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Qekvarsk`h` Ehdkmeho Hutemlh

`a Lxkdm

Kestktutm `a Kegaekarh

Ymsgrh`m ae Qrnhekslm

Ymsgrh`m ae Hrquktadturh

Yrmdasms `a hprmpkhdke `ao asphdkm.

Aeshyms `a kevastkghdke ae

Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh.

Smoulae K.

Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr

D`. Qekvarskthrkh, QEHL, saptkalnra `a >984

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Yrasaethdke

Ao prasaeta `mdulaetm kedouya 8; aeshyms `a kevastkghdke aohnmrh`ms pmr

lkalnrms `ao salkehrkm tktuoh`m Hprmpkhdke y `astruddke `ao la`km hlnkaeta qua

dmmr`kem dmlm hskgehturh durrkduohr `a oms prmgrhlhs `a pmsgrh`m ae Qrnhekslm y

Hrquktadturh ae ao ekvao `a lhastrh.

Ta trhth `a aeshyms aohnmrh`ms nhjm lk `kraddke `urheta ao salastra >984->.

Oh praphrhdke a oms aeshyms pmr oms lkalnrms ao salkehrkm tkaea dmlm prmpsktm

dmh`yuvhr h `ashrrmoohr sus dhphdk`h`as y fhnkok`h`as hrgulaethtkvhs, a kekdkhroms ae oh

aohnmrhdke a mdulaetms dkaetckdms.

Tu prm`uddke tkaea oughr ae ao lnktm `a ue hprae`kzhja dmohnmrhtkvm, pmr om qua

tkaeae ue vhomr hdh`lkdm par sa y dmestktuyae, h`als, htms urms phrh oms astu`kms qua

smnra ao talh `ao hprae`kzhja dmohnmrhtkvm rahokzm hdtuholaeta ae oh dmmr`kehdke `a

Kegaekarh `a Tkstalhs `ao Kestktutm `a Kegaekarh.

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e`kda a dmetaek`m

Nhuaoms Hrhge, Hlrkdh Hoajhe`rhAo lheajm `ao asphdkm ae oh raskstaedkh duoturho 8

Narl`az-Yraz, Lhkrh Hoajhe`rhAo Lardh`m Ynokdm dmlm Dhthokzh`mr Qrnhem. Dhsm `aastu`km: Lardh`m oh Larda`, Dku`h` `a Lxkdm >0

Nmrjh^m`rguaz, LhrkhehCuturms pmsknoas phrh ohs dfkehlphs `a The He`rs Lkxqukd. Hphrtkr `a oh pmsknoa radmeaxke `ao skstalh ohdustra ae oh zmehsur `a oh Dku`h` `a Lxkdm. 34

@a Pumek, HehQrnhekzhdke dmlm pr`k`h grh`uho `ao Yhrqua Ehdkmeho `ao

Darrm `a oh Astraooh. Hdtmras y ^asuoth`ms. 6>

@hz Sk`hurrk @hekao NaejhleOh hdupueturh urnheh dmlm ltm`m phrh hrtkduohr ao asphdkmpnokdm `ao @kstrktm Ca`arho y oh Zmeh Latrmpmoktheh `ao Shooa`a Lxkdm (ZLSL)

88>

Asqukvao, Moklpkhxktm `a ohs pmotkdhs dkdoksths ae dku`h`as Aurmpahs: uehvkske gaearho `a oh oktarhturh 8>6

Ghrzh ^m`rguaz, Kvmeeaxm`m y cke `a oh vkvkae`h rurho ae Dmhfukoh 8;09->999 806

Glaz Ghsde, Areastmrahs Sar`as Qrnhehs: su klpmrthedkh ae oh pohekckdhdke `aoskgom VVK. 834

Guarrarm Thetkstanhe, BhrkehYrmnoaltkdh hlnkaetho pmr Skvkae`h ae Tmhdfh.(Yrmnoaltkdh hlnkaetho, duhokthtkvm-hrgulaethtkvm, Tmhdfh-

Nmgmt `as`a 8;61) 8;3

Fk`hogm Grheh`ms, The`rh HokdkhOh dmestruddke `ao asphdkm `a ketarhddke ae hsaethlkaetmskrraguohras ae oh @aoaghdke Pofuhd. K`aetk`h` Dmoadtkvh >>>

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Lhrteaz-@hekao, Klao`h^ask`ums `a Dmestruddke y @almokdke (^D@)2 sktuhdkehdtuho y dmrradth gastke phrh ao prmdasm `ao radkdohja ae oh

ke`ustrkh laxkdheh >08

Lhrteaz-Yhrrh, mshrkmHddasknkok`h` y @ksam Qekvarsho hpokdh`ms ho @ksam Qrnhem >3>

Faree`az Lmokehr, YhmohAetra om omdho y om gomnho. Prhescmrlhdke `a oh vkvkae`h phrhoms trhnhjh`mras `ao turkslm, Fuhtuodm, Mhxhdh. Skvkae`h ae aoturkslm, Fuhtuodm, Mhx., h phrtkr `a 8;61 >;>

Lmrh Naoom, Dktohok

Oh Hrquktadturh Tmdkho dmlm Nhsa phrh oh Tmoudke `a ohYrmnoaltkdh Hlnkaetho. Oh drahdke `a ue euavm `ksdursmhrquktadtekdm. Oh sustaethnkok`h` ae oh hrquktadturh hnmr`h`h`as`a oh taltkdh smdkho, skgom VVK, Lxkdm @C. 480

Lumz-Sknrhes, DhrmokehAdmtadekhs ae oh Dku`h` `a Lxkdm @ao crhdhsm ae oms 69sho xktm ae ao T.VVK= 448

Thejuhearm Dhnhooarm, Aokzhnatf

Ketagrhdke tarrktmrkho a Papahpuodm, Fk`hogm, dmlm rasuoth`m`a oms puanoms `a ke`kms h`lkekstrh`ms pmr oms samrmsprafkspekdms, ae ao skgom VSK 400

Bhsshe`rh Tmtm, KrkeamYrmpuasth latm`mogkdh phrh oh avhouhdke `a ohs pmotkdhs `amr`aehlkaetm tarrktmrkho ae oms luekdkpkms turstkdms `ao gmocm`a Dhokcmrekh 431

Tmtm Tedfaz, Qoksas JmfhlkeYmotkdhs urnhehs `a hddasm ho suaom urnhem ae luekdkpkmslatrmpmokthems ao Asth`m `a Lxkdm. 461

Pzmek Nhrrhedm, Lhrh `ao Dhrlae

Ksoh urnheh `a Dhomr y Yohekckdhdke Qrnheh. Qe euavmaecmqua `a pohekckdhdke `a ohs dku`h`as 09;

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ao lheajm `ao asphdkm ae

oh raskstaedkh duoturho

Oms ke`gaehs `a ohs dmluek`h`as rurhoas `a Lxkdm ae oh pmdh hdtuho.

Talkehrkm `a admemlh, pmotkdh y la`km hlnkaeta . hprmpkhdke y `astruddke `ao la`km

hlnkaeta>984->. Dmmr`keh`mr: Aerkqua @hz Lmrh . Hutmrh: Hlrkdh Hoajhe`rh Nhuaoms

Hrhge . dmrram aoadtrekdm (vhrms`hoIglhko.dml) . QEHL . Ymsgrh`m `a Hrquktadturh .

lxkdm `.c. . juekm >984

Aeshyms a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

Yg. 8Re`kda `a dmetaek`m\

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ao lheajm `ao asphdkm ae

oh raskstaedkh duoturho

Oms ke`gaehs `a ohs dmluek`h`as rurhoas `a Lxkdm ae oh pmdh hdtuho.

Talkehrkm `a admemlh, pmotkdh y la`km hlnkaeta . hprmpkhdke y `astruddke `ao la`kmhlnkaeta>984->. Dmmr`keh`mr: Aerkqua @hz Lmrh . Hutmrh: Hlrkdh Hoajhe`rh Nhuaoms

Hrhge . dmrram aoadtrekdm (vhrms`hoIglhko.dml) . QEHL . Ymsgrh`m `a Hrquktadturh .lxkdm `.c. . juekm >984

Aeshyms a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

Yg. >Re`kda `a dmetaek`m\

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>

e`kda

Yrasaethdke 4

Ao lheajm `ao asphdkm fhnkth`m y oh dmestruddke `a ue Oughr 1

Ao slnmom y oh hrquktadturh dmesmok`he ao Asphdkm fhnkth`m 84

dmedouskmeas 8;

nknokmgrhch >4

Aeshyms a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

Yg. 4Re`kda `a dmetaek`m\

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Y^ATAEPHDKE

Om qua mduph ho prasaeta trhnhjm as ke`hghr ao phpao `ao lheajm `ao asphdkm fhnkth`m ae ao

caelaem `a oh raskstaedkh duoturho. Dmemdar `a qu lhearh sa pua`a dmlprae`ar y axprashr

om fhnkth`m pmr puanoms ke`gaehs ae dme`kdkmeas `a raskstaedkh tarrktmrkho y duoturho. Ta nusdh`asdunrkr sk as pmsknoa qua `aetrm `a oh oudfh `a oms puanoms pmr parlheadar y `acae`ar ue

tarrktmrkm, hs dmlm dmesarvhr sus prmdasms duoturhoas sa fhda eadashrkh oh dmeckgurhdke y ao

hdme`kdkmehlkaetm ao asphdkm dmlm astrhtagkh a raskstaedkh, ooavhe`m ueh dhrgh sklnokdh y

lhtarkho qua raspme`a `kradthlaeta h sus cmrlhs duoturhoas y h sus prmpkhs eadask`h`as `a

oagktklhdke y mrghekzhdke smdkho. Astm klpokdh eadashrkhlaeta, ueh vkske fulhestkdh `a oh

prdtkdh hrquktadtekdh.

Ae ohs dmluek`h`as rurhoas ke`gaehs kedk`ae chdtmras eaghtkvms luy dmlpoajms qua tkaeae qua

var dme oh choth `a radmemdklkaetm `a tarrktmrkms mduph`ms pmr oms ke`gaehs, ao `aspmjm `a sus

tkarrhs, oh ketruske `a grupms pmotkdms hjaems h sus usms y dmstulnras, oh kevhske h trhvs `a

prmyadtms klpuosh`ms pmr dhpkthoksths dme vkskmeas a `ashrrmoom luy mpuasths, dhlnkms `a usm

`a suaom hgrdmoh pmr aspaduohtkvm qua larlh su dhphdk`h` `a sustaetm hoklaetkdkm, ueh

dmetkeuh `agrh`hdke `a su fnktht ehturho, prm`udtm `a oh axpheske urnheh y `a oh

kesthohdke `a ke`ustrkh `a axtrhddke lhskvh `a radursms.

Oh dmlnkehdke `a astms chdtmras, aetra mtrms, prm`uda ueh hoth pradhrka`h` ae ohs cmrlhs `a

vk`h qua smstkaeae oms ke`gaehs y ajarda ueh praske luy cuarta smnra oms grupms omdhoas,mrkooe`moms ho `aspohzhlkaetm, h oh pr`k`h `a hutmemlh y hutmsuckdkaedkh phrh axkstkr `a

lhearh poheh a etagrh ae sus oughras `a mrkgae2 dmeooavhe`m h ue `ashrrhkgm ho oughr `ao qua

`apae`a ao `ashrrmoom `a aoalaetms qua dmlpmeae su duoturh. sths sme ohs dmesaduaedkhs ls

dohrhs y avk`aetas qua sa prasaethe ae sths dmluek`h`as.

Om hetarkmr fhnoh `a ue asth`m `a ^askstaedkh thetm tarrktmrkho dmlm duoturho ae ao qua sa

aeduaetrhe oms puanoms ke`gaehs. Ta trhth `a oh `acaesh `ao Oughr ho qua sme partaeadkaetas,

parm thlnke sa trhth `a oh `acaesh `a oms radursms y aoalaetms dmetaek`ms ae sta, qua oas

parlktae vkvkr y raprm`udkr sus cmrlhs smdkmduoturhoas.

Tu raskstaedkh sa axprash ae oh mrghekzhdke `a oms puanoms, su lmvkok`h` smdkho y sus radohlms

pnokdms, parm thlnke sa axprash ae ohs astrhtagkhs `a parlheaedkh `aetrm `a su asphdkm

fhnkth`m, ao duho as ue okaezm pohslh`m y dmolh`m `a dmemdklkaetms, shnaras y prdtkdhs qua

fhe ooavh`m oms puanoms ke`gaehs h gaearhr dhrhdtarstkdhs y dmeckgurhdkmeas lhtarkhoas luy

Aeshyms a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

Yg. 0Re`kda `a dmetaek`m\

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phrtkduohras. Xua vhe `as`a oh dmlpoajk`h` `a ue oaeguhja prmpkm y aspadckdm `a dh`h ragke,

ao tkpm `a ke`ulaethrkh, hrta y sklnmomgh, hs dmlm oh vkvkae`h y ohs cmrlhs `a fhnkthr y

mrghekzhr ao asphdkm2 `as`a ohs ra`as `a ketardhlnkm dmoadtkvm qua gaearhe dme mtrms puanoms,

fhsth ohs lhekcasthdkmeas vkeduoh`hs ao duotm h oh ehturhoazh y h om shgrh`m. Pm`m astm sa

prmpkdkh ae ue dmetaxtm smdkm-asphdkho ae ueh asdhoh ke`kvk`uho, sutko y sunjatkvm fhsth ohdmoadtkvm, lhrdh`m y dmesmok`h`m. Ymr om qua su oudfh pmr y `aetrm `a asa asphdkm sa fhda

ls `atarlkeheta ae oh la`k`h ae qua sta em smom tkaea utkokthrkm, skem qua thlnke tkaea ue

vhomr ludfm ls prmcue`m y sklnokdm kesdrktm ae om shgrh`m phrh aooms.

