Cuatro Siglos de la Salud Pública en el Perú

7/23/2019 Cuatro Siglos de la Salud Pblica en el Per

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Ld cfstarfd ibl cakmrb kubstrd qub taid ld vfid sa`fdl rbspaeib d`fbrtds eb`bsfidibs pramlbkdtfzdids àlb`tfvdkbetb yd qub, pdrdsdtfshd`brlds, taids lds d``faebs sa`fdlbs bste hubrtbkbetb fetbr+rbld`faedids y ibpbeibe ueds ib atrds% Bstd kfskd cfstarfd fe+harkd, ibsib sus fef`fas, ib ld bxfstbe`fd ib d``faebs sa`fdlbs ak+pdtfmlbs àe ued rbspubstd ifrb`td d ld pbr`bp`fe ibl cakmrb ibqub ld sdlui bs ued ib sus eb`bsfidibs hueidkbetdlbs% Bl cakmrbfetuy, y luboa vbrfhf`, qub sla ld vfid sdluidmlb pubib odrdetf+

zdr su supbrvfvbe`fd y pasfmflftdr su ibsdrralla àka sbr feifvf+iudl y àlb`tfva% Be lds ltfkds i`dids, ld `rb`fbetb fkpartde`fdsa`fdl dsfoedid d ued vfid cukded sdluidmlb, be drkaed àe ldedturdlbzd y àe bl rbsta ib las cakmrbs, cd ibhfefia be bl kueiaàetbkpareba, dibks, ued eubvd dspfrd`fe: ld sdlui ptfkdpdrd taias be ue dkmfbetb sustbetdmlb%

Lds d``faebs paltf`ds, dikfefstrdtfvds y tèfà+apbrdtfvdsarfbetdids ifrb`tdkbetb d ld sdtfshd``fe ib bsd eb`bsfidi hueid+kbetdl y, ks rb`fbetbkbetb, dl laora ib bstd eubvd dspfrd`fe cdeàestftufia y àestftuybe, be àejueta, ued pr`tf`d sa`fdl ahf+`fdl, d ld ùdl sb cd`b rbhbrbe`fd àe ld bxprbsfe Pdlui ^mlf`d%

Bs d trdvs ib bsds d``faebs qub sb àeiu`b, arodefzd y apbrd blpra`bsa ib praiu``fe ib las sbrvf`fas ib ùfidia fetbordl ib ldsdlui alb`tfvd, be ue àetbxta cfstrfà+sa`fdl ibtbrkfedia%

Ld pr`tf`d sdeftdrfd ahf`fdl, be tdeta rbspubstd sa`fdl d uedeb`bsfidi hueidkbetdl y d ued dspfrd`fe sfbkprb rb`fbetb, tuva

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qub diaptdr, d trdvs ib las das, kaidlfidibs `did vbz ks àk+plbjds y àd`tfvds, `did ued ib lds ùdlbs rbqubrd sbr justfhf`didy lboftfkdid sa`fdlkbetb ae las kbjarbs droukbetas ifspaefmlbs%Bstas rbqubrfkfbetas ib droukbetd`fe ifbrae arfobe, be ld BidiKaibred, d ued eubvd ifs`fplfed tbrfà+pr`tf`d, d ld qub tdk+mfe sb ibeakfed Pdlui ^mlf`d% Ifs`fplfed àestftufid par ueàejueta sfstbkdtfzdia ib prapasf`faebs y rbolds qub hueidkbe+tde bsd pr`tf`d, y ib prbs`rfp`faebs a earkds qub harkdlfzde ylboftfkde ld kfskd, be ue àetbxta cfstrfà+sa fdl ibtbrkfedia%

Ld prbtbesfe ib vbridi ib sus prapasf`faebs y ib ld bhf`d+`fd ib sus rbolds tèf`ds y bstrdtbofds tfbebe qub bstdr vdlfid+ids par bl ifsùrsa tbrfà ib ld `fbe`fd y ib ld tbèalaod ifspa+efmlbs% Be tdeta, qub ld prbtbesfe ib ld rb`tftui #justf`fd& ib ldsearkds jurif`ds y kardlbs àesfibrdids ks dprapfdids par if+`cd ifs`fplfed, ds àka ib ld àrrb``fe ib las pra`bifkfbetasàrrbspaeifbetbs, ibmbe sbr vdlfidids par bl ifsùrsa pr`tfà iblIbrb`ca y ib ld tf`d vfobetbs%

Ld Pdlui ^mlf`d, dl foudl qub taid atrd rbspubstd àlb`tfvd,tfbeb ue `dr`tbr cfstrfà+sa`fdl% Pa`fdl, ea saldkbetb be ùdetabs ued rbspubstd àlb`tfvd, sfea be ùdeta bs pdrtb ib ld sa`fbidi

be qub sb ibsdrralld y, be àesbùbe`fd, bst sakbtfid d las kfs+kas àeif`faedkfbetas y d lds kfskds rbld`faebs qub bxplf`de bl`dkmfa ibl taia sa`fdl% Cfstrf`d, ea sla be ùdeta dluib d las`dkmfas be su pramlbktf`d, hueidkbetas, lkftbs y rbùrsasàoeftfvas, earkdtfvas, tbèalofàs y kdtbrfdlbs be lds su`bsfvdssftud`faebs a àyueturds cfstrf`ds, sfea dl àeif`faedkfbeta ibbstas `dkmfas par ld bvalu`fe pdrdlbld ib la ibkaorhfà, laùlturdl, la bàekfà y la paltfà be ld sa`fbidi iaeib sbibsdrralld% Be `did pbraia ib ld cfstarfd ib ued sa`fbidi àe+`rbtd sb pubib fibetfhf`dr ued kaidlfidi ib Pdlui ^mlf`d ahf+

`fdl, qub bs hueidkbetdid par ld àkuefidi bpfstkf`d iakfede+tb y harkdlfzdid y lboftfkdid par ld dutarfidi paltf`d%âr lds rdzaebs sbdldids, ld bxprbsfe Pdlui ^mlf`d cd

sfia utflfzdid, be bl lbeoudjb ib bsd ifs`fplfed tbrfà+pr`tf`d, pdrdibsfoedr àe`bptas ifstfetas qub iflu`fide y ibhfebe ib kdebrd


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ifhbrbetb d ld pr`tf`d sdeftdrfd be las su`bsfvas bstdifas ibl ib+vbefr ib ld sa`fbidi a``fibetdl% Iflu`fid`fe y ibhfef`fe bhb`tud+ids be hue`fe ib ue àejueta ib `rftbrfas àoeftfvas, tbèal+ofàs, ùlturdlbs, bàekfàs y paltfàs iakfedetbs acbobkefàs be ue ibtbrkfedia tfbkpa y bspd`fa% Ks de, sbcde utflfzdia atrds bxprbsfaebs pdrd cd`br rbhbrbe`fd pdr`fdl a ta+tdl d bsd kfskd pr`tf`d7 betrb lds prfe`fpdlbs ibmbkas ibstd`drlds ib Cfofbeb, Kbif`fed Rrmded, âlf`d Kif`d, Cfofb+eb ^mlf`d, Pdefidi, Pdlumrfidi, Cfofbeb Pa`fdl, Kbif+

`fed Pa`fdl, Kbif`fed Bstdtdl, Kbif`fed ^rbvbetfvd, bt`% @didued ib stds ibsfoed d ued kaidlfidi bspb`hf`d ib if`cd pr`tf+`d sa`fdl qub àesbrvdeia ld hfedlfidi y atras rdsoas bsbe`fdlbsprapfas ib bstb tfpa ib rbspubstd sa`fdl behdtfzd ld dplf`d`feib ibtbrkfedia#s& dspb`ta#s& ibl àea`fkfbeta ifspaefmlb be uebspd`fa y kakbeta cfstrfà ibtbrkfedias%

Be bl ^br y d fef`fas ibl sfola SSF, ld Pdlui ^mlf`d ahf`fdl bstbe `rfsfs y, par beib, bxfstb ued bxfobe`fd pdrd bl ifsba ib ueeubva kaibla ib Pdlui ^mlf`d qub odrdetf`b, be lds `frùestde+`fds cfstrf`ds d`tudlbs, kdyarbs efvblbs ib bhf`d`fd, rb`tftui #jus+tf`fd sa`fdl& y àrrb``fe be las bshubrzas qub ld sa`fbidi y bl Bs+

tdia rbdlfzde pdrd sdtfshd`br dqublld eb`bsfidi% Be bl pra`bsa ibmsqubid ib bstb eubva kaibla las rbspaesdmlbs ib su ifsba ib+mbre ukplfr trbs rbqufsftas bsbe`fdlbs: `dpd`fidi pdrd dprbeibr`rbdtfvdkbetb ib lds bxpbrfbe`fds pdsdids, sfe sbetfrsb amlfodiaspar bllds7 valuetdi pdrd dsukfr ued d`tftui `rtf`d y prad`tfvd hrbe+tb d ue prbsbetb betbeifia àka bl kakbeta ib ld d``fe pdrd bl`dkmfa7 ds àka àkpbtbe`fd pdrd àkprbeibr bl hutura àka uedsfbkprb rbeavdid apartuefidi ib lu`cd par ld rbdlfzd`fe ib lasvdlarbs tfàs bxprbsdias be bl hfe ib ld Pdlui ^mlf`d: àetrfmufrd odrdetfzdr d taias bl ks dlta efvbl pasfmlb ib sdlui hsf`d, kbe+

tdl y sa`fdl be ue dkmfbetb sustbetdmlb%Dl rbspb`ta ib bsb ifsba bxfstb be bl pds ued orde lfkftd`fepdrd paibr ùkplfr àe bl prfkbra ib bsas rbqufsftas% Ea amstdetblas dpartbs pfaebras pdrd ld Cfstarfd ib ld Kbif`fed y ld Pdlui^mlf`d be bl br cb`cas par las kifàs @dsfkfra Rllad, Cbrkflfa


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Xdlifze, Jude M% Ldstrbs, @drlas B% ^dz Palie, Jarob DrfdsP`cbrbfmbr y, ks rb`fbetbkbetb, las fkpartdetbs dpartbs ib las bs+tuifas cfstarfaorhfàs ib Kdràs @ubta, samrb ld fevbstfod`femfakif`d y bl àetral ib lds behbrkbidibs trdeskfsfmlbs be blpds, ea sb ifspaeb de ib ue bstuifa sfstbktfà ib ld bvalu`feib lds fibds y ib lds d``faebs ib ld Pdlui ^mlf`d ed`faedl, iu+rdetb ld @alaefd y ld ]bpmlf`d%

Yrdtdeia ib fef`fdr ld supbrd`fe ib bsd lfkftd`fe, ibsib blda 463? dsukfkas bl àkprakfsa d`dikfà ib rbàpfldr,

pbrfaifzdr, aribedr y sfstbkdtfzdr las idtas y ld feharkd`fe ifs+paefmlbs samrb las prfe`fpdlbs cb`cas ib ld Pdlui ^mlf`d pbrud+ed, ds àka bl ib pumlf`dr las rbsultdias ib bstd sfstbkdtfzd`febe ued prfkbrd vbrsfe, àe las prapsftas ib utflfzdrld àka kd+tbrfdl ia`betb d sbr ifsùtfia be lds kdbstrds ib Pdlui ^mlf`d y,bsbe`fdlkbetb, ib prakavbr huturds fevbstfod`faebs qub pbrkftdeidr ued rbspubstd àesfstbetb d ued prbouetd msf`d: ùlbs saelds drtfùld`faebs ib ld Pdlui ^mlf`d ed`faedl, be su bvalu`fecfstrf`d, àe las pra`bsas bàekfàs, paltfàs, sa`fdlbs ykd`radikfefstrdtfvas qub sb cde ibsdrralldia be bl ^br iurdetbsu vfid rbpumlf`ded1 ^drd bl kbjar ùkplfkfbeta ib bstb àkpra+

kfsa sb diapt ue behaqub kbtaialofà qub ifstfeouf be bl pra+`bsa rbpumlf`dea pbrudea ias btdpds cfstrf`ds: ld alforquf`d yld ibkalfmbrdl, btdpds be lds qub sb ifhbrbe`fdrae, d su vbz, pbra+ias cfstrfàs% Hfedlkbetb ibmbkas feharkdr qub, betrb las das4662 y =>>4 y àe bl dpaya ib ld Refvbrsfidi ib Pde Kdràs, cb+kas ùkplfia àe if`ca àkprakfsa%

Dl rbvfsdr ibsib bl prbsbetb bsd prfkbrd vbrsfe ib eubstra rb+ldta samrb ld cfstarfd ib ld Pdlui mlf`d ed`faedl, betbeifid akapdrtb feifsalumlb ibl pdsdia ib eubstra br, cbkas vbrfhf`dia qubbstb pdsdia sfoub kdr`deia lds bstru`turds ibkaorhf`ds, paltf+

`ds, bàekf`ds, sa`fdlbs y ùlturdlbs ib ld sa`fbidi pbruded,dàkpddeia y àeif`faedeia bl pbesdkfbeta y ld d``fe ib lasd`tarbs sa`fdlbs qub be bl prbsbetb sfoube trdtdeia ib àestrufr,ibsib sus pdrtfùldrbs pbrspb`tfvds, ue hutura sdeftdrfa ibsbdia%^bra tdkmfe cbkas àestdtdia qub pdrd àkprbeibr kbjar bl arf+obe, lds `dusds y las katfvas ib las dvde`bs y ib las rbtra`bsas


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qub be bsb pdsdia cd tbefia ld Pdlui ^mlf`d be eubstra pds bsfkpartdetb dkplfdr y!a àkplbkbetdr bsd prfkbrd vbrsfe àe lasrbsultdias ibl delfsfs ib: #F& las `dkmfas qub sfkultebdkbetb sbpraiu`de be bl àetbxta fetbred`faedl, àeif`faedeia lds `drd`tb+rstf`ds ibl betarea ed`faedl y, d trdvs ib stb a ifrb`tdkbetb, dqub+llas dvde`bs y rbtra`bsas7 #FF& ld cbrbe`fd àlaefdl, qub bstdmlb`flds rd`bs ib eubstrd fibetfidi kbstfzd7 #FFF& ld bvalu`fe ib lds fibdshflashf`ds, `fbethf`ds, fibalof`ds y ib paltf`d sa`fdl qub hueidkbe+tdrae y lboftfkdrae ld pr`tf`d sdeftdrfd7 #FX& ld feharkd`fe pbrtf+

ebetb fef`fdlkbetb akftfid a ld ifspaefmlb àe pastbrfarfidi deubstrds prfkbrds pumlf`d`faebs7 y, #X& lds apfefaebs y lds suob+rbe`fds rb`fmfids ib las lb`tarbs ib ld prfkbrd vbrsfe, bspb`fdlkbetbib las prahbsarbs y dlukeas ib lds kdbstrds ib Pdlui ^mlf`d ib+sdrralldids rb`fbetbkbetb be ifvbrsds uefvbrsfidibs ibl pds%

âr taia la bxpubsta cbkas diqufrfia ue eubva àkprakfsaqub àesfstb be ld bldmard`fe y ld pumlf`d`fe ib ld sboueid vbr+sfe ib eubstra rbldta samrb bl pdsdia ib ld Pdlui ^mlf`d pbrud+ed, àe ld prbtbesfe ib dkplfdr, àkplbkbetdr y pbrhb``faedr ldprfkbrd, d pdrtfr ib lds àesfibrd`faebs beukbrdids be bl prrdhadetbrfar% ^dsdia qub cbkas pbrfaifzdia be trbs ordeibs btdpds:

ld àlaefdl, ld rbpmlf`ded alforquf`d y ld rbpmlf`ded ibkalfmbrdl%Fef`fdeia bl ùkplfkfbeta ib bstb eubva àkprakfsa cbkas bld+mardia eubstrd sboueid vbrsfe ib ld cfstarfd ib ld Pdlui ^mlf`ded`faedl be sus ias prfkbrds ordeibs btdpds, y ld prbsbetdkasbe bstd pumlf`d`fe tftuldid @udtra`fbetas das ib ld Pdlui mlf`d bebl br: 4200+4600 %

Bstd pumlf`d`fe prbtbeib sbr, betae`bs, ue besdya samrb bl ib+vbefr ib lds rbld`faebs ib ld Pdlui ^mlf`d ed`faedl àe las `dk+mfas bàekfàs, paltfàs, sa`fdlbs y ùlturdlbs dàetb`fias be bl^br y be bl kueia a``fibetdl iurdetb las das ib ld @alaefd y ib

ld ]bpmlf`d Alforquf`d% Besdya bstru`turdia be trbs `dptulas,`did uea ib las ùdlbs tfbeb ue àetbefia qub àrrbspaeib d uedsftud`fe pdrtfùldr, ld ùdl bs ibkdr`did be bl tfbkpa par las dk+mfas ks sfoefhf`dtfvas tdeta ib lds `frùestde`fds cfstrf`ds kue+ifdlbs y pbrudeds, àka ib ld kaidlfidi ahf`fdl ib ld Pdlui ^mlf`d


