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Contenido CAPITULO 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 4
Electric car ......................................................................................................................................... 4
CAPITULO 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 7
Etymology ........................................................................................................................................ 7
CAPITULO 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 10
CAPITULO 4 ....................................................................................................................................... 12
CAPITULO 5 ....................................................................................................................................... 16
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CAPITULO 1
Electric car
An electric car is an alternative fuel automobile that uses
electric motors and motor controllers for propulsion, in place
of more common propulsion methods such as the internal
combustion engine (ICE). Electric cars are a specifically a
variety of electric vehicle intended for use as a road-going
automobile. Electric cars are commonly powered by on-
board battery packs, and as such are battery electric vehicles
(BEVs). Other on-board energy storage methods that are
expected to come into use in the future include
ultracapacitors, fuel cells, and a spinning flywheel which
stores kinetic energy.
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Electric cars enjoyed
popularity between the mid-19th century and early 20th
century, when electricity was among the preferred methods
for automobile propulsion, providing a level of comfort and
ease of operation that could not be achieved by the gasoline
cars of the time. Advances in ICE technology soon rendered
this advantage moot; the greater range of gasoline cars,
quicker refueling times, and growing petroleum
infrastructure, along with the mass production of gasoline
vehicles by companies such Ford, which reduced prices of
gasoline cars to less than half that of equivalent electric cars,
led to a decline in the use of electric propulsion, effectively
removing it from important markets such as the United
States by the 1930s.
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In recent years, increased concerns over the environmental
impact of gasoline cars, along with reduced consumer ability
to pay for fuel for gasoline cars, has brought about renewed
interest in electric cars, which are perceived to be more
environmentally friendly and cheaper to maintain and run,
despite high initial costs. Electric cars currently enjoy
relative popularity in countries around the world, though
they are notably absent from the roads of the United States,
where electric cars briefly re-appeared in the late 90s as a
response to changing government regulations. The hybrid
electric car has become the most common form of electric
car, combining a internal combustion engine powertrain with
supplementary electric motors to run the car at idle and low
speeds, making use of techniques such as regenerative
braking to improve its efficiency over comparable gasoline
cars, while not being hampered by the limited range inherent
to current battery electric cars. Hybrid cars are now sold by
most major manufacturers, with notable models including
the Toyota Prius and the forthcoming Chevrolet Volt, a plug-
in hybrid which uses a fully electric drivetrain supplemented
by a gasoline-powered electric generator to extend its range.
As of 2009, the world's most popular battery electric car is
the REVAi, also known as the G-Wiz, which is produced by
an Indian company and sold in a number of countries in
Europe and Asia.
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CAPITULO 2
Etymology
Electric cars are a variety of electric vehicle (EV); the term
"electric vehicle" refers to any vehicle that uses electric
motors for propulsion, while "electric car" generally refers to
road-going automobiles powered by electricity. While an
electric car's power source is not explicitly an on-board
battery, electric cars with motors powered by other energy
sources are generally referred to by a different name: an
electric car powered by sunlight is a solar car, and an electric
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car powered by a gasoline generator is a form of hybrid car.
Thus, an electric car that derives its power from an on-board
battery pack is called a battery electric vehicle (BEV). Most
often, the term "electric car" is used to refer to pure battery
electric vehicles, such as the REVAi and GM EV1.
History
Main article: History of the electric vehicle
[edit] 1830s to 1900s: Early history
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Electric vehicle model by Ányos Jedlik, the inventor of
electric motor (1828, Hungary).Electricity is one of the
oldest automobile propulsion methods still in use today. The
invention of the electric vehicle is attributed to various
people, including the Hungarian inventor of the electric
motor, Ányos Jedlik, Vermont blacksmith Thomas
Davenport, Professor Sibrandus Stratingh of Groningen, the
Netherlands, and Scotsmen Robert Davidson and Robert
Anderson. The invention of improved battery technology,
including efforts by Gaston Plante in France in 1865, as well
as his fellow countryman Camille Faure in 1881, paved the
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way for electric cars to flourish in Europe. France and the
United Kingdom were the first nations to support the
widespread development of electric vehicles, while the lack
of natural fossil resources in Switzerland resulted in the
rapid electrification of its railway network to reduce its
dependence on foreign energy. English inventor Thomas
Parker, who was responsible for innovations such as
electrifying the London Underground, overhead tramways in
Liverpool and Birmingham, and the smokeless fuel coalite,
claimed to have perfected a working electric car as early as
1884. Before the pre-eminence of internal combustion
engines, electric automobiles also held many speed and
distance records. Among the most notable of these records
was the breaking of the 100 km/h (62 mph) speed barrier, by
Camille Jenatzy on April 29, 1899 in his 'rocket-shaped'
vehicle Jamais Contente, which reached a top speed of
105.88 km/h (65.79 mph). Before the 1920s, electric
automobiles were competing with petroleum-fueled cars for
urban use of a quality service car.[1]
CAPITULO 3
German electric car, 1904, with the chauffeur on topIt was
not until 1895 that Americans began to devote attention to
electric vehicles, after A.L. Ryker introduced the first
electric tricycles to the US, many innovations followed, and
interest in motor vehicles increased greatly in the late 1890s
and early 1900s. In 1897, electric vehicles found their first
commercial application as a fleet of electrical New York
City taxis, built by the Electric Carriage and Wagon
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Company of Philadelphia, was established. Electric cars
were produced in the US by Anthony Electric, Baker,
Columbia, Anderson, Edison, Studebaker, Riker, and others
during the early 20th century. In 1917, the first gasoline-
electric hybrid car was released by the Woods Motor Vehicle
Company of Chicago. The hybrid was a commercial failure,
proving to be too slow for its price, and too difficult to
service.