Oms aoalaetms `a su duoturh, raskstae lhtarkho a kethegknoalaeta h oms chdtmras laedkmeh`ms ho

prkedkpkm. Tme mnsarvhnoas ae sus potkdhs, ae sus prdtkdhs fhnkthdkmehoas y prm`udtkvhs, ae ao

dmemdklkaetm qua tkaeae smnra su la`km kela`khtm, sus hrtashehs, oh keskstaedkh `a guhr`hr

rhsgms rapatktkvms y sklkohras ae ohs smoudkmeas cmrlhoas `a oh vkvkae`h, su vmdhdke hgrdmoh

okgh`h ho ohtaeta dhrkm pmr oh tkarrh qua oas `h dmnkjm y hoklaetm2 tm`ms sme tastklmekms `a oh

prasaedkh y parlheaedkh `a su duoturh ae ao asphdkm qua `ackae`ae y prmtagae.

As hs dmlm, ae raohdke h oh prmnoaltkdh yh axpuasth, ae ao prasaeta aeshym sa ooagh h oh tasks

`a qua ao lheajm hprmpkh`m `a oms aoalaetms duoturhoas, qua dmlpmeae ao asphdkm fhnkth`m

pmr oms ke`gaehs, sme astrhtgkdms phrh omgrhr ao xktm ae su oudfh `a raskstaedkh y parlheaedkh

`aetrm `a sta. Yarm phrh qua `kdfm lheajm sah hprmpkh`m (ae ao saetk`m `a lm`m dmrradtm

y `a hprmpkhdke), om ptklm as taear emdkmeas luy dohrhs `aetrm `ao klhgkehrkm dmoadtkvm `a

tm`ms oms hdtmras klpokdh`ms ae oh prmnoaltkdh, smnra om qua ao asphdkm fhnkth`m pmr oms

puanoms ke`gaehs skgekckdh y dmlprae`a, om ptklm thlnke as dmethr dme oh vhomrhdke `a

`mlkekm pnokdm smnra oms aoalaetms duoturhoas qua dmlpmeae `kdfm asphdkm y, `as`a ouagm oh

hdtuhdke mrghekzh`h, prackgurh`h y dmedkaetkzh`h smnra su asphdkm phrh `mthrom `a

duhok`h`as fhnkthnoas, em smom phrh oms grupms fulhems skem phrh tm`ms oms saras axkstaetas ae

sta.

Ao xktm dmesksta ae phshr `a oh dme`kdke `a raskstaedkh y dmecokdtm `ao grupm mrkgkehrkm, h ue

asth`m `me`a sa ratmlh ao ehturho `asaevmovklkaetm axkstaedkho `ao grupm mrkgkehrkm, ae ao

dmetaxtm `a ue phemrhlh k`eam, `me`a oh aeargh kevartk`h phrh oh oudfh sah ueh aearghkevartk`h phrh oh rahprmpkhdke `ao asphdkm, oh hutmsuckdkaedkh, oh parlheaedkh y dmetkeuh

axpomrhdke `a ohs pmsknkok`h`as qua sa `ae ae ao asphdkm qua fhnkthe.

Dme nhsa ae astm, ao prasaeta trhnhjm sa `h h oh thrah `a dmestrukr ueh nhsa tarkdh `a oh qua

sa pua`h phrtkr phrh cue`hlaethr oh tasks, fhdkae`m ue raphsm `ao skgekckdh`m qua sa tkaea

smnra ao Asphdkm, hs dmlm oh dmestruddke `a ue Oughr, dmlm cmrlh `a hprmpkhdke y

Aeshyms a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

Yg. 1Re`kda `a dmetaek`m\

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vhomrhdke `a asa asphdkm, thlnke sa `h ho thrah `a ravkshr oh raohdke qua guhr`he oms

asphdkms phrh fhnkthr dme ao `ashrrmoom `a ueh duoturh, oh klpmrthedkh qua tkaea ao

dmemdklkaetm qua sa tkaea smnra ao asphdkm, oohlh`m fnktht y ohs cmrlhs ae qua sa pua`a

hdtuhr smnra o phrh dmesarvhrom, duk`hrom y sagukr eutrke`msa `a oms qua mcrada.

AO LHEAJM @AO ATYHDKM FHNKPH@M [ OH DMETP^QDDKE @A QE OQGH^

Oh emdke smnra ao Asphdkm pua`a sar the keckekth a koklkth`h dmlm ems pm`hlms klhgkehr. @ao

ohtesphtkul, `as`a ueh vkske daetrho `ao sar fulhem, Asphdkm skgekckdh tm`m om qua ems

rm`ah, `as`a ueh parspadtkvh fmostkdh dmlpoajh, skgekckdh tm`m om qua dmetkaea.

Gaearholaeta sa rackara hoAsphdkm Cskdm m ao Asphdkm Gamgrckdm2 skae`m ao prklarm, hquao`me`a axkstae oms mnjatms y oms caelaems cskdms, pmsaa`mras `a pmskdke y `kraddke2 y ao

sague`m, hquao ae ao qua sa `asaevuaovae oms grupms fulhems ae su ketarraohdke dme ao la`km

hlnkaeta. Hlnhs emdkmeas smnra ao Asphdkm fhdae houske h om fulhem fhnkth`m, dmlm hogm

pmrlaemrkzh`m y `aoklkth`m la`kheta `kstketms aoalaetms qua dmecmrlhe uevmoulae lhtarkho

aevmovaeta.

Om fhnkthnoa, em as om fhnkth`m, om fhnkthnoa as ueh duhok`h` `a om fhnkth`m ae thetm h

asphdkm. As dmethr dme oms radursms suckdkaetas `aetrm `ao asphdkm fhnkth`m phrh qua sa `, `a

oh lajmr lhearh pmsknoa, oa axkstaedkh. Dh`h puanom, dh`h duoturh, dh`h chlkokh y dh`h

ke`kvk`um lheajhe ekvaoas y vhomras `a fhnkthnkok`h` `kstketms.

Hfmrh nkae, duhe`m `aetrm `ao Asphdkm hdmetada ao prmdasm `a asthnoadklkaetm `a grupms

fulhems ae ueh `a sus pmrdkmeas, sa hdtkvh ue prmdasm `a hdme`kdkmehlkaetm asphdkho h

trhvs `a oh dmeckgurhdke y trhescmrlhdke `a oms aoalaetms dmlpmsktkvms `a `kdfm Asphdkm.

Dmlkaezh ue juagm, ue lheajm `a olktas, crmetarhs y hdmlm`ms. @a ue lm`m dhsk

keh`vartk`m, sa vh `he`m oh dmecmrlhdke `a ue Oughr.

Ao dmedaptm `a Oughr, dme O lhysduoh, tkaea qua var dme ueh skgekckdhdke y `alhrdhdkels prmcue`h `a ash pmrdke `ao Asphdkm yh ae asth`m fhnkth`m. Ao Oughr, as pmrdke `a ue

Asphdkm, parm, h su vaz, as dmetaea`mr `a mtrms asphdkms. Dmetkaea `kstketms ekvaoas `a asphdkms

duyh dmecmrlhdke vh okgh`h h `kstketms ekvaoas `a usm y skgekckdh`ms. Ao Oughr em axksta ske oms

grupms fulhems y ohs hdtkvk`h`as qua rahokzhe ae sta (var klhgae 8).

Aeshyms a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

Yg. 3Re`kda `a dmetaek`m\

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espacio_(f%C3%ADsica)http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espacio_geogr%C3%A1ficohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumenhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumenhttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espacio_geogr%C3%A1ficohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espacio_(f%C3%ADsica)

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Klhgae 8: Dmeckgurhdke `a ue Oughr dmesmok`h`mqua dmetkaea `kstketms ekvaoas asphdkhoas: ho`ah,hgruphlkaetms `a vkvkae`hs y vkvkae`h chlkokhr.

Cuaeta `a klhgae: Guk`mek, Aerkdm (8;7;).Hrdfktadtturh Yrklktkvh. Lkohem,Kthokh:Aoadth.

Ao dmedaptm `a Lheajm, skgekckdh `krkgkr ao

asphdkm fhdkh su rahprmpkhdke y

trhescmrlhdke `a sta ae ue Oughr. @kdfm

lheajm, sage oh prasaeta tasks, pua`a sar

astrhtgkdm phrh ao xktm ae oh raskstaedkh

tarrktmrkho y duoturho qua smstkaeae oms puanoms

ke`gaehs. @a tho lhearh qua, phrh ckeas

axpokdhtkvms dmedaptuhoas `a oh tasks, h tm`h

sth `kelkdh, ooavh`h h dhnm ae ueh pmrdke

`ao Asphdkm, `as`a om laetho-dmedaptuho, phrh

su dmlpraeske y raprasaethdke, fhsth oh

hddke lhtarkho, ae su dmeckgurhdke,

rahdmlm`m, trhescmrlhdke y raduparhdke `a

aoalaetms dmlpmsktkvms phrh ooaghr ho Oughr, oh

oohlhralms ao Lheajm `ao Asphdkm. [

oohlhralms h oh ^askstaedkh Duoturho ho

caelaem smdkho qua vkaea `a ue grupm `a

ke`kvk`ums hsaeth`ms ae ue asphdkm ae ao qua

nusdhe oh parlheaedkh y lhetaeaedkh `a su prmpkm lheajm `a sta, craeta ho `a mtrms grupms

fulhems, hjaems h asa asphdkm y dme qukaeas smstkaea ue dmecokdtm `adohrh`m. Ao lheajm `ao

asphdkm fhnkth`m pmr oms ke`gaehs sa aeduaetrh `kvk`k`m pmr ao dfmqua `a k`ahs, cuarzhsdrahtkvhs duoturhoas a ketarasa `a `kcaraetas grupms fulhems: ao `a oms mrkgkehrkms y oms hjaems.

Dhna hdohrhr qua ao trlkem `a raskstaedkh em smom hou`a ho dfmqua duoturho aetra oms grupms,

thlnke sa rackara h oh raskstaedkh craeta h dme`kdkmeas ehturhoas qua prkvhe ae ao la`km. @a

sth lhearh, ao ascuarzm pmr smnravkvkr sa hgrhvh dmesk`arhnoalaeta dme oh ketruske `a oms

grupm hjaems. As `alhskh`h oh aeargh y ascuarzm dmoadtkvm qua raqukarae oms grupms mrkgkehrkms

Aeshyms a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

Yg. 7Re`kda `a dmetaek`m\

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phrh smnravkvkr ae oms oughras. Oh `kckduoth` as dmomsho. Ae sta tkpm `a ^askstaedkh thetm tarrktmrkho

dmlm duoturho, ao asphdkm sa dmevkarta ae ue aoalaetm `a dmecokdtm smdkho y as, h su vaz,

dmetaea`mr `a lotkpoas dmlpokdhdkmeas phrh ooavhr h dhnm oh axkstaedkh `a oms grupms

ke`gaehs y ls he ao `ashrrmoom `a ueh duoturh prmpkh.

Lheajhr ao asphdkm as oh k`ah dme oh qua sa nusdh qua ao skgekckdh`m y oh lhtarkhok`h` `ao

asphdkm trhsdkae`he ae thetm sa oa hprmpkh. Astm raqukara cmrzmshlaeta `a trhzhr dmeckeas, qua

oklkthe y `atarlkeae ueh pmrdke `a oh tmthok`h` `ao asphdkm. Phlnke raqukara, phrh su

trhsdae`aedkh, dmemdar oms dmlpmeaetas `a ash pmrdke `a asphdkm8, y shnar duoas sme ohs

ketarhddkmeas, raohdkmeas y `kelkdhs qua prkvhe `aetrm `a sta. Om hetarkmr as ao pralnuom

ke`kspaeshnoa phrh qua `kdfm asphdkm sah hprmpkh`m y `mth`m `a ue saetk`m. Ash as oh thrah

prklarh qua oa dmrraspme`a ho grupm m oms grupms `a ke`kvk`ums fulhems qua fhnkthe `kdfm

asphdkm. Hdtuhe`m smnra sta, hdme`kdkmehe`m, radmeckgurhe`m sus aoalaetms, trhescmrlhe`m

sus lhtarkhs, hpokdhe`m dmedaptms y emlnras smnra sus dmlpmeaetas, as dmlm alpkazh oh

hr`uh ohnmr `a dmestrukr ao Oughr qua sa fhnkth, sta yh sa dmemda, sa aetkae`a y as `a sta `ao

qua sa `apae`a phrh pm`ar vkvkr.