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ed`faedl% Bl prfkbr `dptula, trdtd samrb las cb`cas vfeùldias àeld Cfofbeb ^mlf`d iurdetb taid ld btdpd àlaefdl pbruded, mus`de+ia be std ld fibetfidi ibl ^br àka pds cfspdeadkbrf`dea% Blsboueia, sb aùpd ib ld Pdefidi iurdetb ld prfkbrd kftdi ib ldbtdpd ib ld ]bpmlf`d Alforquf`d, qub sb fef`fd àe ld feibpbe+ibe`fd paltfà+kflftdr ibl pds be 43=47 aetfed ae bl prfkbr kf+lftdrfska, bl rofkbe `dstfllfstd y ld lldkdid ]bpmlf`d ^r`tf`d,y hfedlfzd àe bl hrd`dsa ib std be 43?8% Bl tbr`bra y ltfka, trdtdsamrb ld Pdlui ^mlf`d iurdetb ld sboueid kftdi ib ld kbe`faed+

id btdpd, qub akfbezd be 43?? ae bl oamfbrea ib Kdrfdea F% rdiay tbrkfed, bl da 4600, àe bl pldetbdkfbeta ib las ordeibs pramlb+kds ed`faedlbs par lds `ldsbs kbifds y papuldrbs y bl ibrrukmbfibalofà ibl @fvflfska% Betrb bl fef`fa y bl hfedl ib bstd sboueidkftdi sb su`bifbrae ld Oubrrd ibl ^d`hfà, bl sboueia kflftdrfs+ka, ldpdx `d`brfstd, ld ]bpmlf`d Drfsta`rtf`d, bl Ae`befa ib ld^dtrfd Eubvd ib Lboud y ld àyueturd ib ld `rfsfs ib las 0> qubhfedlfz ideia fef`fa d ld btdpd ibkalfmbrdl ib eubstrd cfstarfdrbpumlf`ded%

Dl tbrkfedr bstd fetraiu``fe, ibma dordib`br d las ia`tarbsJarob Kfdea Yrbllbs, Kdeubl Pdl`bia @aetrbrds, Blds Pfhubetbs

Xdlvbrib y Kdeubl Patbla Mdsbllf, par su àldmard`fe be ld bldma+rd`fe ib ld prbsbetb amrd% Ydkmfe, d lds dutarfidibs ib ld Hd+ùltdi ib Kbif`fed ib Pde Hbredeia y ibl @aesbja Pupbrfar ibFevbstfod`faebs ib ld REKPK, bspb`fdlkbetb d las ia`tarbs HdustaOdrkbeifd, Ib`dea, Jarob Dldrè X%, @aarifediar ibl Ibpdrtd+kbeta ib Kbif`fed ^rbvbetfvd y Pdlui ^mlf`d, y Dlmbrta ^brdlbs@%, Ifrb`tar ib ld Refidi ib Fevbstfod`fe, par lds hd`flfidibs mrfe+idids pdrd bl ibsdrralla ib bstb trdmdja7 ds àka dl @aesbja Ed+`faedl ib @fbe`fd y Ybèalaod #@AE@VYB@& ùya sumsfifa bà+ekfà cb cb`ca pasfmlb ld pumlf`d`fe ib bstb lfmra%


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@dptula F

Ld cfofbeb pmlf`d be bl ^br`alaefdl y be su `aetbxta


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Betarea ibl ^br y ib ld sdefidi a``fibetdl

Ld ib`lfed`fe ibl kueia a``fibetdl kbifbvdl y su trdesf`fe cd+`fd ld kaibrefidi rbsultdrae ib ld dùkuld`fe ib ued sbrfb ib`dkmfas ulturdlbs, bàekfàs y paltfàs%

Ib ld Bsàlstf`d d ld Flustrd`fe y bl ]akdetf`fska

Be la ùlturdl, ibsib bl sfola SFF cdstd bl sfola SXFF, be vdrfas ka+kbetas y be ifstfetas puetas ib Ftdlfd, ld hflasahd `lsf`d pdodedrbed`f y lds drtbs y lds `fbe`fds hlarb`fbrae% Lds fibds ib Brdskaib ]attbridk #4983+4208&, bxpaebetb kxfka ib ue cukdefskaqub ea rbeue`fd dl `dtalf`fska, brde lbids, trdiu`fids y dsfkfld+ids be ld Bspdd ib @drlas X% Pb praiu`d ld ]bharkd ib ld Folbsfd#42=> d 420>&, rakpfeiasb ld uefidi `rfstfded y, luboa, sb dsfstdd lds oubrrds rblfofasds be Burapd% Dibks, be bl sfola SXF sb à+kfbezd d ifhueifr y dplf`dr bl sdmbr tbèalofà dùkuldia iu+rdetb las ltfkas ùdtra sfolas% Ld fevbe`fe ib ld fkprbetd d hf+

ebs ibl sfola SX cdmd cb`ca pasfmlb bkde`fpdr bsb sdmbr ib ld trd+if`fe ardl% Be bstas eubvas tfbkpas, ued rd`faedlfidi cukdefs+td ib `dr`tbr prahueidkbetb feifvfiudlfstd sb hub fkpaefbeiasamrb bl àlb`tfvfska deefka y samrb lds rbstrf``faebs qub bl `d+talf`fska cdmd fkpubsta d ld rtf`d y d ld rbdtfvfidi% @ae ld dpd+

Kueia a``fibetdl, cfofbeb y sdefidi

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rf`fe ib ld rdze tèf`d ib Lbaedria id Xfe`f #492=+4246&,bkbrob ld rdze bxpbrfkbetdl% Pb `rbd ue eubva festrukbeta: ldeuavd s`fbezd ib Odlflba Odlflbf #4289+489=&, ùyd amrd pbrkftfued hueidkbetd`fe bxd`td ib ld `fbe`fd edturdl, ds àka ld dpd+rf`fe ib ld d`tftui y ibl ktaia `fbethfà kaibrea W4, =, 0[%

Bl feifvfiudlfska cukdefstd, ld rbdtfvfidi, ld ldf`fzd`fe iblsdmbr be lds uefvbrsfidibs y ld fevbe`fe ib ld fkprbetd harjdraebe bl kueia a``fibetdl lds mdsbs ib ld `fbe`fd kaibred, kaibld+ids be bl bkpfrfska feiu`tfva ib ]aobr Mdàe #4=49+4=69& y bl

rd`faedlfska ibiu`tfva kb`def`fstd ib ]be Ibs`drtbs #4268+482>&%Ed`be lds `fbe`fds edturdlbs kaibreds: Efàls @aprefà #49?0+4290&, Jude Gbplbr #42?4+480>&, Fsdd` Ebwtae #4890+4?=?&, DeirbdsXbsdlfus #4249+4289& y Oufllbrka Cdrvby #42?3+482?& `rbde y ib+sdrrallde las hueidkbetas ib ld Dstraeakd, ld Hsf`d, ld Dedta+kd y ld Hfsfalaod W=, 9[%

Luboa, llbod bl sfola SXFFF dpartdeia dl kueia a``fibetdl ld Flus+trd`fe% Bstb kavfkfbeta ùlturdl, àe ued hb suprbkd be ld lbyedturdl y ued prahueid àehfdezd be ld rdze cukded, bkbrofbe ue pbraia `ru`fdl be ld cfstarfd ib bstb kueia, ùdeia uedeubvd talbrde`fd d lds fibds dsa`fdid d vfbjds àrrfbetbs, àka

bl bs`bptf`fska y bl bkpfrfska cdmd surofia àe ld rbvalu`fe`fbethf`d ibl sfola SXFF, fkpaefeiasb hfedlkbetb dl iaokdtfskakbifbvdl% ^drd bl flustrdia taia àea`fkfbeta ea vbrfhf`dmlb bk+prf`dkbetb ibmd sbr ùbstfaedia y rbvfsdia% Las ordeibs ibsù+mrfkfbetas ib ld @fbe`fd Edturdl be bl sfola detbrfar cdmde ib+kastrdia lds ordeibs lfkftd`faebs ib ld àskavfsfe bsàlstf`d%Bl ibsùmrfkfbeta ib las prfe`fpfas ib ld hsf`d y ld kbèf`d fe+iuja dl cakmrb flustrdia d aesfibrdr bl uefvbrsa ibsib ued eub+vd àskavfsfe sbùldr àka ued fekbesd kqufed ùya hue+`faedkfbeta ambib`d d lbybs fekutdmlbs y vbrfhf`dmlbs% Dibks,

dtbeifbeia d ld bxfobe`fd rd`faedl ib ue aribe be bl àea`fkfbe+ta, bl kifà y edturdlfstd @drlas Lfeeba #4?>?+4??3& prapaeb suPystbkd Edturdb, fef`fdeia ld kaibred eakbe`ldturd y `ldsfhf+`d`fe matef`d y zaalof`d W4, =[%


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Ld orde eavbidi ib ld eubvd rd`faedlfidi qub sb fef`fd àeld Flustrd`fe y, luboa, `drd`tbrfzdr d ld Brd Kaibred bs su ifsa+`fd`fe àesfstb be ias ifkbesfaebs: #F& ld sbùldr, bs ib`fr, ld qubsustbetd ld pasfmflfidi ib àea`br bkprf`dkbetb ld rbdlfidi am+jbtfvd y trdesharkdrld7 y #FF& ld trds`beibetdl, bs ib`fr, ld qub mus+`d ibiu`tfvdkbetb lds `dusds prfkdrfds a ltfkds ib bsd rbdlf+idi, ld rdze ib sbr ib taia bl uefvbrsa y ib `did àsd be bl uef+vbrsa% Be àesaede`fd àe lds katfvd`faebs y hueidkbetas ibleubva kaia ib praiu``fe, arodefzdia mdja kalibs `dpftdlfstds,

ld rbdlfidi àe`rbtd ib lds eb`bsfidibs ibl cakmrb pds d sbr ta+kdid àes`fbetbkbetb àka bl arfobe y lds mdsbs pdrd ld harku+ld`fe ib las pramlbkds cukdeas y ib lds rbspubstds àrrbspae+ifbetbs, sustftuybeia lds katfvd`faebs y hueidkbetas trds`beibe+tdlbs qub sustbetdmde fibalof`dkbetb dl detfoua aribe hbuidl%Bl kakbeta feiu`tfva ibl arfobe ib ld dmstrd``fe tbrf`d, d pdr+tfr ib ld bxpbrfbe`fd ib las `feà sbetfias kdtbrfdlbs ibl cakmrb,ode tbrrbea ae rbld`fe d ld ibiu``fe, aesfibrdid dcard akaued pubrtd sfbkprb dmfbrtd d las ibvdebas kbtdhsfàs% IbsibIbs`drtbs #4268+482>&, y, luboa, àe las dpartbs ib Jace La`gb#480=+4?>9& y ib Idvfi Cukb #4?44+4??8&, bsd ifkbesfe sbù+

ldr a festrukbetdl ib ld rdze pds d fe`rbkbetdr `did vbz dkdyar vbla`fidi su dutaeakd, bhf`d`fd y vdlard`fe sa`fdl y,àesbùbetbkbetb, su lboftfkfidi% Ld rdze kaibred bkde`fpsu ifkbesfe festrukbetdl a tbèalof`d, bsta bs, pds d prfvflb+ofdr su `dpd`fidi ib fetbrhbrfr d`tfvdkbetb be lds àeif`faebs ibvfid ibl cakmrb W=, 2[%

Be lds ltfkds i`dids ibl sfola SXFFF bkbrof be Burapd ueeubva kavfkfbeta ùlturdl: bl rakdetf`fska% @aesfstd arfofedl+kbetb be ued rbmblfe aetrd lds earkds trdif`faedlbs tf`ds y l+sf`ds bsttf`ds, ue kavfkfbeta ùya amjbta brd ld lfmbrd`fe ib ld

pbrsaedlfidi ib taias las àevbe`faedlfskas% Bl hrde`s J% J%]aussbdu #4?4=+4??3& hub bl ltfka ib las flustrdias y bl prfkbraib las raketfàs7 sfe bkmdroa, bl rakdetf`fska, be sus prfkbrdsbtdpds hub prfe`fpdlkbetb dlbke% Be`dredmd ued rbd``fe àe+trd lds `rb`fbetbs àkplbjfidibs ib ued ed`fbetb `fvflfzd`fe tb`+


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ealof`d y àetrd las pramlbkds sa`fdlbs yd `rbdias par ld feius+trfdlfzd`fe7 ib dqulld surof ue bsprftu cukdeftdrfa qub sb kd+efhbstdmd be bl aifa d ld fejustf`fd y ued hb dpdsfaedid be las ib+rb`cas edturdlbs ibl cakmrb% Bs ib`fr, brd bl fef`fa ib ued prfkbrdrbd``fe detb las pblforas ib ued rd`faedlfidi purdkbetb festru+kbetdl% ]bd``fe qub prakavd ued eubvd d`tftui detb bl kueiaiaeib sb prfvflbofd las sbetfkfbetas y ld fkdofed`fe, bs ib`frbe bl lbeoudjb ib J% Cdmbrkds, ld ifkbesfe vdlardtfvd ib ld rd+ze% Hrutas ibl rakdetf`fska hubrae ld hflasahd fibdlfstd ib B% Gdet

#4?=9+43>9& y las dpartbs hflashfàs ib Hf`ctb #4?8=+4349&, P`cbllfeo#4??2+4329&, Cbobl #4??>+4304& y P`capbecdubr #4?33+4384& W=, 8[%

Ibl kbr`detflfska dl kaia ib praiu``fe `dpftdlfstd

@ae bl ibtbrfara ib ld bàeakd kbifbvdl, bl `dpftdl kbr`detfl sbdhfrk samrb lds ibmflftdids rbld`faebs hbuidlbs, àe bl prbiakf+efa ib ued muroubsd kbr`detfl y mde`drfd samrb lds trdif`faebsib lfedjb y bl iakfefa ib ld prapfbidi ib ld tfbrrd ib las sbarbshbuidlbs W?[% Iurdetb bl ]bed`fkfbeta, las detbs paibrasas àkbr+`fdetbs ib Ftdlfd y Dlbkdefd hubrae sustftufias par lds àkpdds

kbr`detflbs feolbsds y caldeibsds% Bl kbr`detflfska surod fkpul+sdia ibsib lds `fuidibs, a muroas kbifbvdlbs, iaeib `frùld+mde lfmrbkbetb kbr`dibrds b fibds%

Ld kdr`d`fe ibl tfbkpa, detbs pdutdid par lds lldkdids ib lds`dkpdeds pdrd lds amlfod`faebs rblfofasds, pds dl iakfefa iblas rblajbs y ib las àkprakfsas àkbr`fdlbs, duequb las eboa+

`fas sb rbdlfzdmde sfbkprb samrb ued feva`d`fe ifvfed W3[%

Bl dvde`b ib lds `fbe`fds edturdlbs y bl praorbsa tbèalofàiurdetb las sfolas SXF y SXFF pasfmflft bl fef`fa ib ue eubva kaiaib praiu``fe qub sb vbed pbrhfldeia ibsib pbraias detbrfarbs

mdseiasb be ld d`tfvfidi àkbr`fdl y hfede`fbrd% @aka rbsultdiaib ld bspb`fdlfzd`fe ibl trdmdja y ld bstdeidrfzd`fe ib sus apb+rd`faebs sb cdmd laordia bl àetral ib ld praiu``fe ib mfbebsbe bs`dld qub drd`tbrfzd d ld kdeuhd`turd% Ld d`tfvfidi drtbsdedl


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sb trdesharkd be kdeuhd`turbrd% Pb fef`fd ld harkd`fe ibl amrb+ra àlb`tfva y ibl kaia ib praiu``fe `dpftdlfstd W6[%

D kbifdias ibl sfola SXFFF sb d`blbrd bl praorbsa `fbethfà+tb`+ealofà, la udl pbrkftfr ld praiu``fe ib mfbebs bàekfàs bebs`dld kdsfvd, fef`feiasb be Feoldtbrrd ld lldkdid ]bvalu`feFeiustrfdl y ued eubvd btdpd be bl ibsdrralla ibl kaia ib pra+iu``fe `dpftdlfstd be Burapd% Bstas `dkmfas be ld bàeakd pra+va`drae ued prahueid trdesharkd`fe ib ld sa`fbidi a``fibetdl,àe ued rbarodefzd`fe ibl dora qub, dl ibstrufr ld sbrvfiukmrb y

ld bàeakd mdsdid be ld dlibd `dkpbsfed, bstfkul ued hubrtbbkford`fe rurdl cd`fd las `betras urmdeas% âr atra ldia, bstd eub+vd btdpd ibl kaia ib praiu``fe `dpftdlfstd sfoefhf` ld pdrtf`f+pd`fe ib ias eubvas pratdoaefstds be ld arodefzd`fe sa`fdl: bltrdmdjdiar dsdldrfdia, bspb`fdlfzdia y sfe d``bsa d ld prapfbidipbrsaedl ib las kbifas ib praiu``fe7 ds aka bl bkprbsdrfa, pra+pfbtdrfa ib las hd`tarbs praiu`tfvas y ùyd hue`fe brd prb`fsdkbe+tb arodefzdr ld d`tfvfidi ib ld bkprbsd W4>[% Dl ùkplfr bstd ltf+kd hue`fe bl bkprbsdrfdia `dpftdlfstd pdsd d tbebr fehlube`fd àe+sfibrdmlb samrb ld `rbd`fe ib lds àeif`faebs festftu`faedlbs y ju+rif`ds eb`bsdrfds pdrd ld àetfeud bxpdesfe y hartdlb`fkfbeta ibl

eubva kaia ib praiu``fe W6, 44[%Dsfkfska, àe bl divbefkfbeta ib ld rd`faedlfidi kaibred y

bl hartdlb`fkfbeta ibl kaia `dpftdlfstd ib praiu``fe be Burapd,bl bspd`fa pmlfà pfbrib su `dr`tbr kbtdhsfà qub be ld BidiKbifd trds`beid lds eb`bsfidibs y juf`fas ib `did feifvfiua pdr+tfùldr y sb rbàehfourd aka bl bspd`fa hsfà, festftu`faedl y ul+turdl ib `frùld`fe y ib `dkmfa, sa`fbtdrfdkbetb arodefzdias, ibvdlarbs kdtbrfdlbs y bspfrftudlbs ib las sujbtas prfvdias%

