El Tratado Secreto de 1873 por Echenique Gandarillas

7/24/2019 El Tratado Secreto de 1873 por Echenique Gandarillas

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F. I. Kmlk`jquk On`bnrjaans

Ka Rrntnbc ]kmrktc bk>


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An in`k#n mcic *k bk*n##c""n#c` "n* `k+cmjnmjc`k* k`t#k k" Xk#, - .c"j/jn n#n "n mc`m"u*j`bk" R#ntnbc ]km#ktc bk" $ bk %kk#c bk >'?( - "n* +k*tjc`k* #kn"j4nbn* n#n c&tk`k# "n nb=k*j` n 2"bk "n Mc`;kbk#nmj` N#+k`tj`n =n` *jbc u&"jmnbn* mc` n"+u`c* k##c#k* 7uk mc`/jk`k #kmtj;jmn# n#nk*tn&"kmk# "n #k*c`*n&j"jbnb =j*t#jmn bk u` nmtc 7uk tn`tn* - tn` +#n/k* mc`*kmuk`mjn* =n tk`jbc n#n

"n Ni2#jmn Antj`nXn#n bn# "n in-c# k8'1 +#n` n#tk bk k""c* =k tcinbc bk "n cn ,"tjinik`tk u&"jmnbn c# bc`Xkb#c J#j+c-k` k` bk;k`*n bk "n ikic#jn bk *u nb#k k" bj"ci:tjmc bc` In`uk" 5#j+c-k` - n"+u`c*=k k`mc`t#nbc k` "n mc"kmmj` bk N=uinbn Ic#k`c - k` "n 7uk =j4c c# k`mn#+c bk" Oc&jk#`c bkM=j"k bc` Icj*k* Wn#+n* k` "c* ij*ic* n9c* k` 7uk n7uk""c* *umk*c* *k bk*n##c""n&n`

K" 0 bk cmtuk bk >'?! *k #ku`j k" Mc`*k3c bk Ij`j*t#c* bk" Xk#, #k*jbjbc c# k" bkTk"nmjc`k* K


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rcbumtc mljak`c, krc quk ka 2kr tjk`k quk rkjj`bjmnr, `c s#ac k` an cj`j#` bk kscs %krmnbcs,sj`c tn%dj:` ; bk u`n %n`krn %6s csjtjn, mc`jrtjk`bc ksk rcbumtc k` u`n krbnbkrn $uk`tkbk j`&rkscs $jsmnaks.

(7cs &unrbk n ]. /.0 54jr%nbc1 (n`jka Tu)c

K* bj+`c bk `ctn# mu:`tn jic#tn`mjn - mu:` *c"mjtc* cbc* bj k" Mc`*k3c bk Ij`j*t#c*k#un`c n "n mn#tn bk" *k9c# Tu4c 7uk t#n`*ijtn "n `ctjmjn bk*tjtujbn bk tcbc ;u`bnik`tc bk u`n#c-kmtnbn n"jn`4n bk M=j"k mc` .c"j/jn n" ij*ic tjkic 7uk "n bk "n mc`*t#ummj` bk "c* &"j`bnbc* bkM=j"k An `tjin #k"nmj` 7uk tk`n k` k*c* bn* "n bj#kmmj` c"tjmn bk "n mn`mj""k#n k#un`n mc` "c*`k+cmjc* *n"jt#k#c* #kmj&k u`n in`j;jk*tn bkic*t#nmj` k` "n mn#tn bk" *k9c# Tu4c - k` "n ;:mj" nmc+jbn7uk "k #k*tn#c` k" *k9c# bk "n Tj/n N+k#c - *u* mc"k+n*

K" >> bk `c/jkik bk k*k ij*ic n9c *k #ku`j ùk/nik`tk k" mc`*k3c bk Ij`j*t#c* #k*jbjbck*tn /k4 c# k" #k*jbk`tk bk "n Tk,&"jmn bc` Inùk" Xn#bc - nu`7uk k*tk bcmuik`tc k* -n mc`cmjbcbk*bk n`tj+uc k` M=j"k m#kc mc`/k`jk`tk #kmc#bn#"c n`tk* bk *k+uj# nbk"n`tk k` k*tn `n##nmj`D

Tku`jbcs acs skcrks Ij`jstrcs quk susmrjdk`, dnfc an rksjbk`mjn bk ]. K. ka 2rksjbk`tkbk an Tkdajmn, bj# muk`tn ka skcr Ij`jstrc bk Tkanmjc`ks K!tkrjcrks bk bcs c$jmjcs bkaK`mnr&nbc bk k&cmjcs bk cajjn k` quk lnmk rksk`tk ka %na kstnbc k` quk sk lnaan` acsnrrk&acs bk ksn Tkdajmn mc` an bk *ljak, n mc`skmuk`mjn bk `k&nrsk ka Ij`jstrc mljak`c n ank`trk&n bk ans nr%ns quk ka OKKT' -'+M+- 8/KMK(- (K2-]+R- K '-]/8/K] (K O/KTT (K ' IT+ *"+'K mun`bc sk nsja# k` kaacs krsk&ujbc cr anstrcns bka Ocdjkr`c bk cajjnN ;, %6s quk tcbc, an j`tkrk`mj#` quk rktk`bk tk`kr ka Ocdjkr`cbk *ljak k` ans bun`ns bk `tc$n&nstn ; *cdjfn ; k` ka `c%drn%jk`tc bk sus k%aknbcs, ns7mc%c k` an rknrtjmj#` bk tkrrk`csH n&rk ka skcr Ij`jstrc quk, k` u`n mc`$krk`mjn n quk aclnd7n j`jtnbc ka skcr Ij`jstrc k`nk`tk, ak rntj$jm# :stk ans `ctjmjns bk ùkstrc K`jnbc k`cajjn, ; %k bj# nrtk bk njscs c$jmjnaks ; rjnbcs quk lnd7n rkmjdjbc nmkrmn bk *R-] 8/K2T*R+* K' OKKT' 8/KMK(- -RT-] KI+OT(-] -'+M+-],nmtuna%k`tk rksjbk`tks K K' ]/T (K' 2KT/, mc` ka cdfktc bk trnstcr`nr ka crbk` k` cajjncr %kbjc bk u`n rkcaumj#`N quk an rksk`mjn bk :stcs k` ka ajtcrna bka 2kr ks scdrk%n`krnn)nrcsn n cajjn, tn`tc %ns quk rcnan` 8/K K]2KT TK*/T]-] (K *"+'K nrnrknaj)nr mc` sk&urjbnb ka an` quk sk rcc`k`N quk cajjn `c cbr6 fn%6s nmmkbkr n ansk!j&k`mjns j`mnaj$jmndaks bk *ljak rktk`bjk`bc KFKT*KT nmtcs bk scdkrn`7n k` tkrrjtcrjcdcajjn`cN ; quk K] (K RKIKT quk nrckmln`bc ka Ocdjkr`c mljak`c bk ans rkukatns qukna&u`cs %nacs dcajjn`cs susmjtk` ; ndusn`bc bk su $ukr)n %nr7tj%n, RTRK (K2-(KTT]K bk na&u`n nrtk bka ajtcrna dcajjn`c nrn kfkrmkr rksj#` scdrk su Ocdjkr`c,rctk&jk`bc bk u` %cbc bjrkmtc n acs rkcaumjc`nrjcsN quk K]R-] OTMK]*-RK*+I+KR-] `c cb7n` bkfnr bk n$kmtnr '-] +RKTK]K] (K' 2KT/ 8/K ]K"'' '+O(-] *- ' +(K2K(K*+ K +RKOT+(( (K -'+M+. (KI](K +4'/+T ]-TKIKT K ' ]/2TKI*+ 8/K K' 2KT/ R+KK K]R''I(- *-]KTMT K K' 2*+4+*-1 7uk k" Oc&jk#`c bk .c"j/jn n"jnbc *jki#k n "n

c"tjmn 4T* -'Kbk" Xk#, k*t: n=c#n i:* 7uk ù`mn bkmjbjbc n *k+uj# '-] ]+-]*-]KF-] (K K]R TK2/'+*- muk`tn *- ]/ 2-(KT-] /(k` "n mc`tjk`bn 8/K 8/+KTK *-(/*+T'-k" tc`c jik#n`tk bk M=j"k1 - 7uk k*tn&n mjk#tc 7uk "n* #ktk`*jc`k*bk" Oc&jk#`c m=j"k`c mk*n#n bk*bk 7uk *k *ujk*k 8/K K' 2KT/ - (KFT+ ]-' -'+M+ K K]R */K]R+-1 7uk bk*bk "uk+c k" Oc&jk#`c bk&n jikbj# 7uk "c* &c"j/jn`c*n*j"nbc* k` "n mc*tn ]u# mc`tjùn*k` 2KTR/T(- (K](K ]/ ]+'- ' RT8/+'+(((K -'+M+ in`bn`bc 7uk *kn` j`tk#`nbc* n u`n bj*tn`mjn bk*bk bc`bk `c "k* *kn ;:mj"*-R+/T *u* in`jcn*1 - 7uk 2-(+ -4TK*KT ]/] /K-] -4+*+-]-4TK*+K(- ]/ IK(+*+- 2T 8/K ]K RKTI+K (K / IKT 2*+4+*'-] TTKO'-] KRTK -'+M+ *"+'K

N+#k+ k" *k9c# Ij`j*t#c bk Tk"nmjc`k* K


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Bj*mutjbn "n muk*tj` bk u` icbc bktk`jbc - n"k+nbn* c# ] K k" *k9c# X#k*jbk`tk - "c*ijkic* bk" Mc`*k3c "n* TB-K] (K F/]R+*+, (K 2-'+R+* (K *-MK+K*+8/K ]+]RK ' 2KT/ n#n `c k#in`kmk# ;#c k*kmtnbc# k` u` ]/R- (K M+R'+I2-TR*+ 2T -'+M+ (K OT RT]*K(K*+ 2T 8/K'*k nmc#bmc`tk*tn# n" Ij`j*t#c &c"j/jn`c 7uk k" Oc&jk#`c bk" Xk#, `c tk`b#n j`mc`/k`jk`tk n#n c#bk`n# "nj`tk#`nmj` bk "c* &c"j/jn`c* 7uk *k =n&n` n#inbc n#n bk##cmn# "n* j`*tjtumjc`k* bk *u n* - 7ukmc`tj`un&n` k` k*n nmtjtub n&u*n`bc bk" n*j"c 7uk =n` &u*mnbc - c&tk`jbc k` k" Xk#, *jki#k 7uk k"Oc&jk#`c "c bkin`bn#n ;c#in"ik tk1 - 8/K K' O-+KT- 2KT/- 2TK]RT ]/2-- ' (K -'+M+ 2T TK*"BT '] K+OK*+] (K *"+'K 8/K*-]+(KT +F/]R] RKRR-T+] ' +(K2K(K*+ (K -'+M+ 1 mc` "cmun" mc`m"u- k" nmtcG %j#inbc*G Xn#bc H Ij+uk" Ikbj`nG H bk "n Tj/n N+k#cG %#n`mj*mcTc*n*G Hc*2 Ku*k&jc ]:`m=k4G Hc*2 In#n bk "n Hn#n

K*tn Nmtn ;u2 k" /k#bnbk#c +2`k*j* bk" R#ntnbc ]km#ktc - bk "n +uk##n 7uk *k /j k` "n`kmk*jbnb bk bkm"n#n# M=j"k n" Xk#, - .c"j/jn k" bn bk Nj" bk >'?

Xn#n ;c#in#*k u` 3ujmjc mn&n" bk "n jic#tn`mjn bk "c* nmuk#bc* bk k*n Nmtn k* `kmk*n#jct#n*"nbn# "n jin+j`nmj` n n7uk""n 2cmn K*tn&n` ;#k*mc* - =uikn`tk* "c* k*mcic* bk" &ci&n#bkcbk Wn"n#n*c - k'$' - mu-nn#c&nmj` k*tn&n k`bjk`tk - bkic#nbn c# "c* mni&jc* bk +c&jk#`c cmu##jbc* k` "c* ij*ic* n9c*k` ]n`tjn+c - k` Ajin

An* `nmjc`k* =k#in`n* #c+#k*n&n` k` k*n 2cmn1 *k nmn&n&n` bk m#kn# "n* #jik#n* mcin9n*bk /nc#k* 7uk t#n`*c#tn&n` *u* #cbumtc* - intk#jn* #jin* n" mc`tj`k`tk ku#ckc1 *k mc`*t#un` "c*

#jik#c* ;k##cmn##j"k*1 - "c* k*tnbj*tn* "ntj`cnik#jmn`c* `c cmu"tn&n` k" mc`/k`mjijk`tc bk 7uk n#nmjik`tn# k*n #c*k#jbnb k#n `kmk*n#jc k" in`tk`jijk`tc bk "n n4 j`tk#`n - k


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ukbk` #cc#mjc`n# u`n #uk&n k` mc`t#n bk "n #k/j*j` bk "c* bjk*t#c* tk3kbc#k* bk "n tk"nbk*tj`nbn n k`/c"/k# - mnu*n# "n #uj`n bk M=j"k

N`tk* bk" $ bk %kk#c - bk "n ;j#in bk" R#ntnbc ]km#ktc -n k" Oc&jk#`c bk M=j"k =n&nbk/uk"tc "n* n#in* bk uk/kbc N* "c nm#kbjtn` "c* bcmuik`tc* *j+ujk`tk*D

'k&nmj#` bk cajjn k` ka 2kr.0 'j%n, K`krc 3G bk >


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K*tk nmc`tkmjijk`tc ;u2 mk"knbc mc` jù*jtnbc 3,&j"c - *k m#k- 7uk bk*tk##n`bc n "c*=cik* bk k*nbn *k c`n t2#ij`c n" "n#+c k#cbc bk "n* #k/c"umjc`k* - n "c* m#n*c* k##c#k*mciktjbc* c# "n* nbij`j*t#nmjc`k* n`tk#jc#k*

Ac* n#tjbn#jc* bk" ùk/c X#k*jbk`tk ;u`bn#c` k` k*k n9c k" n#tjbc mj/j"j*tn 7uk muk`tn k` *u*k`c mc` "n n tj+un n#j*tcm#nmjn - 7uk *k =n in tk jbc k` k" cbk# =n*tn =c- mc` mc#tn*j`tk##umjc`k* Bc` Inùk" Xn#bc ;u2 *u ;u`bnbc# - *u #k*jbk`tk =n*tn *u ;n""kmjijk`tc

Lj3c bk" c"tjmc - cktn bc` %k"jk Xn#bc - N"jn+n - bk u`n *k9c#n bk "n `c&"k ;nij"jn bkAn/n""k k#n k" ùk/c X#k*jbk`tk bk" Xk#, 7uk tci c*k*j` bk" in`bc k" ! bk n+c*tc bk >'?!Mc`tn&n *"c t#kj`tn - *kj* n9c*1 *u* k*tubjc* "c* =n&n =km=c *umk*j/nik`tk k` "n* )`j/k#*jbnbk* bk]n` In#mc* bk Ajin bk ]n`tjn+c bk M=j"k bk .n#mk"c`n - bk Xn#* N "n kbnb bk /kj`tjmunt#c n9c*mc`t#n3c int#jic`jc mc` bc9n Inùk"n .n##kbn - C*in

]u #k"nmj` mc` "n `c&"k4n mc"c`jn" bk Ajin `c ;u2 n#n 2" u` c&*t:mu"c n#n &u*mn# k` "n*"kt#n* - k` k" mcik#mjc k" "u+n# 7uk "k mc##k*c`bn c# *u tn"k`tc - *u j"u*t#nmj`1 *u* u&"jmnmjc`k**ck n+#jmu"tu#n - *ck kmc`cin c"tjmn ;uk#c` iu- k*tjinbn* k` k*n 2cmn %u2 u`c bk "c*;u`bnbc#k* bk" #jik# .n`mc @nmjc`n" bk Ajin - /j*jt "n Ku#cn k` mn"jbnb bk n+k`tk ;j`n`mjk#c bkk*n j`*tjtumj` bk3n`bc k*tn&"kmjbn* "n* #k"nmjc`k* mc` /n#jn* mn*n* bk m#2bjtc bk Ac`b#k*

Ln&n *jbc k" Ij`j*t#c bk Lnmjk`bn bk .n"tn bu#n`tk k" #jik# k#cbc bk k*n nbij`j*t#nmj`K` >'$' "k *umkbj k` k*k mn#+c bc` @jmc":* bk Xj2#c"n )`c - ct#c k* bkmj# "c* bc* i:* `ctn&"k*k*tnbj*tn* k#un`c* bk "n 2cmn tjk`k` #k*c`*n&j"jbnb k` "c* ki#2*tjtc* - k` "n k"k/nmj` bk "c*+n*tc* ,&"jmc* bk k*k Oc&jk#`c

Bc` Inùk" Xn#bc j`nu+u# *u nbij`j*t#nmj` mc` u` On&j`ktk bk ium=c #k*tj+jc k` 7ukcmun&n "n mn#tk#n bk Tk"nmjc`k* K


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acs cbkrks dajmcs ka %c`ccajc quk ka 2kr kfkrmk k` ka %u`bc, k` an rcbummj#` bk acs`jtrntcs bk Rnrnnm6, djk` rcdnbc k` kstcs atj%cs ncs, cr an mcj`mjbk`mjn bk nu%k`tnrnùna%k`tk an rcbummj#`, ; lndkr mnsj buajmnbc ka rkmjc k` acs atj%cs cmlc ncs. c ks%k`cs bj&`c bk ntk`mj#` ka lkmlc, bk quk ka nu%k`tc k` ka mc`su%c ; k` ka rkmjc bka snajtrk skbkdk, k` %umln nrtk, n su najmnmj#` n an n&rjmuaturn mc%c ndc`c bk an tjkrrn, ; quk k!ajmn sj`bkfnr bubn, an bjs%jùmj#` k` ka mc`su%c bka &un`c, mu;c rkmjc, mc%c ndc`c, ks lc;,rkantjn%k`tk %6s natc quk ka rkmjc bka snajtrk.

a j`bjmnr u` bkrkmlc rcbumtjc scdrk an k!crtnmj#` bka snajtrk, ka Ocdjkr`c sk rcc`knsk&urnr mc`trn tcbn kk`tunajbnb ka crk`jr bk ksn j`bustrjn, bkfn`bc ajdrk an k!crtnmj#` bka`jtrntc, lnstn u` rkmjc tna, quk nsk&urk na rcbumtcr tcbcs acs mcstcs bk rcbummj#`, ; mcdrnr kaj%ukstc `jmn%k`tk scdrk ans utjajbnbks nmtunaks ; $uturns, k` u`n ksmnan rccrmjc`na n kaans.Ka Ocdjkr`c ndrj&n an kskrn`)n bk quk kstk %kbjc rcbumjr6 u`n ùkn na)n k` ka rkmjc bkasnajtrk k` acs %krmnbcs kurckcs, quk lnr6 rkmnkr ka n&c bka j%ukstc scdrk ka mc`su%jbcr, %6squk scdrk ka j`bustrjna.