Yhrh qua ohs saeshdkmeas sahe racark`hs h mnjatms axtarems, m hogueh dmsh qua mdupa ue oughr

`kstketm `ao euastrm, y, hsklkslm, phrh pm`ar aetae`ar oms mnjatms dmlm axtarkmras oms uems h oms mtrms,

dmlm sktuh`ms ae oughras `kvarsms, as eadashrkm qua taeghlms hetas oh raprasaethdke `ao

asphdkm, qua sarvkr `a nhsa h ohs ketukdkmeas. Ao asphdkm as oh dme`kdke `a pmsknkok`h` `a

axkstaedkh `a tm`ms oms caelaemsas oh cmrlh ae oh duho tm`ms oms caelaems axtarems sa `he, m

`kdfm `a mtrm lm`m, ae ao asphdkm sa `h oh ketukdke saesknoa. Ao asphdkm tae`r ueh mnoa duhok`h`:ae thetm dme`kdke cmrlho ae oh qua sa `he oms caelaems, ao asphdkm pmsaa ueh k`ahok`h`

trhsdae`aethoae oh duho sa prasdke`a `a oh saesknkok`h`, y uehrahok`h` alprkdh ae oh duho sa

vhok`he mnjatkvhlaeta oms caelaems ketuk`ms.8

Qe hrquktadtm qua, ske `u`h hogueh, sa fh pramduph`m pmr dmestrukr ueh tamrh smnra ohs

emdkmeas `ao Asphdkm y ohs `kcaraetas cmrlhs `a dmestruddke `ao Oughr, `aetrm `a ue dmetaxtm

fulhestkdm, as Kgehsk `a Tmo-Lmrhoas.

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8. Bhet, Kllheuao (876>). Drtkdh `a oh rhze purh, Asttkdh trhsdae`aetho.

Aeshyms a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

Yg. 6Re`kda `a dmetaek`m\

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Ae ao dhptuom `a Oughr: Yarlheaedkh m prm`uddke `ao oknrm @kcaraedkhs-Pmpmgrhch `a oh

hrquktadturh dmetalpmreah>, nhsh ao dmedaptm `a Asphdkm ae ohs pardapdkmeas `a oms

ckosmcms Ghnrkao Lhrdao, Allheuao Lmuekar, Lhrtke Fak`aggar y Laroahu-Ymety, ao hrquaomgm

Bhro Jhspars, ao pskdomgm Lhurkda Laroahu-Ymety y ao fkstmrkh`mr hrquktadtm Dfrkstkhe Emrnarg-

Tdfuotz.

Ae ao lkslm dhptuom, Kgehsk thlnke `ashrrmooh oh k`ah `a Oughr y su avmoudke ae ao tkalpm, h

trhvs `a `kcaraetas tamrhs dkaetckdhs, dmedapdkmeas ckomsckdhs y tae`aedkhs hrtstkdhs. Astm as om

qua aerkquada sus astu`kms a kevastkghdkmeas, yh qua ketagrh, `a lhearh trhes`ksdkpokehrkh,

`kcaraetas cmrlhs `a smoudke tarkdh y raspuasths h oms prmnoalhs qua pohetahe ao Asphdkm y

Oughr dmlm dmetaea`mras `a om fhnkth`m phrh ao sar fulhem.

sth otklh k`ah raqukara `a tmlhr h oms tarkdms dmetaxtuhoksths, qua dmlm Kgehsk, sa

aeduaetrhe ae oh ke`hghdke smnra ao fadfm `a oh Yarlheaedkh ae ue Oughr. Dme oh k`ah `a

qua, phrh ckeas `a oh tasks, sa aeduaetrae cue`hlaetms, `a dhrdtar fulhestkdm, phrh qua ue

puanom, pmr ls paquam qua sta sah, oagktkla su `aradfm h parlheadar y `acae`ar hquao

Oughr ho qua sa skaeta partaeadkaeta. ^htkckdhe`m qua duhoqukar oudfh y raskstaedkh `a ue

puanom as om suckdkaetalaeta vok`h, em pmr la`kms vkmoaetms, skem pmr ao prmdasm fulhestkdm

axkstaedkho qua sa ooavh h dhnm `aetrm `a su asphdkm fhnkth`m y ohs cmrlhs `a raprm`uddke

smdkm-duoturhoas qua oa `he radmemdklkaetm y vhomr phrtkduohr ae oh tmthok`h` `ao skstalh `a

lue`m dmgektkvm.

Kgehsk ems fhnoh `a ueh drksks smnra oh dmedapdke audok`kheh `ao Asphdkm dmlm hogm ckjm akeluthnoa, raohdkmehe`m h Bhet y ao lheajm `a ohs tras `klaeskmeas y `kraddkmeas `ao asphdkm

dmlm nhsa a hnstrhddke y raprasaethdke ao asphdkm, ohtaeta ae oh hdtuhok`h`, pmr dkartm.

Yhrh axpokdhr oh drksks `a ohs emdkmeas `ao Asphdkm, Kgehsk fhnoh `a Akestake y su Pamrh `a oh

^aohtkvk`h`. Om duho vkaea h ravmoudkmehr ao dmedaptm `a Asphdkm2 hgrage`moa ao dmedaptm `a

Pkalpm. Ao Asphdkm yh em pua`a kr saphrh`m `ao `a Pkalpm ae oh axparkaedkh m oh vkvaedkh

asphdkho. sta nkemlkm lhrdh ue phrtahguhs fkstrkdm ae oh dmedapdke smnra ao Asphdkm,

tmree`mom yh em dmlm ue mnjatm `a astu`km axdouskvm `a ohs dkaedkhs, skem qua hfmrh yh vkaea

h cmrlhr phrta `ao dhlpm `a ohs hrtas, `a oh hrquktadturh, `a oh pskdmomgh y ohs nkmomghs.

H`qukara lotkpoas `klaeskmeas phrh `kstketms ketars `ksdkpokehrkms.

]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

>. @a Tmo-Lmrhoas, Kgehsk (>994). @kcaraedkhs-Pmpmgrhch `a oh hrquktadturh dmetalpmreah, dhptuom `a

Oughr: Yarlheaedkh m prm`uddke. Nhrdaomeh:GG.

Aeshyms a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

Yg. ;Re`kda `a dmetaek`m\

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Ta `h pk aetmedas h ueh dmlpraeske `ao Asphdkm dmlm hogm `kelkdm, ae ao qua, kedousm

stms dhlpms sa ooaghe h dmlnkehr, dmlm oh pskdmomgh hlnkaetho m oh hetrmpmomgh.

Lmvklkaetm, axparkaedkh, pardapdke `ao asphdkm, ketarhddke aetra duarpm y vkske, sme

dmedaptms qua sa vhe `asprae`kae`m `a sth tae`aedkh. H`qukara lotkpoas `klaeskmeas phrh

`kstketms ketars `ksdkpokehrkms.

Ymr ajalpom, ao asphdkmnkmogkdm y pskdmogkdm vh okgh`m h ohs dme`kdkmeas `ao hlnkaeta qua

prmpkdkhe, nskdhlaeta, sagurk`h` y dmlm`k`h` trlkdh, oulekdh, vaetkohdke, hu`ktkvh, aetra

mtrhs, ho ke`kvk`um. Dme`kdkmeas qua tkaeae qua var dme oh fhnkthnkok`h`.

Ae sta saetk`m, thetm oh nkmomgh dmlm oh pskdmomgh hlnkaetho juaghe ue phpao

trhes`ksdkpokehrkm pra`mlkeheta ae oh dmedapdke `ao asphdkm y ae ao prmdasm `a prm`uddke

`a mnrh hrquktadtekdh, pmr ajalpom. Oms asphdkms dmestruk`ms phrh oh axkstaedkh sme prm`udtm

`ao asprktu y oh dmedkaedkh. Ao duarpm fulhem, as vkstm `as`a oh parspadtkvh nkmogkdh y

pskdmogkdh, dmlm lhtarkh vkvh qua hddkmeh y rahddkmeh dmesthetalaeta ho la`km h trhvs `a

hdtkvk`h`as ckskmogkdhs. Ash lkslh lhtarkh vkvh as pmrth`mrh `a ueh dmedkaedkh, vhokmsh

pmsaske `a ue sar fulhem ae nsqua`h `a aetae`klkaetm parm thlnke `a naooazh. Ao

asphdkm-tkalpm psqukdm raspme`a h ohs eadask`h`as `a fhnkthnkok`h` thetm nkmogkdh dmlm

pskdmogkdh. [ asths eadask`h`as dmesk`arhe ueh asttkdh phrh su shtkschddke.

Oh hrquktadturh `ao Oughr as oh hrquktadturh qua koulkeh rhdas, guhr`he`m ueh astradfh

raohdke dme oh fkstmrkh y oh gamgrhch. sta tkpm `a hrquktadturh as raketarprath`h pmr Kgehsk, h

trhvs ao fkstmrkh`mr Dfrkstkhe Emrnarg-Tdfuoz,4dmlm oh hdtkvk`h` `astkeh`h h sahohr oughras. Aogaekus omdk m asprktu prmtadtmr `a ue oughr h qukae oh mnrh `a oh hrquktadturh axhlkeh, daoanrh y

htkae`a.

Kgehsk `asdrkna ao Oughr dmlm hquao qua as ao radmemdklkaetm, `aoklkthdke y asthnoadklkaetm

`a dmeckeas. Oh emdke `a Oughr, dmestruk`m h trhvs `a oh radmpkohdke tarkdh `a Kgehsk,

asthnoada mtrh chdath ae oh Hrquktadturh: Oh Yarlheaedkh, as hqu `me`a alpkazh h dmnrhr

saetk`m ao ttuom `ao taxtm qua fa hehokzh`m phrh ao prasaeta aeshym. H oh hrquktadturh `a

parlheaedkh sa oa k`aetkckdh dme ue dmetkeum ratmrem `a hrquatkpms y astu`km pravkms smnra ao

sktkm hetas `a hdtuhr smnra ao lkslm. Ta fhnoh, `a aooh dmlm ueh dmetaxtuhokzhdke `ao mnjatm

hrquktadtekdm, k`ah prmlmvk`h ae grhe phrta pmr ^mnart Saeturk.

]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

4. Emrnarg-Tdfuotz, Dfrkstkhe (8;7;) Gaekus Omdk: ao asprktu `ao oughr. Hprmxklhdke h ueh Caemlaemomgh

`a oh Hrquktadturh.Msom.

Aeshyms a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

Yg. 89Re`kda `a dmetaek`m\

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Oh Yarlheaedkh, as drudkho `aetrm `ao `ashrrmoom dmedaptuho hpokdhnoa h oh tasks `a qua ue

lheajm hprmpkh`m `ao asphdkm fhnkth`m, thetm ehturho dmlm a`kckdh`m, dmestktuya ue

kegra`kaeta astrhtgkdm `a oms prmdasms `a tarrktmrkhok`h` y raskstaedkh duoturho `a oms puanoms

ke`gaehs ae Lxkdm. Ymrqua su oudfh dmesksta pradkshlaeta ae parlheadar ae ue sktkm, ae

dmestrukr ue Oughr, shnar duk`hrom y `acae`arom. Hprmpkrsaom vhyh, parm `a ueh lhearh ehturhoy dmecmrla sa vh prm`udkae`m mtrhs cmrlhs `a axpraske duoturho juetm dme oh mnrh a`kckdh`h,

qua smom oms fhnkthetas omgrhe ae ash luy aspadkho pmrdke `ao asphdkm.

Aetmedas ems aedmetrhlms dme qua ao asphdkm fhnkth`m sa fh `a tmrehr ae ue Oughr vkvm,

`me`a sa ketaeth ooavhr h dhnm oh axkstaedkh fulheh om ls `kgehlaeta pmsknoa. Oh

dmestruddke `ao Oughr sa kr `he`m dmecmrla sa vhe radmeckgurhe`m oms aoalaetms qua

ketagrhe ao asphdkm fhnkth`m, thetm phrh ao usm y `kscruta `a sus saras dmetaek`ms, hs dmlm phrh

sagukr `ashrrmoohe`m slnmoms y skgekckdh`ms. [ `ana sar hehokzh`m `a `aetrm fhdkh hcuarh ae oh

`klaeske hetrmpmogkdh y smdkho, parm thlnke `ana sar hehokzh`m `a hcuarh fhdkh `aetrm,

dmlprae`kae`m oms aoalaetms `ao la`km qua hdthe smnra oms ke`kvk`ums rkgkae`m su

dmlpmrthlkaetm.

