a ,, , ,

St:gn A. Caroli

e

//

/-L--/

1,/,/ /' /1'IIII

Fig. 130

a

III

Fig.131

Fig. 135

B.

,,,

T

'.'--,,,

Fig.129

Fig. 134

M,

I\,

259

Encaje recproco




Gliding Joint

Pivot Joint

Saddle Joint

Hinge Joint

Ellipsoidal Joint


Scapula

Humerus

Clavicle

Manubrium

Metacarpalof thumb

Trapezium

Atlas

Scaphoid

Radius Ulna

Axis

Humerus

Ulna

I

IIIII



Metacarpo

Trapecio

Encaje recproco

121







Artrodia




Gliding Joint

Pivot Joint

Saddle Joint

Hinge Joint

Ellipsoidal Joint


Scapula

Humerus

Clavicle

Manubrium

Metacarpalof thumb

Trapezium

Atlas

Scaphoid

Radius Ulna

Axis

Humerus

Ulna

I

IIIII



ArDculacin Muscular

Sisarcosis escpulotorcica

ArDculaciones Semimviles - Anartrosis

Anartrosis CarDlaginosas (Snsis)

Anartrosis - Fibrosis (Sindesmosis)

136

! Function of the Intervertebral Disk. The function of intervertebraldisks can be compared to the function of automobile shock absorbers.When a load is imposed on the disks (when erect), they are presseddown; during prolonged relief from load (when recumbent), they againassume their original shape. They resemble a water pillow, distribut-ing a central load evenly from the nucleus pulposus to the adjoining an-nulus fibrosus. In a ruptured disk the annulus fibrosus ruptures, andparts of the nucleus pulposus protrude. Compression of an emerging spi-nal nerve by the protruded tissue can lead to pain or weakness, e. g., ofthe lower extremity.

Fig. 4.13a, b Independently mobile segments and ligaments of the vertebralcolumna Lateral view of an independently mobile segment of the lumbar region. The parts of

the mobile segment are highlighted in color (muscles and ligaments are shown in partonly)

b Lumbar vertebra with disk seen from above. The course of the individual ligaments isshown in red

Posteriorlongitudinalligament

Outer fibrousring (annulus

fibrosus)Nucleuspulposus

Anterior longitudinalligament

Ligamentaflava

Inter-tranverseligaments

Vertebralforamen

Interspinousligaments

Intervertebral foramen

Intervertebraldisk

Synovial vertebral jointof the vertebral arch

(articulatio zygapophysialis)

Interspinousligament

a b



) Anartrosis CarDlaginosas (Snsis)


Sacrum Iliac crest

Hipbone

Ilium

Pubis

Pubicsymphysis

Coccyx

Obturator foramen

Pubic crest

Pubic tubercle

Acetabulum

Pectineal line

Iliacfossa

Ischium

Iliac fossa

Pectineal line

Pubic crest

Sacrum

L5

Hipbone

Ilium

Pubis

Ischium

Acetabulum

Pubic tubercle

Superior pubicramus

Inferior pubicramus

Obturator foramen

Pubic symphysis

Sacro-iliacjoint

Arcuate line

Iliac crest

Sacro-iliacjoint

Arcuate line

Ilium

Ischium Pubis

Coccyx

Sacrum

Anterior viewa

Figure 7.11 The Pelvis A pelvis consists oftwo hip bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx.

Anartrosis CarDlaginosas (Snsis)

III

III

IVV

Tibia

Talonavicularjoint

Navicular

Intertarsaljoints

Cuneiformbones

Tarsometatarsaljoints

CuboidCalcaneocuboidjoint

Metatarsal bones(IV)

Calcaneus

Trochleaof talus

Interphalangealjoints

Metatarsophalangealjoints

Lateralmalleolus

Talocrural(ankle) joint

Calcaneus

Cuboid

Fibula

Talocalcanealligament

Calcaneocuboidjoint

Deltoidligament

Medial malleolus

Tibia

Talus

Interphalangealjoints

Metatarsophalangealjoints

Calcaneocuboidjoint

Cuboid

Calcaneofibularligament

Calcaneal tendon

Posterior talofibularligament

Lateral malleolus

Posterior tibiofibularligament

Lateralligaments

Calcaneus

Anterior talofibularligament

Fibula Tibia

Talus

Anterior tibiofibular ligament

Intertarsal joints

Tarsometatarsal joints

Deltoidligament

Subtalarjoint

Tarsometatarsal joint

Talonavicular joint

Tibiotalar joint

Naviculocuneiform joint

Calcaneus

Calcanealtendon

Talonavicular joint

Navicular

Cuneiform bones

Base of fifthmetatarsal bone

Cuboid

Calcaneocuboid joint

Talus

Subtalar joint

Tibiotalar joint

Calcaneus

Superior view of bones and joints of the right foota

Posterior view of a coronal section through the right ankle after plantar !exion. Note the placement of the medial and lateral malleoli.