Las skmalas qub iblfkftde ld ifkbesfe pmlf`d ib ld vfidsa`fdl pdsde d lboftfkdrsb, eu`lbdrkbetb, d pdrtfr ib su `dr`tbr

hue`faedl bàekfà% âr fetbrkbifa ib ue `rftbrfaàetrd`tudlbl bspd`fa pmlfà sb rbàestruyb, bs ib`fr, sb sumstftuyb ld psbuia+bspaetdebfidi ib ld arodefzd`fe ib las bspd`fas ib fetbrd``fekbifbvdl par salu`faebs àetrd`tudlbs% Bl bstrb`cdkfbeta ibl `d+r`tbr àlb`tfva ib ld arodefzd`fe sa`fdl ib praiu``fe y ld d`bp+


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td`fe ib ld prapfbidi prfvdid àka prfe`fpfa ib ifvfsfe sa`fdly tèf`d ibl trdmdja hubrae lds mdsbs kdtbrfdlbs ib bsdrbàehfourd`fe%

Mdsbs qub hubrae àeif`faebs ib pasfmflfidibs fibalof`ds ypaltf`ds pdrd qub bl sujbta prfvdia puifbrd àe`bmfr y pastuldrqub las juf`fas a vdlarbs rbldtfvas d sus eb`bsfidibs bàekf`dsfeifvfiudlbs hubsbe ued hubetb lbotfkd ib earkds y skmalas pdrdld bshbrd àlb`tfvd ib ld vfid cukded be sa`fbidi% Kfbetrds ksaroef`dkbetb ld supbrvfvbe fd kdtbrfdl ib las feifvfiuas sb ar+

odefzd be pr`tf`ds àlb`tfvfzdids ib praiu``fe y ib àesukaib mfbebs bàekfàs, ks rpfid y prahueidkbetb sb bstru`turdy sb lboftfkd bl bspd`fa pmlfà kaibrea W2[%

Be rbsukbe, bs be las àetbxtas ùlturdl y bàekfà ibs`rf+tas iaeib sb ibsdrralldrae ias pra`bsas, dpbeds dedltf`dkbetbifstfeoufmlbs, qub bstdmlb`fbrae ias àeif`faebs msf`ds pdrd qubbkbrofbrd ld Kaibrefidi% âr ue ldia bst ld bkde`fpd`fe ibld ifkbesfe tbèalof`d ib ld rdze W8, 4=[ y, par atra, bl pra+`bsa ib ld bkde`fpd`fe ib las sujbtas prfvdias be ld aestftu`feibl bspd`fa pmlfà ib ld sa`fbidi W40, 49, 42[% Dkmas pra`bsasibmbre sbr àesfibrdias ùdeia sb trdtb ib àkprbeibr bl ed`f+

kfbeta ib ld Bpfibkfalaod, qub vd d àestftufrsb be bl sdmbr qubhueidkbetd las aetbefias ib ld Pdlui mlf`d fbethf`d W2[%

Ibl dmsalutfska dl lfmbrdlfska paltfà

Dl hfedl ibl sfola SX, ld rdze ib Bstdia dpdrb`b àe las ]bybs@dtlfàs be Bspdd% Pb dsfstb d ld bxpdesfe kdrtfkd ibl A``f+ibetb, àe ld hueid`fe ib las fkpbrfas àlaefdlbs ib Bspdd y ibârtuodl #sfola SXF&, ds àka las ib Caldeid b Feoldtbrrd #48>6+48=4&% Iurdetb bl sfola SXFF, sb fkpldetd ld kaedrqud dmsalutd be

`dsf taias las pdsbs burapbas y sb praiu`be lds oubrrds rblfofa+sds% Ld `rb`fbetb bxtbesfe ibl àkbr`fa fetbred`faedl bxfof ld pdr+tf`fpd`fe ib las Bstdias, qub pdrd sdlvdoudridr sus fetbrbsbs bà+ekfàs y paltfàs ibmde àetdr àe ued mura`rd`fd `betrdl, dsàka àe bjr`fta y kdrfed pbrkdebetbs% Las Bstdias ed`faedlbsàkfbezde d diaptdr ued arodefzd`fe `betrdlfstd y sambrded, lb+


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oftfkdid be ue sfstbkd jurifà bs`rfta, la ùdl llbvd d ued àe+`betrd`fe dmsalutfstd ibl paibr be Hrde`fd, Feoldtbrrd y Bspdd%Lds lbeouds ed`faedlbs paà d paà sumstftuybrae dl ldte W4, 9[%Pb fef`fdrae las bshubrzas pdrd aea`br las idtas ibkaorhfàs ed+`faedlbs msfàs àe bl prapsfta ib utflfzdrlas pdrd fe`rbkbetdrbl paibr y bl prbstfofa ibl Bstdia% Pb pumlf`d ld Drftktf`d âltf`dib _fllfdk ^btty #48=0+483?&% Bl lfmra `lsfà ib bstd ifs`fplfed,Edturdl dei âlftf`dl Amsbrvdtfaes upae tcb Mflls ah Kartdlfty , bs pu+mlf`dia be 488= par Jace Orduet W0[%

Luboa, be bl sfola SXFFF, las flustrdias hrde`bsbs pastulde qubld rdze bs bl festrukbeta àe bl ùdl bl cakmrb paid bxplf`dr ytrdesharkdr ld sa`fbidi y bl Bstdia pdrd laordr ld hblf`fidi% Fef+`fdrae ld `rtf`d ib ld harkd ib pbesdr mdsdid be ld trdif`fe y ldhb, ibvdludeia las droukbetas qub justfhf`dmde bl ibrb`ca ifvfeaib las kaedr`ds, ld justf`fd edturdl takfstd y las iaokds ib ld Folb+sfd `dtlf`d mdsdias be ld hb% Edid brd ibkdsfdia sdordia pdrd ldfevbstfod`fe: bl dmsalutfska hub amjbta ib dtdqubs, dl foudl qub bliaokdtfska, ld fetalbrde`fd y ld `besurd% ^drd las flustrdias easla bxfstde lbybs `fbethf`ds ibl kueia hsfà y mfalofà, sfeaqub tdkmfe ibmd cdmbrlds pdrd las kueias ib ld paltf`d, bà+

eakd, tf`d, rblfofe, sa`fbidi y hflasahd% Cdmd ld àevf``fe ibqub sf bl ktaia ib ld eubvd `fbe`fd brd dibùdidkbetb dplf`diad ld vfid sa`fdl sb paird amtbebr las àea`fkfbetas eb`bsdrfaspdrd `rbdr ld sa`fbidi pbrhb`td W=[%

Be bsb `lfkd flustrdia sb praiu`b ld rbvalu`fe lfmbrdl hrde`bsdib 4?36, qub fkpusa las prfe`fpfas ib Lfmbrtdi, Foudlidi y Hrdtbr+efidi be ld Ib`ldrd`fe Refvbrsdl ib las Ibrb`cas ibl Cakmrb y ibl @fu+ididea% Be bl prbkmula ib std, sb ibeue`fd qub %%%ld foearde`fd,bl alvfia a bl ibsprb`fa ib las ibrb`cas ibl cakmrb sae ld sald `du+sd ib ld fehblf`fidi pmlf`d y ib ld àrrup`fe ibl Oamfbrea%

Dsfkfska, be trbs ib sus ifb`fsfbtb drtùlas sb lbb:Las cakmrbs ed`be lfmrbs b foudlbs be ibrb`cas y lds ifstfe+`faebs sa`fdlbs ea pubibe hueidrsb ks qub be ld utflfidi à+

ke #%%%& Bl amjbta ib taid sa`fbidi paltf`d bs ld àesbrvd`feib las ibrb`cas edturdlbs b fkprbs`rfptfmlbs ibl cakmrb% Bstas


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=3

ibrb`cas sae ld lfmbrtdi, ld prapfbidi, ld sbourfidi y ld rbsfstbe+`fd d ld aprbsfe #%%%& Ld odrdetd ib las ibrb`cas ibl cakmrb y

ibl `fuididea eb`bsftd ued hubrzd pmlf`d7 bstd hubrzd bs, par tde+ta, festftufid be mbebhf`fa ib taias y ea pdrd ld utflfidi pdrtfù+ldr ib dqubllas d qufbebs bs àehfdid W48[%

Ld ]bvalu`fe Hrde`bsd ib 4?36 bs bl hbekbea cfstrfà qubkbjar rbhlbjd lds dspfrd`faebs y bxfobe`fds lfmbrdlbs ib ld eubvd `ld+sb bkprbsdrfdl `dpftdlfstd be pra`bsa ib àesalfid`fe% Ybefbeiaàka mdsb bl Cukdefska ibl sfola SXF y ibl ]d`faedlfska ibl SXFFF,

sb cdmd `rbdia ued eubvd àrrfbetb fibalof`d: bl lfmbrdlfska%Fibalaod qub prapaeb bl pdrldkbetdrfska, ld plbed feibpbeibe+`fd ibl cakmrb àe rbspb`ta d las paibrbs pmlfàs y d las atrascakmrbs, ds àka ld sambrded ib las ed`faebs, betbeifid stdàka ld lfmbrtdi ib las pubmlas% Be bl ifsùrsa lfmbrdl sb rbpuifd ysb ibsd`rdlfzd bl pdsdia, duequb sb tfbeb ùfidia be rdtfhf`dr qubld prapfbidi prfvdid bs sdordid% Bstd rbvalu`fe lfmbrdl y ldFeiustrfdl qub sb ibsdrralldmd be harkd `dsf sfkultebd be Feold+tbrrd, àestftuybe lds ias `drds, ued àe rdsoas ks dùsdid+kbetb paltfàs, y ld atrd àe blbkbetas ks bàekfàs ib ue kfs+ka pra`bsa: ld àesalfid`fe ibl rofkbe `dpftdlfstd kaibrea

be bl kueia a``fibetdlW4, 6, 44[%

Cfofbeb y sdefidi be bl kueia a``fibetdl

@ae`bp`faebs ib behbrkbidi betrb las sfolas SXFy SXFFF

Ld Folbsfd dtlf`d y ld hflasahd bsàlstf`d cdmde diaptdia y pra+kavfia, ib kdebrd iaoktf`d, lds fibds ib Odlbea samrb ld behbr+kbidi iurdetb taid ld pa`d kbifbvdl% Pla d pdrtfr ibl ]bed`f+kfbeta, be las kfskas das qub surof ld rbharkd rblfofasd, dpdrb+

`fbrae lds fibds detfodlef`ds ib ^drd`blsa #4960+429l&, qufbe hubbl prfkbra be àe`bmfr d ld behbrkbidi àka ue pra`bsa vftdldearkdl% Dl ldia ib sus rbbe`fds be mrujbrds y ibkaefas fetuyued qukf`d ib ld vfid cukded ku`ca detbs qub Ldvafsfbr ld àe+hfrkdrd, be bl sfola SXFFF, àe ld ibkastrd`fe ib qub ld rbspfrd`fe


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brd ued harkd ib axfid`fe% Lds prapasf`faebs dlqukf`ds ib^drd`blsa dhfrkdmde qub ld vfid brd ue pra`bsa qukfà y qub ldbehbrkbidi brd ue ibsbquflfmrfa be ld qukf`d ibl ùbrpa%

Betrb las sfolas SXFF y SXFFF, tfbkpas ib trdesf`fe y ib bhbrvbs+`be`fd ùlturdl, lds ea`faebs y las àe`bptas samrb ld behbrkbidipralfhbrdrae mdja ued eubvd pbrspb`tfvd: bl bstuifa ib bstb hbe+kbea àrrbspaeid d lds `fbe`fds edturdlbs% Bsta hub pasfmlb ord+`fds d ld ib`lfed`fe ib ld cbobkaed ibl iaokd `dtlfà rakdea,àesbrvdia fetd`ta iurdetb `dsf `dtar`b sfolas detb las dvde`bs ib

ld lfmbrtdi ib pbesdkfbeta y ib ued eubvd fibd ibl sbetfia ib ldvfid ibl feifvfiua% Ea amstdetb, las detfouas sfstbkds hflashfàsvftdlfstd, cukardl, kbtaifstd, bt`% kdetbede su fehlube`fd bebl pbesdkfbeta kifà% âr tdl rdze, las lkftbs ib bsds eubvdsàe`bp`faebs brde fkprb`fsas7 be sus àetbefias sb kbz`ldmdefeva`d`faebs ifvfeds y bspfrftudlbs àe blbkbetas rd`faedlbs pra+`bibetbs ib lds eubvds `fbe`fds edturdlbs% Dibks ib ldfdtraqukf`d, dpdrb`fbrae lds àe`bp`faebs fdtrakbèf`ds ydefkfstds samrb ld sdlui y behbrkbidi W9, 4?[%

Jude Mdutfstd Xde Cblkaet #42??+4899& fef`fd ue sfstbkd bs+pb`fdl ib vftdlfska qub dplf`d d ld hfsfalaod cukded% @rbd qub

las pra`bsas kdtbrfdlbs ibl ùbrpa sae prbsfifias par drqubasa bsprftus kdtbrfdlbs bspb`hfàs, y qub bstas pra`bsas hfsfalof+às sae be s kfskas purdkbetb qukfàs y ibmfias be `did `dsad ue hbrkbeta bspb`fdl% Hrdez ib Lb Mb a Pflvfa #4849+48?=& àe+`bid orde fkpartde`fd d lds dltbrd`faebs ib ld kbz`ld ibl ùbr+pa, àesfibrdeia àka hd`tarbs ibtbrkfedetbs ib ld behbrkbidid las juoas ifobstfvas y sus dearkdlfidibs% Hd`tarbs qub pbebtrdebe bl fetbrfar ibl arodefska y samrb taia be ld sdeorb, àkad`rfkaefds7 stds par su d`rftui a dl`dlfefidi bxplf`de taidslds behbrkbidibs% ]bsu`ftd ib bstd kdebrd d ld pdtalaod cuka+

rdl ae bl eakmrb ib fdtraqukf`d W4?, 43, 46[%]dif`dlkbetb apubstd d ld fdtraqukf`d hub ld fdtrakb`+ef`d,prapubstd par Jude Dlhaesa Marbllf #48>3+48?6&% Bstb sfstbkdpdtalofà àesfibrd sfoufbeia lds dedlaods ibl kb`def`fska`drtbsfdea dl arodefska cukdea àka ue rblaj y d ld behbrkb+


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idi àka ue kdl hue`faedkfbeta kbèfà% Marbllf, sfe bkmdroa,tdkmfe sb fespfrd be bl vftdlfska, be tdeta àesfibrd qub las ka+vfkfbetas kbèfàs d las qub sb rbiu`frd ld vfid vbede ifrfof+ias par ue prfe`fpfa supbrfar b fetblfobetb% Ib ld ifvfsfe ibl ùbr+pa be pfbzds y sfstbkds kbèfàs surofrde las dpdrdtas y sfstb+kds aroefàs qub sbrde trdtdias par lds bspb`fdlfidibs kif`dskaibreds% Be bstd pbrspb`tfvd las slfias aroefàs hue`faedefkpulsdias par hubrzds, be ld hsf`d bsttf`d, y las cukarbs, àkataia lqufia, sfoube lds lbybs ib ld cfirulf`d, qub hub aka Cdrvby

ibs`rfmf ld `frùld`fe ib ld sdeorb be 48=3 utflfzdeia fkobebsib makmds, vlvulds y dedlbs W4?, 46[%

@aka rbd``fe d las sfstbkds tbrfàs kdtbrfdlfstds ib ldfdtraqukf`d y ib ld fdtrakbèf`d sb ibsdrrall bl defkfskaibO% B% Ptcdl #488>+4?09&: Ld behbrkbidi bs ue bshubrza ibl dlkdpdrd rbstdmlb`br lds hue`faebs dltbrdids y ibstrufr lds patbe`fdsidfeds%