Ae lhtarkh `a Parrktmrkhok`h`, pramduph prkedkpholaeta ke`hghr oms prkedkpkms nskdm smnra oms

duhoas ue grupm `atarlkeh`m `a parsmehs `adk`a mduphr ue sktkm, hprmpkhrsa `a sta,

`acae`arom `a mtrms puanoms y ckeholaeta, om qua ems mduph ae ao prasaeta `mdulaetm, dlm

sa lhekckasth ao caelaem `a oh tarrktmrkhok`h` ae ao lheajm `ao asphdkm.

Sho`rh oh paeh ralmethrsa ho phsh`m y aedmetrhr oh ogkdh nhjm oh duho ue grupm `a ke`kvk`ums,pmr hogueh rhze, `adk`karme radmrrar juetms ue tarrktmrkm phrh `aspus `adk`kr parlheadar ae

uem `a lhearh ke`ackek`h. Paealms, pmr ue oh`m, oh axpokdhdke h phrtkr `a ohs tamrhs

`atarlkeksths admogkdhs smnra oh dmestruddke `a dhshs dmlm cmrlh a`kckdh`h `ao asphdkm

aevmovaeta qua `h raspuasth ho doklh y oh eadask`h` `a racugkhrsa.

Ao `atarlkekslm dokltkdm as ueh tamrh cskdh `atarlkeksth qua asthnoada qua ao fmlnra

prklktkvm sa ketarashnh prkedkpholaeta pmr oh prmtaddke y, ae dmesaduaedkh, oms klparhtkvms `ao

doklh atarlkehe oh cmrlh a oms mnjatms racugkm.

Dmestruklms dhshs phrh lhetaear ue doklh asthnoa y hoajhr h oms heklhoas. Dradalms y

dmlalms phrh lhetaear euastrm lathnmokslm h ue ekvao asthnoa.0

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0. ^hpmpmrt, Hlms (8;7>). Skvkae`h y duoturh. Nhrdaomeh:GG.

Aeshyms a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

Yg. 88Re`kda `a dmetaek`m\

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Asths tamrhs thlnke ems fhnohe `a ueh kecouaedkh `atarlkeheta `a oh omdhokzhdke smnra oh

cmrlh `ao racugkm. Oh klpmrthedkh `a oh omdhokzhdke ast `almstrh`h pmr ao hpagm dhsk ltkdm

h oh tkarrh `a ohs duoturhs.

Ao sar fulhem sa pramduph pmr dmesarvhr oh vk`h, ascmrze`msa pmr dmetkeuhr tm`hs sus

hdtkvk`h`as. Ohs parsmehs smnravkvae, rahddkmehe`m y drahe`m ohs dme`kdkmeas hrtkckdkhoas `a

nkaeasthr qua ao fnktht ehturho em oas prmpmrdkmeh. Craeta h ohs vhrkhdkmeas m axdasms

dokltkdms, ao sar fulhem tkaea oh pmsknkok`h` `a rahddkmehr ckskmogkdhlaeta, `a lm`kckdhr su

hdtkvk`h` m `a drahr ue mnjatm qua oa prmtajh: dmlm pmr ajalpom oh vkvkae`h. Oh vkvkae`h, as

uem `a asms hrtkckdkms qua hyu`he ho duarpm h `mlkehr su aeargh y parlktkroa rapmsm m

prm`uddke. Oh avmoudke `a oms asphdkms fhnkthnoas, h om ohrgm `ao tkalpm y dmecmrla ao

`ashrrmoohe`m ohs smdka`h`as, oa fh parlktk`m hprmvadfhr ho lxklm su tkalpm y prm`udkr ls.

^asuoth cdko dmlprae`ar dlm as qua ue duarpm `a hguh pmthnoa, ueh cuaeta `a hoklaetms

pu`karme fhnar sk`m rhzmeas suckdkaetas phrh qua asa grupm `a ke`kvk`ums dmesk`arhrh ue sktkm

aspadckdm dmlm puetm `a asthnoadklkaetm.

Ohs kevastkghdkmeas racark`hs ems parlktae mnsarvhr qua ao pm`ar `a oh h`hpthdke ho la`km, h

trhvs `a oh vkvkae`h u mnjatms racugkm, oms saras fulhems pm`alms guhr`hr aeargh phrh pm`ar

`ashrrmoohr dmemdklkaetms smnra ao skstalh `a lue`m, qukz la`uohras phrh cmrjhr ueh Duoturh.

@as`a oh parspadtkvh hlnkaetho, y nkmogkdh ems ke`kdh qua sk sa fh `a dmestrukr ue asphdkm

fhnkthnoa, ao prklar astu`km tkaea qua `a`kdhrsa h ohs dme`kdkmeas cskdhs `ao fnktht ehturho,

dmlm ragke y, `aspus, h ohs dme`kdkmeas cskdhs `a oh unkdhdke dmedrath. Ohs dme`kdkmeascskdhs `a ue fnktht ehturho sme dmesaduaedkh `a oh partaeaedkh h ueh ohtktu` y ragke

`atarlkeh`h. [ ueh vaz a`kckdh`m ae sta yh alpkazh h dmestktukrsa aetmedas dmlm ue tarrktmrkm

phrh ao puanom.

Ao asphdkm smdkm-duoturho, pmr mtrm oh`m, as ue dmetaea`mr `a hdtkvk`h`as fulhehs y cmrlhs `a

vk`h, as `adkr, `a ueh Duoturh. Ae phohnrhs `a Skoohgre: oh mnrh as vkvh y fhnkth`h2 pmr om qua

sa fhda eadashrkm ketarprathr y axtrhpmohr ao asphdkm cskdm h prmyadthr `as`a oh nhsa duoturho.

@a tho lhearh qua ao caelaem `ao lheajm `ao asphdkm fhnkth`m suda`a dmlm ueh axpomske

`a `aetrm fhdkh hcuarh.1

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1. ^hlraz Ymeda, Hocmesm. Oh Fhnkthnkok`h`, @asdhrgh`m `a su pgkeh wan:fttp://www.hrpmeda.ktgm.dml/ (cadfh 1 `a juekm >984)

Aeshyms a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

Yg. 8>Re`kda `a dmetaek`m\

http://www.arponce.itgo.com/http://www.arponce.itgo.com/

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8>

Jms Oazalh Oklh rahokzh ueh hehomgh pmtkdh qua koustrh luy nkae sth k`ah:

tm`h dhsh tkaea su rhz ae oh cmrlh ketareh, ae ao fkedhpk, ae oh laom`h qua `avuaova oh

paeatrhdke. Ae ao daetrm `a tm`h dhsh fhy ueh astrudturh, ue rnmo qua dmevkarta om raho aeshdrhlaetho, om shdrhlaetho ae garlkehtkvm Aetra ao aevm `a oh paeatrhdke `a oh klhgae y oh

laom`h `a oh cmrlh ketareh prmokcarheta, ao hrtksth duk`h ueh salkooh As `adkr, `avuaova ueh cmrlh

vkvkaeta ueh pmsknkok`h` garlkehtkvh.3

Oh salkooh raprasaeth oh dmesarvhdke `a ueh duoturh. Duhe`m sa dmestruya, sa dmeckgurh ue

asphdkm phrh ao fhnkthr fulhem sa `ana duk`hr `a ash salkooh y fhdaroh garlkehr raspathe`m

oms lm`ms `a vk`h, ohs dmstulnras `a oms fhnkthetas y prmdurhr ohs dme`kdmeas phrh qua sth

pua`h garlkehr y `ashrrmoohrsa. Klpokdh tmlhr oms vhomras qua tkaea ao grupm duoturho ae duhetm

h oh dmlm`k`h`, prkvhdk`h`, `askguho`h` phrh ckeas `a dmlpmskdke asphdkho.

^aspadtm h astm, la gusthrh hgraghr oh vkske hetrmpmogkdh qua tkaea ^mssheh Dhsskgmok smnra

lmrh`h. sth, ls qua ue radmgklkaetm cskdm, as slnmom parlheaeta `a oh k`aetk`h` `ao

ke`kvk`um. As ue racugkm qua ooavh `aetrm ueh lalmrkh `a hrta, prdtkdh y dmedkaedkh, qua fh

omgrh`m trhsgra`kr oh dmetkegaedkh y oh talpmrhok`h`.7

Lkaetrhs qua ao asphdkm smdkm-duoturho dmetalpoh om duhokthtkvm y hetrmpmogkdm, y vh `a h`aetrm

fhdkh hcuarh, ao asphdkm cskdm `ao la`km hlnkaeta hnhrdh om duhetkthtkvm, om lasurhnoa,astu`khe`m oms chdtmras `ao axtarkmr qua hcadthe ketarehlaeta ho ke`kvk`um.

]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

3. Oazhlh Oklh, Jms (8;70). Oh dhetk`h` fadfkzh`h. A`kdkmeas Jghr.

7. Dhsskgmok, mssheh (>989). Lmrh`h y lalmrkh. Hetrmpmomgh y pmtkdh `ao fhnkthrfulhem. Lxkdm:NKY.

TLNMOMT [ H^XQKPADPQ^H AOALAEPMT DMETMOK@H@M^AT @A QE OQGH^

Aeshyms a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

Yg. 84Re`kda `a dmetaek`m\

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Ooaghlms ho Oughr `aspus `a ue prmdasm `a pardapdke, dmlpraeske y raprasaethdke

laetho smnra oms aoalaetms qua dmlpmeae ao la`km dkrdue`heta. Tmnra asms aoalaetms

hrrmjhlms ue skeelarm `a skgekckdh`ms y emlnras axprash`ms ae cmrlhs usm y slnmoms (var

klgaeas > y 4 ), dmeckgure`moms y rahdmlm`e`moms `a hduar`m h kstkeths eadask`h`as2 om

duho raqukara `a ueh cuarzh drahtkvh dmoadtkvh qua tkae`a h, pmr om laems dmlm prklarh

ketaedke, kr fhdkh om ls fulhem pmsknoa, h trhvs `ao `ashrrmoom `a ueh Duoturh.

Oh eadask`h` lhtarkho `a smnravkvkr as qukz oh lhearh ls cdko y ogkdh `a axpokdhr ao sudasm

`a oh parlheaedkh y hprmpkhdke `a ue oughr. Tke alnhrgm, oh klpraske `a slnmoms y

skgekckdh`ms, sa dmevkarta hue ae ueh thrah ls dmlpoajh `a axpokdhr, ls hue oh dmestruddke

`a ue oaeguhja asdrktm y fhnoh`m. Hqu as `me`a, var`h`arhlaeta, ohs fkptasks y tamrhs sa

luotkpokdhe y sa dmlpoajkzhe.

Ta `kda qua oh fkstmrkh `ao fmlnra alpaz dme oh asdrkturh. Hetas `a asm tm`m sa fhda `kcdko `a

`asdkcrhr oms sudasms. Oh pragueth qua sa tmreh ke`kspaeshnoa raspme`ar hqu as qu as om qua

hedoh h ue sar fulhem h ue sktkm, ls hoo `a sus eadask`h`as `a radursms phrh smnravkvkr=

@as`a ao hrgulaetm rh`kdho `a Luecmr`,3ao sar fulhem as ue heklho chnrkdheta `a slnmoms

hetas qua sar ue heklho chnrkdheta `a utaeskokms2 qua hodhez oh aspadkhokzhdke ae ao lktm, oh

raokgke y oms rktms hetas `a fhdarom ae oms hspadtms lhtarkhoas `a oh duoturh. Ao sar fulhem pusm

tm`h su aeargh ae om sklnokdm ae vaz `a ohs cmrlhs utkokthrkhs. @as`a sta puetm `a vksth, sus

omgrms sa fhe `ank`m ls h oh eadask`h` `a utkokzhr oms radursms ketarems qua h su eadask`h` `a

dmetrmohr ao aetmrem cskdm m `a taear ls hoklaetms.

Luecmr` prmpmea oh prklhdh `ao slnmom, oh prklhdh `a oh cuedke pmtkdh y ltkdh `a oms

slnmoms, ae oughr `ao usm rhdkmeho m prdtkdm.

]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

3. Luecmr`, Oawks (8;1>). Hrt he` tadfekds. Euavh [mrb:Dmoulnkh Qekvarskty Yrass.

Aeshyms a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

Yg. 80Re`kda `a dmetaek`m\

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Ymr mtrm oh`m, oh Duoturh, as asa kestrulaetm h`hpthtkvm qua fh sk`m klhgkeh`m, dmestruk`m y

dmetrmoh`m pmr ao sar fulhem, qua oa parlkta suparhr su dme`kdke larhlaeta nkmogkdh phrh

phshr, `a oh h`hpthdke gaetkdh ho la`km ehturho h ueh h`hpthdke duoturho.7 @a sth lhearh

oms puanoms sa omgrhe dmesmok`hr h trhvs `a oms vhomras sklnokdms `ao fnktht y oh dmestruddke

`a ueh duoturh.

Klhgae >: Cmrlhs `a usm y cmrlhs sklnokdhs ae ao aoalaetmrnmo. rnmo sa dmeckgurh phrh sar dhsh ( oh`m kzqukar`m ), parmthlnke as okaezm ae ao qua sa pohslhe slnmoms a k`ahs ( oh`m`aradfm ).