'n nbcmj#` bka rc;kmtc bk ak; quk sk rksk`tnr6 n an bkmjsj#` bka ]cdkrn`c *c`&rksc,cr ka Ij`jstkrjc bk "nmjk`bn cbr7n bnr u` rcbumtc bk 3.GGG.GGG bk scaks sjk%rk quk ank!crtnmj#` namn`)nsk n >.GGG.GGG bk quj`tnaks, bkfn`bc rkbumjbc n .GGG.GGG bk scaks ka b:$jmjt,mu;n bksnnrjmj#` bkdk k!j&jrsk n ans nbun`ns, k` an nrtk quk kstns c$jmj`ns ukbn`rccrmjc`nran, ;n quk ks bj$7mja kskrnr ka cdtk`kr bk ksn $uk`tk an tctnajbnb bk n%dns su%ns

K" X#k*jbk`tk bc` Inùk" Xn#bc ukbk *k# mc`*jbk#nbc mcic u`c bk "c* k*tnbj*tn* bk in-c#;j+u#nmj` 7uk =n tk`jbc k" Xk#,1 *u tn"k`tc j+un"n&n n *u* mc`bjmjc`k* bk mn#:mtk#1 *u =c`#nbk4

k#*c`n" =n k#ijtjbc 7uk *k =n-n` =km=c ntn7uk* /jc"k`tc* k` mc`t#n bk *u cn bk" ic`cc"jc bk"*n"jt#k *j` 7uk 3ni:* =n-n cbjbc in`mj""n#*k *u ikic#jn1 "n ;u`bnmj` bk" n#tjbc mj/j"j*tn #k/k"n k` 2""n mc`mkmj` bk bk&k#k* m/jmc* n "c* mun"k* *k cc`n k" #2+jik` bk "n* nbij`j*t#nmjc`k* bk ij"jtn#k*- bk #cù`mjnijk`tc* 7uk =n&n` c*mu#kmjbc "c* #jik#c* mj`muk`tn n9c* bk /jbn j`bkk`bjk`tk bkn7uk""n #k,&"jmn ]k #cu*c k*tn&"kmk# k" #2+jik` mc`*tjtumjc`n" - k" +c&jk#`c bk "c* "kt#nbc* mcick` M=j"k n* 7uk "k k#n mc`cmjbc c# =n&k# /j/jbc k`t#k `c*ct#c* k` bj/k#*n* cmn*jc`k* *u nb#k bc`%k"jk Xn#bc - N"jn+n -n k` *u mn"jbnb bk Ij`j*t#c X"k`jctk`mjn#jc -n mun`bc /j`c n kbj# k" nu'?( u&"jmnbn c# *u `jktc bc` Hc*2 bk "n Tj/n N+k#c - C*in

Ac* bc* #j`mjn"k* mc"n&c#nbc#k* bk" Ij`j*t#c bk Tk"nmjc`k* bk bc` Inùk" Xn#bc ;uk#c`bc` Inùk" 5#j+c-k` - bc` N`&n" Wmtc# bk An Rc##k *u* n+k`tk* k` .uk`c* Nj#k* - k` An Xn4 k`>'?(

Rni&j2` k*c* bj"ci:tjmc* ukbk` *k# 3u4+nbc* c# "n *k#jk bk `ctn* - bk mn#tn* n#tjmu"n#k*bj#j3jbn* n" Ij`j*tk#jc bk Tk"nmjc`k* K> bk @c/jkik bk >'?! k" +c&jk#`c bk .c"j/jn =n&n nmktnbc "n *u+k*tj` 7uk *k "k =j4c

n#n ""k/n# nbk"n`tk k" "n nmc#bnbc cmc* bn* n`tk* k` Ajin - mc *j`tj k` *c"jmjtn# "n mk"knmj`bk u` t#ntnbc bk n"jn`4n mc` k" Xk#, n#n bk;k`bk#*k mc`t#n tcbn n+#k*j` k


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]K 4+TI K' RTR(- ]K*TKR-

K" Ij`j*t#c bk .c"j/jn k` Ajin *k9c# Hun` bk "n M .k`n/k`tk #kmj&j j`*t#ummjc`k* bk"X#k*jbk`tk .n""j/jn` - k" $ bk %kk#c bk >'?( *k ;j#in&n k` Ajin k" m2"kk R#ntnbc ]km#ktc 7uknu`7uk k* iu- mc`cmjbc k` M=j"k bk&c #k#cbumj# k` k" #k*k`tk k*tubjc

Rrntnbc ]kmrktc k`trk ka 2kr ; cajjn bk L bk 4kdrkrc bk >


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'n rku`j#` bk acs 2ak`jctk`mjnrjcs sk krj$jmnr6 k` ka au&nr quk bksj&`k an nrtkc$k`bjbn.

rt. LJ

'ns natns nrtks mc`trntn`tks sk cdaj&n` n su%j`jstrnr n an quk $uksk c$k`bjbn c n&rkbjbn,acs %kbjcs bk bk$k`sn bk quk mnbn u`n bk kaans fu)&uk cbkr bjsc`kr nu`quk `c ln;n`rkmkbjbc acs nrrk&acs quk sk rksmrjdk` k` ka nrt7muac n`tkrjcr, mc` tna quk ka mnsc skn n su fujmjcur&k`tk.

rt. ?J

(kmanrnbc ka mnsus $ckbkrjs, an nrtk c$k`bjbn `c cbr6 mkakdrnr mc`k`7cs bk n), bktrk&un c bk nr%jstjmjc, sj` an mc`murrk`mjn bka najnbc quk ln;n, mnsc $ukrk, tc%nbc nrtk k` an&ukrrn.

rt. GJ

'ns natns nrtks mc`trntn`tks scajmjtnr6` sknrnbn c mcakmtjn%k tk, mun`bc ns7 acbkmanrk` ccrtu`c cr u` nmukrbc cstkrjcr, an nblksj#` bk ctrc u ctrcs Kstnbcs n%krjmn`cs narksk`tk trntnbc bk ajn`)n bk$k`sjn.

rt. >>J

Ka rksk`tk trntnbc sk mn`fknrn k` 'j%n c k` 'n 2n) tn` rc`tc mc%c sk cdtk`&n sukr$kmmj#` mc`stjtumjc`na, ; qukbnr6 k` ak`n j&k`mjn n acs kj`tk b7ns bksu:s bka mn`fk. ]uburnmj#` skr6 cr tjk%c j`bk$j`jbc, rkskr6`bcsk mnbn u`n bk ans nrtks ka bkrkmlc bk bnraccr tkr%j`nbc mun`bc ac kstj%k cr mc`k`jk`tk. K` tna mnsc `ctj$jmnr6` su rkscaumj#` n an ctrnnrtk ; ka trntnbc qukbnr6 sj` k$kmtc n acs munrk`tn %ksks bksu:s bk an $kmln bk an `ctj$jmnmj#`.

K` $: bk ac muna acs 2ak`jctk`mjnrjcs rkskmtjcs ac $jr%nrc` cr buajmnbc ; ac skaanrc`mc` sus skaacs nrtjmuanrks.

"kmlc k` 'j%n n acs skjs b7ns bka %ks bk $kdrkrc bk %ja cmlcmjk`tcs sktk`tn ; trks.0 Fun`bk an *ru) k`nk`tk. F. bk an Tjn &9krc.

TR+*/'- (+*+-'


10/70

Ka rksk`tk trntnbc bk ajn`)n bk$k`sjn k`trk cajjn ; ka 2kr, sk mc`skrnr6 skmrktc%jk`trns ans bcs natns nrtks mc trntn`tks, bk mc%` nmukrbc, `c kstj%k` `kmksnrjn suudajmnmj#`.0 Fun` bk an *ru) k`nk`tk.0F. bk an Tjn &9krcA.

TK]2-]+'+((K]

Iu- =:&j"k* ;uk#c` "c* #kbnmtc#k* bk k*k nmtc1 *j *k =u&jk#n k*tn&"kmjbc k` *u* m":u*u"n* k"/k#bnbk#c c&3ktc - *k =u&jk#n ik`mjc`nbc k" mn*c bk u`n +uk##n #'$$

cbn #kmj&j# k*n `ctjmjn mc` *ntj*;nmmj` c#7uk k*n ùk/n k*munb#n cbn *k# "n nu'('1 - `c ;u2 ct#c k" k`*nijk`tc bk Onin##n mun`bc ""k/ n"k32#mjtc k#un`c n *u;#j# u`n ikic#n&"k bk##ctn k` tk##jtc#jc &c"j/jn`c k` k" mnic bk J`+n/

K*n* n*j#nmjc`k* `nmjc`n"k* ;uk#c` =k#kbnbn* bk +k`k#nmj` k` +k`k#nmj`1 *j"k`mjc*nik`tk*k t#n&n3n&n c# n#c/km=n# k" icik`tc #cjmjc n#n #kn"j4n#"n*1 "n* #j7uk4n* bk" +un`c - bk" *n"jt#knik`n4n&n` /j*j&"k bj*ijùmj` - "c* #c+#k*c* bk M=j"k =nmn` bj;mj" "n ki#k*n *j *k bk3n&n 7uk k"tjkic nmuiu"n#n c&*t:mu"c* ùk/c* n#n k" mui"jijk`tc bk k*n n*j#nmj` `nmjc`n"

@u`mn u`n mn`mj""k#n nik#jmn n =n bkic*t#nbc in-c# nmtj/jbnb 7uk "n 7uk *k bk*n##c"" kÀjin n #n4 bk "n mk"knmj` bk" nmtc bk %kk#c bk >'?( K" !8 bk @c/jkik n`tk#jc# k" *k9c# Tj/nN+k#c =n&n bj#j+jbc u` c;jmjc n *u n+k`tk k` ]n`tjn+c bc` J+`nmjc @c/cn n#n k


11/70

'] OK]R+-K] K -'+M+

K` k" ik* bk 3u`jc bk >'?( n#tn n#n .c"j/jn k" *k9c# N`&n" W bk An Rc##k ]u ij*j` *k#k*k`tn&n ;:mj" - "jk bk k*mc""c*D bk&n c&tk`k# "n #ntj;jmnmj` bk" Mc`+#k*c &c"j/jn`c - bk" +c&jk#`cn#n k" t#ntnbc #kmjk tkik tk ;j#inbc1 mcic mc`*kmuk`mjn jikbj# "n mc`tjùnmj` bk u`n

`k+cmjnmj` 7uk k` ;c#in ,&"jmn - iu- nij*tc*n =n&n j`jmjnbc k" Ij`j*t#c m=j"k`c bc` Mn#"c*Fn"Ek# In#t`k4 n#n u` n##k+"c bk "n muk*tj` bk "ijtk* k` k" bk*jk#tc bk N`tc;n+n*tn - c;#kmk# k"mc`mu#*c n#inbc bk" Xk#, - n,` k" bk "n Tk,&"jmn N#+k`tj`n n#n k" mn*c bk u`n #utu#n k`t#k .c"j/jn- M=j"k

An #jik#n n#tk bk *u* j`*t#ummjc`k* ubc ""k/n#"n n ;k"j4 t2#ij`c k" k`/jnbc k#un`c bk`t#cbk "n* #jik#n* *kin`n* bk *u k#in`k`mjn k` "n mnjtn" &c"j/jn`n K" ! bk 3u`jc bk k*k ij*ic n9c k"Mc`+#k*c bk .c"j/jn n#c& k" R#ntnbc ]km#ktc

@c tu/c j+un" *uk#tk k` "c* ct#c* c&3ktj/c* bk *u ij*j` c#7uk k" +c&jk#`c bk M=j"k j`*j*tnk` mc`tjùn# "n* `k+cmjnmjc`k* n#n ;j#in# u` ùk/c t#ntnbc 7uk bk&n #kki"n4n# n" bk "n 2cmn bkIk"+n#k3c K" bk .c"j/jn `c mk##n&n k" n*c n#n 7uk *k ubjk#n ""k+n# n u` #k*u"tnbc ;n/c#n&"k n#ntn` *n`c* - nm;jmc* #c*jtc* Cmun&n k` k*c* bn* k" Ij`j*tk#jc bk Tk"nmjc`k* K! bk Cmtuk bk >'?( 7uk #cmu#n#n #cik# k*n* `k+cmjnmjc`k* c#7uk bk;j`jbn kù`n ;c#in nij*tc*n "n muk*tj` bk "ijtk* mnk#n bk*"cinbc k" kbj;jmjc bk" R#ntnbc ]km#ktc - bk "nt#j"k n"jn`4n 7uk *k nbk"n`tn&n k` .uk`c* Nj#k*

]k ukbk tcin# u`n "j+k#n jbkn bk "n "n&c#jc*jbnb bk" *k9c# Ij`j*t#c An Rc##k - bk "njic#tn`mjn 7uk bn&n n" mui"jijk`tc bk *u* j`*t#ummjc`k* c# k" `,ik#c bk *u* `ctn* #k*k#/nbn*

bj#j+jbn* bk*bk An Xn4 n Ajin Bu#n`tk "c* *kj* #jik#c* ik*k* t#n`*mu##jbc* bk*bk k" !( bk Hu`jc=n*tn k" (> bk Bjmjkik bk >'?( k`/j n Ajin 0' `ctn* bk mn#:mtk# mc`;jbk`mjn" ;uk#n bk "n* 7ukk*tn&n` bk*tj`nbn* n "n u&"jmjbnb

K*n #cbj+jc*n nmtj/jbnb k*tn&n 3u*tj;jmnbn c# "n* k


12/70

*-I+KB / /KM KT (K' (KTK*"- 2/'+*- K ' IKT+* (K' ]/Tbkm7n k` u`n `ctn bjrj&jbn na %j`jstrc krun`c 'n Rcrrk mc` $kmln bk >? bk fu`jc bk >


13/70

K" !8 bk In-c *k bjk#c` j`*t#ummjc`k* bk mn#:mtk# #k*k#/nbc n bc` Inùk" 5#j+c-k` 7uk uìk* i:* tn#bk *n"n n#n .uk`c* Nj#k*

Wnmj k` k""n* k" *k9c# bk "n Tj/n N+k#c tcbc k" k`*nijk`tc bk "c* +c&k#`n`tk* bk" Xk#, *u*k*k#n`4n* *u i2tcbc n#n #kmc`7uj*tn# "n #kc`bk#n`mjn `n/n" nik`n4nbn1 "n ;jù#n - *utj"k4n bk "c*n#+uik`tc* bk*tj`nbc* n "n bk;k`*n bk u`n mnu*n 7uk *k #k*k`tn&n &n3c *u* n*kmtc* i:* *ji:tjmc*

k#c 7uk bk3n&n t#n*"umj# 7uk n"+c 7ukbn&n cmu"tc k`t#k "n* &jk` mc#tnbn* ;#n*k* bj"ci:tjmn*Ik =n n#kmjbc mc`/k`jk`tk t#n*m#j&j# `tk+#nik`tk k*k bcmuik`tc - n#n k" bk*n##c""c bk "n

`k+cmjnmj` =nmk# #k;k#k`mjn n "n* `ctn* - mn#tn* 7uk =k cbjbc #ku`j# N"+u`n* tjk`k` "n+u`n* 7uk `cik =n *jbc c*j&"k ""k`n#1 ukbk `ctn#*k "n ;n"tn bk n"+u`n* `ctn* 7uk ukbk` *k# bk +#n` jic#tn`mjn*j *k 3u4+n c# "n* mjtn* 7uk *k =nmk` bk k""n* k` "n* mciu`jmnmjc`k* c*tk#jc#k*

'j%n, In;c 3G bk >


14/70

K` mun`tc n an Tkdajmn r&k`tj`n ; na /ru&un;, ùkstrns rkanmjc`ks, `c cdstn`tk bk `ckstnr mc`sn&rnbns cr `j`&` nmtc ca7tjmc, sk ln` %n`tk`jbc sjk%rk k` ka jk bk an %6skr$kmtn mcrbjnajbnb, mc%c ac rukdn ka lndkr rkmjdjbc n%dcs n7sks ùkstrcs n&k`tksbjac%6tjmcs ; mc`suanrks ; `csctrcs, cr ùkstrn nrtk, acs su;cs bk j&una mnr6mtkr.

$j` bk bnr %kfcr mc`sjstk`mjn ; k`sn`mlk n ksns rkanmjc`ks, mc`k`br7n, uks, qukj`sj unrn /.]. mkrmn bk n%dcs Ocdjkr`cs, an utjajbnb bk nfustnr nmtcs bk mc%krmjc,`nk&nmj#`, mcrrkcs ; bk%6s quk mc`trjdu;n` n tn` rckmlcsc cdfktc. rkk`mj#`, j`mau;c n/.]. ak`cs cbkrks su$jmjk`tks nrn an mkakdrnmj#` bk kscs nmtcs, quk k`br7n` n kr$kmmjc`nrùkstrn csjmj#` rkm7rcmn k` acs Kstnbcs bka 2antn.

c mrkc bk%6s aan%nr an ntk`mj#` bk /.]. scdrk an nmtjtub lcstja bk an rk`sn bkIc`tkjbkc, mc`trn acs rj%krcs nmtcs bk an nb%j`jstrnmj#` nmtuna bka 2kr. ]j n` `c ln`bksnnrkmjbc ksns %nans j%rksjc`ks, j`sjrnbns ; $c%k`tnbns sj` bubn cr $nascs j`$cr%ks,/.]. rcmurnr6 `kutrnaj)nrans lnstn bkstrujransN bn`bc n mc`cmkr rjnbn%k`tk mu6a ks anca7tjmn bka Ocdjkr`c k` ka crbk` j`tkr`c ; mu6` nrbjk`tk ks su rc#sjtc bk %n`tk`kr mc` tcbcsacs n7sks, ; k` kskmjna acs n%krjmn`cs, ans %6s kstrkmlns ; mcrbjnaks rkanmjc`ks.

*c%c ka skcr Iksc`ks rk&rks# na 2kr n %kbjnbcs bk >


15/70

%crna ; %ntkrjna quk `kmksjtndn nrn bjsmutjr ; scstk`kr, mc` mna%n ; sk&urjbnb, sus bkrkmlcsNquk ka Ocdjkr`c bka 2kr, `c ubjk`bc `j bkdjk`bc kr%n`kmkr j`bj$krk`tk n an fustn bk%n`bnbk su kmj`n, lnd7n $jr%nbc u` Rrntnbc bk najn`)n bk$k`sjn, ka muna sk k`mc`trndn ;n nrcdnbccr ka *c`&rksc nmjc`na bka 2kr, ; ac skr7n %u; rc`tc cr an sn%dakn cajjn`n.

(7, bksu:s bk kstc, akmturn n an mcjn sj%ak, ; sj` `c%drks, quk lnd7n aaknbc bkaRrntnbc bk najn`)n, ; mc`tj`u: %n`j$kstn`bc na skcr Ij`jstrc mu6` rubk`tk%k`tk kstndn`mnamuanbns sus t:r%j`cs, nrn rkk`jr u` rc%j%jk`tc, KM+R(- R-(- 2TKRKR- (KO/KTT, cr mun`tc mnbn u`n bk ans nrtks qukbndn k` mc%aktn ajdkrtnb, nrn bjsmutjr susbkrkmlcsN ; sk kstjuandn ka nrdjtrnfk, mc%c `jmc %kbjc fustc ; rnmjc`na bk bkmjbjr ansmukstjc`ks bk a7%jtks, k` ka mnsc bk quk kaans cr s7 `c ubjksk` aak&nr n u` nrrk&ac. "7mkak `ctnr,k` sk&ujbn, quk ka nrt7muac E bka nmtc bkfndn ndjkrtns ans ukrtns nrn quk k`trnsk` n $cr%nrnrtk k` :a, tcbns ans Tkdajmns mu;cs a7%jtks n` `c sk ln` rkmjsnbcN ; quk rcdustkmj:`bcskan najn`)n mc` an mc`murrk`mjn bk ctrns Tkdajmns, ]K "T+ +I2-]+'K K (K'RKR-( O/KTT 2-T 2-]K]+-K] RKTT+R-T+'K]H crquk ans rktk`sjc`ks k!n&krnbnsbk munaqujkrn bk ans Tkdajmns, sk %cbj$jmnr7n` mc` an nmtjtub $jr%k ; bkmjbjbn bk acs najnbcs.*c`mau7 %n`j$kstn`bc n ]. K. quk ka Ocdjkr`c bka 2kr, mrk;k`bc quk ubjksk mc`k`jr n an*c`$kbkrnmj#` r&k`tj`n tc%nr nrtk k` kstk Rrntnbc, cr `c tk`kr n` sus a7%jtks bk$j`jbcs ;,scdrk tcbc, cr ka kstnbc k` quk sk k`mc`trndn an mukstj#` bk an 2ntn&c`jn, %k lnd7n crbk`nbcquk scajmjtnsk an nblksj#` bk, su Ocdjkr`c, mc%c k` k$kmtc tk`7n ka lc`cr bk lnmkracN k!j&jk`bcan rkskrn, quk an `nturnak)n bka nsu`tc bk%n`bndn.