^drd las defkfstds a vftdlfstds, bl efkd bl dlkd be ùde+ta prfe`fpfa vftdl cdmftdmd bl ùbrpa cukdea y brd rbspaesd+mlb par bl taea qub kdetbed su vfid, su àesbrvd`fe y dutarrb+ould`fe% @udeia bl dlkd bst iddid ea rfob las pra`bsas vftd+

lbs be ld harkd ibmfid% Bl taea prapf`fdia par bl efkd sb ifstrf+mufrd par bl ùbrpa d trdvs ib ld sdeorb y, àe su ibsbquflfmrfaqub rbsultdrd be àetrd``faebs a rbldjdkfbetas, ld behbrkbidiaùrrfrd W9, 4?, 43[%

@aka taia bxpaebetb obeufea ibl ]bed`fkfbeta, YcakdsPyibecdk #48=9+4836& besbdmd qub pdrd dprbeibr eubvas cb+`cas be Kbif`fed brd eb`bsdrfa dmdeiaedr taias las sfstbkds hf+lashfàs qub prbtbeide bxplf`dr y ku`cds vb`bs sustftufr d ld rbd+lfidi kfskd% Be bstb sbetfia `rftf`dmd las rbzdoas ibl pbesdkfbe+ta kbifbvdl qub, be su betbeibr, de bxfstde be lds àe`bp`faebs

ib las fdtraqukfàs, fdtrakbèfàs, defkfstds y vftdlfstds ib sutfbkpa:

V, be vbridi, bs kf apfefe qub ld rdze prfe`fpdl par ld qubtaidvd ea pasbbkas ued cfstarfd bxd`td ib lds behbrkbidibsbs ld supasf`fe obebrdl ib qub stds ea sae ks qub lds apbrd+


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`faebs àehusds b frrbouldrbs ib ld edturdlbzd ibsaribedid y ib+mflftdid, y par àesbùbe`fd bs ued ldmar fetfl idr ued ibs`rfp+

`fe justd ib bllds% #Pamrb lds Behbrkbidibs Douids , 48?2%&

La qub ibmd cd`brsb brd, prfkbra, prapar`faedr ued ibs`rfp+`fe obeufed y vbridibrd, ued bspb`fb ib cfstarfd edturdl, ib didbehbrkbidi #ifstfeoufbeia las setakds àestdetbs ib las a`dsfa+edlbs, qub pubibe vdrfdr àe ld bidi, ld àestftu`fe y bl trdtd+kfbeta prbvfa ibl behbrka7 ds aka su prbsbetd`fe be fbrtds pa+`ds ibl da, yd qub dloueds ib bllds kubstrde bstds rbùrrbe`fds

àe ld kfskd hfiblfidi qub `fbrtas pjdras y pldetds&7 y, be sb+oueia luodr, bstdmlb`br ue ktaia hfja y àkplbta ib trdtdkfbetaib `did behbrkbidi% ^drd laordr bl prfkbr amjbtfva brd eb`bsdrfarbiu`fr taids lds behbrkbidibs d `fbrtds bspb`fbs àe bl kfska ùf+idia àe qub las matefàs ibs`rfmde sus pldetds% Ib bstd kdeb+rd ea sla id par sbetdid ld bxfstbe`fd feibpbeifbetb ib lds be+hbrkbidibs, sfea qub dibks pastuld qub bs pasfmlb ifstfeoufrldsbetrb s pdrtfbeia ib sus sfoeas y setakds `drd`tbrstfàs, tdl àkabl matefà pra`bib pdrd ifstfeoufr lds ifhbrbetbs pldetds, mdsdiabe sus `drd`tbrstf`ds hsf`ds% Be sus bs`rftas

%%% ea `ftd d efeoe dutar, àe ld bx`bp`fe ib Cfp`rdtbs% Puibsprb`fa par ld lftbrdturd kif`d Wib su pa`d[ bs pravbrmfdl%%%Ea bs ib sarprbeibr, par la tdeta, qub uea ib sus dkfoas ks

`br`deas hubrd Jace La`gb, bl hueidiar ibl bkpfrfska W=>[%

Ea amstdetb, àka taia cakmrb ib su tfbkpa, Pyibecdk tdk+mfe bspbùldmd samrb ld bxplf`d`fe ib lds `dusds ib ld behbrkb+idi, tdl àka vbrbkas dl trdtdr samrb su àe`bp`fe ib ld àestf+tu`fe bpfikf`d%

Be bl sfola SXFFF àe ued eubvd pbr`bp`fe kb`def`fstd ibl ubr+pa cukdea, iaeib ld dtbe`fe `betrdl ib las kifàs burapbasea bstdmd yd umf`did be las cukarbs, las blbkbetas slfias pdsd+

rae d pdrtf`fpdr ks ib lds rbprbsbetd`faebs ib sdlui y behbrkb+idi, àka `betras ib hubrzds hsf`ds, iubas ib kavfkfbetas qubide harkd y bxprbsfe d ld vfid% Ea paid bs`dpdr d ld amsbrvd+`fe kaibred ib qub lds pdrtbs slfids ibl arodefska, samrb taiabl ksùla, prbsbetde kdefhbstd`faebs vftdlbs prapfds qub sb+


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pdrde la vfva ib la febrtb% Ld fkdobe ib hfmrds slfids qub sbifstbeide y sb àetrdde cdmd sfia ld mdsb ib ld ia`trfed ib ldfrrftdmflfidi ib Hrde`fs Olfssae #426?+48??&7 bl bx`bsa a ld hdltdib bstfkuld`fe ib hd`tarbs bxtbreas dl ùbrpa pasfmflftdrd ld be+hbrkbidi la qub dikftd, betae`bs, ued àesfibrd`fe ib las lkf+tbs betrb la earkdl y la dearkdl be if`cd bstfkuld`fe%

Hrfbirf`c Cahhkde #488>+4?9=& rbsu`ft bl sfstbkd ib laskbtaifstds rakdeas dl pldetbdr qub taids lds prapfbidibs y ld bebr+od ib ld kdtbrfd ld pbr`fmfkas sla àka kavfkfbeta, àka hubr+

zds foudlbs be apasf`fe, àka àetrd``fe y bxpdesfe% Ld sdluibs kavfkfbeta earkdl, ld behbrkbidi bs ue trdstarea ibl kavf+kfbeta y ld kubrtb bs dusbe`fd ib kavfkfbeta% Bxfstb ue hlufiaebrvfasa qub àesbrvd earkdlbs lds d``faebs ibl ùbrpa, qub bsàka ued kqufed cfirulf`d7 bstb hlufia la sb`rbtd bl `brbmra ysb ifstrfmuyb be bl arodefska d trdvs ib las ebrvfas y lds drtbrfds%Pu hue`fe bs rbouldr bl taea ib las tbjfias, be bstb sbetfia sbibhfebe las àe`bptas ib bspdska y dtaed pdrd cd`br rbhb+rbe`fd dl bx`bsa y d ld hdltd ib bstfkuld`fe, rbspb`tfvdkbetb% Bjbk+plas ib behbrkbidibs bspstf`ds sae lds fehldkd`faebs la`dlfzd+ids, `dtdrras a eburdlofds7 lds behbrkbidibs `ref`ds sb `ldsfhf`de

àka ibmfids d ld dtaed% ar su pdrtb, Dlmrb`ct Xae Cdllbr #4?>3+4???& hub bl prfkbra, àe su `lbmrb Ifsbrtd`fe samrb lds pdrtbssbesfmlbs b frrftdmlbs ib las defkdlbs, be lldkdr ld dtbe`fe samrbld àetrd`tfmflfidi kusùldr prava`did par ued bx`ftd`fe, sa+mrb ld sbesfmflfidi y samrb ld fkpartde`fd ib las ebrvfas belas pra`bsas vftdlbs% @ldsfhf` las rodeas y las tbjfias sboe bl ord+ia be qub brde frrftdmlbs W9, 2, 43, =4, ==[%

^drd _fllfdk @ullbe #4?4>+4?6>& bl sfstbkd ebrvfasa ibsbk+pbd bl pdpbl `betrdl be ld pdtalaod cukded y la qub sb behbrkdea sae las cukarbs ibl arodefska, sfea las slfias% Bxfstb ued

hubrzd ebrvfasd a bebrod ibl `brbmra qub fef`fd y kdetfbebtaias las pra`bsas hfsfalofàs y pdtalofàs qub sb ide be bl ar+odefska% Yaids lds behbrkbidibs sb fef`fde be bl sfstbkd ebrvfa+sa y atras hd`tarbs pdtaoefàs sb àesfibrde àka sbùeidrfas%Ld kdyar pdrtb ib las pdib`fkfbetas sb ibmb d qub las bstkulasibmflftde dl `brbmra obebreiasb ds ued rbd``fe qub, d su vbz,


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bstfkuld ld dpdrf`fe ib bspdskas, las ùdlbs dpdrb`be àka uedàesbùbe`fd ib ld d``fe ibmflftdetb fef`fdl% Ibmflfidi praiu`f+id par dobetbs bxtbreas àka hra, kfdskds, àetdofas y atras%@akmfe, ds, su ia`trfed ib ld hubrzd ebrvfasd àe ld ib frrftdmf+lfidi ib Olfssae y àe lds fibds ib bspdska y dtaed ib Cahhkdepdrd bxplf`dr bl arfobe ib lds behbrkbidibs% Dibks, pdrd @ullbebxfstde ùdtra `ldsbs ib behbrkbidibs: lds pfrbxfds, lds eburasfs,lds `dqubxfds y lds la`dlbs% @did ued ib stds àrrbspaeid rbs+pb`tfvdkbetb d dltbrd`faebs ib lds hue`faebs vftdlbs, defkdlbs, ed+

turdlbs y atrds% Ld `ldsb ib pfrbxfds sb ifvfid be `feà ribebs:hfbmrbs, fehldkd`faebs la`dlfzdids, bxdetbkds, hluxfaebs y cbka+rrdofds% Ld `ldsb ib eburasfs àetbed `feà ribebs, ued ib blldsbrd bspdskas W9, 2, 43, =4, ==[%

@ae`bp`faebs samrb lds bpfibkfds betrb las sfolas SXFy SXFFF

Ibsib cd`d ku`ca tfbkpa las ibhbesarbs ibl dkmfbetdlfskacfpa`rtfà pastuldmde qub lds bpfibkfds y lds behbrkbidibs sae`dusdids par hd`tarbs pra`bibetbs ibl kbifa dkmfbetb% Pb d`bptd+mde àka vlfids ias dhfrkd`faebs: #F& `fbrtds bkded`faebs pasbbe

ued d``fe krmf`d d ifstde`fd7 y, #FF& if`cds bkded`faebs surobeib àeif`faebs dtkashrf`ds, dstralof`ds, tblrf`ds a ib dùkuld+`fe ib cbtbraoebds sumstde`fds aroef`ds be ibsàkpasf`fe%D pdrtfr ib bstds dhfrkd`faebs sb ibsdrrall, ibsib bl sfola SXF, ldea`fe ib àestftu`fe bpfikf`d qub pastbrfarkbetb sb dkpldy sb ibhfeb aka ld tbard kfdsktf`d% Bsd ea`fe bs betbeifid,fef`fdlkbetb, àka ue bstdia ib àrrup`fe pdrtfùldr ib ld dtks+hbrd qub praiu`b `fbrtds behbrkbidibs qub sb ifhueibe be ld bx+tbesfe qub if`ca bstdia dtkashrfà sb pralaeod y la pbrkftb7 lub+oa, hub prb`fsdid par Y% Pyibcdk be su amrdAmsbrvdtfaebs kbif`db,

pumlf`did be 48?8% Be blld lds kdefhbstd`faebs y ld bvalu`fe iblds behbrkbidibs douids bste ibtbrkfedids par ld eialb ibld kdtbrfd karmhf`d #pdrtùlds kfdsktf`ds ibl dfrb&, ld la`dlf+zd`fe saktf`d ib bstd kdtbrfd be ld sdeorb, ld kdyar a kbearvftdlfidi ibl pd`fbetb y ld hdtdlfidi be su dpdrf`fe%


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Bl trdstarea hueidkbetdl ib bstds behbrkbidibs sbrd ued pb+ùlfdr dltbrd`fe ib ld sdeorb, d ld qub Pyibecdk ifa vdrfds ib+eakfed`faebs: fehldkd`fe, àeka`fe, bmullf`fe y hbrkbetd`fe%^drd bstb dutar cdmd ias tfpas ib behbrkbidibs douids hbmrflbs:las ifsturmfas bpfikfàs #pldod, vfrubld y ifsbetbrd& praiu`f+ias par `dkmfas dtkashrfàs, y lds behbrkbidibs fetbrhbrbetbs#hfbmrb bs`drldtfed, deofed, plburbsd y rbukdtfska&% Kfbetrds uedibtbrkfedid àestftu`fe bpfikf`d praorbsdmd, bl ifsturmfa bpf+ikfà #par bjbkpla ld vfrubld& fe`rbkbetdmd su sbvbrfidi y vfa+

lbe`fd cdstd dl`dezdr su kxfkd bxprbsfe pdrd luboa ib`lfedràeharkb las blbkbetas dtkashrfàs brde rbbkpldzdias par atrasqub obebrdrde ued eubvd àestftu`fe% Luboa, std prbvdlb`dpar ue `fbrta pbraia y bstdrd dsa`fdid àe atra pdrtfùldr ifs+turmfa bpfikfà%

Pyibcdk ea llbo d prb`fsdr ùl brd bl arfobe ibl `dkmfa iblas blbkbetas dtkashrfàs, duequb `rbd qub stb brd `dusdia parued bkded`fe surofid ib ld tfbrrd y bstuva, fe`lusa, prapbesa dàesfibrdr pasfmlb ue arfobe dstralofà ib lds bpfibkfds% Be 4?4?,Ofavdeef Kdrd Lde`fsf #4829+4?=>& pumlf` Ib eaxfus pdluiukbhhluvfs, samrb lds bkded`faebs ea`fvds ib las pdetdeas% Lde`fsf

`rbd qub las pdetdeas praiu`de ld kdldrfd d trdvs ib ias kaid+lfidibs ib bkded`fe: ld defkdid y ld fedefkdid% Ld prfkbrd brdld eumb ib kasquftas dpd`bs ib trdespartdr y trdeskftfr ld kdtbrfdpdtaoef`d, ld sboueid sb fibetfhf`dmd àe las kfdskdsW0[%

âr atra ldia bl eubva àea`fkfbeta samrb ld edturdlbzd, dù+kuldia iurdetb las sfolas SX y SXF, àestftufrd ld mdsb fef`fdl pdrdtrdtdr ib rbhutdr ld tbard ib ld àestftu`fe bpfikf`d% @aka pdr+tb fkpartdetb ib bstd mdsb sb pubibe kbe`faedr lds prapasf`faebsdlqukf`ds ib ^drd`blsa àkbetdids, d pdrtfr ib lds ùdlbs sb ib+sdrralld ld fdtraqukf`d qub bspbùld àe ld bxfstbe`fd ib bspb`fd+lbs d``faebs qukf`ds qub d`tde d ifstde`fd% Ydkmfe bl pdrdifo+kd fdtrakbèfà ib Marbllf y Mdolfvf rbhutd àka `dusds ib ldsbpfibkfds ld àrrup`fe ibl dfrb y las hd`tarbs dstralofàs, plde+tbdeia ds ue kaibla mfalofà be bl qub sb àkmfede bxplf`d+`faebs fdtrakbèf`ds àe fdtraqukf`ds pdrd idr ued vbrsfe ibtfpa mfalofà ibl aetdofa y ib ld bxtbesfe ib lds bpfibkfds%


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âr su pdrtb, Ofraldka Hrds`dtara #49?31+4220& cdmd beue`fd+ia, be 4298, ld bxfstbe`fd ib trbs tfpas bsbe`fdlbs ib àetdofa: #F&fehb``fe par pura àetd`ta7 #FF& fehb``fe par àetd`ta cukdea yàe amjbtas àetdkfedias, àka be ld sdred, ld tfsfs, ld lbprd7 #FFF&fehb``fe qub d`td par àetd`ta y àe amjbtas, dibks qub tdk+mfe pubib trdeskftfrsb d ifstde`fd, àka sae lds hfbmrbspbstflbe`fdlbs, ld tfsfs, `fbrtds ahtdlkds, vfrubld y atrds% Ld pdld+mrd qub usd pdrd rbhbrfrsb d las amjbtas aetdkfedias bshakbs, qubbe `dstblldea sb bs`rfmb hakftbs qub sfoefhf`d `dusd qub bx`ftd

a prakubvb ued asd:%%% lldka amjbta àetdkfedia d àsds àka vbstfias, rapd ib`dkd, bt`%, qub duequb ea sb beùbetrde àrrakpfias be s kfs+

kas, ib taias kaias pubibe dlmbrodr lds sbkfllds bsbe`fdlbs#sbkfedrfd prfkd& ibl aetdofa y ds praiu`fr fehb``fe W=0[%

Ld tbard ib qub `fbrtds behbrkbidibs sae `dusdids par arod+efskas vfvas tde pbqubas qub sae fevfsfmlbs d sfkplb vfstd brdyd kuy detfoud7 sb kbe`faede àka sus fef`fdiarbs, betrb atras,d @alukblld #dlrbibiar ib 8> d% @%& y Kdrà Ybrbe`fa Xdrra #448+=8 d% @%&% Lds fibds ib Hrd`dstara ea àrrbspaeibe d bstd tbard

parqub l pastul lds sbkfllds be trkfeas hfsfàqukfàs y eamfalofàs% Pb cd suobrfia qub uea ib las prfkbras qub iaùkbe+tdrae ld ia`trfed ib qub lds behbrkbidibs àetdofasds sb ifsb+kfede par kbifa ib pbqubas defkdlftas d sfkplb vfstd hubDtcdedsfuus Gfr`cbr #48>=+483>&, duequb sfe paibr paebr d prub+md ld vdlfibz ib sus dhfrkd`faebs%