1912 Detroit Electric advertisementDespite their relatively
slow speed, electric vehicles had a number of advantages
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over their early-1900s competitors. They did not have the
vibration, smell, and noise associated with gasoline cars.
Changing gears on gasoline cars was the most difficult part
of driving, and electric vehicles did not require gear changes.
Electric cars found popularity among well-heeled customers
who used them as city cars, where their limited range proved
to be even less of a disadvantage. The cars were also
preferred because they did not require a manual effort to
start, as did gasoline cars which featured a hand crank to
start the engine. Electric cars were often marketed as suitable
vehicles for women drivers due to this ease of operation.
CAPITULO 4
Thomas Edison and an electric car in 1913 (courtesy of the
National Museum of American History)Acceptance of
electric cars was initially hampered by a lack of power
infrastructure, but by 1912, many homes were wired for
electricity, enabling a surge in the popularity of the cars. At
the turn of the century, 40 percent of American automobiles
were powered by steam, 38 percent by electricity, and 22
percent by gasoline. 33,842 electric cars were registered in
the United States, and America became the country where
electric cars had gained the most acceptance. Sales of
electric cars peaked in 1912.
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[edit] 1920s to 1980s: Gasoline dominates
The low range of electric cars meant they could not make
use of the new highways to travel between citiesAfter
enjoying success at the beginning of the century, the electric
car began to lose its position in the automobile market.
Factors including improved road infrastructure in the 1920s
and the discovery of large reserves of petroleum in Texas,
Oklahoma, and California paved the way for gasoline cars to
gain popularity, with their longer range and newly-affordable
fuel. Electric cars were limited to urban use by their slow
speed and low range, and gasoline cars were now able to
travel farther and faster than equivalent electrics. Gasoline
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cars became ever easier to operate thanks to the invention of
the electric starter by Charles Kettering in 1912, which
eliminated the need of a hand crank for starting a gasoline
engine, and the noise emitted by ICE cars became more
bearable thanks to the use of the muffler, which had been
invented by Hiram Percy Maxim in 1897. Finally, the
initiation of mass production of gas-powered vehicles by
Henry Ford brought the price as low $440 in 1915
(equivalent to roughly $9,200 today). By contrast, in 1912,
an electric roadster sold for $1,750 (roughly $39,000 today).
By the 1920s, the heydey of electric cars had passed, and a
decade later, the American electric automobile industry had
effectively disappeared.[2]
The Henney Kilowatt, a 1961 production electric carYears
passed without a major revival in the use of electric cars.
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While ICE development progressed at a brisk pace, electric
vehicle technology stagnated. In 1947, the invention of the
point-contact transistor brought about the creation of modern
semiconductor controls and improved batteries; this led to
new possibilities for electric propulsion. Within a decade of
the creation of the transistor, Henney Coachworks and the
National Union Electric Company, makers of Exide
batteries, formed a joint venture to produce the first modern
electric car based on transistor technology, the Henney
Kilowatt. Despite the Kilowatt's improved performance with
respect to previous electric cars, consumers found it too
expensive compared to equivalent gasoline cars of the time,
and production ended in 1961. Even though the Kilowatt
was a commercial failure, its technology paved the way for
the next generation of electric vehicles. On July 31, 1971, an
electric car received the unique distinction of becoming the
first manned vehicle to be driven on the Moon; that car was
the Lunar rover, which was first deployed during the Apollo
15 mission. The "moon buggy" was developed by Boeing
and Delco Electronics, and featured a DC drive motor in
each wheel, and a pair of 36-volt silver-zinc potassium
hydroxide non-rechargeable batteries.