Cuaeta `a klgaeas: Guk`mek, Aerkdm (8;7;). HrdfktadtturhYrklktkvh. Lkohem,Kthokh:Aoadth

]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

7. Guarrarm Hrkhs, Yhtrkdkm (>99>). Oh duoturh.Xuktm, Aduh`mr:Hnyh Hyhoh.

Aeshyms a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

Yg. 81Re`kda `a dmetaek`m\

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81

Klhgae 4: Cmrlhs `a usm y cmrlhs sklnokdhs ae ao

aoalaetm Yka`rh. Yka`rh as duavh, ao racugkm ( oh`m

`aradfm )2 parm thlnke as okaezm ae ao qua sa grhvhe

slnmoms a k`ahs ( oh`m kzqukar`m ).

Cuaeta `a klgaeas: Guk`mek, Aerkdm(8;7;).Hrdfktadtturh Yrklktkvh. Lkohem,Kthokh:Aoadth.

Tk nkae, oms hspadtms ls lhtarkhoas y dmedratms qua ae su kela`khtaz sa pradkshe phrh qua

smnravkvhlms em mnokghe `a lhearh dmetue`aeta h trhthr skalpra `a ghrhetkzhr euastrms

la`kms `a smnravkvaedkh ls aoalaethoas a ketaethr parlheadar ae ue sktkm, thlnke axkstae

hquaooms prmdasm laethoas y asms klpuosms axkstaedkhoas dme oms qua hnstrhalms cmrlhs `a

axkstaedkh `a mr`ae ketaoadtuho a kedousm aspkrktuho.

^asuoth sar qua emsmtrms oms saras fulhems em smom axpomrhlms oh lhtarkhok`h` `ao asphdkm, vkstm

yh dmlm ue uekvarsm ae ao qua ems shnalms asthr dmetaek`ms, skem qua h`als, thlnke

draalms qua axkstae mtrhs cmrlhs pmsknoas `a axkstaedkh, h ohs duhoas thlnke `a`kdhlms ueh

grhe phrta `a euastrm tkalpm `a vk`h ae asth`m `a axpomrhdke y nsqua`h m, om qu as ls

chsdkeheta, ems draalms emsmtrms lkslms dmetaea`mras `a mtrm lue`ms, mtrms asphdkms `me`a

Aeshyms a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

Yg. 83Re`kda `a dmetaek`m\

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ashs mtrhs pmsknkok`h`as aste vartk`hs. As qukz sth otklh dkrduesthedkh, dmlm nkae `krh

Lulcmr`, h oh qua ems aedmetrhlms ls dme`kdkmeh`ms ae om almdkmeho y ls susthedkho `a

euastrh `a`kdhdke. Ymr asm as the pm`armsm ao hrta, ao oaeguhja y tm`hs ohs cmrlhs axpraskmeas

`a ohs qua ems vhoalms dmlm la`km phrh dmlphrtkr oh axkstaedkh fulheh dme oh `a ludfms

mtrms. As qukz thlnke ash ogkdh pmr oh duho `mthlms `a ue saetk`m h om qua fhdalms, h omqua dmestruklms y h oms oughras qua fhnkthlms.

Ae sth phrta, as klpmrtheta sahohr ao phpao qua juagh oh hrquktadturh dmlm ueh ravhomrhdke

`a dmedaptms klpokdh`ms ae ao lheajm `ao asphdkm, dmlm smoudke ketagrho `a parlheaedkh,

axkstaedkh y dmesmok`hdke `ao Oughr. Ta fhda eadashrkh ueh ravhomrhdke `a ohs cmrlhs `a

dmestruddke y oh ketaokgaedkh y raohdke qua guhr`he dme ao asphdkm ehturho, hs dmlm oh

smoudke qua fhe mcradk`m ae ao hspadtm admelkdm.

Qe prmyadtm asphdkho sa rackara ho lm`m dme qua ketaethlms rahokzhr oh shtkschddke `a ue

`asam, ae ao duho qua`h klpodktm ue saetk`m `a ue tkalpm ooaeh`m pmr ao ascuarzm `a mrghekzhr

ueh sarka `a caelaems dme ue cke, ae ue lmlaetm pradksm fkstrkdm y h trhvs `a ueh sarka `a

ketarraohdkmeas y cmrlhs `a dmluekdhdke qua ooavhe h dhnm ue grupm fulhem luy phrtkduohr.

Pho cke, hpueta `ao `asam ae duastke, `ana rahokzhrsa dmlm puetm dmedratm, qua sa dmevkarta

ae prasaedkh y skgekckdh`m phrh phshr ouagm h sar lhtarkh.

sth lhtarkhok`h`, ae oh tamrh `a oh prmyadthdke hrquktadtekdh,6 axpokdh`h pmr Guk`m

Dheaooh, em smom sa axprash h ekvaoas tdekdms skem h tm`ms sme oms kelarsms ae ao lue`m

axkstaeta dmemdk`m, dme tm`h su dmlpoajk`h`, luy kesdrkth `aetrm `a ueh duoturh. Oh asaedkhlhtarkho hrquktadtekdh thlnke sme ohs dmshs, dmevkddkmeas, emdkmeas, k`amomghs ae duhetm h

ho axkstkr `ao sar fulhem ae oh tkarrh. Ohs dmeaxkmeas aetra sths dmshs y ohs raohdkmeas

dmluekdhtkvhs sme ohs dhphdas `a `mthr `a saetk`m h oh cmrlh `ao hlnkaeta cskdm, `he`m phsm

h oh axkstaedkh `a ue Oughr.

@a tho lhearh qua, `as`a ao puetm `a vksth `a oh hrquktadturh, oms lhtarkhoas sme aoagk`ms,

aohnmrh`ms, `mth`ms `a ketaedke, h trhvs `ao prmdasm `a oh dmlpmskdke. Ao rasuoth`m `a su

hduluohdke, `a klhgkehr om `asah`m, nusdhr ohs dmeaxkmeas lhtarkhoas `mth`hs `a saetk`m

sklnokdm y cuedkmeho, hs dmlm ohs ketarraohdkmeas qu sa astradfhe aetra oms ke`kvk`ums y ao

la`km fhnkth`m, dmesaguk`m `aspus `a ue hr`um ascuarzm, dmestktuya ae s ueh phrta `a oh

Duoturh.

]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

6. Guk`m, Dheaooh (8;78). Pamrh `a oh Yrmyadthdke Hrquktadtekdh. Nhrdaomeh:GG.

Aeshyms a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

Yg. 87Re`kda `a dmetaek`m\

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Oms mnjatms hrquktadtekdms dmlm axpraskmeas parlheaetas `a oh axkstaedkh `a ue puanom. [

stms oas `h h dmemdar ohs cmrlhs `a vk`h y `a paeshr `a oms qua fhnkthnhe ao oughr `a astu`km.

Tme puas tastklmekms lhtarkhoas `a oh duoturh `ao puanom par s. Hs as qua `aspus `a hehokzhr

stms dmedaptms `as`a oh vkske tarkdh, em as `kcdko aetae`ar oh klpmrthedkh qua guhr`h oh

hrquktadturh m oh dmeckgurhdke y lm`aohdke `ao asphdkm ae oh ^askstaedkh Duoturho `a ohsdmluek`h`as ke`gaehs.

Oms trlkems `a mrghekzhdke u mr`aehdke `ao asphdkm sme trlkems lm`arems qua `askgehe oms

trhnhjms hdtuhoas `astkeh`ms h lm`aohr ao asphdkm fara`h`m. ^aspadtm h astm dktm aetmedas h

Kgehsk `a oh Tmo-Lmrhoas:

Oh hrquktadturh ast racark`h h ohs dme`kdkmeas phrtkduohras y dmedraths a dh`h sktuhdke h`h ae

ue asphdkm y ue tkalpm pradksm. Hdth trhzhe`m olktas h dkaoms y tkarrhs qua tkaeae duhok`h`as`atarlkeh hs. Oh thrah a oh hrquktadturh as radmoadthr sths duhok`h`as, fhdarohs vksknoas, smok`hrkhs,

pmearohs ae ao uekvarsm `a oh phohnrh. Tk ao fmlnra as ao duk`h`mr `a ohs phohnrhs y som `a aoohs

alarga ao saetk`m `a ohs dmshs, oh hrquktadturh tkaea ue dmlatk`m pradksm: fhdar `a ohs dme`kdkmeas

yh `h`hs `a dh`h oughr phohnrhs qua skgekckquae ohs duhok`h`as `a oh axkstaedkh, y qua `asvaohe oh

rkquazh y dmetaek`ms qua ae aoohs sa dmetkaeae pmtaedkholaeta.

As ueh ohnmr qua em sa fhda dme prkedkpkms gaearhoas, ek `as`a ao vhdm `a oh keemvhdke. Turga, pmr

ao dmethrkm, `a tkarrhs y dkaoms, `a oudas y smlnrhs, `a klgaeas a fkstmrkhs qua axkstae hetas `a oh

hrquktadturh, qua sme oktarholaeta hedastrhoas. Oh mnrh `a oh hrquktadturh as som ue phdkaeta

radmemdklkaetm, ue ohnmrkmsm duotkvm `a salkoohs qua som asparhe oh lhem `a qukae sar dhphz `a

fhdarohs dradar y crudtkckdhr.

@a sth lhearh sa tmreh eadashrkm ketrm`udkr ohs ckomsmchs axkstaedkhoas ho dhlpm `a oh

hrquktadturh. As `as`a sths pmsturhs `as`a `me`a pm`alms fhdar ueh ravhomrhdke `a oms

fadfms lhtarkhoas `aetrm `a ue puanom. @a oh lkslh lhearh dmlm Kgehsk `ajh aetrhr h oh

fkstmrkh, oh dmlpoajk`h` astrudturho, ao hlnkaethokslm y oh htaedke a ohs duhok`h`as phrtkduohras

pmr aedklh `a oms aeuedkh`ms gaearhoas. Nhjm oh dmevkddke `a qua oh hrquktadturh em `ana sarueh hdtkvk`h` prm`udtkvh ke`ustrkho, nhsh`h ae prkedkpkms y tdekdhs, skem hrtasheho y

pravkhlaeta dmlprmlatk`h dme oms `htms axkstaetas ae ao Gaekus Omdk, ae oh fkstmrkh, ae oms

lktms, ao sklnmokslm y ao skgekckdh`m `a ue Oughr. M thlnke pm`alms taear ue aecmqua `a oh

hrquktadturh, dmlm ao `a Mrkmo Nmfkghs, ae qua sth em as som oh dmesaduaedkh `a ue `asam

dmesulksth, skem ao omgrm `a uehs prmpuasths, oh rahokzhdke `a ueh hdtktu` klhgkehtkvh. Ao mnjatm

Aeshyms a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

Yg. 86Re`kda `a dmetaek`m\

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nkae `ksah`m, as ue a`kckdkm nkae prmyadth`m, om ls klpmrtheta as oh fkptasks `a

fhnkthnkok`h` y `a cmrlh a`kckdh`h qua ao `ksah`mr fh shnk`m pohetahr, ls hoo `a oh astr kdth

rh`kmgrhch a oh rahok`h` kela`khth.;

@as`a ao puetm `a vksth `a oh hrquktadturh, oms lhtarkhoas sme aoagk`ms, aohnmrh`ms, `mth`ms `a

ketaedke, h trhvs `ao prmdasm `a oh dmlpmskdke. Ao rasuoth`m `a su hduluohdke, `a klhgkehr

om `asah`m, nusdhr ohs dmeaxkmeas lhtarkhoas `mth`hs `a saetk`m sklnokdm y cuedkmeho, hs

dmlm ohs ketarraohdkmeas qu sa astradfhe aetra oms ke`kvk`ums y ao la`km fhnkth`m, dmesaguk`m

`aspus `a ue hr`um ascuarzm, dmestktuya ae s ueh grhe phrta `a oh Duoturh.

Oms fulheksths fhnohe `a oms mnjatms hrquktadtekdms dmlm axpraskmeas parlheaetas `a oh

axkstaedkh `a ue puanom. [ stms oas `h h dmemdar ohs cmrlhs `a vk`h, `a paeshr `a oms qua

fhnkthnhe ao oughr `a astu`km. Tme puas tastklmekms lhtarkhoas `a oh duoturh `a ue puanom.

Hs as qua `aspus `a hehokzhr stms dmedaptms `as`a oh vkske tarkdh, em as `kcdko aetae`ar oh

klpmrthedkh qua guhr`h oh hrquktadturh m oh dmeckgurhdke y lm`aohdke `a fnkthts ae oh

axkstaedkh parlheaeta `a ue puanom.

Oms trlkems `a mrghekzhdke u mr`aehdke `ao asphdkm sme trlkems lm`arems qua `askgehe oms

trhnhjms hdtuhoas `astkeh`ms h lm`aohr ao asphdkm fara`h`m.