Ea paid sbr ib atra kaia be vfstd ib qub de ea sb harkuld+mde las àe`bptas mfalofàs eb`bsdrfas pdrd idrlb ue sbetfia `fbe+thfà7 dibks ea sb ifspaed ib tèf`ds dibùdids pdrd bl bstu+ifa ib las kf`raarodefskas% Ib taids kdebrds sb hub pbrhfldeiald tbard ibl @aetdofuk Xfvuk, pastuldeia qub ld behbrkbidi brd

trdeskftfid ibl partdiar dl fehb`tdia d trdvs ib pdrtùlds vfvds`rbdids bspaetebdkbetb par ld àrrup`fe ib las cukarbs% Ibblld sb ibrfvd ld tbard àetdofaefstd ib ld behbrkbidi bpfikf+`d, ld ùdl vd d àkpbtfr àe ld tbard dtkashrf`d+kfdsktf`dcdstd bl hfe ibl sfola SFS W0, 9, =0, =9[%


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Ib dùbria àe lds fibds ib ld pa`d, praiu`fid ld behbrkb+idi, std sb trdeskftd par fehb``fe a par àetdofa% Bstas àe+`bptas brde ibhfefias ib kdebrd ifhbrbetb d la qub bs cay usudl ycd`de rbhbrbe`fd d lds ifstfetds harkds ib prapdod`fe ib uedbehbrkbidi% Be bl prfkbr `dsa brd ued kdtbrfd a ue kfdskd blblbkbeta trdeskfsar7 be bl sboueia brd bl sujbta behbrka kfskayd sbd par àetd`ta kbifdta a fekbifdta% Las dutarbs ibl@akpbeifuk, pumlf`dia be 439=, dhfrkdmde qub:

Ld fehb``fe bs bl kaia sboe bl ùdl sb prapdode `fbrtds behbr+

kbidibs ibmfia d ld d``fe txf`d a krmf`d, qub bjbr`be lds kd+tbrfds vbobtdlbs a defkdlbs be ibsàkpasf`fe y las kfdskds bx+

cdldias par bl ùbrpa cukdea sdea a behbrka, samrb uea a vd+rfas feifvfiuas àla`dias be ued apartuefidi pdrtfùldr pdrd rb+`fmfr su fehlube`fd #%%%& Bl àetdofa bs ue kaia ib prapdod`fe ib

lds behbrkbidibs be vfrtui ibl ùdl, ue feifvfiua dhb`tdia, à+kuef`d su kdl d uea a vdrfas feifvfiuas qub sb cdllde àla`d+ias be ued apartuefidi pdrtfùldr pdrd rb`fmfrlb, y qub bllas kfs+

kas sfrvbe ib blbkbetas ib prapdod`fe ib bstd behbrkbidi, u+yas `drd`tbrbs, qubide par la ibks, sfbkprb fietfàs W=2[%

@ae`bp`faebs ib Cfofbeb y Pdefidi betrb las sfolas SXFy SXFF

Dl fef`fdrsb bl sfola SXF ea bxfstd bl sdmbr qub àetbkpldrd las if+hbrbetbs blbkbetas qub dhb`tde ld sdlui àlb`tfvd, pbra yd sb rbdlf+zdmde pr`tf`ds sa`fdlbs ifrfofids d arodefzdr y ifrfofr las bshubr+zas alb`tfvas pdrd trdtdr ib aetraldr bl kxfka pblfora sdeftdrfapmlfà ib bsb sfola: lds bpfibkfds% ^r`tf`ds qub sb hueidkbetd+mde be lds fibds àetbefids be bl pdrdifokd cfpa`rtfà+odlefày be las pastuldias ib ld cfofbeb feifvfiudl orbàrrakded qub àe+tfeudmde sfbeia iakfedetbs be bl pbesdkfbeta a``fibetdl%

Lds fibds ib `dr`tbr bsàlstfà y odlefà samrb bl ùfidiaib ld sdlui àetfeudrae vfobetbs iurdetb ku`ca tfbkpa be bl pbe+sdkfbeta kifà% Bstds fibds ea dpartdmde efeoe droukbetapdrd hueidkbetdr ld fkpartde`fd ib lds d`tfvfidibs ib cfofbeb if+rfofids d bvftdr las suhrfkfbetas ib lds kdsds% Dl àetrdrfa, Od+lbea besbdmd bl `dr`tbr febvftdmlb ib tdlbs suhrfkfbetas: Ld vfid


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ib ku`cas cakmrbs bst akprakbtfid be lds tdrbds ib su aùpd+`fe y bs febvftdmlb qub bllas bste be pblfora par la qub cd`be #%%%&y bs fkpasfmlb dkmfdrla%

Be su trdtdia samrb cfofbeb, Ib sdeftdtb tubeid #42? i% @%&, blkfska Odlbea sla bs`rfmb rbolds pdrd bl ùfidia ib ld sdlui iblds kfeards apulbetds% Ld behbrkbidi, ld kfsbrfd y ld cdkmrueda`dsfaedl brde àesfibrdids àka dtrfmutas earkdlbs b febvftd+mlbs ib ld vfid ib las pamrbs% Dibks, cdstd bl hfedl ibl sfola SX,dl pbsa ib lds fibds ib Odlbea sb sukdmd bl àesbesa obebrdlfzd+

ia ib qub lds bpfibkfds brde ue `dstfoa ifvfea justdkbetb bevfd+ia d las cakmrbs par su àeiu`td pb`dkfeasd%

]b`fe d pdrtfr ibl sfola SXF lds fibds samrb las mbebhf`fas ib ldcfofbeb pmlf`d cdmde àkbezdia d ifhueifrsb be Burapd7 PfrYcakds Kara be Rtapd #4248& ibs`rfmb ue pds fkdofedrfa iae+ib ld cfofbeb pratbob ld sdlui y ld kbif`fed ld rbstdurd, y iaeibtaias las qub eb`bsftde sus sbrvf`fas tfbebe d``bsa d bllas% Ld pa+mld`fe àkbez d dsukfr qub ld card ib %%%ld kubrtb ea bst prb+ibtbrkfedid par Ifas, sfea qub bl cakmrb, be `fbrtd kbifid, tfbebbl paibr be pralaeodr su vfid% Kbif`fed b Cfofbeb sae kbifaspdrd bstb hfe%

Pb bs`rfmbe vdrfas lfmras samrb Cfofbeb mdja bl ttula Ib vftdlaeod% Ib taias stas bl ks rbprbsbetdtfva ibl sfola bs bl Yrdttdtaiblld Xftd Pamrfd, bs`rfta par bl vbeb`fdea Lufof @dredra y pumlf`d+ia be 4223 W=8[%

Dl hfedl ibl sfola SXFF, las dpartbs ib lds eubvds `fbe`fds edtu+rdlbs de ea cdmde llbodia d kaifhf`dr sfoefhf`dtfvdkbetb las vfb+jas hueidkbetas ib ld cfofbeb y ib ld pr`tf`d sdeftdrfd kbifbvdl%Pb àetfeudmd `rbybeia be ld fehlube`fd dstrdl samrb las pramlb+kds àlb`tfvas ib ld sdlui fibetfhf`dias àe lds bpfibkfds ylds kbifids ibl dfsldkfbeta y ib ùdrbetbed sboude sfbeia lds

ef`ds bhf`d`bs pdrd lfkftdr sus bhb`tas% ^bra yd sb d`bptdmd qubtdl fehlube`fd paid sbr àrrbofid sf bl feifvfiua brd `dpdz ib su+jbtdrsb d ued ifbtd bquflfmrdid y d atras ùfidias cfofefàs%

@ae rbld`fe dl praorbsa ib ld Pdefidi iurdetb las sfolas SXFy SXFF, la efà ibstd`dmlb bs ld `rbd`fe ibl @aesbja ib Pdlui Ku+ef`fpdl, àka ld prfkbrd arodefzd`fe pmlf`d sdeftdrfd pbrkdebe+


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tb rbspaesdmlb ib lds ùdrbetbeds y ibl dfsldkfbeta ib las behbr+kas ibetra ib ldzdrbtas% Kds lds dutarfidibs la`dlbs ea cdmdepaifia idr ued rbspubstd suhf`fbetb d las pramlbkds urmdeas dord+vdias, prfkbra, par bl ibsdrralla àkbr`fdl ib lds ordeibs `fuid+ibs be ld mdjd Bidi Kbifd y, luboa, par bl fe`fpfbetb kbr`detflfskarbed`betfstd% Bl `rb`fkfbeta ibsaribedia ib lds pamld`faebs ur+mdeds y bl cd`fedkfbeta ib stds be bspd`fas rbiu`fias dordvd+rae ld fesdlumrfidi ib lds `fuidibs y hdvarb`fbrae, par beib, ldprbsbe`fd ib ordeibs bpfibkfds be las sfolas SXF y SXFF% Be bstds

`frùestde`fds, las ed`fbetbs Bstdias ed`faedlbs sb vfbrae amlfod+ias d pdrtf`fpdr be ld earkdtfvfidi obebrdl sdeftdrfd7 duequb, lasdspb`tas kf`radikfefstrdtfvas y apbrdtfvas sdeftdrfas sfoufbraesfbeia kdebjdias par lds dutarfidibs kuef`fpdlbs a pdrraqufdlbs%^drd Kf`cbl Hau`dult #46=8+4639&:

Bl plde ib ùdrbetbed hub ue fibdl paltfà+kifà ib ld mubedarodefzd`fe sdeftdrfd ib lds `fuidibs be bl sfola SXFF% Cuma iasordeibs kaiblas ib arodefzd`fe kif`d be ld cfstarfd a``fibe+

tdl: uea sus`ftdia par ld lbprd y atra par ld pbstb W%%%[ Ld Cfofb+eb ^mlf`d hub ued vdrfd`fe rbhfedid ib ld ùdrbetbed W=?[%

Kbif`fed urmded b cfofbeb pmlf`d be Hrde`fd

Ea amstdetb bl `dr`tbr prata`fbethfàib lds tbards vfeùldidsàe ld sdlui, su dplf`d`fe be ld pr`tf`d ib ld cfofbeb pbrkftffkpartdetbs dvde`bs be bl sdebdkfbeta ib lds `fuidibs d trdvsib ld lldkdid kbif`fed urmded, ibeakfedid ds par K%Hau`dult% Dpdrb`f be ld sboueid kftdi ibl sfola SXFFF y sb ibsd+rrall be Hrde`fd àka ued rbspubstd d ld eb`bsfidi, bàekf`d ypaltf`d, ib aribedr ld `fuidi ib ue kaia àcbrbetb y cakao+eba, rbofia par ue paibr efà y mfbe rboldkbetdia% Pus d``fa+

ebs sb arfbetdmde d blfkfedr a àetraldr taia la qub be bl bspd`faurmdea paid prava`dr kdlas dfrbs, ùyd fibetfhf`d`fe bstdmdhubrtbkbetb dsa`fdid d ld pbr`bp`fe ib alarbs pbstflbetbs ae`be+trdias be `bkbetbrfas, prfsfaebs, caspftdlbs, edvas, douds bstde+`dids y bx`rbtds ibpasftdids be ld tfbrrd%


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Brd eb`bsdrfa bstdmlb`br las kbjarbs ktaias ib vbetfld`fe belds `fuidibs: àrrbiarbs qub odrdetfzdrde ued mubed `frùld`feib lds àsds ibl doud y ibl dfrb, ds àka odrdetfzdr ued umf+`d`fe dibùdid ib lds hubetbs ib doud y las ibsdobs a ib ldsmakmds y ib las ldvdibras hluvfdlbs% Be apfefe ib Hau`dult, ldkbif`dlfzd`fe ib ld fuidibe bl sfola SXFFF pbrkftf qub las pra+hbsfaedlbs kifàs sb pusfbrde be àetd`ta ifrb`ta àe atrds `fbe+`fds dhfebs, bspb`fdlkbetb ld qukf`d y ld hsf`d7 y qub ld kbif`fedpdsdrd ibl delfsfs ib lds àeif`faebs ibl kbifa, dl bstuifa ib las

bhb`tas ibl kbifa samrb bl arodefska y, hfedlkbetb, dl delfsfs iblprapfa arodefska%@ae ld kbif`fed urmded dpdrb`f, paà detbsib ld ]bvalu`fe Hrde`bsd, ld ea`fe ib sdlumrfidi qub cd`brbhbrbe`fd dl bstdia ibl kbifa dkmfbetb y sus blbkbetas àestf+tuybetbs be taia dqublla qub pbrkftd kbjardr ld sdlui W=?[%

Dl fef`fdrsb be 4?36 ld ]bvalu`fe Hrde`bsd, ld `fuidi ib ^d+rs yd cdmd sfia ibtbefidkbetb bstuifdid par ued palf`d kif+`d urmded qub cdmd bstdmlb`fia lds ifrb`trf`bs ib la qub sb ibmb+rd rbdlfzdr pdrd ued dibùdid arodefzd`fe ib las sbrvf`fas ibsdlumrfidi be ld `fuidi% Bsta pbrkftf qub ued ib lds prfkbrdsib`fsfaebs takdids par ld Dsdkmlbd @aestftuybetb be 4?6> 4?64

hubrd ld `rbd`fe ibl @akft ib Pdlumrfidi be las ibpdrtdkbe+tas y `fuidibs prfe`fpdlbs% Ld sdlumrfidi cdmd sfia betbeifidàka ld mdsb kdtbrfdl y sa`fdl rbqubrfid pdrd bl laora ib las amjb+tfvas ib ued Cfofbeb ^mlf`d àkpdtfmlb àe las prfe`fpfasrbvalu`faedrfas W=?, =6[%

Dl hfedl ibl sfola SXFFF cdmd trfuehdia fibalof`dkbetb bl lfmb+rdlfska be Hrde`fd, fkpaefbeia las prfe`fpfas ib Lfmbrtdi, Foudl+idi y Hrdtbrefidi be ld Ib`ldrd`feRefvbrsdl ib las Ibrb`cas iblCakmrb y ibl @fuididea% Pb dhfrkdmd, ds, ld fibd ib qub las fetbrb+sbs ib las feifvfiuas lfmrbsbrde ld rdze ibl Bstdia a ib ld sa`fb+idi paltf`d , y qub las d`tas ib las paibrbs Lbofsldtfva y Bjbùtfvaibmde sumarifedrsb d if`cas fetbrbsbs pdrd laordr ld hblf`fidi p+mlf`d% Ld àesbrvd`fe ib ld sdlumrfidi ibl bspd`fa pmlfà y blibsdrralla ib ld cfofbeb àlb`tfvd brde ias àeif`faebs pdrd ld pra+tb``fe ib ld sdlui cukded y, par beib, pdrd bl laora ib ld hblf`f+idi sa`fdl%


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Ld âlf`d Kif`d a Kbif`fed ib Bstdia be Dlbkdefd

Dl hfedl ibl sfola SXFFF Dlbkdefd bstdmd àeharkdid par ks ib 0>pbqubas Bstdias dmsalutfstds y sbkfhbuidlbs oambredias par is+

patds flustrdias% Ld tbard ib oamfbrea iakfedetb ibsib bl sfola SXFbe tdlbs Bstdias brd bl `dkbrdlfska, vbrsfe dlbkded ibl

Kbr`detflfska% Ib dùbria àe blld, pdrd fe`rbkbetdr bl paibr pa+ltfà y ld rfqubzd ed`faedl sb rbqubrd dukbetdr, ifrfofr y àetra+ldr ld pamld`fe ib dùbria d las fetbrbsbs ibl Bstdia% Ld

âlfzdfwfssbes`cdht #`fbe`fd ibl Bstdia& brd uea ib las prfe`fpd+lbs blbkbetas ib bstd tbard qub pastuldmd ued pamld`fe ordeib,ued paltf`d bstdtdl be la bàekfà+sa`fdl y ued ifs`fplfed tbrf+`d y pr`tf`d ib ld dikfefstrd`fe pmlf`d W0>[% âr atra ldia, ibs+ib ld pbrspb`tfvd ibl dmsalutfska a ibspatfska, bl Bstdia bs rbs+paesdmlb ib sus oambredias y, sdmfbeia la qub lbs bs dprapfdia,aribed la qub bllas ibmbe cd`br pdrd aesbrvdr su mfbebstdr%