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[edit] 1990s to present: Revival of mass interest
The General Motors EV1, one of the cars introduced as a
result of the California Air Resources Board (CARB)
mandate, had a range of 160 mi (260 km) with NiMH
batteries in 1999After years outside the limelight, the energy
crises of the 1970s and 80s brought about renewed interest in
the perceived independence electric cars had from the
fluctuations of the hydrocarbon energy market. At the 1990
Los Angeles Auto Show, General Motors President Roger
Smith unveiled the GM Impact concept electric car, along
with the announcement that GM would build electric cars for
sale to the public.
In the early 1990s, the California Air Resources Board
(CARB), the government of California's "clean air agency",
began a push for more fuel-efficient, lower-emissions
vehicles, with the ultimate goal being a move to zero-
emissions vehicles such as electric vehicles. Impressed by
concept vehicles such as the Impact, CARB set guidelines
that would require carmakers to make 10% of their fleets
emission-free by 2003. In response, automakers soon
developed electric models to comply with the new
regulations; however, the automakers were widely accused
of deliberate self-sabotage, failing to adequately promote
their electric vehicles in order to create the false impression
that consumers were not interested in electric cars, while
fighting against the CARB mandate using lobbyists and
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lawsuits. Electric cars were expensive to develop and cost
two or three times as much as equivalent gasoline cars to
produce; as such, they were not a profitable enterprise for the
car companies. In 2001, CARB was forced to neuter its ZEV
mandate, resulting in almost all production electric cars
being withdrawn from the market, and in many cases
destroyed by their manufacturers.
In response to a lack of major-automaker participation in the
electric car industry, a number of small companies cropped
up in their place, designing and marketing electric cars for
the public. In 1994, the REVA Electric Car Company was
established in Bangalore, India, as a joint venture between
the Maini Group India and AEV of California. After seven
years of research and development, it launched the REVAi,
known as the G-Wiz i in the United Kingdom, in 2001. In
2007, Miles Electric Vehicles announced that it would bring
the XS500, a highway-capable all-electric sedan to the US
by early 2009. California company Tesla Motors, hoping to
gain a foothold in the electric sports car market, released the
Lotus Elise-based Tesla Roadster in 2008.
The Think City is a popular electric car in
Europe.Throughout the 1990s, interest in fuel-efficient or
environmentally friendly cars declined among Americans,
who instead favored sport utility vehicles, which were
affordable despite their poor fuel efficiency thanks to lower
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gasoline prices. American automakers chose to focus their
product lines around the truck-based vehicles, which enjoyed
larger profit margins than the smaller cars which were
preferred in places like Europe or Japan. In 1999, the Honda
Insight hybrid car became the first hybrid to be sold in North
America since the little-known Woods hybrid of 1917.
Hybrids, which featured a combined gasoline and electric
powertrain, were seen as a balance, offering an
environmentally friendly image and improved fuel economy,
without being hindered by the low range of electric vehicles,
albeit at an increased price over comparable gasoline cars.
Sales were poor due to the lack of interest attributed to the
car's small size and the lack of necessity for a fuel-efficient
car at the time.
The Nissan LEAF is an electric car that is expected to be
marketed in the North America, Europe, and Japan,
beginning in autumn 2010.The 2000s energy crisis brought
renewed interest in hybrid and electric cars. In America,
sales of the Toyota Prius (which had been on sale since 1999
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in some markets) jumped, and a variety of automakers
followed suit, releasing hybrid models of their own. Several
began to produce new electric car prototypes, as consumers
called for cars that would free them from the fluctuations of
oil prices.
The global economic recession in the late 2000s led to
increased calls for automakers to abandon fuel-inefficient
SUVs, which were seen as a symbol of the excess that
caused the recession, in favor of small cars, hybrid cars, and
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electric cars. The most immediate result of this was the
announcement of the 2010 release of the Chevrolet Volt, a
plug-in hybrid car that represents the evolution of
technologies pioneered by the EV1 of the 90s. The Volt will
be able to travel for up to 40 mi (60 km) on battery power
alone before activating an ICE to run a generator which re-
charges its batteries.
The Nissan LEAF, due to be launched in 2009,[3] is the first
all electric, zero emission five door family hatchback to be
produced for the mass market. Lithium-ion battery
technology, smooth body shell and advanced regenerative
braking give the LEAF performance comparable to an ICE, a
range of around 160 km and the capability to reach 80%
recharge levels in under 30 minutes.[4]