Ka skcr Ij`jstrc %k mc`tkst#, sustn`mjna%k`tk, k` acs t:r%j`cs sj&ujk`tksH quk, mc%cbkd7n suc`kr, `c cb7n k` %ntkrjn tn` &rnk, ; quk rkqukr7n skrjc kstubjc ; mc`suatn mc` ka2rksjbk`tk, bnr%k u`n rksukstn mntkrjmn ; bk$j`jtjnN krc quk, lndan`bc k` t:r%j`cs %6sdjk` n%j&ndaks quk c$jmjnaks, %k lnm7n rksk`tk, quk an rj%krn j%rksj#` quk ak lnd7n mnusnbcan akmturn quk lnd7n bnbc ;c na Rrntnbc, krn %6s djk` an bk / '+B -4K]+M, qukbk$k`sjn. 'k rkajqu: n kstc, %n`j$kst6`bcak, mc` ka k!n%k` bk acs nrt7muacs bka Rrntnbc, quk `clnd7n `nbn ndscautn%k`tk k` :a quk ak bjksk ka mnr6mtkr quk lnd7n mrk7bc k`mc`trnrakN quk, crka mc`trnrjc, ; sk&` ak lnd7n %n`j$kstnbc na rj`mjjc bk kstn mc`$krk`mjn, ka $j` quk %jOcdjkr`c sk lnd7n rcukstc na mkakdrnrac, krn ka bk kjtnr R-(- RT*K an &ukrrn, uksk` :a sk kstjuandn ka nrdjtrnfk, mc%c ka `jmc %kbjc bk rkscakr ans mukstjc`ks bk a7%jtksN ; qukka lkmlc %js%c bk rcmurnr rcdustkmkr an najn`)n mc` an nblksj#` bk an Tkdajmn r&k`tj`n,rcdndn quk ac quk sk qukr7n krn $cr%nr u` cbkr dnstn`tk $ukrtk, quk, %cbkrn`bc ansrktk`sjc`ks k!n&krnbns quk ubjksk tk`kr na&u`n bk ans Tkdajmns, ljmjksk j%csjdak an&ukrrn.

c ak cmuatnr: n /. ]., %k bjfc bksu:s bk kstc ka skcr Ij`jstrc, quk an jbkn rj`mjna bkkstk nmtc %k ks sj%6tjmn, ; quk ac skr6, tnak) %6s, na 2rksjbk`tk bk an TkdajmnN krc nmtcmc`tj`uc, %k lj)c mc%rk`bkr quk an $cr%n quj)6s, rkstnr7n na&u`ns bj$jmuatnbks nrn sunmktnmj#` ajsn ; aan`n. c ak mc`tkst:, quk %j Ocdjkr`c lnd7n %kbjtnbc %umlc kstc ; qukk`mc`tr# quk krn an $cr%n %6s mc`k`jk`tk, an quk sk ak lnd7n bnbcN quk ctrc mc%rc%jscmunaqujkrn, quk `c kstujksk nrrk&anbc scdrk ans dnsks bka rksk`tk, cbr7n aak&nr n skr kst:rja ;lnstn rjb7muac, mc%c, cr kfk%ac, ka bk quk sk rkbufkrn sj%ak%k`tk n $jfnr ans dnsks qukbkd7n` skrjr bk u`tc bk nrtjbn nrn rkscakr ans mukstjc`ks bk aj%jtks 5tk`7n %ctjcs nrnsndkr quk kstk krn u`c bk acs k`sn%jk`tcs bka Ocdjkr`c1, cr mun`tc `c lnd7n %kbjc bkcdaj&nr n quk nmktnsk` kstk nrrk&ac, ans Tkdajmns quk `c qujsjksk` sc%ktkrsk n :a.

Ka skcr Ij`jstrc %k aan%# bksu:s bk kstc an ntk`mj#` scdrk ka nrt7muac =J bka Rrntnbc, ;%k bjfc, quk bjmlc nrt7muac lnm7n mc%aktn%k`tk jauscrjc tcbc ka nmtc, crquk, sk&` :a, qukbnk` ajdkrtnb u`c bk acs Kstnbcs sj&`ntnrjcs nrn lnmkr c `c k$kmtjn an najn`)n, sk&` ka fujmjcquk sk $cr%k bk an c$k`sn rkmjdjbn cr an ctrn nrtk, ;, cr mc`sj&ujk`tk, nrn bkfnr n :stn scank` mnscs bnbcs. 'k mc`tkst: quk ksk nrt7muac tk`7n cr cdfktc ka bk cdaj&nrsk rkm7rcmn%k`tk ansnrtks mc`trntn`tks n `c rcmkbkr, mc%rc%ktjk`bc n su najnbn, sj` lndkrsk ukstc bk nmukrbcmc` kaanN quk kstc krn ac `nturna ; ac fustc, k` nsu`tcs bk kstn `nturnak)nN ;, cr atj%c, quk kanrt7muac `c bndn ndscautn%k`tk bkrkmlc n `j`&u`c bk acs najnbcs, mc%c nrkm7n quk ac ludjkskmc%rk`bjbc ka skcr Ij`jstrc, nrn ndn`bc`nr na ctrc bksu:s bk lndkrsk lkmlc k$kmtjn annajn`)n, mc%c ac mc%rcdndn` tcbcs acs bk%6s nrt7muacs bka Rrntnbc.


16/70

Rc%# bksu:s bk kstc an mc`krsnmj#` &jrcs %u; bjstj`tcs ; $n%jajnrks ; tcm# ka Ij`jstrcbjkrscs u`tcs, sjk`bc acs rj`mjnaks acs sj&ujk`tksH

>J ]j mrk7n quk na&u`c c na&u`cs nrt7muacs bka Rrntnbc cbr7n` skr bk na&` %cbc%cbj$jmnbcs.

3J ]j ka Ocdjkr`c bk *ljak tk`7n bk kstk nmtc na&` mc`cmj%jk`tc.=J ]j mc`k`br7n scajmjtnr an nblksj#` bk ksk Ocdjkr`c mc%c ka %kbjc %6s sk&urc ;

mc`k`jk`tk bk `ctj$jmnrak an k!jstk`mjn bk an najn`)n.J ]j skr7n csjdak quk *ljak scajmjtnsk, ; scdrk tcbc cdtujksk, an najn`)n bka rnsja.J ]j ka Rrntnbc bk najn`)n bk$k`sjn, %ntkrjn bk kstn k`trkjstn, kstndn ;n nrcdnbc ;

rntj$jmnbc cr ka Ocdjkr`c bk cajjnN ;, sj `c ac kstndn, sj tk`7n sk&urjbnb bk quk ac skr7n.]cdrk ka rj%kr u`tc ak mc`tkst:, quk `c kstndn nutcrj)nbc sj`c nrn scajmjtnr an

nblksj#`, ; quk kstn`bc ka Rrntnbc nrcdnbc cr ka *c`&rksc bka 2kr ; rntj$jmnbc cr %jOcdjkr`c, `c cb7n ;c natkrnr `j`&u`c bk sus nrt7muacsN ; quk sj s#ac sk trntnsk bk nmanrnr, c %6sdjk` bjmlc, bk rkmjsnr acs t:r%j`cs bk na&u`c bk kaacs, cbr7n mc`sj&`nrsk ksc k` u` rctcmcacrkskrnbc ; nb rk$kr:`bu%A.

]cdrk ka sk&u`bc ak mc`tkst:, quk lnstn %j snajbn bk 'j%n `c lnd7n sndjbc `nbn kaOcdjkr`c c an 'k&nmj#` bk *ljak k` ksn mnjtnaN krc quk quj)6 scskmlnr7n` quk %j Ocdjkr`ctrntndn bk na&` nrrk&ac mc` cajjn ; kstn Tkdajmn, crquk %j `c%drn%jk`tc bk n&k`tkbjac%6tjmc mkrmn bk kstk Kstnbc, lnd7n rcbumjbc j%rksj#` k` an k!rksnbn 'k&nmj#`.

]cdrk ka tkrmkr u`tc bjfk, quk ac quk mc`k`7n, cr ka %c%k`tc, krn quk `cs j`j:sk%csN; quk mun`bc kstc kstujksk rknaj)nbc, trntnr7n%cs bk mc`cmkr sj krn c `c mc`k`jk`tk scajmjtnr annblksj#` bk *ljakN quk, cr ac bk%6s, ;c `c kstndn j`strujbc rkskmtc bk ac quk scdrk kstk u`tck`sndn %j Ocdjkr`c, ; quk sj :a 5ka Ij`jstrc1 ac bkskndn, ac mc`suatnr7n cr ka rj%kr ncr.Ik mc`tkst# quk cb7n lnmkrac, `c mc%c bk u`n scajmjtub quk :a ljmjksk, sj`c mc%c bk u`n jbknquk lnd7n sur&jbc k` an mc`$krk`mjn. Iumlc kstj%nr7n, uks, n /.]. quk n ukatn bk ncr skbj&`nsk bnr%k sus j`strummjc`ks scdrk kstk u`tc.

K` mun`tc n an munrtn rk&u`tn, ak ljmk `ctnr na ]r. Ij`jstrc, quk nu`quk *ljak aak&nsk nscajmjtnr an najn`)n bka rnsja, `c krn bk tk%krsk quk an cdtujksk, crquk `c sk mc%rk`b7n qu:%jrns, `j j`tkrksks ca7tjmcs, ubjkrn` bkmjbjr na Ocdjkr`c bka K%krnbcr n an`)nrsk k` u`nmukstj#` mc` ans Tkdajmns bka 2nmj$jmcN quk, cr ctrc anbc, `ukstrcs Ocdjkr`cs kstndn` k` %u;duk`ns rkanmjc`ks mc` ka bk T7c Fn`kjrcN ;, cr atj%c, quk s7 *ljak aak&ndn n trndnfnr crcdtk`kr ksn najn`)n, `csctrcs trndnfnr7n%cs bk mc`su`c nrn j%kbjr quk an cdtujksk. ]k lnda#k`tc`mks, tn%dj:`, j`mjbk`tna%k`tk, bk quk, an Ksmunbrn drnsjakrn krn dnstn`tk $ukrtkN ; ;c tukan sntjs$nmmj#` bk %n`j$kstnrak, quk ' /K]RT KT RI+K I/ TK]2KR'K. nrc#sjtc bk kstc, ; bk lndkrak ukstc bk %n`j$jkstc an `kmksjbnb bk quk ka Ocdjkr`c r&k`tj`ctrntnsk bk $cr%nr u`n Ksmunbrn, %k bjfc quk lnd7n` %n`bnbc mc`strujr k` Kurcn mrkc qukbcs mnc`krns ; na&u`cs tcrkbcs, nrn bk$k`bkr an k`trnbn na T7c.

]cdrk ka quj`tc ; atj%c u`tc mc`tkst:, quk cmcs b7ns n`tks bk %j snajbn bk 'j%n,lnd7n %nrmlnbc nrn 'n 2n) u` Ij`jstrc krun`c, mc` j`strummjc`ks rk$krk`tks n an nrcdnmj#`bka Rrntnbc, ; lnstn mc` acs ak`cs cbkrks rkskmtjcs nrn lnmkr ka mn`fk bk ans rntj$jmnmjc`ksN; quk `c ndrj&ndn an %k`cr bubn bk quk ka Rrntnbc skr7n nrcdnbc cr ka Ocdjkr`c bk cajjn,tn`tc cr lndkr nrtjbc bk :a an j`jmjntjn bk kstk 2nmtc mun`tc cr kstnr ka 2cbkr Kfkmutjcnutcrj)nbc cr an ak; skmrktn, bk quk ak b7 mc`cmj%jk`tc, nrn rntj$jmnrac cr s7, sj` `kmksjbnb bksc%ktkrac n an sn%dakn `nmjc`na.

Rcmn%cs, cr atj%c, ctrcs u`tcs, quk, cr `c skr krtj`k`tks, `c acs mc`sj&`c k` kstnmc%u`jmnmj#`N ; tkr%j`: an k`trkjstn, nbqujrjk`bc ka mc`k`mj%jk`tc bk quk kstk Ocdjkr`ckst6 rksukatc n rksjstjr ans rktk`sjc`ks bk *ljak scdrk an 2ntn&c`jn, n` cr %kbjc bk ans nr%ns,; bk quk, mc`j`j:`bcak cr kstk %ctjc najnrsk mc` `csctrcs, skr6 %u; bj$7mja quk sk `jk&uk k` acndscautc n nblkrjrsk na Rrntnbc.

Tc&n`bc n /.]. sk bj&`k bnr muk`tn bk kstn mc%u`jmnmj#` n /.]. ka 2rksjbk`tk bk anTkdajmn, %k ks sntjs$nmtcrjc susmrjdjr%k bk /.]. mc` ka %6s natc rksktc.

tk`tc ; sk&urc skrjbcr. 54jr%nbc1.0 I. +rj&c;k`

Ln&jk`bc k" #k*uik` bk "n `ctn n`tk#jc# k" *k9c# 5#j+c-k` n/j*n 7uk n" bn *j+ujk`tk bk *u#kmkmj` c;jmjn" *c"jmjt u`n nubjk`mjn bk" *k9c# Rk3kbc# n#n t#ntn# mc`;jbk`mjn"ik`tk bk u`c bk "c*


17/70

c&3ktc* bk *u ij*j` Mc` m"n#jbnb - k"cmuk`mjn k


18/70

mc%aktn%k`tk jbk`tj$jmnbcsN krc bk ctrc %cbc, kskrnr7n ans #rbk`ks k j`strummjc`ks, qukbksbk auk&c ruk&c n /.]. sk sjrn mc%u`jmnr%k n an drkkbnb csjdak.

Ik j`bjm#, bksu:s, n an aj&krn, an mc`k`jk`mjn bk nrrk&anr rkjn%k`tk mc` cajjn ansmukstjc`ks bk a7%jtks k`bjk`tks mc` an *c`$kbkrnmj#`, k` ka mnsc bk quk su Ocdjkr`c 5kanr&k`tj`c1 sk rkscajksk n nblkrjrsk n an najn`)n, n $j` bk rk%ckr ans bj$jmuatnbks ; trcjk)cs qukksns mukstjc`ks ubjkrn` c$rkmkrN ; %k nrksur: n mc`tkstnrak, quk tcbns ksns bj$jmuatnbksbksnnrkmkr7n` k` ka %c%k`tc k` quk an *c`$kbkrnmj#` sk nbljrjksk na Rrntnbc, crquk (K](KKR-*K] 8/K( -'+O(-] '-] (-] K]R(-] ]-IKRKT / T+RT-' TK]-'/*+- (K K]] */K]R+-K], sj ks quk kaans cr s7 scans `c cb7n` aak&nr n u`nrrk&ac sntjs$nmtcrjc.

2cr atj%c %k mc%u`jm# quk ka skcr Tk;ks *nrbc`n, Ij`jstrc quk cajjn tk`7nnmrkbjtnbc k` acs Kstnbcs bka 2antn ; k` ka rnsja, lnd7n sjbc rktjrnbc, ; sk %n`j$kst# sntjs$kmlcbk kstc crquk, sk&` %k j`bjm#, `c bkskndn cakr n k`trnr k` rkanmjc`ks c$jmjnaks mc` :a, cr anmc`bumtn cmc manrn quk lnd7n cdskrnbc n $j`ks bka nc r#!j%c nsnbc. K` mc%rcdnmj#` bkkaac %k rk$jrj#, quk ka Ocdjkr`c bka 2nrn&un; lnd7n aak&nbc n sndkr u`n rcukstn qukrkskrnbn%k`tk ak lj)c, scdrk ka nrrk&ac bk an mukstj#` bka *lnmc, k` an quk tn%dj:` tjk`kj`tkr:s ksk KstnbcN rcukstn quk ka Ij`jstrc *nrbc`n lnd7n rkmjdjbc mc` sntjs$nmmj#`, bk tna%n`krn quk sk nrksur# n mc%u`jmnrac n 'n 2n), k`jn`bc mc` tna $j` n su %js%c ]kmrktnrjcN ;quk, nbk%6s, k` ksn %js%n $kmln, ; bksu:s bk lndkr mc`k`jbc k` kskrnr an rksukstn bkaOcdjkr`c bk cajjn, sk lnd7n jbc na Fn`kjrc n rc%ckr tcbn kskmjk bk bj$jmuatnbks k` anbkajmnbn %jsj#` quk aak# n ksk +%krjc na Ok`krna bc` nrtcac%: Ijtrk.

*rkc, k` jstn bk ac k!ukstc, quk mc`jk`k cdtk`kr n an drkkbnb csjdak an rntj$jmnmj#`bka Rrntnbc cr nrtk bka Ocdjkr`c bk cajjn, sj ks quk `c sk ln cdtk`jbc tcbn7nN uks k`krbnb, `c kstn`bc cr ksn mjrmu`stn`mjn kr$kmmjc`nbc, %k nrkmk %u; bj$7mja quk ka bk kstnTkdajmn sk bkmjbn sj` ksc, n %n`j$kstnr su nblksj#`.

*namuan`bc cr an $kmln k` quk snaj# nrn 'n 2n) ka skcr 'n Rcrrk, kskrc quk `ctkr%j`nr6 ka rksk`tk %ks sj` rkmjdjr mc%u`jmnmjc`ks bk /.]. quk %k j`stru;n` bka rksuatnbc bkan %jsj#` n cajjn n kstk rkskmtc, ; %k c`&n` k` nmtjtub bk rcmkbkr mc` sk&urjbnb nak`tk`bkr%k scdrk kstk j%crtn`tk nsu`tc mc` ka Ij`jstrc bk kstn Tkdajmn.

Kskrc, tn%dj:`, quk, tcr`n`bc /]. k` mc`sjbkrnmj#` ac quk aakc k!ukstc k` kstk c$jmjc,scdrk acs tk%crks bk quk sk rknajmk u`n najn`)n k`trk *ljak ; ka rnsja, sk bj&`nr6 mc%u`jmnr%ksus j`strummjc`ks djk` bktnaanbns ; rkmjsns.