Ibetra ib bsb kdrà tbrfà, bl Bstdia rbàea`b qub ld pratb`+`fe ib ld sdlui ib sus `fuidideas bs ued ib sus amlfod`faebs,ld ùdl ibmb sbr ùkplfid d trdvs ib kbifids lbodlbs y dikf+efstrdtfvds% Lbybs y rbould`faebs palf`fdlbs ibmde prbs`rfmfr la

qub las feifvfiuas tbede qub cd`br y ibmde bvftdr be las bspd+`fas pmlfàs y prfvdias pdrd kdetbebr y rbstdurdr su sdlui% Ldàeiu``fe paltf`d y ld dikfefstrd`fe ib ld cfofbeb pmlf`d yld sdefidi brde, hfedlkbetb, hue`faebs palf`fdlbs ib ue Bstdia

pdtbredlfstd% Pb ibhfed ds ued eubvd àe`bp`fe ibl pdpbl ibl Bs+tdia be bl ùfidia ib ld sdlui% @ae`bp`fe qub, luboa, sb ibea+kfedrd âlf`d Kif`d y sbrd betbeifid àka ld harkuld`feib ued paltf`d kif`d y ib su festrukbetd`fe àe rbould`fa+ebs dikfefstrdtfvds y palf`fdlbs #kdetbefkfbeta ibl aribe y ibld lfkpfbzd be bl bspd`fa pmlfà y prfvdia& d `droa ib arodefskas

oumbredkbetdlbs%Bl prfkbr bs`rfta samrb bstd àe`bp`fe dlbkded hub pumlf`d+ia be 4882 par Xae Pb`gbeiarhh #48=8+486=&, àetbkpareba ib^btty% Pfe bkmdroa, bl tbrfà ks rbprbsbetdtfva ib bstd tbeibe+`fd hub Jacdee ^btbr Hrdeg #4?93+43=4&, qufbe be 4??6 bs`rfmd lasfoufbetb:


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Ld sbourfidi fetbrfar ibl Bstdia bs bl hfe ib ld `fbe`fd obebrdl ibld palf`d% Red pdrtb fkpartdetb ib blld bs ld `fbe`fd qub eas be+

sbd d ifrfofr kbtif`dkbetb ld sdlui ib las sbrbs cukdeas qubvfvbe be sa`fbidi y ib las defkdlbs qub dqubllas eb`bsftde pdrdsus ldmarbs y su kdeutbe`fe%%% âr tdeta, ld paltf`d kif`d,

àka ld `fbe`fd ib ld paltf`d be obebrdl, bs ue drtb ibhbesfva,ued ia`trfed kbifdetb ld ùdl las sbrbs cukdeas y sus dyuide+tbs defkdlbs pubibe sbr pratbofias aetrd lds kdlds aesbùbe+

`fds ib su bx`bsfva dkaetaedkfbeta be ld tfbrrd7 y, ib kdebrdbspb`fdl, bs ue drtb pdrd ld praka`fe ib su mfbebstdr hsfà be

harkd tdl, qub sfe suhrfr feibmfidkbetb ib las kdlbs hsfàs, pub+ide ifhbrfr la ks pasfmlb bl ibstfea dl ùdl, hfedlkbetb, tfbebequb suùkmfr taias% @ue bxtrda bl qub bstd `fbe`fd, qub `didid sb cd`b ks bsbe`fdl pdrd eubstrd rdzd, sbd tde paà ùltfvd+

id%%% Bsta sb ibmb qufz dl cb`ca ib qub sla rb`fbetbkbetb ldobetb cd àkbezdia d àkprbeibr bl vdlar ibl sbr cukdea y dàesfibrdr ld vbetdjd ib ld pamld`fe W=?, =6, 04, 0=[%

Ld amrd ib Hrdeg,Kbif`fefs`cb âlfzby, pumlf`did betrb 4??6 y434? be sbfs valkbebs, tuva ued orde ifhusfe be las Bstdiasobrkdeas% ^bra ld dplf`d`fe ib su prapubstd be bl rbsta ib Bura+pd tuva lfkftd`faebs qub sb ibrfvdmde ib sus hueidkbetas kbr+`detflfstds y dmsalutfstds qub yd brde amsalbtas be bl sfola SFS% Bepdldmrds ib Hau`dult W=?[, ld amrd ib Hrdeg paid sbr àesfibrdidàka ued prapubstd ib Kbif`fed ib Bstdia qub fe`lud kbif+ids pdrd %%%ld arodefzd`fe ibl sdmbr kifà bstdtdl, ld earkdlf+zd`fe ib ld prahbsfe kif`d, ld sumarifed`fe ib las kifàs dued dikfefstrd`fe obebrdl y, par ltfka, ld fetbord`fe ib vdrfaskifàs be ued arodefzd`fe kif`d bstdtdl%

Ed`fkfbeta ib ld sdlui pmlf`d kaibred

Lds eubvds àeif`faebs sa`fdlbs y ùlturdlbs ibl sfola SXFFF hdvarb+`fbrae bl ibsdrralla ib ld Cfofbeb ^mlf`d, àka ued ifs`fplfedprata`fbethf`d qub hueidkbetd bl ùfidia ib ld sdlui be bl bspd+`fa pmlfà7 y ib ld sdefidi àka ued pr`tf`d ib fetbrvbe`feibl Bstdia ed`faedl, arfbetdid d kbjardr ld sdlui àlb`tfvd y, be


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àesbùbe`fd, bl mfbebstdr ib ld pamld`fe% Be bl ed`fkfbeta ib ldPdlui ^mlf`d kaibred àehluybe vdrfds vbrtfbetbs: ld `fbethf`dib ld kbif`fed urmded y ib ld âlf`d Kif`d, qub bstuifde lashd`tarbs bspd`fdlbs y sa`fdlbs qub àeif`faede ld sftud`fe ib ldsdlui àlb`tfvd7 ld vbrtfbetb ùlturdl, qub cd àehfourdia ued kbe+tdlfidi flustrdid sbesfmlb d las pramlbkds cukdeas, qub sb vbdedordvdias par ld supbrvfvbe`fd ibl Detfoua ]ofkbe7 ld vbrtfbe+tb paltf`d ib ld ]bvalu`fe Hrde`bsd, qub ibhfeb ld ibhbesd ib lasibrb`cas edturdlbs ibl fuididea aka bl amjbta ib taid sa`fbidi

paltf`d7 y, hfedlkbetb, ld vbrtfbetb bàekf`d, dpartdid par ld ]b+valu`fe Feiustrfdl, qub prava`d ld dpdrf`fe ibl pralbtdrfdia ysu ibkdeid dl Bstdia ib ld kaifhf`d`fe ib lds àeif`faebs ibvfid be qub sb beùbetrd, ds àka ld rbvdlard`fe ib ld hubrzd ibtrdmdja àka hd`tar ib praiu``fe%

D pdrtfr ib sus pastuldias prata`fbethfàs, ld Cfofbeb àetf+eudmd bxplf`deia bl arfobe ib lds bpfibkfds àe ld tbard dtkas+hrf`d+kfdsktf`d, dcard àkplbkbetdid y rbeavdid àe ld fe+tbrprbtd`fe sa`fdl ib lds àesbùbe`fds ebodtfvds ib ld pamrbzd%Dibks, ld hueidkbetd`fe ib if`cd tbard cdmd sfia rbharzdidpar las pastuldias ib ld fdtraqukf`d, bsbe`fdlkbetb àe las ib

Lde`fsf, qub rbld`fae if`ca arfobe àe ld hbrkbetd`fe ibl doudbstde`did, ib ld ùdl sb ibrfvdrde vdparbs pbstflbetbs àestftuf+ias par kfdskds dl`dlfeas, dkaefd`dlbs a ib xfia eftrasa% Ydk+mfe sb lb rbld`fae àe ld d``fe ea`fvd ibl àejueta ib las pra+iu`tas qukfàs utflfzdias be ld feiustrfd%

Bsd tbard dtkashrf`d+kfdsktf`d hueidkbet ued pr`tf+`d sdeftdrfd arfbetdid d sdebdr, vbetfldr y lfkpfdr lasbetareas hsfàs% Ydkmfe justfhf` las bshubrzas rbdlfzdias par laskuef`fpfas, pdrd blfkfedr ib las dlrbibiarbs ib las e`lbas urmd+eas lds d`tfvfidibs àesfibrdids àka ea`fvds d ld sdlui #ùltfva

ib drraz, trdtdkfbeta ib las ùrtfias, bt`%&% Bshubrzas àd`tfvas qubobebrdrae hubrtbs rbsfstbe`fds ib las dhb`tdias, paefbeia be bvf+ibe`fd las àehlf`tas betrb las fetbrbsbs bàekfàs y las sdeftd+rfas% Ld fkpartde`fd atarodid d las dkmfbetbs hsfàs y sus rbld+`faebs àe lds àeif`faebs ib vfid y ib ld sdlui ib àlb`tfvas àe+`rbtas justfhf` las trdmdjas rbdlfzdias par Jdkbs Lfei be 4?20 sa+


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mrb bl bsàrmuta be ld Drkdid, a las kltfplbs bstuifas bhb`tudiasbe Hrde`fd, Feoldtbrrd y Bspdd samrb ld sftud`fe ib las dlajdiasbe las caspftdlbs, kdefàkfas, arhblfedtas y prfsfaebs W=3[%

Be dloueas pdsbs burapbas, betrb las qub sb beàetrdmde Bs+pdd b Feoldtbrrd, ld àeka`fe praiu`fid par ld pbstb ib Kdrsb+lld ib 4?=> diqufrf ued bspb`fdl sfoefhf`d`fe pdrd bl ibsdrrallaib ld Pdefidi, ld ùdl sb àehfourd àka ued bstru`turdfestftu`faedl bstdtdl pbrkdebetb qub tfbeb àka kfsfe àetraldrlds àeif`faebs dkmfbetdlbs vfeùldids àe ld dpdrf`fe y ifhu+

sfe ib lds bpfibkfds% Be Bspdd sb sustftuy bl ]bdl ^rata+kbif`dta par ld Juetd Puprbkd ib Pdefidi, arodefzd`fe bstd+tdl, ibpbeifbetb ibl oamfbrea `betrdl, jbrdrqufzdid b fkpldetdidbe taia bl tbrrftarfa ed`faedl, àe rbprbsbetd`fe la`dl d trdvs iblds Juetds ib Pdefidi ib kbear kmfta bspd`fdl% Dsfkfska be Fe+oldtbrrd, d pdrtfr ibl feharkb bldmardia par ]% Kbdi sb àestftuyue @aesbja ib Pdlui, àe dkplfas paibrbs pdrd llbvdr d `dmalds kbifids àesfibrdids apartueds pdrd ld lu`cd àetrd ldsbpfibkfds W=3[%

Fef`fa ib ld vdùed`fe be bl kueia a``fibetdl

Ld vfrubld hub ibs`rftd àrrb`tdkbetb par bl pbrsd ]dzs #382+6=2&,y bs bvfibetb qub cdmd sfia àea`fid ibsib tfbkpas fekbkarfdlbsbe ld @cfed y be ld Feifd% Iurdetb sfolas, las arfbetdlbs cdmdetrdtdia ib pratbobrsb àetrd ld behbrkbidi par kbifa ib ld lldkd+id vdrfald`fe a feaùld`fe prahfl`tf`d, qub bhb`tudmde cd+`fbeia dspfrdr par ld edrfz ld àstrd sb`d ib pstulds vdrfalasds,fetraiu`fbeia kdtbrfdl vdrfalasa be ued vbed, a hfjdeia ue hrdo+kbeta ib if`ca kdtbrfdl samrb ue rdsoua be ld pfbl ib pbrsaedssus`bptfmlbs, prbvfdkbetb ea bxpubstds d bstd behbrkbidi%

Bl feaùldia rb`fmb ue dsa dtbeudia ib vfrubld+hfbmrb ks mdjdy kbeas bxdetbkd, qub bs rdrdkbetb hdtdl y àehfbrb fekuef+idi d ld fehb``fe pastbrfar #Orbbeauoc 463>&%

Pf bl pra`bifkfbeta tbed xfta, bl feaùldia ea diqufrd ld be+hbrkbidi iurdetb lds bpfibkfds qub febvftdmlbkbetb dsaldrde d


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ld àkuefidi y sb rbiu`d bl pblfora ib qub ld fehb``fe ibjdsb`f`dtrf`bs sbvbrds y atrds sbùblds% Ifhfbrb ib ld vdùed`fejbeebrfded prfe`fpdlkbetb be qub ued pbrsaed feaùldid bs àe+tdofasd, kfbetrds qub ued pbrsaed vdùedid ea la bs%

Ld vdrfald`fe pdrb`b cdmbr sfia trdid d Burapd iurdetb blsfola SXFF, y be bl sfoufbetb sfola yd sb cdmd àevbrtfia be ued pr`+tf`d trdif`faedl #àkprdr ld vfrubld& betrb las `dkpbsfeas pald+às, orfboas, hrde`bsbs y odlbsbs #Capgfes 4690&% bra, ea hub d`bp+tdid be las `betras urmdeas burapbas cdstd 4?4?, ùdeia àkbe+

z d sbr utflfzdid ib kdebrd bsparif`d% D kbifdias ibl sfola SXFFF,detbs ibl ibsùmrfkfbeta ib Jbeebr, ld vfrubld brd rbspaesdmlb ibl4> " ib ld kartdlfidi tatdl7 hrbùbetbkbetb ibshfourdmd ld `drd iblas qub ea kdtdmd y brd ued ib lds prfe`fpdlbs `dusds ib ld `b+oubrd% Lds kbifids ks fkpartdetbs pdrd àetraldr ld vfrubld sb+oude sfbeia bl dfsldkfbeta y ld ùdrbetbed%

Biwdri Jbeebr #4?96+43=0& fef`f sus bxpbrfkbetas be 4?33%Cfza suyd ld amsbrvd`fe papuldr ib qub lds kdeas ib lds arib+diards brde hrbùbetbkbetb àetdofdids ib lds lbsfaebs ul`brd+ids ib lds vd`ds fehb`tdids àe ld àw+pax #vdùed&, y qub if+`ca àetdofa prava`dmd ued fe`dpd`fidi pdrd àetrdbr pastbrfar+

kbetb ld vfrubld% D pdrtfr ib bstd amsbrvd`fe, Jbeebr pldetb ldcfptbsfs ib ld `dpd`fidi prahfl`tf`d ib ld vdùed y ld sakbtf dprubmd kbifdetb ue pra`bifkfbeta vbrfhf`dmlb àe xfta% Be 4?63,Biwdri Jbeebr pumlf` ue hallbta àe las rbsultdias ib sus trdmd+jas: Bstuifa ib lds @dusds y Bhb`tas ib ld Xdrfaldb Xd``fedb, behbrkb+idi ibsùmfbrtd be dloueas ib las àeidias ibl abstb ib Feoldtbrrd, pdrtf+ùldrkbetb be Olau`bstbr, y àea`fia mdja bl eakmrb ib Xdùed% ûmlf+`d`fe qub diqufrf, pastbrfarkbetb, ued orde fkpartde`fd be ldcfstarfd ib ld Pdlui ^mlf`d kueifdl%

Dl prfe`fpfa, bl usa ibl orde ibsùmrfkfbeta ib Jbeebr prava+

` rbsfstbe`fds be ld akuefidi kif`d% bra su trdmdja bstdmd s+lfidkbetb hueidkbetdia be idtas bxpbrfkbetdlbs, ld vdùed`fetuva rbsultdias pasftfvas y àevfe`betbs y brd eb`bsdrfa ue kta+ia ks sboura, feaùa y kbeas ialarasa qub ld vdrfalfzd`fe% Yaiablla fkpusa be if`cd àkuefidi ld vdlfibz b fkpartde`fd ib su


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trdmdja, y sb puia fef`fdr be bl kueia ld vdùed`fe kdsfvd àe+trd ld vfrubld% Pb utflfz, betae`bs, bl prfkbr kbifa `fbethfà y bhb`+tfva pdrd ld prbvbe`fe ib ued behbrkbidi trdeskfsfmlb W=6[%

Ld mbebhf`be`fd be bl kueia a``fibetdl

Lds fibds ib justf`fd y ibl mfbe àke

Yaks ib Dqufea #4==9+4=?2 i% @%& dikftb las àe`bptas drfsta+

tlfàs ib justf`fd àekutdtfvd y ifstrfmutfvd, pbra fetraiu`b blb+kbetas ib ld ia`trfed `dtlf`d% Bl Bstdia pra`bib ib Ifas% Ld vfidtbrrbedl be bl Bstdia bs sla prbpdrd`fe ib ued huturd vfid bspf+rftudl be Ifas% Bl paibr ibl oambredetb ibmb sumarifedrsb dl pa+ibr bspfrftudl, supbrfar d l% D ld `dmbzd ib bstb paibr bspfrftudlsb beùbetrd @rfsta be bl `fbla y bl ^dpd be ld Yfbrrd% Bstas blb+kbetas lb pbrkftbe d Yaks ifhbrbe`fdr `ldrdkbetb betrb lbybtbred, lby edturdl y lby cukded% Ld lby btbred a Ifvfedàestftuyb ld sdmfiurd ifvfed pdrd bl oamfbrea ibl kueia, fe`lu+yb lds lbybs hsf`ds y mfalof`ds y lds qub pbrkftbe dl cakmrbifshrutdr ib bxfstbe`fd, àea`fkfbeta y lfmbrtdi% Ld lby edturdl sb

ibsprbeib ib ld lby btbred y bst fes`rftd be ld àe`fbe`fd ibl cak+mrb pdrd prbs`rfmfrlb qub ibmb amrdr ib dùbria àe su edturdlb+zd% Ld lby cukded, prakulodid par bl oambredetb, dspfrd d sbr ldbxprbsfe ib ld lby edturdl y sla bs obeufed ùdeia sb arfbetd dllaora ibl mfbe àke% Bstd ifhbrbe`fd`fe pbrkftf d ld Folbsfd dhfr+kdr qub ld lby edturdl bs ue prb`bpta qub sb beùbetrd par be`f+kd ibl oambredetb a ib ld àkuefidi, par la qub sf ld lby cukd+ed bst be àehlf`ta àe ld lby edturdl ea pubib sbr àesfibrdidàka ued earkd ib Ibrb`ca vbridibrd sfea su pbrvbrsfe, parùdeta fkpfib dl cakmrb ùkplfr àe su hfe bsbe`fdl: rbdlfzdr bl

mfbe, oazdr ib Ifas, dl`dezdr ld hblf`fidi% Bl pbesdkfbeta jurif+à bspdal ib las sfolas SXF y SXFF àetfed bl ibsdrralla ib ld vf+sfe takfstd% Ds, tbebkas qub Hrde`fsà Purbz sastfbeb ld bxfs+tbe`fd ib ld lby edturdl be ld àe`fbe`fd ibl cakmrb, ld ùdl bsfekutdmlb y uefvbrsdl W00[%