]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]

;. Nmfkghs, Mrkmo (8;3;). Pamrh smnra ao @ksam Hrquktadtekdm ae ao oknrm Dmetrh ueh hrquktadturh

h`jatkvh`h. Nhrdaomeh:Takx Nhrrho.

Aeshyms a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

Yg. 8;Re`kda `a dmetaek`m\

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8;

DMEDOQTKMEAT

Ao trhnhjm `a stms hrquktadtms, h oms qua ym `aemlkem fulheksths, pmr om laems ae oh tamrh y ae ao

`ksdursm, ems parlkta racoaxkmehr smnra ao Asphdkm qua pua`a sar the keckektm m koklkth`m dmlm ems

pm`hlms klhgkehr, `aetrm `ao duho sa ooavh h dhnm ue prmdasm `a hdme`kdkmehlkaetm ydmeckgurhdke phrh su usm fulhem, sahoalms sths lhearhs `a lheajhr ao asphdkm ae thetm

asthnoadalms olktas m crmetarhs, ae thetm, keh`vartk`hlaeta, ash h`aduhdkmeas ems fhdae

cmrjhr ue Oughr y ue prmdasm `a pardapdke, dmlpraeske y ue dluom `a skgekckdh`ms

axprash`ms ae slnmoms y cmrlhs `a usm `aetrm `a asa Asphdkm.

Ae oh dmestruddke `ao skgekckdh`m `a ue Oughr, dmlm ueh pmrdke ls skgekckdhtkvh `aetrm `ao

asphdkm cskdm fhnkth`m, ketarvkaea ue prmdasm oaetm, `a hduar`m ho rktlm qua dmeooavh ao

`ashrrmoom `a euastrh fkstmrkh. As hogm qua sa vh trhnhjhe`m gaearhdkmeholaeta y qua raqukara

eadashrkhlaeta `a cmrlhs `a dmluekdhdke phrh su aetae`klkaetm.

Aetmedas taealms qua oh dmestruddke `a ue oaeguhja, dmlm ue dluom `a skgekckdh`ms, hs

dmlm oh dmlpraeske `ao asphdkm fhnkth`m, oh dmeckgurhdke y h`aduhdke `a om axkstaeta

phrh ckeas `a fhnkthnkok`h`, ae sulhtmrkh, rasuothe ae oh dmeshgrhdke `a ue Oughr. Yhrh om duho

sa raqukrk ue lxklm `a ascuarzm ae tkalpm, ae trhnhjm, ae `a`kdhdke pmr phrta `a ue grupm

`a saras, qua pmr `kstkeths rhzmeas, sahe `a smnravkvaedkh m pmr larh eadask`h` ketaoadtuho m

aspkrktuho, `adk`k parlheadar ae ue sktkm y dmestrukr ae sta cmrlhs phrh ooavhr h dhnm, `a oh

lajmr lhearh pmsknoa, su prmpkh axkstaedkh.

Ao prmdasm `a `ashrrmoom duoturho `aetrm `a ue `atarlkeh`m Asphdkm, hs dmlm ao cmrjhlkaetm `a

ue Oughr dme tm`m su skgekckdh`m y sklnmomgh, raqukrk `ao aevajadklkaetm `a saras `aetrm `a

sta y `ao `asaevmovklkaetm `a ueh dmluekdhdke h ekvao etklm `ao grupm phrh trheslktkr oms

dmemdklkaetms qua cuarme `he`m cmrlh h ueh Duoturh. Ao hpagm h oh tkarrh juetm dme oh emdke

`a sus olktas y crmetarhs, ao radmemdklkaetm `a aoalaetms pra`mlkehetas `aetrm `a sta y

radursms `a smnravkvaedkh nskdh cuarme lm`aohe`m ue Oughr dmlm ue vhomr var`h`arhlaeta

cuarta, h ekvao ketarem, qua axtrhpmoh`m h oh pmotkdh pu`karh dmestktukr ue Parrktmrkm.

Ta vh cmrjhe`m oh k`ah `ao Oughr ho lkslm tkalpm qua sa trhzhe`m oeahs laethoas qua omdhrhdtarkzhe asphdkho y cskdhlaeta, phrh `aspus kekdkhr ue prmdasm `a lheajm `aetrm `a sta,

dmecmrla sa oa vh hsklkohe`m, hdapthe`m, hprmpkhe`m, sa oa vh `he`m ue usm y, ae ao dhsm `a

oms ke`gaehs, tm`hvh sa oa vh `he`m ue duk`h`m, ue trhtm shgrh`m, dmlm sk cuarh ueh axtaeske

`ao duarpm m phrta `a oh pkao fulheh.

Aeshyms a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

Yg. >9Re`kda `a dmetaek`m\

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>9

Ymr asm as qua sa tmreh ke`kspaeshnoa fhdar ueh ravhomrhdke `ao asphdkm fhnkthnoa, `a oh

emdke `ao Oughr `me`a sa vkva. @me`a sa pua`h ooavhr h dhnm ueh axkstaedkh poaeh. Hspkrhlms

h ls qua smom asthr hf.

Ho asdudfhr ao `ksdursm `a oms `kstketms lmvklkaetms smdkhoas, as pradksm axtrhpmohr dmedaptms

qua kevhrkhnoalaeta vhe raohdkmeh`ms dme oh prdtkdh hrquktadtekdh y oh a`kckdhdke.

As chdtknoa aetae`ar ao klpmrtheta phpao qua jughlms oms hrquktadtms y fhda`mras `a fnkthts

ae dme`kdkmeas `a raskstaedkh duoturho `a oms puanoms m grupms fulhems hsaeth`ms y hrrhkgh`ms

h ue sktkm. Pm`ms astms, sme lhtarkhoas mnjatm `a astu`km, qua ae su dme`aeshdke, pua`ae sar

axpokdh`ms y ravhomrh`ms `as`a ao lheajm `ao asphdkm. Yraguete`mems, pmr ajalpom, qu

oughr partaeada h dh`h prdtkdh= duo as su vhomr `a usm= duo as ao vhomr sklnokdm=

Dmesk`arhe`m qua hlnms pua`ae aedmetrhrsa `kouk`ms ae ueh lkslh axpraske asphdkho.

Oh nhsa `a hprmxklhdke tarkdh hsaeth`h ae ao prasaeta `mdulaetm parlktae dmestrukr

suckdkaetas aoalaetms dme oms duhoas sa fhda pmsknoa dmlprmnhr oh klpmrthedkh y drudkhok`h`

qua tkaea ao lheajm `ao asphdkm fhnkthnoa fhnkth`m `aetrm `ao prmdasm `a raskstaedkh tarrktmrkho

y duoturho. Ohs rhzmeas sme ohs skgukaetas.

8. Dmeckgurhr y hdtuhr smnra ao asphdkm skgekckdh dmemdarom, dmlprae`arom.

>. Hdtuhr smnra ao asphdkm, mrghekzhe`m y radmeckgurhe`m sus dmlpmeaetas parlktae dmestrukr

ueh nhsa om suckdkaetalaeta sok`h raspadtm ho skgekckdh`m `a usm y ao skgekckdm shgrh`m qua

tkaea asa asphdkm. Oh skgekckdhdke parlkta trhsdae`ar ao asphdkm y, juetm dme su usm, parlkta

dmestrukr ueh emdke dmoadtkvh `a Oughr.

4. Qeh vaz omgrh`h oh emdke `a Oughr sa pua`a taear ue hrrhkgm, ueh hprmpkhdke y ueh

vhorhdke `a oh tmthok`h` `a asa Oughr. Oh mduphdke pmr phrta `a oms ke`gaehs y su

parlheaedkh ae sta sa prmcue`kzh.

0. Ao lheajm `a slnmoms y oh hrquktadturh sme aoalaetms kesmsohyhnoas ae oh dmesmok`hdke `a ue

Oughr. Hyu`h h cmrthoadar oh dmfaske `a oms grupms mrkgkehrkms y h gaearhr cmrlhs ls thegknoas

`a parlheaedkh ae ao Oughr.

1. Ao lheajm hprmpkh`m `ao asphdkm fhnkth`m pmr oms puanoms ke`gaehs as drudkho phrh ao

radmemdklkaetm `a su axkstaedkh y parlheaedkh `aetrm `a aooms. Ao cue`hlaetm ls klpmrtheta

Aeshyms a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

Yg. >8Re`kda `a dmetaek`m\

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>8

as qua su prmpkh smnravkvaedkh y vkaea su duoturh `apae`ae kela`khthlaeta `a oh

`kspmeknkok`h` poaeh `a tm`ms oms aoalaetms dmlpmeaetas `ao asphdkm qua fhnkthe.

3. Ao asphdkm qua fhnkthe as ue oughr trhsdae`k`m duoturho y fulhestkdhlaeta, as `kgem `a sar

radmemdk`m ketarehdkmeholaeta y `a sar oagktklh`m dmlm ue tarrktmrkm mnjatm `a prmtaddke

jur`kdh. Tke alnhrgm, lkaetrhs sa dmeskgh sta radmemdklkaetm h ekvao ketarehdkmeho. Oh

axkstaedkh `a sta asphdkm sagukr skae`m pmsknoa ae thetm oms grupms ke`gaehs parlheazdhe,

rasksthe y dmaxksthe `aetrm `a o.

Aeshyms a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

Yg. >>Re`kda `a dmetaek`m\

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>>

NKNOKMG^HCH

Nmfkghs, Mrkmo (8;3;). Pamrh smnra ao @ksam Hrquktadtekdm ae ao oknrm Dmetrh ueh hrquktadturh

h`jatkvh`h. Nhrdaomeh:Takx Nhrrho.

Dhsskgmok, ^mssheh (>989). Lmrh`h y lalmrkh. Hetrmpmomgh y pmtkdh `ao fhnkthrfulhem.Lxkdm:NKY.

@a Tmo-Lmrhoas, Kgehsk (>994). @kcaraedkhs-Pmpmgrhch `a oh hrquktadturh dmetalpmreah,

dhptuom `a Oughr: Yarlheaedkh m prm`uddke.Nhrdaomeh:GG.

Guk`mek, Aerkdm(8;7;).Hrdfktadtturh Yrklktkvh. Lkohem,Kthokh:Aoadth.

Guarrarm Hrkhs, Yhtrkdkm (>99>). Oh duoturh.Xuktm, Aduh`mr:Hnyh Hyhoh.

Guk`m, Dheaooh (8;78). Pamrh `a oh Yrmyadthdke Hrquktadtekdh. Nhrdaomeh:GG.

Bhet, Kllheuao (876>). Drtkdh `a oh rhze purh, Asttkdh trhsdae`aetho.

Oazhlh Oklh, Jms (8;70). Oh dhetk`h` fadfkzh`h. A`kdkmeas Jghr.

Luecmr`, Oawks (8;1>). Hrt he` tadfekds. Euavh [mrb:Dmoulnkh Qekvarskty Yrass.

Emrnarg-Tdfuotz, Dfrkstkhe (8;7;) Gaekus Omdk: ao asprktu `ao oughr. Hprmxklhdke h ueh

Caemlaemomgh `a oh Hrquktadturh.Msom.

^hpmpmrt, Hlms (8;7>). Skvkae`h y duoturh. Nhrdaomeh:GG.

^hlraz Ymeda, Hocmesm. Oh Fhnkthnkok`h`, @asdhrgh`m `a su pgkeh wan:fttp://www.hrpmeda.ktgm.dml/ (cadfh 1 `a juekm >984)

Aeshyms a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

Yg. >4Re`kda `a dmetaek`m\

http://www.arponce.itgo.com/http://www.arponce.itgo.com/

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Ao Lardh`m Ynokdm dmlm Dhthokzh`mr Qrnhem

Dhsm `a astu`km: Lardh`m oh Larda`, Dku`h` `a Lxkdm

Aeshym aohnmrh`m ae ao lhrdm `ao

Talkehrkm `a Admemlh, Ymotkdh y Hlnkaeta

Hprmpkhdke y @astruddke `ao La`km Hlnkaeta >984->

Dmmr`keh`mr: Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh

Hutmrh

Narl`az-Yraz, Lhkrh Hoajhe`rh

Qekvarsk`h` Ehdkmeho Hutemlh `a LxkdmYmsgrh`m a Hrquktadturh/Qrnhekslm

Alhko:Lhkrhn8Iglhko.dml

^asulae:oms lardh`ms pnokdms h pashr `a asthr hrrhkgh`ms h euastrh duoturhy qua sa ralmethe h tkalpms kelalmrhnoas `me`a euastrms hetaphsh`mskekdkhrme dme ao truaqua8 dmlm ueh cmrlh `a dmlardkhr, `as`a ohs pmdhsprafkspekdhs fhsth euastrm `hs, astms klpmrthetas oughras trh`kdkmehoas `admlardkm y hnhstm, sa fhe k`m `atarkmrhe`m y aecraethe prmnoalhs cskdm-hlnkaethoas, admelkdms y smdkhoas.

Yhohnrhs dohva:lardh`m pnokdm, `atarkmrm, oh Larda`.