b

Lateral view of the right foot showing ligaments that stabilize the ankle joint

c

Medial view of the right ankle showing the medial ligamentsd X-ray of right ankle, medial/lateral projectione

Figure 8.19 The Joints of the Ankle and Foot, Part II


Anartrosis Fibrosis (Sindesmosis)


Tubercles ofintercondylar eminence

Medial tibialcondyle

Interosseousmembrane

of the leg

Interosseousmembraneof the leg

Soleal line

FIBULA

Lateralmalleolus(fibula)

Medialmalleolus (tibia)

Anterior margin

Tibia

Fibula

Lateral tubercleof intercondylar eminence

Intercondylar eminence

Lateral tibial condyle

Head of fibula

Medial tubercleof intercondylar eminence

Medial tibial condyle

Solealline

Medial malleolus(tibia)

Articular surfacesof tibia and fibula Lateral malleolus

(fibula)

TIBIA

TIBIAFIBULA

Articular surfacesof tibia and fibula

Articular surface ofmedial tibial condyle

Articular surface oflateral tibial condyle

Articular surfaceof medial

tibial condyle

Posterior views of the right tibia and !bulad

A cross-sectional view at the plane indicated in part (d)

e

Figure 7.16 (continued)

Borde Anterior

Perone

Membrana Interosea

Tibia

Tibia

Perone

ArDculaciones Inmviles - Sinartrosis

Unin sea - Sinostosis

Unin brosa - Sutura - Gonfosis

Unin carDlaginosa - Sincondrosis

Sutura dentada

Lamboidea

Sagital

Frontal

Sutura Armnica

Sinartrosis - Unin brosa - Sutura

Sutura Escamosa

Sutura Temporomandibular

Esquindilesis

Sinartrosis - Unin brosa - Sutura

Chapter 25 The Digestive System 667

Maxilla exposedto show developing

permanent teeth

Erupted deciduousteeth

Mandible exposed toshow developingpermanent teeth

First and secondmolars

Pulp cavity

Enamel

Dentine

Gingiva

Gingival sulcus

Cement

Periodontal ligament

Root canal

Bone of alveolus

Branches of alveolarvessels and nerve

Crown

Neck

Root

Apical foramen

Central incisors (7.5 mo)

Central incisors (6 mo)

Cuspid (18 mo)

Cuspid (16 mo)

Deciduous 1stmolar (14 mo)

Deciduous 2ndmolar (24 mo)

Lateral incisor(9 mo)

Deciduous 2ndmolar (20 mo)

Deciduous 1stmolar (12 mo)

Lateral incisor(7 mo)

Central incisors (78 yr)

Lateral incisor (78 yr)

1st Molar(67 yr)

1st Molar(67 yr)

2nd Molar(1213 yr)

2nd Molar(1113 yr)

3rd Molar(1721 yr)

3rd Molar(1721 yr)

1st Premolar(1011 yr)

1st Premolar(1012 yr)

2nd Premolar(1012 yr)

2nd Premolar(1112 yr)

Cuspid(1112 yr)

Cuspid (910 yr)

Maxillarydentalarcade

Hard palate

Mandibulardentalarcade

Central incisors (67 yr)

Lateral incisor(89 yr)

Upper jaw

Lower jaw

Incisors Bicuspids(premolars)

Cuspids(canines)

Molars

Diagrammatic section through a typical adult tootha

The adult teethb

The deciduous teeth with the age at eruption given in monthsd

The normal orientation of adult teeth. The normal range of ages at eruption for each tooth is shown in parentheses.

c The skull of a 4-year-old child, with the maxillae and mandible cut away to expose the unerupted permanent teeth

e

Figure 25.7 Teeth Teeth perform chewing or mastication of food.

Sinartrosis - Unin brosa - Gonfosis

Sinartrosis - Unin carDlaginosa - Sincondrosis

GenDleza Dres. Valbuena y Cocozzella

Clase 2 Teórico b anatomia

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