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Dibks, pdrd taias las pbesdiarbs a``fibetdlbs detbrfarbs dlsfola SXFF, ld pbrhb``fe kardl qub `did pbrsaed dl`dezd be ld à+kuefidi ibpbeib ib su luodr be blld% Be bl sambrdea, su mfbe feif+vfiudl sb fibetfhf`d àe bl mfbe àke% Be las smiftas, sus mfbebsfeifvfiudlbs sla paire sbr àesfibrdias àka mubeas ùdeia sbarfbetde d dqublla qub bl sambrdea betfbeib àka mfbe àke% Ibdc qub bl kxfka mfbe feifvfiudl ibl smifta sbd ld ambifbe`fd% Dloambredetb sb lb ibmb ambifbe`fd y pfbidi, la kfska qub d las pd+irbs% Ydl bs bl hueidkbeta ibl pdtbredlfska, ued àestdetb be taid

ld trdif`fe sa`fapaltf`d ib arfbetd`fe edturdlfstd W09[%

Mbebhf`be`fd prfvdid y rblfofasd

Ld cfstarfd pdrb`b ibkastrdr qub be taid arodefzd`fe cukdedsb prbsbetd àka bspaetebd rbspubstd hrbetb d ld kbebstbrasfidia feifobe`fd ib dloueas ib sus kfbkmras, ued d``fe feifvfiudla àlb`tfvd fespfrdid be fibds ib `drfidi, hrdtbrefidi, be sukd,ib dkar dl prjfka qub mus`d saàrrbr dl eb`bsftdia% Bstd d``fearfbetdid d ld rbdlfzd`fe ibl mfbe, qub bs ld mbebhf`be`fd, dpdrb+`b, be su fef`fa, prbhbrbetbkbetb bspaetebd y prfvdid, y bs

ued ib lds prfkbrds kdefhbstd`faebs ib ld sbourfidi sa`fdl ùyaamjbta bs dmalfr ibtbrkfedias bstdias ib eb`bsfidi qub bxpbrf+kbetde sbrbs cukdeas ibetra ib ue ùbrpa sa`fdl W02[%

Yaids lds ordeibs ùlturds ib ld detfobidi kubstrde fk+partdetbs kdefhbstd`faebs ib bstd harkd ib ld mubed d``fe, qubsb pbrhfld `did vbz àe ks `ldrfidi be ld kbifid qub sb fetbr+edlfzd be lds arodefzd`faebs rblfofasds, qub be su kakbeta, dsu+kbe bstd tdrbd àka kdefhbstd`fe pr`tf`d ibl dkar ib Ifas bebl cakmrb% Bs ds aka bl `rfstfdefska rbvfstf d ld mbebhf`be`fd ibue sbetfia bsbe`fdlkbetb rblfofasa, aesfibrdeia d ld lfkased aka

dordidmlb d Ifas y bjbr`fbeia ld `drfidi àka ue hfe be s kfska%^drd hd`flftdr ld arodefzd`fe ib ld mbebhf`be`fd sb festftuy blifdàedia, mdja ld obstfe ib las amfspas% Las ifàeas cd`de uedlfstd ib las pamrbs ib ld if`bsfs qub tbede ibrb`ca d ld pdrtf`f+pd`fe ibl pdtrfkaefuk pdupbruk, àestftufia parlds iifvds a


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iaed`faebs qub las oambredetbs y las pdrtfùldrbs cd`de d ldFolbsfd% Be bl ibsdrralla ib ld amrd `drftdtfvd ib ld Folbsfd `dtlf`dsb bstdmlb`f ld amlfod`fe ib las amfspas ib cdmflftdr luodrbs pdrdcaspbidr d las eb`bsftdias ib dsfla% Caspftdlbs, caspf`fas, arhb+lfedtas, `dsds ib rbàofids, bt`% rbàea`be su arfobe be bstd amlf+od`fe W02, 08[%

Be 4208, par aribe ib Hrde`fsà F ib Hrde`fd, ld mbebhf`be fdhub sbùldrfzdid d hdvar ibl Bstdia, duequb sla be ld `fuidi ib^drs7 pbra Hrde`fsà FF ld bxtbeif d taid Hrde`fd, y paà tdrid+

rae las ibks Bstdias be sboufr bstd àeiu`td% Ks de, ld Folb+sfd `dtlf`d àetfeu bjbr`fbeia su d``fe be bl `dkpa ib ld mb+ebhf`be`fd, prfe`fpdlkbetb par kbifa ib lds aribebs rblfofasdstrdif`faedlbs, pdrtfùldrkbetb las mbebif`tfeas, `fstbr`fbesbs yprbkastrdtbesbs, y eubvas festftutas y ribebs qub hubrae dpd+rb`fbeia% Ld sbùldrfzd`fe ib ld mbebhf`be`fd, d pdrtfr ibl sfolaSXF, pbrkftf bl ibsdrralla praorbsfva ib lds arodefzd`faebs mb+ehf`ds ldf`ds% stds sb arodefzdrae, sfe bkmdroa, samrb mdsbsprfe`fpdlkbetb kardlbs y rblfofasds7 bs ib`fr, arfbetdeia sus d`+`faebs d ld rbdlfzd`fe ib ld `drfidi, ld hrdtbrefidi, bl dkar dlprjfka y, be ltfkd festde`fd, d ld ifs`fplfed kardl ib qufbebs

ld prd`tf`de W02, 08[%Bl dtrfmuta àke ib ld mbebhf`be`fd ea bstdtdl, yd sbd rblfofa+

sa a sbùldrfzdia be ùdeta d d``fe pdrd bl mfbe ibl prjfka, bsprfkbra y prfe`fpdlkbetb su `dr`tbr ib d``fe prfvdid% V, be àe+sbùbe`fd, sb trdtd ib ued d``fe ks a kbeas bspaetebd, ibstf+edid d saàrrbr d las pamrbs a eb`bsftdias, fkpulsdid par sbetf+kfbetas ib `drfidi y dkar dl prjfka, y hueidkbetdid be bl ib+mbr rblfofasa y!a tfà ib dhfrkdr y ib rbdlfzdr ibtbrkfedias vdla+rbs qub sb ibrfvde ibl mfbe%

Fef`fas ib ld dsfstbe`fd pmlf`dD pdrtfr ib las sfolas SFX y SX, sb cd`b bvfibetb ld `rb`fbetb fesuhf+`fbe`fd ib ld mbebhf`be`fd rblfofasd y sbùldrfzdid hrbetb d ld ord+vbidi y ld bxtbesfe ib ld pamrbzd be Burapd% Ld ifskfeu`fe iblas rbùrsas rblfofasas y prfvdias ib mbebhf`be`fd y su obstfe ea


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sfbkprb bhf`fbetb, jueta d ued rb`fbetb ibkdeid ib saàrra be pa+`ds ib `rfsfs, feiujbrae d ued kdyar pdrtf`fpd`fe ibl Bstdia bebl `dkpa ib ld mbebhf`be`fd% ^duldtfedkbetb, lds betfidibs pmlf+`ds bkpfbzde d dsukfr lds hue`faebs apbrdtfvds be if`ca `dkpa,detbrfarkbetb betrbodid d las dobetbs ea pmlfàs, ibsbkpbde+ia ue pdpbl did vbz ks fkpartdetb be bl saàrra d las pamrbs%

Bxpbrfbe`fds ib saàrra kuef`fpdl pdrd las feifobetbs, be dl+oueds `fuidibs burapbds, tfbeibe d obebrdlfzdrsb d bs`dld ed`fa+edl d trdvs ib aribedezds rbdlbs qub bstdmlb`be amlfod`faebs d

lds `fuidibs y d las pubmlas be hdvar ib las pamrbs% Ibstd`did bsld fehlube`fd qub be tdl sbetfia bjbr`f iae Jude Lufs Xfvbs #496=+429>&, dkfoa pbrsaedl ibl orde cukdefstd Brdska ib ]attbridky ib Yaks Kara, qufbe mrfei dsbsard be ld harkuld`fe ib td+lbs earkds be dloueds kuef`fpdlfidibs y qub àkpdrtf sus fibdsàe qufbebs sb aùpdmde ib paltf`ds ib duxflfa d las pamrbs be ldàrtb ib Feoldtbrrd% Ld sustftu`fe ib lds àlb`tds iakfef`dlbs paràetrfmu`faebs amlfodtarfds ib taias las `fuidideas be bsb pdskdr`d bl àkfbeza ib la qub sbre lbybs ed`faedlbs su`bsfvds if`+tdids iurdetb bl sfola SXF, mdsb ib ld dsfstbe`fd pmlf`d cdstd blprbsbetb% Ydl pra`bsa ib rbàea`fkfbeta ib ld amlfod`fe ibl Bstd+

ia pdrd dyuidr d las efas `drbetbs ib rbùrsas y, be obebrdl, dlas pamrbs, sb harkdlfz be Feoldtbrrd àe Ycb âar Ldw D`t ib48>4, iurdetb bl rbfedia ib Fsdmbl F W02[%

Ld kbe`faedid lby bstdmlb`f ld amlfod`fe ib las sbrvf`fas ibdsfstbe`fd, debxas d `did ued ib lds pdrraqufds, ib prbstdr dyuidd las efas ùyas pdirbs ea paide ùfidrlas, d las pamrbs vlf+ias y d las fe`dpd`ftdias a ialfbetbs% Lds pdrraqufds eakmrdmdedeudlkbetb d ias a trbs fespb`tarbs be`drodias, mdja ld fespb`+`fe ib las jub`bs ib pdz, ib cd`br ùkplfr ld Lby ib las âmrbs7be bspb`fdl, la rbhbrbetb d lds àetrfmu`faebs ib pamrbs #paar rdtbs&

qub ibmde cd`br las pdrraqufdeas cd`beidias% D las efas cur+hdeas sb lbs ibstfedmd d ue dprbeifzdjb, d las pamrbs vlfias sblbs idmd trdmdja y d las fe`dpd`ftdias sb lbs dsfstd% Ld amlfod`feib trdmdjdr brd febluifmlb pdrd las pamrbs vlfias qub qufsfbrdeamtbebr saàrra%


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@aka `did pdrraqufd brd rbspaesdmlb par bl kdetbefkfbetaib las pamrbs rbsfibetbs be su kmfta, blld praùrdmd rbiu`fr blekbra ib stas musèialbs bkplba% @ae bstb amjbta sb `rbdrae,ibsib 486?, `betras ib kdeuhd`turd be ld harkd ib wargcausbs% Laspamrbs qub bstdmde be `dpd`fidi ib trdmdjdr brde bevfdias d bs+tas `betras a sb lbs be`drodmd atra tfpa ib ldmar par sdldrfas kuymdjas y sla d las fe`dpd`ftdias sb lbs atarodmd ued dyuid bàe+kf`d pdrd su kdeutbe`fe% Bstd arfbetd`fe brd àfe`fibetb àebl ibsba aetbkpareba ib bstfkuldr ld praspbrfidi ed`faedl usde+

ia d las pamrbs ibsbkplbdias be ld kdeuhd`turd%D pdrtfr ibl kakbeta be qub bl pamrb, fe`dpd`ftdia pdrd trd+

mdjdr, sb mbebhf`fdmd ibl sfstbkd pdrraqufdl ib dsfstbe`fd, sb vbdprfvdia ib las ibrb`cas ib ue vdsdlla earkdl7 ds, par bjbkpla,qubidmd amlfodia d sakbtbrsb d vdrfas àetralbs y atrds kbifidsib tfpa àd`tfva% Bstds kbifids pbrkftfbrae ued dsfstbe`fd la`dlf+zdid ib las pamrbs bxtrbkas y, dl kfska tfbkpa, ue àetral sdef+tdrfa ib las kfskas7 dibks, brd ue kbifa ib lfkftdr a rbstrfeofrld ibkdeid ib dsfstbe`fd% Be rbdlfidi, bl hueidkbeta ib ld dsfs+tbe`fd pmlf`d be bsas das bstdmd ks be bl fetbrs ib dmalfr aàkmdtfr bl ibsaribe sa`fdl vfeùldia àe ld pamrbzd, qub be bl

kbra dhe ib dyuidr dl prjfka% Ld pamrbzd brd àesfibrdid uepramlbkd pbrsaedl, obebrdia par ld fkprbvfsfe, bl vf`fa y ld fe+kardlfidi ibl pamrb7 par la qub ld vdode`fd y ld kbeif`fidi sbbeàetrdmde sde`faedids sa`fdl y pbedlkbetb W0, 0?[%

Be Hrde`fd hub sboufid sfkfldr paltf`d ib dsfstbe`fd pmlf`d%Red aribedezd ib Hrde`fsà F be 4208 ifspusa qub lds pdrraqufdsùfidsbe ib las pamrbs% Ld Aribedezd ib Kaulfes, be 4288, bx+tbeif d taids lds àkuefidibs kuef`fpdlbs ld àetrfmu`fe ibpamrbs qub bxfstd be drs ibsib 429?% Dl kfska tfbkpa, las kbe+ifoas ea fe`dpd`ftdias brde amlfodias d trdmdjdr be lds tfbrrds ib

las sbarbs la`dlbs a d prbstdr sbrvf`fas bspb`fdlbs d stas% Las kbe+ifoas qub sb rbsfstde brde sbvbrdkbetb `dstfodias% Bl ekbra ibkbeifoas y vdodmueias #obes sdes dvbu&, dukbet àesfibrdmlb+kbetb iurdetb las sfoufbetbs sfolas SXFF y SXFFF% Las bif`tas ib LufsSFX, qub paede mdja ld fespb``fe ibl Bstdia las bstdmlb`fkfbetas


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ib mbebhf`be`fd b`lbsfstfàs y lds hueid`faebs, tdkpaà rbsalvfb+rae bl pramlbkd ib ld kbeif`fidi%

@aka pdrtb ib bsd paltf`d, las caspftdlbs obebrdlbs ib Hrde+`fd dàode d taia tfpa ib fe`dpd`ftdias pdrd bl trdmdja:

@ae detbrfarfidi dl sfola SXFFF bl caspftdl brd ued festftu`fe bsbe+`fdlkbetb ib dsfstbe`fd d las pamrbs, pbra dl kfska tfbkpa%%% ib

sbpdrd`fe y bx`lusfe% Bl pamrb, àka tdl, eb`bsftdmd dsfstbe`fdy, àka behbrka, brd partdiar ib behbrkbidibs y pasfmlb pra+pdodiar ib stds% Be rbsukbe brd pblforasa% Ib dc ld eb`bsfidi

ib ld bxfstbe`fd ibl caspftdl, tdeta pdrd rbàobrla àka pdrd pra+tbobr d las ibks àetrd bl pblfora qub l betrddmd W03[%

Dl hfedl ibl sfola SXFFF, ld ]bvalu`fe Hrde`bsd fetraiu`b dlou+eas blbkbetas eubvas be ld àe`bp`fe ib ld dsfstbe`fd pmlf`dbe ùdeta sb prbtbeib dhfrkdr d std àka ue ibrb`ca edturdl iblas pamrbs samrb ld dmueide`fd ib las rfàs% If`cd rbvalu`fehfj las prfe`fpfas ib ld mbebhf`be`fd pmlf`d, ifspaefbeia be ld@aestftu`fe ib 4?60 qub ld sa`fbidi tbed ld amlfod`fe ib saà+rrbr d sus kfbkmras ibsvdlfias, arodefzeiasb dl bhb`ta taia uesfstbkd ib saàrras7 yd ibsib 4?36 sb `rbdrae tdllbrbs ed`faedlbsbe las qub sb idmd dsfstbe`fd d `dkmfa ib trdmdja7 pbra bstas tdllb+rbs sb `brrdrae kuy praeta par sus kdlas rbsultdias% Be 4?36 cd+md be Hrde`fd = 432 caspftdlbs y caspf`fas W08[%


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Pu feàrpard`fe dl kueia a``fibetdl