]7rnsk /.]. bnr muk`tn bk kstn mc%u`jmnmj#` n ].K. ka 2rksjbk`tk ; rkmjdjr an k!rksj#`bk rksktc, mc` quk %k ks &rntc susmrjdjr%k su %u; ntk`tc ; cdskmuk`tk skrjbcr. 54jr%nbc1.0I. +rj&c;k`

K" *k9c# Rk3kbc# =n&n *ciktjbc "n muk*tj` n" mc`*k3c bk ij`j*t#c*1 k" #c-kmtc *k #k*k`tn&ni:* ;:mj" 7uk k` "n #jik#n mc`;k#k`mjnD *k "k bkm"n#n&n *ji:tjmc k#c "n* cj`jc`k* `c k*tn&n`nmc#bk*1 *k "k c&3ktn&n "n ;n"tn bk #ntj;jmnmj` bk n#tk bk .c"j/jn - *k bn&n +#n` jic#tn`mjn n" tkic#bk u`n n"jn`4n bk M=j"k mc` k" .#n*j" K" *k9c# 5#j+c-k` bk3 k` k*n cmn*j` t#n*"umj# mjk#tn j`;"uk`mjnbkmj*j/n bk "n mn`mj""k#n k#un`n n`tk "n bk" .#n*j" mcic mc`*kmuk`mjn bk "n* mc`mk*jc`k* 7uk ubjk#n=nmk#"k k` "n #k+j` bk" Nin4c`n* - c;#kmj t#n*"nbn#*k k#*c`n"ik`tk n Tc Hn`kj#c mc` k*k ;j` K"Ij`j*t#c n#+k`tj`c u*c mcic mc`bjmj` k" n##k+"c #k/jc bk "n muk*tj` bk ;#c`tk#n* k`t#k .c"j/jn -"n N#+k`tj`n

K" (> bk Hu"jc n/j* k" *k9c# J#j+c-k` 7uk =n&n tk`jbc "u+n# "n tk#mk#n mc`;k#k`mjn mc` k" *k9c#Rk3kbc#

J >? 5Tkskrnbc1.0 uk`cs jrks, => bk Fuajc bk >


19/70

j`strummjc`ks quk lnd7n rkmjdjbc, scajmjtndn c$jmjna%k`tk an nblksj#` bk su Ocdjkr`c, bka %js%c%cbc mc`$jbk`mjna, mc%c lnd7n tk`jbc ;n ka lc`cr bk lnmkrac n `c%drk bka Ocdjkr`c bka 2kr.

Ka skcr Ij`jstrc rkmjdj# mc` sntjs$nmmj#` an `ctjmjn bk quk ka Rrntnbc kstujksk ;nmc%aktn%k`tk kr$kmmjc`nbc, ; %k bjfc quk bksu:s bk an atj%n k`trkjstn quk tuc mc`%j&c5bk an quk bj n /.]. muk`tn, k` %j c$jmjc bk >? bka nmtuna J >G1 `c lnd7n mrk7bc mc`k`jk`tkcakr n cmunr mc` kstk nsu`tc na *c`skfc bk Ij`jstrcs, crquk, k` su atj%n rku`j#`, bcs bksus mcak&ns lnd7n` k!ukstc quk `nbn sk cb7n lnmkr lnstn quk `c kstujksk ka Rrntnbcnrcdnbc ; rntj$jmnbc, cr ka Ocdjkr`c bk cajjnN krc quk, k` jstn bk ac quk ;c nmndndn bknrtjmjnrak, bnr7n muk`tn na 2rksjbk`tk ; %k mc%u`jmnr7n ka rksuatnbc.

Ik %n`j$kst# k` sk&ujbn ka skcr Ij`jstrc, acs %js%cs tk%crks quk k` ans n`tkrjcrksmc`$krk`mjns, bk quk lk bnbc muk`tn n /.]., $u`bnbcs k` an %nan, nu`quk k`mudjkrtn cau`tnbquk nrn kaacs tjk`k` k` ka rnsja, ; cr mc`sj&ujk`tk, k` ka rjks&c quk k!jstk bk quk *ljak sk u`nmc` nquka +%krjc, mun`bc tk`&n mc`cmj%jk`tc bk kstn najn`)nN ; $u`bnbcs, tn%dj:`, k` kakstnbc cmc sntjs$nmtcrjc bk ans rkanmjc`ks bk an *c`$kbkrnmj#` mc` ka 2nrn&un;. 'k mc`tkst: %u;bktk`jbn%k`tk scdrk tcbcs acs u`tcs quk lnd7n tcmnbc, %n`j$kst6`bcak, quk sus tk%crks krn`jauscrjcs crquk krn` bk tcbc u`tc jrrknaj)ndaks acs nmtcs quk :a rkk`7nN ;, cr atj%c, quk,nrn ka mnsc bk munaqujkrn kk`tunajbnb c k%kr&k`mjn, ak mc`k`7n n an *c`$kbkrnmj#` kstnru`jbn mc` ka 2kr ; mc` cajjn. *rkc quk %js rk$ak!jc`ks ln;n` j`$aujbc na&c k` ka 6`j%c bkaskcr Ij`jstrc, uks `c j`sjstj# k` sus rj%krns jbkns, sj`c quk ns# n bkmjr%k quk tk%7n quk kaOcdjkr`c bk *ljak sk ludjksk nkrmjdjbc ;n na&c bk ùkstrn najn`)n mc` cajjn. 'K*-RK]RK K]R- KOR+MIKRKN ;, k`tc`mks, %k bjfc, quk ksn scskmln sk an lnd7nj`$u`bjbc u`n mnrtn quk nmndndn bk rkmjdjr bk 4r7ns, Ij`jstrc bk kstn Tkdajmn k` *ljak, bk anquk %k ak;# u` nm6jtk, quk mnsj ajtkrna%k`tk bjmk ac sj&ujk`tkH quk ka a%jrn`tk an`mcK`mnanbn lnd7n tk`jbc u`n anr&n mc`$krk`mjn mc` ka 2rksjbk`tk Krr6)urj), k` an quk ak %n`j$kst#quk `c krn fustn an rktk`sj#` quk sk tk`7n scdrk an 2ntn&c`jn, crquk ù`mn sk lnd7n mc`cmjbc*"+'K -T+KR'N quk bkd7n` mc`$cr%nrsk mc` ac quk csk7n k` ka Kstrkmlc, kstc ks, mc`2u`tn rk`nsN ; quk akfcs bk skr ca7tjmc ka rc%ckr mukstj#` n an Tkdajmn r&k`tj`n, '-8/K *-MK+ *"+'K KT '+T]K *- K'' *-RT -'+M+ K' 2KT/A.(ksu:s bk kstn akmturn, ak bjfk na skcr Ij`jstrc, quk kstns jbkns krn` su&krjbns cr ka4-''KR- quk nmndndn bk udajmnr k` *ljak, bc` Inrmjna Inrt7`k)N quk ka Ocdjkr`c bk]n`tjn&c j&`crndn cr mc%aktc ka nmtc quk tk`7n%cs mc` cajjn ; ka nrrk&ac bk quk `cscmu6dn%csN ;, cr atj%c, quk *ljak `c bksjstjr7n fn%6s cau`tnrjn%k`tk bk sus rktk`sjc`ksscdrk an 2ntn&c`jn, uks mj$rndn k` an csksj#` bk ksk tkrrjtcrjc tcbns sus kskrn`)ns bkk`&rn`bkmj%jk`tc %ntkrjna ; ca7tjmc. Ka skcr Ij`jstrc mc`cm7n ;n ka rk$krjbc $caaktc.

(ksu:s bk kstc, %k jbj# bntcs scdrk ùkstrn Ksmunbrn, ùkstrcs Kf:rmjtcs ; acs bkcajjn, mc` ka cdfktc sk&urn%k`tk, bk mc`cmkr ans k`tnfns %ntkrjnaks quk cbr7n cdtk`kr kstnrkdajmn naj6`bcsk mc` ka 2kr ; cajjn. 'k b7 acs quk ubk, sj`tjk`bc `c tk`kr nqu7 bk bc`bktc%nr bntcs k!nmtcs scdrk an $ukr)n bk ùkstrn KsmunbrnN `c cdstn`tk bk quk %u; cmnbj$krk`mjn lndr6 n kstk rkskmtc, k`trk %js rkmukrbcs ; an rknajbnb.

]k cmu#, k` sk&ujbn, bka kstnbc bk an ca7tjmn j`tkr`n bk n%dcs n7sks, rk&u`t6`bc%k,mc` &rn` j`tkr:s, sj mrk7n quk ka &cdjkr`c bk cajjn kstujksk su$jmjk`tk%k`tk mc`scajbnbc.(ksbk %j rj%krn mc`$krk`mjn lnd7n `ctnbc quk ka ]r. Ij`jstrc bndn n kstc, mc%c ks `nturna,u`n &rn` j%crtn`mjnN bk %n`krn quk %k ks$crm:, mun`tc %k $u: csjdak, cr krsunbjrac bkquk ka &cdjkr`c dcajjn`c kstndn s#ajbn%k`tk kstndakmjbc ; bk quk `c lnd7n, cr ac tn`tc, ka%k`cr rjks&c bk quk an n) sk natkrnsk k` nquka Kstnbc. "nda: tn%dj:`, mc%c cr j`mjbk`mjn, ;`c cdstn`tk bk quk ka Ij`jstrc, cr bkajmnbk)n sk&urn%k`tk, `c %k rk&u`t# `nbn, bka kstnbcbk ùkstrn ca7tjmn, bka $jr%k k j`qukdrn`tndak nc;c k` quk bksmn`sn ka nmtuna &cdjkr`c, bkùkstrcs rkmurscs, cbkr, ktm. Rcbc kstc ac mrk7 `kmksnrjc, crquk, rkmjsn%k`tk, ; cr u`nbks&rnmjnbn mcj`mjbk`mjn, an 7skrn bk kstn k`trkjstn, udajmnrc` tcbcs acs krj#bjmcs bk kstnmnjtna, dnfc ka ak%n bk Tkcaumj#` $rustrnbn k` ka 2krA, an scrrksn ; rjsj#` quk tuc au&nrk` an 2an)n bka lcsjtna 3 bk In;cA.

*c`mau;# an mc`$krk`mjn mc` an %n;cr $n%jajnrjbnb ; $rn`quk)n, mc` u` mn%djc ajdrk bkjbkns ; mnsj sj` quk ka Ij`jstrc %k rksk`tnsk ;n nr&u%k`tcs su;cs k` mc`trn bk an nblksj#`scajmjtnbn, uks sk lnd7n mjrmu`smrjtc n %n`j$kstnr%k an ccsjmj#` quk ak lnm7n` k` ka *c`skfc bkIj`jstrcs bcs bk sus mcak&nsN ; aak an $rn`quk)n lnstn ka u`tc bk quk, na bkskbjr%k, %k


20/70

rk$jrj#, lndan`bc bk u`c bk kaacs, ; nrn mcrrcdcrnr%k sus tk%crks, quk u` b7n na trntnr bk kstknsu`tc, ak lnd7n rk&u`tnbc qu: krn ac quk ka 2kr cb7n bnraksN mc` an %js%n $rn`quk)n, %knrksur: n bkmjrak, quk cb7n mc`tkstnrak quk, rkmjsn%k`tk, cb7n%cs bnr n an *c`$kbkrnmj#`,ac quk ak $natndn 2T K' *]-, I/ 2T-'K, (K 8/K *"+'K ]K 'B]K ]-TKK' K]RTK*"- ' 2RO-+, kstc ks, u`n Ksmunbrn.

Rkr%j`nr: kstk c$jmjc %n`j$kstn`bc n /.]., quk ln sjbc %u; sntjs$nmtcrjn an j%rksj#`quk %k ln bkfnbc kstn atj%n k`trkjstnN ; rc&6`bcak sk bj&`k bnr muk`tn bk kstn mc%u`jmnmj#`n ].K. ka 2rksjbk`tk bk an Tkdajmn.

(jcs &unrbk n /.]. 54jr%nbc1.0 I. +rj&c;k`

Bj mc`cmjijk`tc k" bj"ci:tjmc k#un`c n" +c&jk#`c n#+k`tj`c bk "n #ntj;jmnmj` bk" R#ntnbc]km#ktc c# .c"j/jn bk*u2* bk c&tk`jbn "n n#c&nmj` bk "n N*ni&"kn @nmjc`n" K" *k9c# 5#j+c-k` *k

#k*k`t tni&j2` bk*bk k*k bn mcic "k`jctk`mjn#jc k*kmjn" bk" Oc&jk#`c bk .c"j/jn n#n *c"jmjtn#"n nb=k*j` bk" Oc&jk#`c N#+k`tj`c n" nmtc bk n"jn`4n

K" ij`j*t#c n#+k`tj`c in`j;k*t k` k*n cmn*j` k" tkic# bk 7uk k" +c&jk#`c bk M=j"k *k =u&jk#nnk#mj&jbc bk" #c-kmtc1 k#c k" ij j*t#c k#un`c "k mc`tk*t `k+ntj/nik`tk K*tn bkm"n#nmj` k*t: k`n&jk#tn mc`t#nbjmmj` mc` "n n*k/k#nmj` bk "c* k*m#jtc#k* k#un`c* =nmk` k` ùk*t#c* bn* bk 7uk k"+c&jk#`c m=j"k`c k*tn&n k#;kmtnik`tk j`;c#inbc bk k*n t#nijtnmj`

K` k*n mc`/k#*nmj` muk`tn k" ij`j*t#c n#+k`tj`c 7uk =n&n #kmj&jbc bk" bcmtc# %#n* Ij`j*t#ck` ]n`tjn+c u`n mn#tn k` "n mun" *k "k j`;c#in "c *j+ujk`tkD 7uk k" N"ij#n`tk ."n`mc K`mn"nbn =n&ntk`jbc u`n "n#+n mc`;k#k`mjn mc` k" X#k*jbk`tk K##:4u#j4 k` "n mun" "k in`j;k*t 7uk `c k#n 3u*tn "n

#ktk`*j` 7uk *k tk`n *ck "n Xntn+c`jn c#7uk ù`mn *k =n&n mc`cmjbc M=j"k C#jk`tn"1 7ukbk&n` mc`;c#in#*k mc` "c 7uk c*kn k` k" K*t#km=c k*tc k* mc` Xu`tn N#k`n*1 - 7uk "k3c* bk *k#

c"tjmc k" #cic/k# muk*tj` n "n Tk,&"jmn N#+k`tj`n "c 7uk mc`/k n n M=j"k k#n n"jn#*k mc` k""nmc`t#n .c"j/jn - k" Xk#,

K* bk nb/k#tj# 7uk bu#n`tk "n nbij`j*t#nmj` bk bc` Hc*2 Hcn7u` X2#k4 =n&n ""k+nbc n M=j"ku` inn iu#n" ji#k*c k` Kbji&u#+c bc`bk "n Xntn+c`jn k*tn&n bj/jbjbn k` bc* *kmmjc`k*D u`n n"`c#tk bk" Tc @k+#c *k nb3ubjmn&n n "n N#+k`tj`n - "n ct#n n" *u# bk k*k #c mc` k" `cik bk M=j"kC#jk`tn" 7ukbn&n nb=k#jbn n" k*t#km=c bk In+n""n`k*

K" *k9c# Rk3kbc# nt#j&un "n /j*jtn bk" N"ij#n`tk ."n`mc K`mn"nbn n u` ;c""ktc u&"jmnbc k` k*c*bn* c# bc` In#mjn" In#t`k4 - bk" mun" *k *u+k#n` k*n* jbkn*

K" *k9c# 5#j+c-k` c;#kmj k` k*n cmn*j` n "n Mc`;kbk#nmj` N#+k`tj`n "c 7uk "k ;n"tn&n n#nk" mn*c #c&n&"k bk 7uk M=j"k *k "n`4n*k *ck k" K*t#km=c - "n Xntn+c`jn k*tc k* u`n K*munb#n K*tkc;#kmjijk`tc /jk`k n bk*t#uj# ct#n n*k/k#nmj` bk "c* k*m#jtc#k* bk "n #cn+n`bn k#un`n - #k/k"n k"`tjic mc`/k`mjijk`tc 7uk nj+n&n` "c* +c&k#`n`tk* k#un`c* bk k*n 2cmn bk "n +#n` *uk#jc#jbnbbk "n k*munb#n k#un`n *ck "n m=j"k`n

K" *k9c# bk "n Tj/n N+k#c k` u`n `ctn - k` u`n mn#tn #j/nbn bj#j+jbn* n *u #k#k*k`tn`tk k`.uk`c* Nj#k* n#uk&n "n mc`bumtn bk 2*tk1 "c n"jk`tn n#n mc`tjùn#1 "k #kmuk#bn k" mn#:mtk# nm;jmc bk"n N"jn`4n t#jn#tjtn 7uk *k #c-kmtn - bkbumk bk k""n k" nj*"nijk`tc mci"ktc bk M=j"k n#n c&"j+n#"c nu` n##k+"c tctn" bk *u* muk*tjc`k* bk "ijtk* K" Xk#, `c tk`n `j`+u`n bk k*n* muk*tjc`k* mc` M=j"k1,`jmnik`tk k" k*kmt#c bk "n *u#kinmn `n/n" k` k" Xnm;jmc - k" k"j+#c 7uk mc##n k" ic`cc"jc bk"*n"jt#k cbn` *k# "c* i/j"k* bk" =:&j" bj#kmtc# bk "n mn`mj""k#n bk" Tjinm

'j%n, 3 bk &cstc bk >


21/70

*ljak ; ka rnsja, j`sjùnbn cr ka skcr RkfkbcrN ; ka rksuatnbc ùac bka jnfk bka skcr akstOn`n na Fn`kjrc k`br6 %u; rc`tc n mc`$jr%nr kstn krsunsj#`.

]7 bksu:s bk lndkr /. ]. cdtk`jbc an nblksj#` bka Ocdjkr`c nr&k`tj`c, mc`sjbkrnsk :stkmc`k`jk`tk ùkstrc mc`mursc k` ka rnsja, nrn mru)nr acs rc;kmtcs k`mc%k`bnbcs na skcrakst On`n, ukbk /. ]. trnsanbnrsk na Fn`kjrc, n $j` bk rcmkbkr k` ksk sk`tjbc. (k ctrc %cbc,`c mc`jk`k quk /.]. sk rktjrk bk uk`cs jrks, bc`bk bkdk%cs, cr nlcrn, mc`trnkr tcbcsùkstrcs ks$ukr)cs nrn an nmktnmj#` bk an najn`)n. K` %j mnrtn nrtjmuanr bk kstn $kmln, n anmuna %k rk%jtc k` tcbc, k`mc`trnr6 /.]. cr%k`crks quk ak n$jn`)nr6` an jbkn quk nqu7ndrj&nr`cs, bk quk cr nrtk bka rnsja `c bkdk%cs ndrj&nr ka %6s aj&krc tk%cr. 2rcmurk /. ].,mc` tcbcs sus ks$ukr)cs, aaknr ksn krsunsj#` na 6`j%c bka Ocdjkr`c nr&k`tj`c, ; mc` sunblksj#` n an najn`)n lndrk%cs cdtk`jbc ka j%crtn`tk rksuatnbc bk "*KT +I2-]+'KR-( O/KTT, 2-T K' +]'I+KR- K 8/K 8/K(T+ *"+'K ' K*K]+((K 8/K '- *-'-*T+I-] (K *K2RT K' T+RTFK, *-I- /+*- IK(+-(K BFT R-(] /K]RT] */K]R+-K] (K '+I+RK].