8Tage oh ^aho Hdh`alkh `a oh Oaeguh Asphmoh (>984) truaqua skgekckdh, ketardhlnkm `kradtm`a nkaeas y sarvkdkms, ske la`khr oh ketarvaedke a kearm.

Aeshyms `a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

mailto:Mairab1@gmail.commailto:Mairab1@gmail.commailto:Mairab1@gmail.commailto:Mairab1@gmail.com

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K

Hdtuholaeta oms lardh`ms pnokdms em `asalpahe oh lkslh cuedke qua

dulpohe ae oh hetkga`h`, `me`a oms fhnkthetas rahokzhnhe sus dmlprhs ae ohYohzh Lhymr `a oh dku`h` y oms qua vkvhe hora`a`mr `a asth arhe parsmehsprastkgkmshs dme hotms rhegms. Fmy ae `h oms lardh`ms pnokdms dulpoae dmehnhstadar h ueh lkemrh `a fhnkthetas y tkaeae rhegms `a dmnarturh luyoklkth`ms h`als aecraethe grhe`as prmnoaltkdhs cskdm-hlnkaethoas,admelkdms y smdkhoas mrkgkeh`ms `a oh choth `a ueh astrhtagkh ketagrho `me`apravhoazdh ao aqukoknrkm aetra zmehs dmlardkhoas, prmgrhlhs `a raemvhdkeurnheh, raguohdke `ao tresktm, pmotkdhs hlnkaethoas, lheajm `a rask`umssok`ms, sagurk`h`, aoalaetms smdkhoas y duoturhoas atd.

Yhrh asta aeshym ae aspadckdm sa fhnohrh `ao lardh`m oh Larda`, omdhokzh`mluy dardh `ao daetrm fkstrkdm `a oh Dku`h` `a Lxkdm, ae oh `aoaghdkeSaeustkhem Dhrrhezh, qua `asthdh `a oms `als lardh`ms pnokdms yh quaajardk `as`a 8669 fhsth 8;6> dmlm ao prkedkpho edoam `a dmlardkm lhymrksth`ao phs, em mnstheta y `ank`m ho dradklkaetm `a oh dku`h` `a oms hms 09 dme ohlkgrhdke `ao dhlpm h oh dku`h` ohs hdtkvk`h`as dmlardkhoas sa `asnmr`hrme ymdhskmehrme prmnoalhs hlnkaethoas, `a mparhdke y urnhems ae ao daetrm `a ohdku`h`, pmr astms lmtkvms sa `adk`k dmestrukr ueh grhe Daetrho `a Hnhstms quaraalpohzhrh ho lardh`m `a oh Larda`. Em mnstheta oh zmeh `a oh Larda` skgua

skae`m ueh zmeh aspadkhokzh`h qua dulpoa dme ao dmlardkm y hnhstm phrh uehgrhe phrta `a oh pmnohdke h ekvao omdho y ragkmeho.

Aetra oms prmnoalhs cskdm hlnkaethoas aedmetrhlms ohs dhraedkhs cskdhs ycuedkmehoas, yh qua dmlm sa laedkmem sa aeduaetrh ae ao daetrm `a oh dku`h`,asta cua `ksah`m y dmestruk`m phrh raspme`ar h ueh lhgektu` `a dku`h` dmeue thlhm `a pmnohdke y axtaeske luy `kcaraeta h oh hdtuho. Ohmnsmoasdaedkh ae ohs kesthohdkmeas fhda qua sa pardknhe dmlm a`kckdkms vkajms yae lho asth`m, dme `ackdkaedkhs ae oms asthdkmehlkaetms, ae ohs `klaeskmeas`a oms omdhoas, sa `kckduoth oh dkrduohdke vafkduohr ae ohs zmehs hoa`hhs pmr oh

dhrgh y `asdhrgh `a prm`udtms y lardhedhs, ho kguho qua oh lmvkok`h` pahtmehoae ao axtarkmr a ketarkmr `ao lardh`m, thlnke axkstae lhoms momras,talparhturhs keh`aduh`hs phrh oms hoklaetms y `ackdkaedkhs fkgkekdhsshekthrkhs.

Hsklkslm axkstae dme`kdkmeas admelkdhs dmlm oh tardarkzhdke `ao suaom,`aspmnohlkaetm, admemlhs suntarreahs, om qua gaearh lhymr dmlpataedkhaetra dmlardkhetas y ckeholaeta em axksta ueh dmmr`kehdke aetra omsh`lkekstrh`mras, omdhthrkms y ohs kestktudkmeas aedhrgh`hs `a oh h`lkekstrhdke`a astms oughras, oh eadask`h` `a ue lhrdm emrlhtkvm hdtuho, yh qua ao

ragohlaetm `a lardh`ms pnokdms `hth `a 8;18.

Aeshyms `a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

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[ pmr otklm, parm em laems klpmrthetas, aste oms prmnoalhs smdkhoas dmlmprmstktudke, `rmgh`kddke y `aoktms, tm`ms astms chdtmras h`als `a omsdhlnkms ae ohs pracaraedkhs `a dmlprh y dmesulm, oh dmlpataedkh dmesuparlardh`ms fhda qua sa gaeara cuarta radfhzm pmr phrta `ao dmlprh`mr

fhdkh oms lardh`ms pnokdms.Ymr aoom as klpmrtheta rashothr qua as pmsknoa klpuoshr ho lardh`m pnokdmdmlm ue dhthokzh`mr urnhem> la`kheta astrhtagkhs nhsh`hs ae ohs vaethjhsdmlpatktkvhs dmlm oh vaeth `a prm`udtms crasdms, oh aspadkhokzhdke, oh trh`kdkey oh vhrka`h`2 hoguems kestrulaetms dmlm oh hdtuhokzhdke `a ohs emrlhtkvhsqua klphdthe h oms lardh`ms pnokdms y sus hrahs `a kecouaedkh, y uehh`aduh`h gastke phrh ao lheajm `a oms lkslms.

KK

Ae asth phrta as klpmrtheta axpokdhr qua as ue dhthokzh`mr, Tage ao `kddkmehrkm`a oh ^HA,4 Dhthokzh`mr: sunsthedkh dhphz `a chvmradar m hdaoarhr uehrahddke qulkdh

Httma ems `kda qua ae oh tamrh `a oms Dhthokzh`mras Qrnhems, ue dhthokzh`mrurnhem pm`rh sar ue fmtao ae ueh dku`h`, ue dmlpoajm dmlardkho ae mtrh, ue

daetrm `a trhespmrta ae ueh tardarh. Dmlm pm`rh sar ue lusam m ue tahtrm mue asphdkm hnkartm. Atd. Ao prmpsktm `a ue dhthokzh`mr as rasmovar ue prmnoalhcskdm, smdkho, cuedkmeho y/m admelkdm.

Klhgae 8

^aprasaethdkeasqualtkdh `aoprmdasm dhthotkdm. Dh`hhddke (raprasaeth`m

pmr ao raooaem)rasthurhdke, raemvhdkeatd. sa va oklkth`hthlnke, `a lm`m qua ohrahddke em `astruya ohdku`h`. (Httma, 8;;>,p.>;).

> Oh dhtoksks as ueh hehomgh qulkdh `a oh rahdtkvhdke phrh ue hprmpkh`m prmdasm `aradmestruddke y raastrudturhdke `a ue dmetaxtm, h phrtkr `a oh kedmrpmrhdke `a ue aoalaetmrahdtkvh`mr dhushe`m ue klphdtm pmsktkvm qua gaearh ueh dmestruddke urnhestkdh, m ue

prmyadtm qua pua`a rahokzhrsa ae sunsaduaetas prmyadtms y ckeholaeta dmeckgurhr oh cmrlh `aueh dku`h` `asah`h (Httma, 8;;>).4@kddkmehrkm `a oh ^aho Hdh`alkh Asphmoh. (>984)

Aeshyms `a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

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Oh dhtoksks klpokdh oh ketrm`uddke `a ue kegra`kaeta phrh lm`kckdhr

mtrms.Ae ao prmdasm, ao dhthokzh`mr h vadas parlheada kethdtm y h vadas

sa lm`kckdh. Yhrh `asdrknkr ao prmdasm `a `ksam urnhem, oh dhtoksks

pua`a taear ohs skgukaetas dhrhdtarstkdhs:

8. Ketrm`uddke `a ue euavm aoalaetm (ao dhthokzh`mr) dhush ueh rahddke

qua lm`kckdh aoalaetms axkstaetas ae oh zmeh.Huequa h laeu`m as

dmesk`arh`m dmlm admelkdm, oms dhthokzh`mras pua`ae sar `a dhrdtar

smdkho, jur`kdm, pmotkdm, y asta as euastrm puetm hrquktadtekdm. Ao

klphdtm pmtaedkho `a ue a`kckdkm dme mtrms a`kckdkms, phrh ok`arhr ao `ksam

urnhem, as aemrla.

>. Axkstae aoalaetms urnhems `a vhomr qua sa fhe lajmrh`m m

trhescmrlh`m `a lhearh pmsktkvh.Ao euavm aoalaetm em tkaea qua nmrrhr m

`avhouhr ao vkajm mr`ae parm pua`a ra`klkrom.

4. Oh qulkdh `a ohs rahddkmeas dhthotkdhs, em ast pra`atarlkeh`h, em

fhy ueh crluoh ekdh qua pua`a sar aspadkckdh`h phrh tm`hs ohs

dkrduesthedkhs.

0.Qe prm`udtm lajmr qua oh sulh `a oms kegra`kaetas as oh lath `a dh`h

rahddke dhthotkdh. Ae oughr `a ueh dku`h` `a pkazhs hksoh`hs, klhgkeh

ueh dku`h` `a tmthok`h`as.(Httma, 8;;>, p.03)

Oh phrta smdkho as dohva yh qua ems parlkta ao astu`km smnra oh raohdke aetra

asphdkm y smdka`h`, oh phrta cuedkmeho as oh qua hpmyh ao prmdasm `a `ksam yas oh qua parlkta qua dulpoh skluoteahlaeta oms drktarkms phrh qua ao `ksamraspme`h h su dmetaxtm, y ckeholaeta ao tkalpm qua klpokdh dhlnkms dmesthetaspmr om qua oms `ksah`mras eadaskthe dmemdar ao klphdtm qua tae`r ao `ksam.

Qe ajalpom dohrm `a dhthokzh`mr urnhem y dmlm om laedkmeh Httma pua`a sar uedaetrm dmlardkho m ue lusam, axksta ao dhsm `a oh zmeh `ao Lusam Guggaefaklae Nkonhm, oh duho phs `a sar ueh zmeh ke`ustrkho h ueh grhe zmeh `a`kdh`h hoh duoturh y oh radrahdke y qua rafhnkoktm ao sadtmr.

Klhgae >Ao lue`m.as (>98>) Nkonhm

^h >999 dulpoa >9 hms, ae oms quasa oa fh kevartk`m;71 lkoomeas`kspmeknoa ae: fttp://www.aolue`m.as/aolue`m/>98>/88/86/phksvhsdm/

8414>4;;4>.ftlo Rmntaek`m ao `h ;`a Lhym `a >984\

Aeshyms `a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

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Dmlm dhsm `a xktm y ae oh thrah `a `almstrhr qua sk as pmsknoa aolajmrhlkaetm `a ue sadtmr la`kheta ue aoalaetm dhthotkdm qua phrh ao dhsm asue lardh`m punokdm sa `asdrkna om suda`k`m dme ao lardh`m `a Theth Dhtarkehae Asphh dme dme`kdkmeas `a unkdhdke y raprasaethtkvm phrh oh lalmrkh

dmoadtkvh `a oms fhnkthetas sklkohras ho mnjatm `a astu`km `a asta aeshym.

Klhgae 4Qnkdhdke Nhrdaomeh ae Asphh y oh Dkutht Saooh ae Nhrdaomeh

Ao lardh`m `a Theth Dhtarkeh ast sktuh`m ae ao daetrm `a oh Dkutht Saooh, Hv.Crhedasd Dhln elarm 83 ae ao nhrrkm `a oh ^knarh ae ao daetrm fkstrkdm `aoh dku`h` `a Nhrdaomeh, rm`ah`m `a asphdkms hnkartms, kgoaskhs y oms lardh`msNmre y oh Nmquarkh.

Aeshyms `a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

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Ao prmyadtm sa dmedaetrm ae 3 hdtuhdkmeas aspadkhoas dmlm cuarme 8) ohdmestruddke `ao lardh`m y asthdkmehlkaetms suntarreams phrh >19 vafduoms>) oh prasarvhdke `a oms rastms hrquamogkdms `ao hetkgum dmevaetm gtkdm `aTheth Dhtarkeh 4) oh dmestruddke `a vkvkae`hs phrh gaeta lhymr 0) oh daetrho

`a radmgk`h eaultkdh `a rask`ums 1) ao asthdkmehlkaetm `a dhrgh y `asdhrghy 3) oh urnhekzhdke `ao aetmrem `ao lardh`m.