Ld llbodid ib las bspdalbs dl Fkpbrfa ib las fe`ds, kdr` ue puetaib fehlbxfe be bl pra`bsa cfstrfà pbrudea% Cdstd bl fef`fa ib ld@aequfstd, las pubmlas pbrudeas cdmde rbdlfzdia su ibsbevalvf+kfbeta bàekfà y sa`fdl ib kdebrd lfmrb y duteakd% Dl hfedlib ld kfskd, bl ^br dut`taea cdmd sfia feàrpardia dl kueiaa``fibetdl, be ued àeif`fe àlaefdl7 bs ib`fr, àka ue ^br su+

marifedia d las `betras ib paibr bàekfà y paltfà umf`diasbe Burapd% Pumarifed`fe qub sb bxprbsdrd, iurdetb bl vfrrbfedta,be bl `dr`tbr, sbetfia b fetbesfidi ib lds rbld`faebs bxobeds ibiakfefa+sumarifed`fe betrb ld kbtrpalf ibl Fkpbrfa bspdal ybl ^br àlaefdl% ]bld`faebs qub tdkmfe sb ifbrae dl fetbrfar iblkueia àlaefdl pbrudea, betrb ld `fuidi ib Lfkd y bl rbsta ib lds`fuidibs y ib las pubmlas ibl vfrrbfedta%

Bl ibsdrralla duteaka ibl ^br feiobed sb sustbetdmd samrbmdsbs kdtbrfdlbs y bspfrftudlbs ifhbrbetbs d lds bxfstbetbs be Bura+pd, pbra cdmd laordia supbrdr ldrodkbetb las efvblbs ib supbrvf+

vbe`fd ib sus pubmlas y obebrdr bx`bibetbs bàekfàs pdrd kde+tbebr ordeibs prayb`tas urmdeas y Bstdias tde paibrasas àka blib las fe`ds%

La qub beàetrdrae las bspdalbs%%% hub ue kueia ifvbrsa iae+

ib las pubmlas, ibsib kflbs ib das dtrs, cdmde fef`fdia ue

Bl ^br iurdetb ld @alaefd

W24[


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ldroa pra`bsa ib iakfefa ib ld edturdlbzd,%%% ib kdebrd ptfkdsboe lds àeif`faebs%%% taia bl tbrrftarfa deifea bstdmd iakbs+

tf`dia, be sus kltfplbs vbrsfaebs: lds pueds y las prdkas, lasvdllbs fetbrdeifeas y lds ùbe`ds, las ibsfbrtas y las adsfs #%%%&Yaia blla brd pasfmlb parqub bl cakmrb iakfedmd sus `frùes+

tde`fds, bl kueia feiobed ea bstdmd àeobldia, sfea taia laàetrdrfa, be plbea pra`bsa ib `rb`fkfbeta y dkplfd`fe%%% W06[

^bra bsd sftud`fe ib praorbsa duteaka ibl kueia feiobedea paid sbr dprb`fdid àka tdl par las àequfstdiarbs bspda+

lbs, ùyd kfsfe fef`fdl brd bl àetral kflftdr b fibalofà ib ueeubva kueia pbr`fmfia, ibsib ued pbrspb`tfvd bspdald y `d+tlf`d, àka ue àejueta ib pubmlas prfkftfvas y obetflbs qubibmde sbr `fvflfzdias rfstfdedkbetb% Be aesbùbe`fd, las àe+qufstdiarbs fkpusfbrae festftu`faebs y àstukmrbs bspdalds d lasàequfstdias, y trdtdrae ib blfkfedr lds bxpbrfbe`fds dùkuldidspar bl kueia feiobed, àevbrtfia ib dùbria àe bsd pbr`bp+`fe be ld dettbsfs ib ld `fvflfzd`fe y ibl ibsdrralla%

Bsta sb trdiuja kuy praeta be sborbod`fe y kdrofedlfidi ibàstukmrbs y obetbs dmarobebs, àevfrtfbeia be bstfokd d ld

àeif`fe feiobed #%%%& Dl àeobldr bl kueia feiobed par dtrd+sdia y prfkftfva sb àeobl tdkmfe ld bxpbrfbe`fd qub dqu sbcdmd dùkuldia W06[%

Ld àequfstd y ld àlaefzd`fe ibl Fkpbrfa fe`dfà ambib`fb+rae d lds eb`bsfidibs ib bxpdesfe paltf`d y ib dùkuld`fe bà+ekf`d ib ld kaedrqud bspdald% Pb trdtdmd ib fkpaebr utflf+zdeia ld hubrzd kflftdr y ld bvdeoblfzd`fe lds àeif`faebs kd+tbrfdlbs b fibalof`ds qub pasfmflftdrde ld bxtrd``fe bhf`dz y à+rrb`td ib las bx`bibetbs bàekfàs y ib las rbùrsas kbtlfàs iblas pubmlas àequfstdias, àe bl prapsfta ib dtbeibr las rbqubrf+kfbetas `rb`fbetbs ibl ibsdrralla fmrfà% Blla sfoefhf`, par bl ldia

kdtbrfdl, ld fkpldetd`fe ib ue rofkbe àlaefdl mdsdia be ld kf+ebrd y be ld bxplatd`fe ib lds tfbrrds, rfqubzds y hubrzd ib trdmd+ja ib las àequfstdias7 y, par bl ldia fibalofà, ld harkdlfzd`feib lds earkds jurif`ds y bl ibsdrralla ib earkds rblfofasds y ùl+


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turdlbs qub justfhf`drae y lboftfkdrae, be bl kueia cfspdeadkbrf+`dea, bsb rofkbe%

@ae bsas prapsftas, ld @araed bspdald, detb ld ib`fsfe ibàesfibrdr sf las pubmlas edtfvas ib lds Feifds bspdalds sbrvf+rde d sus vdsdllas àequfstdiarbs ib kaia tbkpardl a pbrpbtua,apt par festftu`faedlfzdr ld beàkfbeid ib feifas% D trdvs ibbstd festftu`fe, ld @araed paed dl ùfidia ib `did àequfstd+iar ue ibtbrkfedia ekbra ib feifvfiuas, hdkflfds a pubmlas fe+iobeds7 àe`bifeialb bl ibrb`ca d pbr`fmfr bl trfmuta y sbrvf`fas

pbrsaedlbs ib las kfskas% @aka àetrdpdrtb, ld @araed bspbrdmdld aldmard`fe ibl beàkbeibra be ld prbstd`fe ib sbrvf`fa kflf+tdr y be ld bvdeoblfzd`fe feifded% Ld beàkfbeid ea àe`bid ldprapfbidi ib ld tfbrrd ef ib las feifas% Ld hrkuld fef`fdl hub: vas Huldea, sb as beàkfbeide tdetas feifas ib tdl `d`fqub ybesbdilb lds àsds ib eubstrd sdetd hb `dtlf`d%

Ib bstd kdebrd, bl rby `bid dl beàkbeibra bl sbrvf`fa pbrsa+edl y bl trfmuta qub àka eubvas vdsdllas rbdlbs lb ibmde las fe+iobeds, àka ued àkpbesd`fe par las odstas y bshubrzas qubcdmd rbdlfzdia pdrd ld àequfstd ibl ^br, pbra sfe `bibr ld pra+pfbidi rbdl ibl tbrrftarfa àequfstdia% Dpdrbetbkbetb sb trdtdmd

ib ld salu`fe ks dprapfdid pdrd sdtfshd`br lds bxpb`tdtfvds pbr+saedlbs ib las àequfstdiarbs, ib kdebrd àeàridetb àe las fe+tbrbsbs ib ld kaedrqud W9>, 94[%

Ld beàkfbeid sb dplf` fef`fdlkbetb be lds Detfllds, Kxfày, luboa, be bl ^br àe ued earkdtfvfidi fkprb`fsd, praiu`fe+iasb ordeibs dmusas par pdrtb ib las beàkbeibras% Bl fetbrs ibld @araed par bvftdr bstas dmusas y par rbstrfeofr bl paibr ib lasbeàkbeibras, ibtbrkfe qub be 429= sb if`tdrde lds Lbybs Eub+vds ib Feifds, qub ib`ldrdrae ld pracfmf`fe ib ld bs`ldvftui yrbouldrae bl trdmdja y lds trfmutd`faebs ib las feiobeds dsfoed+

ias d las beàkbeibras7 dsfkfska, prb`fsdrae ld iurd`fe y ld cb+rbe`fd ib ld àe`bsfe, ld ùdl ibmd rbtaredr dl paibr ib ld @ara+ed dl `dma ib ias d trbs obebrd`faebs% âstbrfarkbetb, be 422=, sbprakulo ld suprbsfe ib las sbrvf`fas pbrsaedlbs àka pdrtb ibltrfmuta y sb dutarfz, àe bstb amjbta, bl trdmdja ib las feifas, mdja


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ld àeif`fe ib sbr lfmrbkbetb àe`brtdia y pdodia% Bstds rbstrf`+`faebs obebrdrae rbmblfaebs ib las beàkbeibras, rbmblfaebs qubhubrae ibmbldids `rubetdkbetb be 4293 y 4220% Ld beàkfbeidbe bl ^br y be taid Dkrf`d fef`f su ib`dibe`fd cd`fd hfedlbsibl sfola SXFF ld pamld`fe feiobed cdmd ifskfeufia ib tdlkaia qub ea cdmd feifas qub rbpdrtfr #Ofmsae 46?8& y hubhfedlkbetb dmalfid be 4?=4 àe ld Lby ib ]bstftu`fe% Blbeàkbeibra ea hub prb`fsdkbetb ue hue`faedrfa ibl dpdrdta mu+ra`rtfà àlaefdl, pbra ib cb`ca bjbr`f hue`faebs sbkfoumbr+

edkbetdlbs dl fef`fa ib ld @alaefd W9>, 94[%

Yrbs sfolas ib vfid àlaefdl: pbrfaifzd`fe

Las rbybs qub oambredrae Bspdd iurdetb las `dsf trbs sfolas qubiur bl ^br àlaefdl pbrtbeb`fbrae d ias ifedstds ifhbrbetbs: ld`dsd ib Cdmsmuroa a Dustrfd`d #4246+4?>>& y ld `dsd ib Marme aHrde`bsd #4?>>+43=4&% Be 4?>>, bl ltfka kaedr`d Cdmsmuroa kub+rb sfe ibjdr ibs`beibe`fd% Hrde`bsbs y dustrfdàs pblbde par ld à+raed ib Bspdd y ib lds Feifds bspdalds% Bl dsueta ib ld su`b+sfe sb zdejd àe bl trdtdia ib Rtrb`c% Hblfpb ib Dejau, ib arfobe

hrde`s, bs rbàea`fia àka ]by ib Bspdd par lds patbe`fds bu+rapbds% Iurdetb ld btdpd àlaefdl ibl pra`bsa cfstrfà pbrudeasb pubibe ifstfeoufr, bsqubktf`dkbetb, ùdtra pbraias% Be bltrdesùrsa ib las kfskas sb ibsdrralldrae las rdsoas bàekfàs,paltfàs, sa`fdlbs y ùlturdlbs W9>, 94, 9=, 90, 99, 92, 98[ qub ibhf+efbrae lds mdsbs ib ld huturd pbrudefidi rbpumlf`ded%

d& ^braia ib ld @aequfstd #4200+4292&

Las tfbkpas ib ld @aequfstd àestftuybe ue pbraia vfalbeta y tr+

ofà `drd`tbrfzdia par bl sajuzodkfbeta harzdia ib las feifas, blbkpba bvdeoblfzdiar y lfeostfà ib las sd`briatbs, ld hueid+`fe ib `fuidibs y lds rbmblfaebs ib las beàkbeibras% Las dspb`+tas paltfàs y bstrdtofàs kflftdrbs hubrae las prfarftdrfas%

Ld hueid`fe ib `fuidibs àlaefdlbs y bl fef`fa ib ld bvdeoblf+zd`fe ib las feifas hubrae ias ib las blbkbetas hueidkbetdlbs


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ib ld àequfstd% Bstds `fuidibs sb àkbezdrae d brfofr, par la ob+ebrdl, samrb lds detfouds urmbs feiobeds: sb cd`d feifspbesdmlbld aùpd`fe pbrkdebetb y àetraldid ibl tbrrftarfa àequfstdia%Ld bjbù`fe ib ld bvdeoblfzd`fe, d `droa prfe`fpdlkbetb ibl `lb+ra rbouldr ib lds ribebs rblfofasds, bstdmd sujbtd dl ]bofa ^dtra+edta ib ld kaedrqud bspdald%

Be bstb pbraia fef`fdl, ld prbaùpd`fe `betrdl hub ld supbrvf+vbe`fd y iakfefa kflftdr ib las àequfstdiarbs y ld `dpturd y rb+àlb``fe ibl mate #]% Kblldhb 4682&7 ib dll qub lds prfkbrds

àesfibrd`faebs oumbredkbetdlbs tbrrftarfdlbs tuvfbrae qub vbr aeld àestftu`fe ib ued sbrfb ib bs`dlaebs ib àetral kflftdr b fiba+lofà, ibsib las ùdlbs las feiobeds hubrde vfofldias y amlfod+ias d sakbtbrsb y umf`drsb be bl eubva rofkbe%

m& ^braia bxpdesfva #4292+482>&

Bs bl pbraia ib ld arodefzd`fe `fvfl y rblfofasd ibl vfrrbfedta yib ld orde praiu``fe kfebrd ib ara y pldtd% Be 42?0 sb if`t beBspdd lds Eubvds Aribedezds ib âmld`fe y Ibsùmrfkfbe+ta qub sb àestftuybrae be bl ùbrpa jurifà y ld mdsb ib ld pal+

tf`d bspdald be lds Feifds% Be bllds sb ibs`rfmb lds trbs hdsbs iblpra`bsa àlaefzdiar: prfkbra, ibsùmrfr, be sboueia luodr, pamldry, hfedlkbetb,pd`fhf`dr7 qubideia pras`rftd ld pdldmrd àequfstd% Bela bàekfà, bl pbraia sb fef`fd àe bl ibsùmrfkfbeta ib ld kfedib âtas y hfedlfzd àe ld ib`dibe`fd kfebrd% Atras cb`cas qubla `drd`tbrfzde sae: ld àlaefzd`fe fetbesfvd, ld `rbd`fe ib ldsrbiu``faebs, ld ibsbstru`turd`fe ib ld bàeakd deifed y bl fef+`fa ibl bstdmlb`fkfbeta ib rbld`faebs ibsbquflfmrdids betrb bl `dk+

pa y ld `fuidi%Pupbrdia bl pbraia fef`fdl ib àequfstd, ld `fuidi àlaefdl

dsukf hue`faebs bàekf`ds y dikfefstrdtfvds qub lb hubraekuy hdvardmlbs be sus rbld`faebs àe bl `dkpa% Ds, kfbetrds bl`dkpa #fe`luybeia lds rbds kfebrds& vbed d sbr msf`dkbetb blsb`tar qub obebrdmd las praiu`tas y las `dpftdlbs, ld `fuidi tbe+id d bxtrdbrlas y àe`betrdrlas, pdrd bxpartdrlas d ld kbtrpalfbspdald a ibif`drlas dl aesuka y dtbsardkfbeta urmdea% Ld fu+


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idi tbeid d dmsarmbr y àe`betrdr las bx`bibetbs amtbefias berbds doràlds, kfebrds, kdeuhd`turbrds #pdrtfùldrkbetb amrdjbs&qub brde lds rbdlkbetb praiu`tfvds% Dibks, ld hubrzd ib trdmdja`dkpbsfed hub àeiu`fid cd`fd ld `fuidi y lds rbds kfebrds, dpbsdr ib qub bstd kavflfzd`fe pbrjuif`dmd ld ifekf`d ib ld bà+eakd doràld, yd ibmflftdid par ld bxtrd``fe pbrkdebetb ib susbx`bibetbs%

âr atra ldia, bl surofkfbeta ib `fuidibs kfebrds prspbrdsib dtrd`tfvas kbr`dias fkpuls ld bàeakd doràld ib su betar+

ea7 bl `dsa ks rblbvdetb hub bl ib ld bàeakd ibl sur ibl pds,qub ofrdmd dlrbibiar ib lds kfeds ib âtas y ib Cude`dvblf`d%Ifrb`tdkbetb àka pravbbiards ib if`cas kbr`dias a vfeùldidsd las `frùftas bàekfàs bstdmlb`fids dlrbibiar ib bllas, praorb+sdrae `fuidibs àka Drbqufpd, ^furd, Yrujflla, y pubrtas àka @d+llda y Drf`d% Hfedlkbetb, bs fkpartdetb fesfstfr be qub bl ara y ldpldtd bxpartdias pusfbrae be kdr`cd ue pra`bsa ib dùkuld`fearfofedrfd be Burapd dl prb`fa ibl dtrdsa ib ld bàeakd pbruded,be bspb`fdl ib su rbd rurdl%

`& braia ib ld cbobkaed rblfofasd #482>+4?=>&

Btdpd ibl be`ldustrdkfbeta kstfà% Pb fef`fd ae ld mdjd ib ld pra+iu``fe kfebrd, bl tbrrbkata ibl @usà ib 482>, b

Cuatro Siglos de la Salud Pública en el Perú

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