(jcs &unrbk n /.]. 54jr%nbc1.0 F. bk an Tjn &9krc

An* `ctn* bk "n Ak+nmj` bk ;km=n bk $ bk N+c*tc - bk ! bk" ij*ic ik* u&"jmnbn* k` Ajinj`mci"ktn* - k` "n* mun"k* *k =nmk #k;k#k`mjn n ct#n* 7uk *k =n` in`tk`jbc cmu"tn* mci"ktn` "nj`;c#inmj` *ck k*n* +k*tjc`k* k` "c* ik*k* 7uk #kmkbjk#c` n "n nmktnmj` c# k" Oc&jk#`c bk"X#k*jbk`tk bc` Bcij`+c % ]n#ijk`tc bk" #c-kmtc bk nb=k*j` n" R#ntnbc ]km#ktc

K` *u* mciu`jmnmjc`k* bk" >? - bk" !8 bk ]ktjkik bc` Inùk" 5#j+c-k` bj muk`tn bk"n/n`mk 7uk =n&n tk`jbc *u +k*tj` - mc` +#n` 3,&j"c ubc bkmj# tk`+c "n *ntj*;nmmj` bk n#tjmjn# n)] 7uk k" +c&jk#`c bk k*tn #k,&"jmn =n bkmjbjbc nb=k#j#*k n ùk*t#c t#ntnbc mc` .c"j/jn Mcjc k`ntk`mj` n *u jic#tn`mjn k*tn* bc* mciu`jmnmjc`k*

5Tkskrnbn1 J =?.0 uk`cs jrks, ]ktjk%drk >? bk >


22/70

]nanbn $kaj)%k`tk kstn bj$jmuatnb, %k jbj# quk ak %n`j$kstnrn ùkn%k`tk ka %kbjc qukak lnd7n rcukstc, k` u`n bk %js n`tkrjcrks mc`$krk`mjns, mc%c k$jmn) nrn aak&nr n u` nrrk&acbk a7%jtks mc` cajjn, k` tjk%c $jfc ; bktkr%j`nbc. 'k rk$kr7 ùkn%k`tk ac quk ;n tk`&cmc%u`jmnbc n /. ].N %6s n&rk&n`bc, quk ac %6s nmkrtnbc skr7n quk sk bkmjbjkrn n nblkrjrsk naRrntnbc sj` mc`bjmj#` na&u`n. Ka skcr Ij`jstrc %k mc tkst#, rksk`t6`bc%k sjk%rkbj$jmuatnbks nrn lnmkracN %6s n %js rkktjbns ; %uatjajmnbns rk$ak!jc`ks, scdrk an `kmksjbnb bkquk kstn Tkdajmn sk nbljkrn n ùkstrc Rrntnbc, ; acs j`mc`k jk tks bk `k&nrsk n annmktnmj#` mc` rkskmtc n cajjn, %k rcusc nblkrjrsk, krc kstjuan`bc u` nrt7muac skmrktc,cr ka quk an najn`)n mc` cajjn `c sk lnr7n k$kmtjn, sj`c bksu:s quk sk ludjksk $jr%nbc kanrrk&ac bk a7%jtks k`trk ans bcs `nmjc`ks.

]j` an %k`cr nmjanmj#` %k `k&u: n nmktnr kstn rcukstn, lnmj:`bcak rksk`tk quk akfcsbk mc`sk&ujr bk ksk %cbc u` rc`tc nrrk&ac mc` cajjn, `c lnr7n %6s k`nfk`nrsk an duk`ncau`tnb bk su Ocdjkr`c, quk sk&urn%k`tk sk mc`sjbkrnr7n c$k`bjbc, bk quk sk ak j%usjkrn`mc`bjmjc`ks nrn nmktnr an najn`)n quk lnd7n rcukstcN ; quk, cr ka mc`trnrjc, an nblksj#` naRrntnbc, sj%ak%k`tk ; sj` `j`&u`n k!j&k`mjn, bjsc`br7n tn` $ncrndak%k`tk an cau`tnb bka&cdjkr`c bk 'n 2n), quk sj` &rn` bj$jmuatnb ; k` u` kr7cbc %u; mcrtc, cbr7n` aak&nr n u`nrrk&ac sntjs$nmtcrjc.

c cdstn`tk an $ukr)n ; krbnb bk kstns rk$ak!jc`ks, ka Ij`jstrc j`sjstj# sjk%rk k` susjbkns, %n`j$kstn`bc, nbk%6s, tk%crks scdrk an cmn kstndjajbnb bk acs &cdjkr`cs bk cajjn, ;scdrk ka &jrc quk ubjkrn` bnr n ans mukstjc`ks quk tjk`k` mc` *ljak, mc%rc%ktj:`bcsk, tna k),sj` `kmksjbnb k` u`n &ukrrnN ; %k rcusc, k` sk&ujbn, mkakdrnr cr ac rc`tc u` Rrntnbc bknajn`)n bk$k`sjn sknrnbc mc` ka 2kr, tc%n`bc cr dnsk ka quk tk`k%cs mc` cajjn, ;bkmanrn`bc nbk%6s `kutrnaj)nmj#` bka Kstrkmlc bk In&naan`ks, quk sk&` :a, skr7n u`n jbkn %u;djk` rkmjdjbn, `c s#ac k` %:rjmn sj`c tn%dj:` k` Kurcn.

*rk7 `kmksnrjc `k&nr%k j&una%k`tk n kstn rccsjmj#`, mc%c ac ljmk an rj%krn k) quk%k an rksk`t#, sk&` tuk ka lc`cr bk bnr muk`tn n /. ]. k` %j c$jmjc rkskrnbc J =GN ;nc;nbc k` ans %js%ns rn)c`ks quk k`tc`mks. &rk&u: quk an ca7tjmn quk sk rkanmjc`nsk mc` annajn`)n, k` ka mnsc bk quk sk nbljrjksk an *c`$kbkrnmj#`, sk nmcrbnr7n sjk%rk k`trk acs trks&cdjkr`cs, ac quk skr7n u`n &nrn`t7n nrn kaacsN quk ka &cdjkr`c bk cajjn nmndndn bk bnr%ukstrns bk %umln rubk`mjn k` ans atj%ns `ctns quk lnd7n mn%djnbc mc` ka k`mnr&nbc bkk&cmjcs k` 'n 2n), skcr Inrt7`k), ; quk suc`7n mc`cmjksk cr lndkrans udajmnbc acskrj#bjmcs bk nqu7N ;, cr atj%c, ak ljmk `ctnr quk acs rjks&cs krn` rkm7rcmcs, uks tn`tc cb7nmc%rc%ktkrsk an *c`$kbkrnmj#` cr an ca7tjmn bk cajjn, mc%c :stn cr an bk nqukaan. K`mun`tc n an `kutrnaj)nmj#` bka Kstrkmlc, s#ac ak bjfk, quk nrtjmuanr%k`tk %k n&rnbndn an jbkn,krc quk, nrn k`snr k` kaan, krn %kfcr kskrnr n quk an najn`)n kstujkrn $jr%nbn.

Mjk`bc ka skcr Ij`jstrc quk `c nmktndn `j`&u`n bk ans rccsjmjc`ks quk %k lnd7nlkmlc, %k j`bjm#, cr atj%c, susk`bkr nqu7 an `k&cmjnmj#` bk quk trnt6dn%cs ; %n`bnr bcs'k&nmjc`ks, u`n n 'j%n ; ctrn n 'n 2n), nrn quk mc`tjùnsk` kstk nrrk&ac, k`sn`ml6`bcac mcàc bk an `kutrnaj)nmj#` bka KstrkmlcN ; sk cmunsk nbk%6s, an sk&u`bn, bk mkakdrnr u` trntnbcbk$j`jtjc bk a7%jtks. a kr *ljak, n&rk, ka %cj%jk`tc bk ksns bcs 'k&nmjc`ks, mrkkr6 quk anstrks Tkdajmns, ka 2kr, an *c`$kbkrnmj#` ; cajjn, kst6` u`jbns, ; ka k$kmtc %crna quk kstknsc rcbumjr7n, skr7n ka %js%c quk sj k` rknajbnb ac kstujksk`. 'k rkajqu: quk %k krn sk`sjdak`c cbkr nmktnr tn%cmc kstn ùkn j`bjmnmj#`, crquk, nbk%6s bk quk, `c rcbumjr7n, n %j

fujmjc, ka k$kmtc %crna quk :a mrk7n, sk jdn n krbkr u` tjk%c rkmjcsc, uks krn `nbn %k`cs quknquka k` quk, mc%c ak lnd7n %n j$kstnbc na rj`mjjc, cb7n` tk`kr au&nr ans OTMK]*-I2'+**+-K], quk lnd7n` lkmlc k`snr n acs lc%drks bk Kstnbc bka 2kr ; bk cajjn,k` an `kmksjbnb bk mkakdrnr u`n najn`)n bk$k`sjn.

K` $j`, %k bjfc ka skcr Ij`jstrc, quk ;n quk %k `k&ndn n tcbc, tk`br7n `kmksjbnb bklndanr ùkn%k`tk mc` ]. K. ka 2rksjbk`tk bk an Tkdajmn ; ka *c`skfc bk Ij`jstrcs,rksk`t6`bcaks u`n k!csjmj#` bk tcbns ans rn)c`ks quk ;c lnd7n nak&nbc, k` ka mursc bk kstnmc`$krk`mjn, ; quk %u; rc`tc %k bnr7n an mc`tkstnmj#` quk ;c bkskndn.

s7 tkr%j`# kstn mc`$krk`mjn, skcr Ij`jstrc, k` an quk rkj`# an %n;cr mcrbjnajbnb ;mc`$jn`)nN ; quk, n fu)&nr cr ka %cbc mc%c ln mc`maujbc ka skcr Rkfkbcr, %k lnmk kskrnr u`rksuatnbc sntjs$nmtcrjc. Ijk`trns tn`tc, kstc; k` ka bkdkr bk %n`j$kstnr n /. ]., quk mrkc lndkrbnbc ka &jrc quk n kstk nsu`tc mc`jk`k, `k&6`bc%k k` ac ndscautc, mc%c ak lk lkmlc, n nmktnr


23/70

na&u`n bk ans rccsjmjc`ks quk sk %k ln` rksk`tnbcN uks sj ludjksk %n`j$kstnbc an %k`crbjscsjmj#` $ncrndak n kstk rkskmtc, ka Ij`jstrc lndr7n j`sjstjbc mc` $ukr)n ; ka rksuatnbc `ccbr7n ;n skr tn` mc%aktc ; sntjs$nmtcrjc mc%c ac kskrc.

(kdc n&rk&nr, sj` k%dnr&c, k` mc`mausj# , quk sj %js kskrn`)ns sk $rustrn` crmc%aktc, kstc; rksukatc nmktnr nb rk$kr:`bu%A u`n bk ans bcs rj%krns k`u`mjnbnsrccsjmjc`ks, kstn`bc bksbk nlcrn %6s j`maj`nbc n an sk&u`bn.

(7&`ksk /. ]. c`kr kstk c$jmjc k` mc`cmj%jk`tc bk ]. K. ka 2rksjbk`tk bk an Tkdajmn, ;nmktnr an k!rksj#` bk an mc`sjbkrnmj#` ; rksktc, mc` quk tk`&c ka lc`cr bk susmrjdjr%k bk /.].

tk`tc ; cdkbjk`tk skrjbcr 54jr%nbc1.0 I. +rj&c;k`

Mci"ktn` k*tn j`;c#inmj` "n mn#tn #j/nbn bk" !' bk ]ktjkik - "n `ctn c;jmjn" bk" !0 bkCmtuk 7uk "k bj#j+j k" *k9c# bk "n Tj/n N+k#c nmu*n`bc #kmj&c bk "n ;nu*tn `ctjmjn

uk`cs jrks, ]ktjk%drk 3< bk >


24/70

mc` quk ln sndjbc /. ]. aaknr tn` j%crtn`tk `k&cmjnmj#` ; mu;c $kaj) rksuatnbc jk`k nnsk&urnr n an rkdajmn ; n acs n7sks quk ;n $cr%n` an najn`)n bk$k`sjn, u`n &nrn`t7n s#ajbn k`$ncr bk sus bkrkmlcs tkrrjtcrjnaks ; u` %kbjc kqujtntjc ; rnmjc`na bk nrrk&anr sus mukstjc`ks bka7%jtks.

(jcs &unrbk n /. ]. 54jr%nbc1.0 F. bk an Tjn &9krc

*/]] (K' 4T*]- K /K-] +TK]Bu#n`tk k" ik* bk Cmtuk "n bj"j+k`tk nmtj/jbnb bk" *k9c# 5#j+c-k` mcik`4 n k`mc`t#n#

t#cjk4c* 7uk 3u4+ *j` jic#tn`mjn k` k" #jik# icik`tc1 m#k- ;:mj" /k`mk#"c* *j` mci#k`bk# 7uk"n #c-kmtnbn n"jn`4n mnij`n#n n" ;#nmn*c bu#n`tk k" t#n`*mu#*c bk "c* bc* n9c* *j+ujk`tk* c# k*c*ij*ic* ictj/c* K" nmtc bk nb=k*j` =n&n *jbc n#c&nbc k` "n M:in#n bk Bjutnbc* mc` >' /ctc*k` mc`t#n - mc` "n ;c+c*n cc*jmj` bk" bcmtc# bc` Ouj""k#ic Tn*c` K` "n mn#tn bj#j+jbn n bc`X":mjbc ] .u*tnin`tk mc` ;km=n bk !? bk ]ktjkik "k bjmk k" *k9c# Tn*c`D `c `kmk*jtc bkmj#"k7uk ik =k cuk*tc mc` tcbn* ij* ;uk#4n* n "n *n`mj` bk n`cm=k ]j` ki&n#+c k" *k9c# 5#j+c-k``cin n" ij*ic bcmtc# Tn*c` mcic u`c bk "c* c*j&"k* ij`j*t#c* n#+k`tj`c* 7uk ukbk` j# n Ajinn *c*tk`k# u`n c"tjmn 7uk k" `ctn&"k k*tnbj*tn bk .uk`c* Nj#k* #km=n4n&n mc` tn`tn nutc#jbnb mcic

mc`/jmmjÀc* 7uk jijbjk#c` "n n#c&nmj` bk" nmtc k` k" *k`nbc ;uk#c` "c* nij+c* bk" +k`k#n" bc`.n#tc"ci2 Ijt#k - k" *k`nbc# Rc##k`t n 7ujk` *k *uc`n j`*j#nbc c# bc` Inùk" uj`tn`nBj/k#*c* bntc* #kmc+jbc* c*tk#jc#ik`tk bn` n "n cc*jmj` bk" bcmtc# uj`tn`n u`n jic#tn`mjnin-c# k` k*n #k*c"umj` 7uk "n 7uk "k nt#j&un c# k" *k9c# 5#j+c-k`1 ;u2 2" 7ujk` =j4c `ctn# "n`kmk*jbnb bk c&"j+n# n .c"j/jn n j`mc#c#n# k" #j`mjjc bk" uttj cskbktjs bk >'>8 mcic n#tkj`tk+#n`tk bk" R#ntnbc bk N"jn`4n

K" *k9c# uj`tn`n ""k+ n cmun# "n #jik#n in+j*t#ntu#n bk *u n* n u`n kbnb iu- n/n`4nbn- mcic =n *umkbjbc n /kmk* k` M=j"k `c ;u2 c*j&"k n#c/km=n# k` &k`k;jmjc bk *u n* "n* +#n`bk*mun"jbnbk* 7uk nbc#`n&n` n tn` k*m"n#kmjbc mjubnbn`c An n4 - "n mc#bjn"jbnb 7uk ;k"j4ik`tk #kj`n`k`t#k "n* bc* #k,&"jmn* bk "n Ni2#jmn nu*t#n" tu/jk#c` k` k" *k9c# uj`tn`n u` bk;k`*c# - *u nmtjtub k`

"c* icik`tc* k` 7uk *k 7uk#n n##n*t#n# n *u nt#jn n "n n/k`tu#n *c9nbn k` k" /jk3c Xn"nmjc bk "c*Wj##k-k* bk Ajin "c =nmk nm#kkbc# n *k# mc`*jbk#nbc mcic u`c bk "c* nij+c* *j`mk#c* bk "nmc#bjn"jbnb "ntj`c nik#jmn`n

An cc*jmj` bk" *k`nbc# Rc##k`t n "n mun" `c "k bjk#c` /n"c# k` k" #jik# icik`tc `j k" *k9c#Rk3kbc# `j k" *k9c# 5#j+c-k` tu/c cmn*j` bk #c&u*tkmk#*k bu#n`tk k" #kmk*c bk" mc`+#k*c N* "cnù`mjn k" *k9c# 5#j+c-k` n Ajin k` *u `ctn bk" 0 bk Cmtuk

uk`cs jrks, -mtudrk bk >


25/70

sndk /.]. quk k` :a sk j`tkrksn ka bkmcrc ; ka lc`cr bk kstk Ocdjkr`c, cr lndkr %n`j$kstnbc ;nsu nblksj#` n an najn`)n.

Ks %u; sk`sjdak, ; tn`tc ka skcr Ij`jstrc Rkfkbcr mc%c ;c ac bkacrn%cs dnstn`tk, qukka ]k`nbc `c ln;n tkr%j`nbc tn` bkajmnbc nsu`tc k` ka nmtc quk sk ak rksk`t# mc%c acbksk6dn%csN uks, bksbk nquka b7n lnstn an $kmln, sk ln` rksk`tnbc tn` (K]OT('K]+*+(KRK], quk ln` k`jbc, bks&rnmjnbn%k`tk, n mc%ajmnr na&c an sjtunmj#` ca7tjmn bk kstnTkdajmn, ;, scdrk tcbc, n c`kr na ]k`nbc mnsj k` ndjkrtn ccsjmj#` mc` ka 2rksjbk`tk bk annmj#`. 'cs %ctjcs quk, ln` crj&j`nbc kstc atj%c sc`H an rjsj#` bk u` Ok`krna rrkbc`bc,lc%drk j`$au;k`tk k` Ik`bc)n ; k` ctrns 2rcj`mjns, ; mcandcrnbcr rj`mjna bk an mn`bjbnturnn an 2rksjbk`mjn bk an Tkdajmn bka bcmtcr 8uj`tn`n, Mjmk0rksjbk`tk bka ]k`nbc nmjc`naN ;,scdrk tcbc, an rujbcsn scajmjtub bk bksn$ukrc bk u` ]k`nbcr -rcc, cr an mc%ajmjbnb k` anrkcaumj#` bk K`trk0T7cs, quk ln bnbc au&nr k` an *6%nrn n bjsmurscs k!natnbcs mc`trn ka skcr2rksjbk`tk ]nr%jk`tc ; n u` In`j$jkstc bjrj&jbc cr :stk n an nmj#`. 4kaj)%k`tk tcbc mc%jk`)nn trn`qujaj)nrsk na&c, uks ;n, ka ]k`nbc ct# an mukstj#` bka bksn$ukrc, bk`k&n`bc cru`n`j%jbnb bk ctcs an scajmjtub bka fuk)N ; ka Ok`krna rrkbc`bc ln sjbc ukstc k` ajdkrtnbcr j`$auk`mjn bka Ij`jstrc Rkfkbcr.

Tc&n`bc n /. ]. sk bj&`k c`kr kstk c$jmjc k` mc`cmj%jk`tc bk ]. K. ka 2rksjbk`tk, %k kssntjs$nmtcrjc susmrjdjr%k bk /. ].

Iu; ntk`tc ; cdkbjk`tk skrjbcr. 54jr%nbc1.0 I. +rj&c;k`

An mc`;jn`4n bk" bj"ci:tjmc k#un`c *k mc`*k#/n&n j`tnmtn mun`bc k" >8 bk Cmtuk k" *k9c#Rk3kbc# "k mciu`jm k` u`n mn#tn n#tjmu"n# 7uk k" ]k`nbc =n&n #k*uk"tc n"n4n# =n*tn k" n9c >'?0 k"mc`cmjijk`tc bk" n*u`tc K" Ij`j*t#c n#+k`tj`c tjk`k mujbnbc bk bkmj#"k 7uk k" n"n4nijk`tc `c k* u`*j+`c bk bk*n#c&nmj` *j`c 7uk =n jik#nbc k" m#jtk#jc bk n"+u`c* /jk3c* c"tjmc* 7uk =nn`k


26/70

ka bksn$ukrc. Mj`c bksu:s u` &rn` In`j$jkstc bka skcr ]nr%jk`tc n an nmj#`, k` ka quk nrnrcdnr quk `c lnd7n rcmkbjbc cr nsj#` k` nquka nsu`tc, bkm7n quk ac lnd7n mc`suatnbc mc`su Ij`jstkrjc ; mc` acs %6s `ctndaks furjsmc`suatcs bka n7sN ; quk tcbcs 5`c%dr6`bcacs ; k`trkkaacs na bcmtcr Rkfkbcr1 ak lnd7n` %n`j$kstnbc su cj`j#` $ncrndak%k`tk. 46mja%k`tk, uks,mc%rk`bkr6 /. ]., quk u`n *6%nrn tn` %na rknrnbn mc`trn ka &cdjkr`c 5uks lnstn anssj%nt7ns ; rksktcs quk sjk%rk sk ln` tk`jbc k` kaan cr ka skcr Rkfkbcr, bjs%jù;krc`, lnstnmjkrtc u`tc, cr nqukaan mjtn j%rubk`tk, ns7 mc%c cr ka lkmlc k` s7 %js%c1 kstnr7n 6jbn cr%n`j$kstnrsk lcstja n su ca7tjmn c bk mc`trnrjnran cr ac %k`cs, mrk6`bcak bj$jmuatnbks ;trcjk)cs.

2cr ctrc anbc, an $natn bk $cr%n rk&uanr mc` quk ka &cdjkr`c rksk`t# n ans *6%nrns anmukstj#` 5331 bjc tn%dj:` rktk!tc nrn quk acs k`k%j&cs scajmjtnsk` ; cdtujksk` kanan)n%jk`tc. *c%c /. ]. sndk, cr %js mc%u jmnmjc`ks n`tkrjcrks, an nblksj#` bk kstkOcdjkr`c `c aak n mc`sj&`nrsk k` `j`&` bcmu%k`tc, cr an bks&rnmjnbn mjrmu`stn`mjn bk `ctk`kr ;c k` nqukaan $kmln ka 2-(KT bka Ocdjkr`c bk cajjnN bk %n`krn quk `c sk cb7n`krbkr acs %c%k`tcs. 2cr ctrn nrtk, ka skcr Rkfkbcr tk`7n tn%dj:` k`tkrn mc`$jn`)n k` suj`$auk`mjn k` ans *6%nrns ; kstc mc`trjdu;#, nbk%6s nrn quk `c bj:sk%cs n an nblksj#` $cr%nna&u`n, ac quk k` nrjns cmnsjc`ks ak rcusk, mc` mnr&c bk rksk`tnrak bksu:s ka 2-(KT bkaOcdjkr`c bk cajjn.

(k kstc rksuat# quk, ac quk ka skcr Ij`jstrc tuc quk scajmjtnr bka *c`&rksc $u:nutcrj)nmj#` nrn nblkrjrsk, nu`quk bkmanrn`bc, skn bjmlc k` fustjmjn, `c s#ac an bkmjbjbncau`tnb bka Ocdjkr`c bk lnmkrac, sj`c ka lkmlc bk lnd:r%kac %n`j$kstnbc ns7N bn`bc au&nr mc`kstc n quk acs ccsjtcrks aks mc`tkstnsk` quk ka &cdjkr`c `c `kmksjtndn ksn nutcrj)nmj#` ; qukcb7n rcmkbkr, bn`bc bksu:s muk`tn bka rksuatnbc, rksk`tn`bc ka bcmu%k`tc bjac%6tjmcmcrrksc`bjk`tk. K` krbnb quk kstc `c krn u` j`mc`k`jk`tk, mc%c `c ac $u: k` an *6%nrn bk(jutnbcsN %6s sjrj# bk rktk!tc nrn bnr u` &cak na &cdjkr`c, quk lnd7n nrklk`bjbc naOk`krna rrkbc`bc ; trntnbc bk bksn$crnr na ]k`nbcr -rcc. 'n $natn bk rctcmcac sjrj#j&una%k`tk bk rktk!tc.

'n rccsjmj#` bk nan)n%jk`tc sk rkscaj# cr mc`trn ? ctcs, bkmanr6`bcsk n jn c)cr tcbcs, +*'/]+MK K' ]K@-T R-TTKR, quk $u: ka rj%krc quk cusc bj$jmuatnbks nansu`tc ; quk ct# k` $ncr bk an rccsjmj#`, 8/K - "+ K IKT 'O/ K'+I- (K TK*"BT ' ("K]+-, sj`c bk bnr tjk%c nrn quk ka Ocdjkr`c ak bjksk$cr%n, `k&cmjn`bc %6s bksnmjc ; nmanrn`bc na&u`ns bubns.

]k rkscaj# bksu:s, $ncrndak%k tk, an nutcrj)nmj#` kbjbn cr ka Kfkmutjc, nrnj`krtjr lnstn ]K+] I+''-K] bk scaks, k` nu%k`tnr an Ksmunbrn ; ka nr%n%k`tc bk tjkrrn ;k` $crtj$jmnr an mcstn.

K` jstn bk ac k!ukstc, tk`&c quk rkmtj$jmnr ka fujmjc quk $cr%: na rkmjdjr an mnrtn bkaskcr Ij`jstrc Rkfkbcr bk quk rk%jt7 n /. ]. mcjn, fu`tc mc` %j `ctn rkskrnbn bka >> bkamcrrjk`tk, J E, ; quk sk lnaan mc`sj&`nbc na rj`mjjc bk ksk %js%c bcmu%k`tc. 'cs t:r%j`csbk bjmln mnrtnN an mc`krsnmj#` quk bcs b7ns n`tks tuk mc` ka Ij`jstrc scdrk an mc%u`jmnmj#`bka skcr 4r7ns, bk quk tn%dj:` lnda: n /. ].N ; an mc`bumtn bk mjkrtcs ]k`nbcrks, mc` mu;ncj`j#` ; ctc $ncrndak tk`7n %ctjcs nrn mc`tnrN %k ljmjkrc` k`snr, k` acs rj%krcs%c%k`tcs, ; dnfc ka k$kmtc bk an rj%krn k j`&rntn j%rksj#`, quk ka ctc bka ]k`nbc, nu`qukrkkstjbc mc` an nnrjk`mjn bk u` nan)n%jk`tc, krn k` an ksk`mjn, ; k` an rknajbnb, u` krbnbkrcrkmln)c. "c; ukbc bkmjr n /. ]. quk K]R- - K] K*R-N 8/K K]R-2'KIKRK *-MK*+(- (K 8/K - " "+(- K K' ]K(- K]+RK*+-. 2cr ka mc`trnrjc, R-(-] ]/] I+KIT-] I+4K]RT- K' (K]K- (K*K2RT ' ("K]+-, aak`nbns ans $cr%najbnbks quk lk j`bjmnbc, ; snanbcs mjkrtcsu`tcs scdrk acs quk nsnr: %u; rc`tc n lndanr n /. ]., bk %n`krn quk lkmlns ksns,snakbnbks, mc%c ac kskrc, ka nmtc sk ukbk bkmjr quk ]K K*/KRT R*+RIKRK2T-(- 2-T K' ]K(-.

*c`tjùn`bc an k!csjmj#` quk bkdc lnmkr n /. ]. bk %j mc`krsnmj#` mc` ka skcrRkfkbcr, ak bjr: quk, bksu:s bk lndkr%k %n`j$kstnbc, lnstn mc` cr%k`crks, ac quk lnd7nnsnbc k` an sksj#` bka ]k`nbc, %k bjfc quk, bk nmukrbc mc` ka 2rksjbk`tk bk an Tkdajmn,k`7n n rcc`kr%k ka mc`tjùnr an `k&cmjnmj#`, quk :a lnd7n bnbc cr tkr%j`nbn, na nmmkbkr,mc%c ac lj)c, n an nblksj#` rcukstn, cr nrckmlnr bk ans atj%ns sksjc`ks bka *c`&rkscN


27/70

krc quk, lndjk`bc nlcrn tjk%c nrn naan`nr ans 2K8/K@] (+4+*/'R(K] quk sk lnd7n`rksk`tnbc k` ka ]k`nbc, kskrndn quk ;c %k rkstnsk n nmktnr su j`bjmnmj#`. 'k mc`tkst: qukan `k&cmjnmj#` lnd7n aak&nbc, k` k$kmtc, n su t:r%j`c, bksbk ka >< bka %ks n`tkrjcr, k` quk %k%n`j$kst# an nblksj#` bk su &cdjkr`cN quk k` jstn bka nan)n%jk`tc bka ]k`nbc, ac quk bkd7nlnmkrsk krn rkc`kr kstk nsu`tc na kstnbc k` quk sk k`mc`trndn n`tks, kstc ks, na bk mc`sj&`nr annblksj#` bk su Ocdjkr`c na Rrntnbc bk najn`)n bk$k`sjn bka 2kr mc` cajjn, k` u` bcmu%k`tcmunaqujkrnN ; cr atj%c, quk ans bkmanrnmjc`ks c k!ajmnmjc`ks quk nlcrn bkskndn, k` jstn bk anbkmjsj#` lndjbn k` ka ]k`nbc, cb7n` skr scajmjtnbns cr acs Ij`jstrcs quk `c%drnsk nrnnqukaans Tkdajmns, na tjk%c bk scajmjtnr an rntj$jmnmj#` bk bjmlcs Ocdjkr`cs, mc%c n`tkslnd7n%cs nmcrbnbc. Ka skcr Ij`jstrc j`sjstj# k` %n`j$kstnr%k, quk :a lnd7n nmktnbc kstkrcmkbj%jk`tc cr an rk%urn bk ans mjrmu`stn`mjns ; cr nrckmlnr, mc%c %k lnd7n bjmlc, bkans atj%ns sksjc`ks bka *c`&rkscN krc quk, lndjk`bc nlcrn tjk%c nrn nrrk&anrac tcbcbkdjbn%k`tk, kskrndn quk nmmkbjksk n ac quk %k rcc`7n. ]j` nmktnr `j rkmln)nr, ak rk&u`t:mu6aks krn` acs u`tcs quk bkskndn nmanrnr, c rkmjsnrN ; %k mc`tkst# quk `c rkmcrbndn cr ka%c%k`tc tcbcs, krc quk acs rj`mjnaks krn` bcs, n sndkrH >J ka quk bktkr%j`n an csksj#` bkacs Kstnbcs ; quk tjk`k quk skrjr bk dnsk nrn rkscakr mu6`bc ks aak&nbc ka mnsc bk lnmkrk$kmtjn an najn`)nN ; quk, sk&` :a, bkdk skr an csksj#` bk >G, mc` ans %cbj$jmnmjc`ks quk acstrntnbcs c mjkrtcs lkmlcs ludjksk` mrknbc mc` ka trnsmursc bka tjk%cN ; 3J, ; mc%cmc`skmuk`mjn bk ac n`tkrjcr, an bkmanrntcrjn bk quk ka rc%j%jk`tc cr nrtk bk cajjn bkatrntnbc mkakdrnbc mc` *ljak k` >G krn tn%dj:` an dnsk quk rkmc`cm7n %j Ocdjkr`c nrn ka nrrk&ac bk ansmukstjc`ks bk a7%jtks, ; quk mrk7n quk kstk u`tc krn, cr tn`tc, bk %u; $6mja scaumj#`N quk k`mun`tc na sk&u`bc, `c cj`ndn bk an %js%n %n`krn crquk rkmjsn%k`tk an najn`)n tk`7n crcdfktc, bka anbc 2nm7$jmc, j%kbjr quk *ljak sk ncbkrnsk bk u`n nrtk bka tkrrjtcrjc dcajjn`cNquk ka trntnbc bka LL `c krn, cr ctrc anbc, u` nmtc mc%aktcN quk su kfkmumj#` bkk`b7n k`nrtk bka bk >


28/70

bkmjrak ctrn mcsn, sj`c quk ka 2kr ; cajjn sndr7n` mu%ajr k` tcbn mjrmu`stn`mjn acs bkdkrksquk an najn`)n aks j%usjksk.

*c` kstc, ; mc` ka c$rkmj%jk`tc quk %k lj)c ka skcr Rkfkbcr, bk nsnr%k bk`trc bk bcsb7ns an rksukstn n %j `ctn bk 3 bk ]ktjk%drk, tkr%j`# an rksk`tk mc`$krk`mjn.

Kskrnr:, uks, bjmlc bcmu%k`tc, quk `c bubc skn sntjs$nmtcrjc, cr acs t:r%j`cs bk anmc`$krk`mjn naubjbn, ; k` jstn bk :a nbctnr: an rkscaumj#` %6s mc`k`jk`tkN tk`jk`bc rksk`tk,cr u`n nrtk, quk ka %na mnusnbc cr ka nan)n%jk`tc bka ]k`nbc ks jrrk%kbjndak ;, cr ctrn,quk ks `kmksnrjc `c %nac&rnr an najn`)n bk kstn Tkdajmn.

(7&`ksk /. ]. c`kr kstk c$jmjc k` mc`cmj%jk`tc bk ]. K. ka 2rksjbk`tk ; kr%jtjr%k quk%k susmrjdn bk /. ].

Iu; ntk`tc ; cdkbjk`tk skrjbcr. 54jr%nbc1.0 I. +rj&c;k`

K" n"n4nijk`tc ;u2 k`bu"4nbc c# k" k`/c bk u`n `ctn c;jmjn" c# ikbjc bk "n mun" "nmn`mj""k#n n#+k`tj`n =j4c "n bkm"n#nmj` bk 7uk k" +c&jk#`c in`tk`b#n k" nmtc bk n"jn`4n k#c 7ukk*n #k*c"umj` 7ukbn&n *u&c#bj`nbn n "n n#c&nmj` bk" mc`+#k*c

'k&nmj#` bka 2kr. J 3.0 Tkskrnbn.0 uk`cs jrks, ]ktjk%drk 3 bk >


29/70

Tkskrnbn J >.0 Ij`jstkrjc bk Tkanmjc`ks K!tkrjcrks bk an Tkdajmn r&k`tj`n.0 uk`cs jrks,-mtudrk > bk >


30/70

mc%c skr7n an `kutrnaj)nmj#` bka Kstrkmlc bk In&naan`ks. *rkk, k` $j , quk mukstjc`kstkrrjtcrjnaks, quk kst6` k`bjk`tks, ; k` ans quk an Tkdajmn r&k`tj`n tjk`k an nrtk %n;cr, ;%6s bj$7mja, `c ukbk` skr aaknbns n u` t:r%j`c nm7$jmc sj` ka nmukrbc mc%` bk rc#sjtcs ;rj`mjjcs. Kstk Ocdjkr`c %jrn, uks, *- M+M ]+I2R+ an nblksj#` quk scajmjtn` acsOcdjkr`cs bka 2kr ; cajjnN ; sk mc%anmk k` kskrnr quk ans cdskrnmjc`ks quk k` su `c%drkbkfc lkmlns, `c skr6` u` cdst6muac nrn an mkakdrnmj#` bk$j`jtjn, quk tk`br6 au&nr k` `ctnsrkkrsnaks c rctcmcacs, sj nmktnbns nqu:aans cr acs &cdjkr`cs quk M. K., rkrksk`tn, $uksknutcrj)nbc mc`k`jk`tk%k`tk, nrn su mc`sj&`nmj#` k` munaksqujkrn bk ksns $cr%ns, 8/K"+'+R]K K]RK O-+KT- 2TK]KRT'] *- K' RTR(- '*-]+(KT*+- (K' ]K(- TOKR+-, (-(K K' ]/R- 8/K(- *- K]RK-FKR- 2'B(- "]R '] 2T-+I] ]K]+-K].0 rckmln`bc kstn cmnsj#` bknsk&urnr n M. K. %js sk`tj%jk`tcs bk bjstj`&ujbn mc`sjbkrnmj#`, sc; bk M. K.

tk`tc skrjbcr. 54jr%nbc1.0 *. Rkfkbcr

'j%n, cjk%drk < bk >


31/70

Ij`jstkrjc bk Tkanmjc`ks K!tkrjcrks bk an Tkdajmn r&k`tj`n.0 uk`cs jrks, -mtudrk3= bk >


32/70

bksnrcdnr7n ka 2rctcmcac sj sk mc`sj&`nrn k` :a. Kstc; trntn`bc bk k`mc`trnr %cbc bk mc`mjajnrans cj`jc`ks bk Rkfkbcr, 8/K ]- RI+K '] (K /(., *- '] (K 2R+]R..

54jr%nbc1.0 I. +rj&c;k

'j%n, Inr)c < bk >


33/70

%js%c Rrntnbc. 'n n%ajnmj#` bka Ik%cr6`bu% mc`sj&`n k` su atj%c j`mjsc quk ka najnbcukbk ajdkrtnrsk bk ans mc`skmuk`mjns scdrkj`jk`tks tcbn k) quk sus cdskrnmjc`ks `c $uksk`ntk`bjbns. Tkmnk kstn aj%jtnmj#` n rc#sjtc bka nrt7muac J bka Rrntnbc, mc%c quk nqu:aans ndrn)n` an j`tk&rjbnb bka tkrrjtcrjcN ks, n fujmjc bk %j&cdjkr`c, tcbc ka namn`mk quk ukbk bnrsk na j`mjsc =J. (nr cr ajdrk na najnbc bk sus cdaj&nmjc`kscrquk mc`suatnbn su cj`j#` `c n`buc nmcrbk mc` an bka Kstnbc quk mkakdr# su trntnbc bka7%jtks, skr7n sudcrbj`nr, cr %cbc j`bjrkmtc, ka kfkrmjmjc bk an scdkrn`7n n u`n ctk`mjnbjstj`tn. 'cs k$kmtcs scdrkj`jk`tks bk u` trntnbc bk a7%jtks, `u`mn ukbk` skr c`krcscs nrn kanajnbc, crquk acs bksmnrtn rkmjsn%k`tk ka nmtc bk aj`bkrcs, quk `c ukbk skr k$kmtc sj`c bknmukrbc ajdrk cr rkmc`cmj%jk`tc, trn snmmj#` c nrdjtrnfk, t:r%j`c n quk `cs mc`bumk kaRrntnbc ; quk, k` kstk mnsc, qukbn nbqujrjbc bk n`tk%n`c. Fu)&n %j &cdjkr`c quk kstns bcssnakbnbks su;ns n$kmtn` %6s quk ka $c`bc, an $cr%n bk an cdskrnmj#` trn7bn cr ka skcrIj`jstrc nr&k`tj`c na nrt7muac >J, quk ks k` rknajbnb j`mc`bumk`tkN ; quk ks mc`$cr%k na ks7rjtu; $j`ks r6mtjmcs bka Rrntnbc ka %cbc quk tjk`k bk mc`sjbkrnr ka nrt7muac


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ca7tjmns c bk tkrrjtcrjcs ukbn` susmjtnrsk k`trk an *c`$kbkrnmj#` ; ka +%krjcN bksmnrtnrans kàc ndscautc, mjrmu`smrjdj:`bcan n ans quk lk j`bjmnbc.

'ns sk&urjbnbks quk n kstk rkskmtc ubjksk /. ]. bnr na &cdjkr`c drnsjakrc, k` anrksk`tnmj#` bk sus mrkbk`mjnaks, quk, mc%c lk bjmlc n /. ]. cr mcrrkc n`tkrjcr, bkdk k$kmtunr/. ]. n`tks bk lnmkr usc bk an ajmk`mjn quk sk ak tjk`k mc`mkbjbn, `c s#ac `cs ntrnkr7n` %6s anssj%nt7ns bk ksk &cdjkr`c ; kstrkmlnr7n` ùkstrns rkanmjc`ks mc` :a, sj`c quk nakfnr7n` bka tcbc ;nrn sjk%rk an csjdjajbnb bk u`n najn`)n mc` *ljak.

Ka skcr Rkfkbcr `c bkdk k!trnnr quk sk ln&n k` ka rctcmcac ksn rkskrn, uks sndkbk%nsjnbc mu6aks sc` acs j`tkrksks quk tk`k%cs k` ka %n)c`ns ; an bj$jmuatnb c, %6s djk`, anj%csjdjajbnb k` quk `cs lnaanr`cs bk rks&unrbnr`cs cr ksk anbc. bk%6s, `c ukbk,bksmc`cmkr quk `c skr7n csjdak mc%rc%ktkr`cs k` u`n &ukrrn mc` ka rnsja, n7s aj%7trc$kùkstrc, cr munaqujkrn mukstj#` bka /ru&un; c bka 2nrn&un;, quk tna k) skr7n bk &rn` j`tkr:snrn an *c`$kbkrnmj#`, krc quk `c ac tk`br7n, k` ac ndscautc, nrn ans Tkdajmns bka 2nm7$jmc,`j natkrn k` ac %k`cr ka kqujajdrjc ca7tjmc bk :stns.

8ukbn, uks, /. ]. nutcrj)nbc nrn j`jmjnr ka `k&cmjnbc bk an nblksj#` bk ksk &cdjkr`c,k` ka sk`tjbc nmcrbnbc n`tkrjcr%k`tk ; mc` an rkstrjmmj#` quk nmndc bk nu`tnr, ; quk mc`jk`kskn mc`sj&`nbn k` ka rctcmcac rkskmtjc.

(jcs &unrbk n /. ]. 54jr%nbc1.0 F. bk an Tjn &9krc

5Tkskrnbn J E1.0 uk`cs jrks, In;c >L bk >


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ans quk `c ubjkrn` aak&nr n u` nmukrbc sntjs$nmtcrjc ; mc%c, cr atj%c, mc` ka rkmc`cmj%jk`tcbka /RR+ 2-]]+(KR+] k` acs t:r%j`cs j`bjmnbcs, `c sk natkrn, `j sk %cbj$jmn k` ac %k`cr an`nmjc`najbnb dcajjn`nN mrkc quk ka skcr ntjstn ; su &cdjkr`c, lnmj:`bc%k an fustjmjn bkrkmc`cmkr quk lk lkmlc tcbc ac csjdak cr mcrrksc`bkr n an mc`$jn`)n mc` quk sk ln` bj&`nbclc`rnr%k, sk skrjr6` bnr n %js nmtcs su k`tkrn nrcdnmj#`.

Ka skcr Rkfkbcr qujsc tn%dj:` quk sk surj%jksk, cr j``kmksnrjn, an nrtk bka %js%cn`k!c , quk bjmkH krc `c rkskmtc bk bjstj`tns %ktr#cajs k`trk ans munaks lnd7n` nmtcs qukrk&uandn` sus bj$krk`tks bc%j`jcsAN %6s, n ans cmns rk$ak!jc`ks quk ak ljmk, sk sjrj# rktjrnr kstnj`bjmnmj#`. s7, uks, ukbc bkmjr n /. ]. quk qukbn nrrk&anbc ac quk rkskmtc na /RR+2-]]+(KR+] sk mc`sj&`nr6 k` ka rctcmcac, surj%jk`bc bka n`k!c an nrtk $j`namc%rk`bjbn k`trk ka sk&u`bc nr:`tksjs. -crtu`n%k`tk kr:, sj` k%dnr&c, sj na&c %6s ukbctcbn7n nn`)nr n kstk rkskmtc.

aan`nbn bk an %n`krn ; k` acs t:r%j`cs k!rksnbcs nqukaan bj$jmuatnb, an bjsmusj#` skrkbufc, k!mausjn%k`tk n an TK]KTM rcukstn, mu;c cdfktc ks mjrmu`smrjdjr ka Rrntnbc bknajn`)n, n ans mukstjc`ks bk a7%jtks quk k!jstk` k`trk an *c`$kbkrnmj#`, *ljak ; cajjn ; bk%6squk ubjkrc` susmjtnrsk k`trk acs najnbcsN ; sknrnr, k!rksn%k`tk, ans quk cr rn)c`ks ca7tjmnsc bk tkrrjtcrjcs ubjkrn` sur&jr k`trk an Tkdajmn r&k`tj`n ; ka +%krjc bka rnsja.

a&c tuk ka lc`cr bk mc%u`jmnr n /. ]. n kstk rkskmtc k` %j `ctn rkskrnbn bk bkamcrrjk`tk J , k` quk b7 muk`tn bk an mc`$krk`mjn rkaj%j`nr quk rkmkbj# n ans trks bk quknlcrn %k cmucN ; quk %k lj)c bksbk k`tc`mks mc`cmkr quk jdn n tk`kr quk aumlnr mc` u`nrksjstk`mjn k`:r&jmn ; tk`n). s7 ln sumkbjbc, k` k$kmtc, ; ln sjbc tna, quk k` an mc`$krk`mjn bkab7n


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rcukstnN bk %n`krn quk kaan krn %u; $ncrndak n acs j`tkrksks nr&k`tj`csH quk %6s $6mja%k`tknrrk&anr7n *ljak sus mukstjc`ks mc` cajjn rkbumjbns mnsj k!mausjn%k`tk n acs %j`krnaksudjmnbcs k` &rnbc ; %kbjc bk su mcstn, quk ans quk tk`7n mc` kstn rkdajmn scdrk u` tkrrjtcrjcj`%k`sc, mc` ukrtcs k` ka ta6`tjmc ; tcbc ka Kstrkmlc bk In&naan`ks ; k` mu;n csksj#`$u`bndn *ljak su crk`jr. &rk&u:, bksu:s, quk ka &cdjkr`c bka rnsja `c lnd7n k!j&jbc na bka2kr quk sk mc`sj&`nsk k` ka Rrntnbc an bkmanrnmj#` bk quk `cs cmun%csN quk `c tk`jk`bc`csctrcs j`tkr:s quk scstk`kr k` ka T7c bk an 2antn, `c cb7n%cs mc%rc%ktkr acs %6s najcscsbka %n)c`ns, cr munaqujkrn mukstj#` quk scdrk a7%jtks ubjkrn nqu7 susmjtnrsk mc` ka rnsjaN ;cr atj%c, quk an najn`)n tna muna qukbnr7n, nmktnbn an TK]KTM rcukstn, nsk&urndn n an*c`$kbkrnmj#` ka bkskànmk sntjs$nmtcrjc bk sus mukstjc`ks mc` *ljak ; an (KF K2K(+R2T TTKO'T RT8/+'IKRK '] 8/K RK+ RI+K 2-T K]RK '(-.Kstcs sc`, skcr Ij`jstrc, k` sumj`tc, acs rj`mjnaks nr&u%k`tcs ; rk$ak!jc`ks quk lk k%aknbck` ans rk$krjbns mc`$krk`mjnsN `c sjk`bc csjdak `j `kmksnrjc tn%cmc rk$krjr n /. ].%jùmjcsn%k`tk an %uatjtub bk jbkns quk ln` j`tkrk`jbc nbk%6s. c bkdc, s7, bkfnr bkmc%u`jmnr n /. ]. quk, mun`bc `cs cmu6dn%cs bka u`tc rk$krk`tk n k!maujr bka Rrntnbc ansmukstjc`ks quk ubjkrn` sur&jr k`trk kstn Tkdajmn ; ka rnsja, ka skcr Rkfkbcr %k rk&u`t#, sjqukbnr7n` tn%dj:` sknrnbns ans bka 2nrn&un;N n ac quk ak mc`tkst:, quk an bkmanrnmj#` quk aklnd7n bnbc cr ksmrjtc krn djk` manrn ; tkr%j`n`tk, uks cr kaan sk mjrmu`smrjd7n an najn`)n, nans mukstjc`ks bk a7%jtks k`trk an *c`$kbkrnmj#`, cajjn ; *ljak ; ans bk%6s quk ubjkrn`susmjtnrsk k`trk acs n7sks mc`trntn`tks.

(kdc tn%dj:` c`kr k` mc`cmj%jk tc bk /. ]. quk na trntnr bk acs tk%crks ;bksmc`$jn`)ns quk %n`j$kstndn tk`kr ka &cdjkr`c bka rnsja, scdrk ka krbnbkrc cdfktc ; namn`mkbka Rrntnbc, %k bjfc ka skcr Ij`jstrc, quk ka %kbjc %kfcr bk trn`qujaj)nrac skr7n rcc`krakquk sk nbljrjksk n :aN n ac quk ak mc`tkst: quk `nbn cbr7n bkmjrak n ksk rkskmtc, uks `c tk`7nnmkrmn bk ksc j`strummjc`ks bk /. ].

K` an atj%n mc`$krk`mjn bka b7n >> `ct: quk ka skcr Ij`jstrc Rkfkbcr mc%k`)ndn nmkbkr na&cN ; quk sus rk$ak!jc`ks, %6s quk n an TK]KTM k` s7 %js%n, sk rk$kr7n` n an kskmjk bklu%jaanmj#` quk k`cakr7n nrn an Tkdajmn r&k`tj`n ksn bkmanrntcrjn, cr mun`tc cb7nmrkkrsk quk lnd7n sjbc j%ukstn cr ka &cdjkr`c bka K%krnbcrN ; nbk%6s, quk `c lndjk`bc ;crkmjdjbc tcbn7n, n kstk rkskmtc, j`strummjc`ks bka Ocdjkr`c dcajjn`c, `c kstndn k!kbjtc nrn$jr%nr ka rctcmcac mc` nqukaan rkstrjmmj#`.

]cdrk ka rj%kr u`tc ca7 n bnrak ans %js%ns sk&urjbnbks n`tkrjcrksN n&rk&n`bc, nrntrn`qujaj)nrac cr mc%aktc, n kstk rkskmtc, an mc`sjbkrnmj#` bk quk k` ka &cdjkr`c krun`clnd7n j`$aujbc, tn%dj:`, nrn bkmjbjrac n scajmjtnr an rkstrjmmj#` bk quk `cs cmun%cs, anmjrmu`stn`mjn bk kstnr r#!j%c ka mn%djc bk &cdjkr`c k` kstn rkdajmn k j&`crnrsk an ca7tjmnquk, k` ans mukstjc`ks mc` ka 2nrn&un; ; ka rnsja, sk&ujr7n ka ùkc &cdjkr`c. Kstnmc`sjbkrnmj#` `ct: quk lnd7n rcbumjbc %u; duk` k$kmtcN uks bkfn`bc bk j`sjstjr k` sus jbkns,%k rk&u`t#, sj ka &cdjkr`c nsnr7n na&u`n mc%u`jmnmj#` na bka rnsja, nrn j`strujrac bk ank!tk`sj#` quk tujkrn ka Rrntnbc bk najn`)n. Kstn rk&u`tn %najmjcsn an mc`tkst: bjmjk`bc, quk`c lndjk`bc ka &cdjkr`c bka K%krnbcr scajmjtnbc `nbn n kstk rkskmtc, mc%c ak lnd7nnsk&urnbc, ka bka 2kr `c tk`7n cr qu: nsnrak `j`&u`n mc%u`jmnmj#` ; quk ka %cbc bkj`strujrac bk quk ka Rrntnbc `c sk rk$kr7n na rnsja, skr7n cr %kbjc bk ans sk&urjbnbks quk krdna; mc`$jbk`mjna%k`tk bnr7n ;c k` ka Fn`kjrc. Kstc sntjs$j)c na skcr Ij`jstrc.

(ksu:s bk kstc ; n mc`skmuk`mjn bk acs %ja &jrcs quk tc%# an bjsmusj#`, %k rk&u`t# kaskcr Ij`jstrc, sj nmktnr7n mc`sj&`nr an rkskrn, `# k` ka rctcmcac bk nblksj#`, sj`c k` `ctnsrkkrsnaks sknrnbns, n $j` bk quk nnrkmjksk mc%c u` nmtc k!c`t6`kc bk acs najnbcs. 'kmc`tkst:, quk nmktndn su j`bjmnmj#`N uks mrk7n quk an bkmanrnmj#`, munaqujkrn quk $uksk an$cr%n dnfc an muna sk ljmjkrn, tk`br7n an %js%n $ukr)n ; rcbumjr7n, cr mc`sj&ujk`tk, acs %js%csrksuatnbcs. Kstk %kbjc tk`br6 nbk%6s an k`tnfn bk rktnrbnr an bktkr%j`nmj#` bka nmtcbk$j`jtjc bk an nblksj#`, lnstn quk ka &cdjkr`c bk cajjn %k %n`bk sus j`strummjc`ks nmkrmnbk kstk u`tcN uks an bkmanrnmj#` an lnr: sj%ak%k`tk n `c%drk bka &cdjkr`c krun`c, ; %6stnrbk `c lndr6 j`mc`k`jk`tk nrn lnmkrac tn%dj:` n `c%drk bka bk cajjn.

K` sk&ujbn %k bjfc ka skcr Ij`jstrc, quk `c bkd7n bnrak u` mnr6mtkr bk$j`jtjc n ac quklnd7n%cs nrrk&anbc, crquk `kmksjtndn tcbn7n lndanr mc` ka 2rksjbk`tk bk an TkdajmnN ;mun`bc kstc tujkrn au&nr %k bnr7n su mc`tkstnmj#` c$jmjna.


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(jr: n /. ]., k` mc`mausj#`, quk `c lk%cs bjsmutjbc tcbn7n acs bk%6s u`tcs bkaIKI-T(/IN krc quk kskrc quk kaacs `c rksk`tnr6` %n;cr bj$jmuatnb.

]7rnsk /. ]. kaknr kstk c$jmjc na mc`cmj%jk`tc bk ]. K. ka 2rksjbk`tk bk an TkdajmnN ;b7&`ksk %n`j$kstnr%k sj %j mc`bumtn ac&rn %krkmkr an natn nrcdnmj#` ]urk%n.

(jcs &unrbk n /. ]. 54jr%nbc1.0 I. +rj&c;k`

uk`cs jrks, Fu`jc >J bk >


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bka &cdjkr`c krun`c, quk `j`&` j`tkr:s tk`7n, cr ctrc anbc, k` %k)manrsk k` ans mukstjc`ksquk ubjksk` sur&jr k` ka T7c bk an 2antnN ; quk, n $j` bk kjtnr quk u`n %nan j`tkaj&k`mjnubjkrn na&` b7n qukrkr bnr %n;cr k!tk`sj#` na Rrntnbc, %k lnd7n crbk`nbc quk bkmanrnsk na&cdjkr c nr&k`tj c quk ka bka 2kr mc`sjbkrndn mjrmu`smrjtn an najn`)n n ans k!rksnbnsmukstjc`ks bk a7%jtks k`trk *ljak, an Tkdajmn r&k`tj`n ; cajjn ; k!maujbns, cr mc`sj&ujk`tk,ans quk, cr rn)c`ks ca7tjmns c bk tkrrjtcrjcs, ubjkrn` susmjtnrsk k`trk an *c`$kbkrnmj#` u karnsjaN ;, cr atj%c, quk, k` mu%aj%jk`tc bk kstns j`strummjc`ks, nmndndn bk lnmkr k` uk`csjrks kstn bkmanrnmj#` na &cdjkr`c nr&k`tj`c, ; quk lnd7n sjbc nmktnbn bjmln TK]KTM,mc`j`jk`bc ka skcr Ij`jstrc Rkfkbcr k` mc sj&`nran k` `ctns rkkrsnaks, na tjk%c bk$cr%naj)nrsk an nblksj#` n ùkstrc Rrntnbc bk najn`)n bk$k`sjn mc` cajjn.

Ka skcr Mj)mc`bk, 8/K *--*+ K' RTR(- ; sk k`mc`trndn na mcrrjk`tk bkakstnbc bk an `k&cmjnmj#`, krc quk j&`crndn quk an k!rksnbn bkmanrnmj#` ludjksk sjbc ;n lkmln; nmktnbn cr ka &cdjkr`c nr&k`tj`c, rkmjdj# %js nandrns mc` %ukstrns bk sntjs$nmmj#`N ; %kbjfc, quk ka Ocdjkr`c +%krjna `c lnd7n mrk7bc ù`mn quk ka bka 2kr, nrn, qujk` tk`7n an%kfcr n%jstnb, ludjksk mkakdrnbc `j`&` nmtc mc` 6`j%c lcstja na rnsjaN krc quk ka %jstkrjcmc` quk ka &cdjkr`c nr&k`tj`c lnd7n mudjkrtc ans sksjc`ks skmrktns bk ans *6%nrns 'k&jsantjnsbka nc n`tkrjcr ; ka nr%n%k`tc tn` sukrjcr n sus rkmurscs, quk mc` tn`tn rkmjjtnmj#` kstndnlnmjk`bc ksk &cdjkr`c, ; ka &rn` j`tkr:s quk k` $c%k`tnr mc%ajmnmjc`ks j`tkr`nmjc`naks tk`7n`%umlcs j`bjjbucs, quk k` an &ukrrn bka 2nrn&un; lnd7n` lkmlc &rn`bks $crtu`ns, krn` ansmnusns bk quk sk ludjkrn` mrknbc na&u`cs rkmkacs scdrk ùkstrns `k&cmjnmjc`ks mc` ka rk$krjbcOcdjkr`c. tcbc kstc mrk7 mc`k`jk`tk rkajmnrak ac sj&ujk`tkH quk krn k!nmtc ka j`tkr:s qukna&u`cs drnsjakrcs ; nr&k`tj`cs tk`7n`, cr ka %ctjc j`bjmnbc, k` j`qujktnr mc`stn`tk%k`tk anssusmktjdjajbnbks `nmjc`naks bk n%dcs n7sksN quk K */R- TIIKR-, KT K'O-+KT- (K *"+'K K' 2T+IKT- 8/K "+ *-IKB(- 2T-*/TT]K'-,'KMR(- *- K]K /+*- 4+ / KI2TK]R+R- K ' -'] (K '-(TK],K '-] I-IKR-] K 8/K (K]TT-'' *- R-( 4/KTB K +]+]RK*+]/] 2TKRK]+-K] ]-TK ' 2RO-+ K' '+R-T' -'+M+-, ac quk lnm7n`nturna%k`tk rksu%jr n nqukaacs Kstnbcs, quk kscs rknrntjcs krn` mc`trn kaacs ; acs ludjkskcdaj&nbc n rcmkbkr k` jb:`tjmc sk`tjbcN ; quk ka rj&urcsc sj&jac mc` quk ka Ocdjkr`c ; ans*6%nrns nr&k`tj`ns lnd7n` trntnbc ac mc`mkr`jk`tk na Rrntnbc bk najn`)n, `c krn sj`c kamu%aj%jk`tc bk u` bkdkr %u; sn&rnbc, uks ka nsu`tc lnd7n sjbc ; mc`tjùndn sjk`bcrkskrnbc ; skmrktc.

(ksu:s bk lndkr%k ksmumlnbc ka skcr Ij`jstrc mc` dnstn`tk j`tkr:s, %k rk&u`t# k`qu: kstnbc sk lnaandn an `k&cmjnmj#` mc` ka &cdjkr`c nr&k`tj`c, scdrk an nblksj#` na Rrntnbc bknajn`)n, ; sj ka &cdjkr`c dcajjn`c lnd7n lkmlc u`n bkmanrnmj#` j&una n an bka 2kr scdrk anaj%jtnmj#` bk bjmlc nmtc. ac rj%krc ak mc`tkst:, quk an nblksj#` `c sk lnd7n n`kr$kmmjc`nbc, cr quk ka skcr Rkfkbcr bkskndn, n`tks bk lnmkrac, rkmjdjr mc%u`jmnmjc`ks bkaIj`jstrc quk lnd7n %n`bnbc n cajjnN quk kaans ak aak&nr7n` n %kbjnbcs bka %ks qukmc%k`)ndn n mcrrkr ; quk kskrndn, cr tn`tc, n %j rk&rksc n uk`cs jrks, cbkr mc`maujrmc%aktn%k`tk kstk nsu`tc, $jr%n`bc na %js%c tjk%c ka rctcmcac bk an nblksj#` ; ansrkkrsnaks, scdrk ac quk ak lnd7n lndanbc. K` mun`tc n an sk&u`bn rk&u`tn ak bjfk, quk `c snd7nsj ka &cdjkr`c dcajjn`c ludjksk rksukatc j`trcbumjr k` ka Rrntnbc an %js%n TK]KTM lkmln crka 2krN krc quk rksu%7n quk na rkmjdjr an `ctjmjn, quk krn `nturna ak ludjksk bnbc ksk lkmlc ka&cdjkr`c bk 'j%n, nbctnsk cr su nrtk j&una bktkr%j`nmj#`.

Ka skcr Mj)mc`bk %k %n`j$kst#, k` sk&ujbn, ka bkskc bk quk ak mc%u`jmnsk bk uk`csjrks ka rksuatnbc $j`na bk an `k&cmjnmj#` rk$krk`tk n ans rkkrsnaks, n ac quk %k nrkmj# rubk`tkmc`tkstnrak, mc%c u` %kbjc bk kaubjr u` mc%rc%jsc, scdrk mu;n mc`k`jk`mjn `c %k lnd7n sjbccsjdak %kbjtnr, quk bkdjk`bc mc`tjùnr r6jbn%k tk %j jnfk n 'j%n, n $j` bk nsjstjr, mc%c ;nac snd7n, n ans sksjc`ks bka *c`&rksc, skr7n bksbk ksn mnjtna, ; cr mc`bumtc bk an 'k&nmj#`+%krjna, quk rkmjdjr7n ka njsc quk bkskndn. Ka skcr Ij`jstrc, `c %k %n`j$kst# an %k`crj`sjstk`mjn ;, cr ka mc`trnrjc, %k nrkmj# sntjs$kmlc mc` kstn rksukstn.

(ksu:s bk kstc ; na tkr%j`nr kstn mc`$krk`mjn, %k bjfc ka skcr Ij`jstrc quk ka Ocdjkr`c+%krjna bkskndn, cr su nrtk, an n) k` tcbc ka mc`tj`k`tk ; quk mc` tna $j` kstnr7n bjsukstc nj`$aujr k` quk sk sc%ktjksk n u` T+RTFK tcbns ans mukstjc`ks k`bjk`tks k`trk acs bjstj`tcsKstnbcs, j`mausjk ka bka 2nrn&un;. c nc;: sus jbkns, bjmj:`bcak quk K]-] KT RI+K


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'-] (K]K-] (K' O-+KT- 2KT/-N quk mrk7n quk acs duk`cs c$jmjcs quk ubjkskkfkrmkr su &cdjkr`c skr7n` djk` rkmjdjbcs ; kstj%nbcs cr tcbcsN ; quk mc` ka `cdak $j` bknsk&urnr an n), mc%c ac bkskndn, mc`k`br7n quk sk nrrk&ansk` na %js%c tjk%c tcbcs ansmukstjc`ks, sj` bkfnr k`bjk`tk `nbn quk mc`tj`unsk sjk`bc mnusn bk j`qujktub ; bk nanr%n k`ka mc`tj`k`tk.

(jr: n /. ]., k` mc`mausj# , quk mrkc lndkr bkfnbc mc%aktn%k`tk sntjs$kmlc ;mc%anmjbc na skcr Ij`jstrc bk k&cmjcs K!trn`fkrcs, Mj)mc`bk bk *nrnkaans, ; mu%ajbc, k`mc`skmuk`mjn, ans #rbk`ks, quk scdrk ka mc`tk`jbc bk kstk c$jmjc, sk sjrj# /. ]. mc%u`jmnr%k.

Tc&n`bc n /. ]. sk bj&`k kaknr kstn `ctn na mc`cmj%jk`tc bk ]. K. ka 2rksjbk`tk bk anTkdajmn, %k ks lc`rcsc rkktjr%k bk /. ]. mc` tcbn mc`sjbkrnmj#`, %u; ntk`tc ; cdkbjk`tkskrjbcr. 54jr%nbc1.0 I. +rj&c;k`

uk`cs jrks, Fuajc 3? bk >


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Tuk&c n /. ]. sk bj&`k c`kr kstk c$jmjc k` mc`cmj%jk`tc bk ]. K. ka 2rksjbk`tk ;kr%jtjr%k quk %k rkjtn bk /. ]. mc` tcbn mc`sjbkrnmj#` %u; ntk`tc ; cdkbjk`tk skrjbcr.54jr%nbc1.0 I. +rj&c;k

' 2-'+R+* (K *"+'K K -'+M+.

K` "c* ,"tjic* bn* bk k*k n9c bk >'?0 ubc mc`*jbk#n#*k mc`3u#nbn n#n M=j"k "n nik`n4n bk/k#*k #cbknbc *km#ktnik`tk c# t#k* n*k* k`kij+c* 7uk k` n7uk""c* bn* k` 7uk mn#kmn bk u`k32#mjtc bk n#inik`tc* - bk tcbn m"n*k bk #kn#nmj` ij"jtn# =nn c&"j+nbc n "c* k*;c#4nbc* =j3c*bk `uk*t#n nt#jn n #kktj# k` *u tk##jtc#jc n#n bk;k`bk#"c "c* nmtc* bk =k#c*ic* 7uk =n&n` #kn"j4nbc

cmc* n9c* n`tk* "c* =j3c* bk" Xn#n+un-@u`mn u` n* bk Ni2#jmn =n mc##jbc k"j+#c* mcic "c* 7uk *k =nn` nmuiu"nbc *ck M=j"k

*j `c =u&jk#n n&c#tnbc k" #c-kmtc bk ;c#in# u`n "j+n k` *u mc`t#n 7uk "c =nn ntnmnbc c# k" `c#tkmc` "c* k32#mjtc* bk" Xk#, - bk .c"j/jn - c# k" c#jk`tk - *u# c# "c* bk "n Mc`;kbk#nmj` N#+k`tj`nAn* mc`*kmuk`mjn* c"tjmn* =nn` *jbc j`k/jtn&"k* - k" bk*ikinijk`tc bk" tk##jtc#jc m=j"k`c=nn mc`t#j&ujbc n k*tn&"kmk# bk;j`jtj/nik`tk k" #kbcij`jc bk" Xk#, k` k" Xnm;jmc - i:* tn#bk "n;u`bnmj` bk u`n +#n` Mc`;kbk#nmj` k` "n mun" .c"j/jn k" Kmunbc# - tn" /k4 Mc"ci&jn =nn`

n*nbc n *k# tk##jtc#jc* i:* c ik`c* j`bkk`bjk`tk* bk "c* K*tnbc* ) jbc* bk" Xnm;jmc]k+,` k" k`*nijk`tc bk "c* k*tnbj*tn* bk Ajin j+un" c"tjmn =nn *jbc *k+ujbn c# "n

Mc ;kbk#nmj` N#+k`tj`n k` k" Nt":`tjmc - "c* k`*uk9c* bk "n #kmc`*tjtumj` bk "c* n`tj+uc*Wj##k-`ntc* n#kmn ""k+n# n "n #kn"jbnb n*cin`bc k` "n ;#jn"bnb bk *u* tui&n* n "c* Ok`k#n"k* bk "nj`bkk`bk`mjn 7uk n"mn`4n#c` n c#bk`n# 7uk *k #kbnmtn#n` "n* mc`*tjtumjc`k* bk" Jik#jc bk "c* N`bk*- bk "n* ic`n#7un* =k#kbjtn#jn* 7uk bk&n` *umkbk# k` Ni2#jmn n "c* #k-k* bk K*n9n

K` k*n mc`3u#nmj` cmu"tn "n #k,&"jmn bk .c"j/jn =nn *jbc "n #jik#n bk*u2* bk M=j"k k`k#bk# *u j`bkk`bk`mjn1 k*tc /j k" *k9c# .ntj*tn k" +k`uj c "kt#nbc bk M=n#mn* mcicbk*kmtj/nik`tk "c ""ni k" 3k;k bk "n mn`mj""k#n bk Ajin

Mun`bc *k "kk` ntk`tnik`tk "c* bcmuik`tc* u&"jmnbc* bk "n mn`mj""k#n bk Ajin bk .uk`c*Nj#k* bk ]um#k - An Xn4 ukbk bn#*k n "c* nmtc* bk*n##c""nbc* k` .c"j/jn k` k*k n9c tcbn "n

jic#tn`mjn 7uk ik#kmk` Ac* #j`mjn"k* nmtc#k* bk "n j`t#j+n bj"ci:tjmn 7uk tk`n "n mnjtn" ic/j&"kbk k*k n* c# k*mk`n#jc ;uk#c` bc` In#jn`c .ntj*tn bc` N`&n" Wmtc# bk An Rc##k - bc` Mn#"c*Fn"Ek# In#t`k4 - k" ,"tjic `c n"mn`4 n mci#k`bk# k` k*c* icik`tc* "n +#n`bk4n bk" *k#/jmjc 7uk=nmn n *u nt#jn mc` "n "`kn bk mc`bumtn 7uk *j` mc`cmk# k" R#ntnbc ]km#ktc nbct k` tn` bk"jmnbn*mj#mu`*tn`mjn*

An* bj"nmjc`k* bk" *k9c# .ntj*tn tk`n` nbki:* bk" tkic# bk k#bk# "n #c/j`mjn bk Rn#j3nct#n mnu*n iu- #j`mjn" k` "c* c;#kmjijk`tc* 7uk k` &uk`n =c#n =j4c k" *k9c# Fn"Ek# In#t`k4 n#n""k+n# n u` nmuk#bc nij*tc*c k` "n bk"jijtnmj` bk "n* ;#c`tk#n*

K" X#k*jbk`tk bc` %kbk#jmc K##:4u#j4 bk*j+` n#n k" mn#+c bk K`mn#+nbc* bk @k+cmjc* k` "nXn4 n" *k9c# Fn"Ek# In#t`k4 7uk k*c* bn* cmun&n k" bk *km#ktn#jc bk "n M:in#n bk Bjutnbc* k`ntk`mj` n 7uk mc`cmn n .c"j/jn - n *u* =cik* ,&"jmc* c# =n&k# *jbc *jktk n9c* n`tk* *km#ktn#jc bk

"n Ak+nmj` k` "n 2cmn k` 7uk bc` N`jmktc Wk#+n#n N"&n`c k#n Ij`j*t#c X"k`jctk`mjn#jc n`tk k"+c&jk#`c bk" Ok`k#n" Ik"+n#k3cA"k+n&n k" *k9c# Fn"Ek# In#t k4 n "n mnjtn" &c"j/jn`n k` icik`tc* bj;mj"k* n#n u`

#k#k*k`tn`tk bk M=j"k1 -n =n&n *jbc ;j#inbc k` Ajin k" R#ntnbc ]km#ktc - *k t#nijtn&n *u #ntj;jmnmj`c# "n N*ni&"kn - k" Oc&jk#`c &c"j/jn`c*1 k" *km#ktc bk k*c* t#ntnbc* k` mc`t#n bk M=j"k *k +un#bn&n#k"j+jc*nik`tk

K" nutc# bk "n ik3c# &jc+#n;n 7uk *k =n u&"jmnbc bk" `ctn&"k =cik ,&"jmc 7uk ;u2 k" 3k;kbk" n#tjbc Mc`*k#/nbc# m=j"k`c bc` Xkb#c @ M#u4 7uk =n&n *jbc *u *km#ktn#jc - u`c bk *u* `tjic*mc`;jbk`tk* #kmc+j bk *u* #cjc* "n&jc* `ctjmjn* k ji#k*jc`k* 7uk bk&kic* tk`k# #k*k`tk n"n#kmjn# k*n *jtunmj` mc` "n k


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mujbn&n bk *c`bkn# k" :`jic bk" mc`;jnbc mc"k+n 7uk #k#k*k`tn&n n "n `nmj` bk*tj`nbn n *k# "n/mtjin bk" mci"ct

K" *k9c# M#u4 #k;jk#k k*c* j`mjbk`tk* bk "n *j+ujk`tk in`k#nD

Mc`t#j&un` n mci"jmn# "n *jtunmj` mjk#tc* &n##u`tc* bk 7uk k" Xk#, #cic/n c# "c &n3c u`#cijijk`tc k`t#k M=j"k - .c"j/jn K#n k*tk u` u`tc &jk` j`7ujktn`tk c#7uk k" Xk#, tk`n u`n#k+u"n# k*munb#n ijk`t#n* 7uk "n bk M=j"k k#n iu- #kbumjbn - ikbjn`n K` #k/j*j` bk 7uk k*tn*muk*tjc`k* tcin*k` u` *k*+c k"j+#c*c k" X#k*jbk`tk K##:4u#j4 =n&n in`bnbc mc`*t#uj# bc*

&"j bnbc*1 k#c tcbn/n `c k*tn&n` tk#ij`nbc* - k#n ik`k*tk# *cc#tn# - bj*jiu"n# "c* bj*+u*tc* =n*tn7uk "c* &"j`bnbc* ""k+n*k

K" X#k*jbk`tk bk" Xk#, bc` In`uk" Xn#bc k#n =cik bk "n`k* iu- /n*tc* - nt#k/jbc* 7uk`c "k n##kb#n&n` n,` mun`bc mn#kmjk*k bk #kmu#*c* n#n #kn"j4n#"c* Xk`*n&n ic`cc"j4n# k" *n"jt#k -mun`bc *uc 7uk *k =n&n` bk*mu&jk#tc* -nmjijk`tc* bk k*tn m"n*k k` N`tc;n+n*tn - #k+jc`k* /kmj`n*t#nt bk mc`*k+uj# 7uk "n* *n"jt#k#n* &c"j/jn`n* k`t#n#n` k` k" ic`cc"jc Ijk`t#n* M=j"k tu/jk#n c#n"+,` #k*kmtc n"+c 7uk /k# k` k*c n7u2" #c-kmtc `c cb#n ""k/n#*k n mn&c1 c# "c ik`c* *k#n u`c&*t:mu"c n#n 7uk k" Xk#, *nmn*k "n* /k`tn3n* mc`*jbk#n&"k* 7uk ""k/n#n k` /j*tn - n7u k`t#n&n =nmk# nM=j"k n u` "nbc - nt#nk#*k n .c"j/jn

K` tn"k* mj#mu`*tn`mjn* u`n ij*j` bj"ci:tjmn k#n bj;mj" Bc` Mn#"c* *k k`mc`t# mn*j nj*"nbck` "n *cmjkbnb bk An Xn4 bc`bk k#n iu- in`j;jk*tn "n =c*tj"jbnb n M=j"k

@n##n k` *k+ujbn 7uk cmc bk*u2* bk *u ""k+nbn n An Xn4 u` mjubnbn`c "k bkm"n# k` ;c#inmc`;jbk`mjn" 7uk k" Ij`j*t#c bk" Xk#, k*tn&n n u`tc bk ;j#in# u` t#ntnbc bk n"jn`4n mc` k" bk .c"j/jnBc` Mn#"c* Fn"Ek# I `c cbn bn# m#2bjtc tn` n "n "j+k#n n u`n `ctjmjn bk tn`tn +#n/kbnb k j`tk##c+;#n`mnik`tk n" Ij`j*t#c bk Tk"nmjc`k* K


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k`;k#ic mcic u` mni&jc bk tkik#nik`tc n-ubn#n ium=c n" #k*tn&"kmjijk`tc bk *u *n"ub #k*c"/jj#*k n 5u`+n* =n*tn ik3c#n#*k bk" tcbc "c mun" bk&k#n mcj`mjbj# mc` "n ""k+nbn bk "c* cbk#k*

Bc` Mn#"c* k*tn&n *ntj*;km=c bk *u* +k*tjc`k* c#7uk k` #kn"jbnb =n&n k*tc#&nbc u`n n"jn`4nmc` k" Xk#, - "n* mci"jmnmjc`k* mc`*j+ujk`tk*1 k#c c# mjk#tc `c in`j;k*t k` "c ik`c# 7uk tu/jk#nn"+,` mc`cmjijk`tc bk k*tc K" *k9c# .ntj*tn *k in#n/j""n&n bk "n cc#tu`jbnb mc` 7uk k" Ij`j*t#cm=j"k`c =n&n #k*k`tnbc *u #cc*jmj` - =n&"n`bc mc` 2" n"+,` tjkic bk*u2* "k jbj 7uk "k bj3k#nmc` ;#n`7uk4n *j n"+c =n&n *n&jbc #k*kmtc n "n /j*jtn bk" Ij`j*t#c bk" Xk#, Bc` Mn#"c* "k mc`tk*t7uk k` k;kmtc =n&n tk`jbc mc` n`tjmjnmj` `ctjmjn* bk k*n /j*jtn1 k#c 7uk `c cbn bkmj#"k bk 7u2in`k#n

]k+un 2*tk k*k#n`bc *u* cbk#k* mc` /j/c* bk*kc* bk 7uk ""k+n*k` mun`tc n`tk* Xc# ;j`#kmj&j u`n `ctn bk" Ij`j*t#c bk Tk"nmjc`k* K


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A"k+ n ]um#k - *k j`*tn" k` "n mn*n 7uk "k tk`n #k*k#/nbn k" *k9c# .ntj*tnD k#n k` n"tc*k*nmjc*n micbn - *jtunbn k` "n "n4n #j`mjn" K` k" j*c &n3c /j/n "n buk9n bk "n mn*n 7uk k#n "n*k9c#n /jubn bk" bjmtnbc# Aj`n#k* mc` *u =j3n ,`jmn "n *k9c#jtn ]c;n - mc` *u =k#in`n K" Ij`j*t#c.ntj*tn =n&n *jbc *km#ktn#jc bk" bjmtnbc# - in`tk`n k*t#km=n nij*tnb mc` *u bj*tj`+ujbn ;nij"jnAuk+c u*c k` #k"nmj` mc` k""n n bc` Mn#"c* 7ujk` &jk` #c`tc mc`+k`j mc` "n* *k9c#n* - i:*

n#tjmu"n#ik`tk mc` "n *k9c#jtn ]c;n - ;uk bk *uk#tk 7uk *k k`nic# bk k""n K*tu/c uk* k` k*tktjkic mc` bc* +#n`bk* ki#k*n*D "n tk#ij`nmj` bk" t#ntnbc - "n mc`7uj*tn bk "n *k9c#jtn ]c;n

N`bu/c iu- n;c#tu`nbc - mc`*j+uj "n* bc* mc*n* Rk#ij` k" t#ntnbc bk*u2* bk bk*k`#kbn#ium=n* j`t#j+n* bk /k`mk# ium=c* c&*t:mu"c* - t#cjk4c* - bk*u2* bk #c"c`+nbn* mc`;k#k`mjn*=n*tn 7uk c# ;j`

El Tratado Secreto de 1873 por Echenique Gandarillas

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Transcript of El Tratado Secreto de 1873 por Echenique Gandarillas