Oh fkstmrkh `ao lardh`m aetmedas dmlkaezh dme ao `arrknm `ao dmevaetm,

pmr lmtkvms `a su `astruddke ae ao hm 8641`ank`m h ravmoudkmeas

mdurrk`hs ae hquaooh pmdh. Ta kehugur ae 8606, parm oms trhnhjms

dmlaezhrme ae 8600, `aspus `a ue `adratm raho qua dmeda`h ho

Hyuethlkaetm `a Nhrdaomeh hetkgums tarraems adoaskstkdms phrh prmda`ar

h su a`kckdhdke. Ao lardh`m ehdh dme oh ketaedke `a chvmradar ao

sulkekstrm `a dmlastknoas h oms sadtmras pmpuohras `a oh dku`h`.0

Ao prmyadtm cua rahokzh`m pmr ao `asphdfm Lkrrhooas Phgokhnua ALNP y omshrquktadtms Aerkd Lkrhooas y Naeea`atth Phgokhnua aetra 8;;7 y >990 y ohdmestruddke sa rahokzm aetra >994 y >990.

Dkutht Saooh, h `kcaraedkh `a mtrms nhrrkms `a

Nhrdaomeh, as ueh dku`h` ae s lkslh... asth dku`h` `aetrm `a oh dku`h`

phrada sar oh dhrhdtarstkdh prkedkpho `afkstrkdms daetrms h phrtkr `a asa

lmlaetm tm`m sa dmlpokdh. Oh pohekckdhdke hdtuho as kedhphz `a lheajhr

oh dmlpoajk`h` `a oh sktuhdke. [ oh nsqua`h `a rasuoth`ms h dmrtm pohzm,

sa fh oklkth`m kesmpmrthnoalaeta ohs ragohs `ao juagm. Yhrh rapatkr. Yhrhfhdarom `a euavm. Euastrms prmyadtms dmlkaezh drktkdhe`m oh pohekckdhdke

hdtuho y prmpmea ue lm`aom qua parlkta oh h`hpthdke h oh dmlpoajk`h` `a

oh zmeh. Emrlhs `a pohekckdhdke qua dmetalpohe hogm ls qua ao hedfm

`a oh dhooa y oh hoturh `ao a`kckdkm. Qe prklar asqualh qua parlkta ao

`ashrrmoom `a oh dmlpoajk`h` `a oh dku`h` y qua dulpoh dme oms

dmlprmlksms h`qukrk`ms. Yrmpmealms ue lm`aom ae ao qua em as the cdko

`kstkegukr aetra oh rafhnkokthdke y euavh dmestruddke. @me`a ohs pohzhs, oh

aohnmrhdke dmestheta `a aeshedfhlkaetms smnravmohe`m oh dhooa dmlm ao

ekdm ladhekslm urnhem. Oh `kslkeudke `a puetms `a dmlprhs,

rhdkmehokzhr ao hddasm y skstalhs `a sarvkdkms. Drahdke `a asphdkms

pnokdms, y oh `aesk`h` rask`aedkho. ^ahokzhlms lmvklkaetms `a oh zmeh

dmlardkho `a oh Hvaek`h Dhln, ra`udkae`m su saddke.1

Oh astrhtagkh prkedkpho `a rahdtkvhdke phrh asth zmeh `a oh dku`h` cua dhlnkhroh klhgae dme ue aoalaetm hrquktadtekdm oohlhtkvm dme asphdkm pnokdm quahtrhkgh h turksths y qua gaeara sagurk`h` dme ao pohetahlkaetm `a vkvkae`hs om

0Lardht Theth Dhtarkeh (>98>) Fkstmrkh `ao Lardh`m Theth Dhtarkeh `kspmeknoa ae:

fttp://www.lardhtshethdhtarkeh.eat/dmetkeguts/kekdkDhtarkeh]dhs.pfp1Lkrrhooas Phgokhnua ALNP (>98>) Lalmrkh dmedaptuho `ao prmyadtm raemvhdke lardh`mTheth Dhtarkeh `kspmeknoa ae: fttp://www.lkrhooasthgokhnua.dml/prmjadt]dl.hsp=k`984->.

http://www.mercatsantacaterina.net/continguts/Mercat/historia/historiaHome_cas.phphttp://www.mirallestagliabue.com/project_cm.asp?id=59http://www.mirallestagliabue.com/project_cm.asp?id=59http://www.mercatsantacaterina.net/continguts/Mercat/historia/historiaHome_cas.php

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qua fhda qua sa draa partaeaedkh y sa dmevkarth ae ue fktm phrh ao sadtmr y ohdku`h`.

Phlnke as klpmrtheta radhodhr qua ao lkslm usm `ao aqukphlkaetm `a hnhstmparlkta qua axksth ueh ketagrhdke cskdh y smdkho yh qua dmecouyae turksths y

parsmehs `ao sadtmr y `a mtrms sadtmras yh qua fhy omdhoas aspadkhokzh`ms aevaeth `a jhle.

Klhgae 0Ao drmquks (>984) ^afhnkokthdke `ao lardh`m `a Theth Dhtarkeh Hetas y @aspus `a ohketarvaedke `kspmeknoa ae:www.aodrmquks.as/la`kh/p`c/Hrtkduoms/Yrmyadtm]800.p cRmntaek`m ao `h; `a Lhym `a >984\

Ae dmedouske ao lardh`m Theth Dhtarkeh lajmrm hspadtms dohvas dmlm ohsdmeaxkmeas dme ao euavm asphdkm pnokdm, sa lajmrm oh klhgae `ao lardh`m y aoaetmrem qua om rm`ah, oh dhok`h` hlnkaetho dme hddkmeas dmlm ao radkdohja `arask`ums y oh hrnmrkzhdke, sa drahrme euavms asthdkmehlkaetms qua `hesarvkdkm h oms lardh`ms y ho hnhstadklkaetm `a ohs lardhedhs ske dhushrdmecokdtms vkhoas, sa pahtmehokzhrme dkartms asphdkms phrh ao hddasm y ohdkrduohdke, ae ao lardh`m `a Nhrdaomeh sa ketagrhrme vkvkae`hs phrh parsmehslhymras om duho hyu`m h vkthokzhr y `hr lhymr sagurk`h` ho sadtmr y ckeholaetaoms lardh`ms sa dmevkrtkarme ae fktms urnhems, sa raduparm cskdhlaeta aosadtmr htrhjm turksths y hulaetm oh pousvhoh `ao sadtmr.

Ao Euavm Lardh`m `a Theth Dhtarkeh rahdtkvh oh vk`h smdkho `ao Nhrrkm, aoaetmrem as mnjatm `a klpmrthetas trhescmrlhdkmeas qua nusdh oh rahdtkvhdke`a ohs kekdkhtkvhs admelkdhs y dvkdhs

Klhgae 1Dhthouh dmestruya (>991)ao euavm lardh`m `a sheth Dhtarkehrahdtkvh oh vk`h smdkho `ao nhrrkm`kspmeknoa ae:fttp://www.dhthoueyhdmestruya.

dml/p`c/ThethDhtarkeh91.p`cRmntaek`m ao `h ; `a Lhym `a >984\

Aeshyms `a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

http://www.elcroquis.es/media/pdf/Articulos/Proyecto_144.pdfhttp://www.elcroquis.es/media/pdf/Articulos/Proyecto_144.pdfhttp://www.elcroquis.es/media/pdf/Articulos/Proyecto_144.pdfhttp://www.elcroquis.es/media/pdf/Articulos/Proyecto_144.pdf

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Ae asta puetm thlnke as pmsknoa hpmyhrems ae oh Pamrh `a oms OughrasDaetrhoas

Tage asth tamrh, oh dku`h` dulpoa dme oh cuedke prkedkpho `a sarvkr `a

oughr daetrho ho asphdkm rurho qua oh rm`ah. Ta `almstr oh raohdke

axkstaeta aetra oh asdhsaz `a ue sarvkdkm y oh pmnohdke eadashrkh phrh

prmdurhrom, oh suparckdka `ao asphdkm ae ao qua sa aedmetrhnh unkdh`h ash

pmnohdke y ao thlhm `ao oughr daetrho. Oms oughras daetrhoas sa

`kstrknuhe ae zmehs `a sarvkdkm faxhgmehoas, prm`udke`msa ueh

jarhrquh aetra aooms. (Luekzhgh, 8;;7, p.8>7)

As `adkr qua dh`h dku`h` asthrh rm`ah`h pmr mtrhs aquk`ksthetas aetra s, as`adkr oh dku`h` @ ast rm`ah`h pmr oh N y ast rm`ah`h pmr oh D y dh`h uemmcrada sarvkdkms h oms oughras daetrhoas `a ekvao kecarkmr as `adkr `a H fhsth @.

@ackekdke `a oms oughras daetrhoas:

Dku`h` `a rhegm H: Dhpktho ragkmehoDku`h` `a rhegm NDku`h` `a rhegm DDku`h` `a rhegm @

Olkta `a ohs rahs `a lardh`m

rah `a lardh`m Hrah `a lardh`m `a ohsdku`h`as `a rhegm Nrah `a lardh`m `a ohsdku`h`as `a rhegm Drah `a lardh`m `a ohsdku`h`as `a rhegm @

Klhgae 3 Ymosa (8;;6) Pamrh `a oms Oughras Daetrhoas, Rmntaek`m ao `h 88 `a Lhym `a >984\

Oms dmlardkms thlnke sa omdhokzhe dmecmrla h oh tamrh `a oms oughras

daetrhoas, astm qukara `adkr qua aetra ls aspadkhokzh`m, lhs nusdh taearueoughr ae ao daetrm `a oh dku`h`. Ao daetrm `a oh dku`h` as ao oughr H, hoo saomdhokzhe ohs grhe`as dh`aehs dmlardkhoas y mtrms aspadkhokzh`ms qua htkae`aeh tm`h oh ragke, astms sa hdmlphhe `a omdhoas dmlardkhoas paquams dmlmtkae`hs `a nhrrkm, phpaoarhs, dhcs atd.

Ohs hdtkvk`h`as sa `kstrknuyae ae ao asphdkm urnhem skgukae`m ue lm`aom

jarrqukdm (yae`m `a oms dmlardkms y sarvkdkms `a rhegm aoavh`m h ohs

cuedkmeas ls dmlueas), y cmrlhe sun-daetrms dmlardkhoas `a thlhms

`kcaraetas. Dh`h sun-daetrm dmlardkho (ueh dhooa `a nhrrkm, ueh grhe

suparckdka) `h oughr h ueh pueth omdho ae oh durvh gomnho `a raeth `ao suaom.

Tkgukae`m oh tamrh `a oms oughras daetrhoas, oms grhe`as sun-daetrms

Aeshyms `a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

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ragkmehoas (`a rhegm N) sme laems eularmsms qua oms daetrms `a rhegm

D. Hs, oh `ksthedkh prmla`km aetra oms sun-daetrms `a rhegm N as lhymr

qua aetra oms daetrms dmlardkhoas ls paquams.(Ymosa, 8;;6, p.443)

Klhgae 7 Ymosa (8;;6) Pamrh `a oms Oughras Daetrhoas, Rmntaek`m ao `h 88 `a Lhym `a >984\

Dmlm om ke`kdh Ymosa ae oh tamrh `a oms oughras daetrhoas oh `kstrknudke ae aoasphdkm sa fhda ae cuedke h oh `alhe`h, `kstrknudke `a oh pmnohdke y ao

pm`ar h`quksktkvm. Ymr ajalpom ueh paquah tkae`h `a hnhrrmtas ae ao daetrm `aoh dku`h` radkna ueh grhe dhetk`h` `a dokaetas pmr fmrh pmr ae`a ao dmlardkhetahdda`a h phghr pradkms ls hotms ae oh raeth yh qua h asta oughr dmecouyae ohlhymr dhetk`h` `a skstalhs `a trhespmrta y as ue oughr `a cdko hddasm phrh omsfhnkthetas ae gaearho, as `adkr qua ao lardh`m `a oh Larda` asth ae ue oughrprkvkoagkh`m y qua sa pua`a pmtaedkhokzhr ho sar hddasknoa y asthr aspadkhokzh`mh`als `a dulpokr dme tm`h oh nhsa tarkdh dmlm ue aoalaetm urnhem quapua`a sar klpuosh`m dmlm ue dhthokzh`mr urnhem qua pmtaedkhokda y raduparaao sadtmr.

Yhrh oh dmlprmnhdke `a oh fkptasks sa vh h rahokzhr ue astu`km `ao asth`mhdtuho y ue `khgemstkdm `ao lardh`m oh Larda` ae ohs `klaeskmeas cskdm-hlnkaethoas, admelkdhs y smdkhoas, phrh pm`ar sustaethr oh prmpuasth phrhklpuoshrom dmlm ue dhthokzh`mr urnhem.

Ae ue dmegomlarh`m smdkho dmlm ao `a oh larda`, `me`a dmevkvhe

dmlardkhetas `a grhe`as radursm ckehedkarms a kelkgrhetas rurhoas y

Aeshyms `a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

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pmnras lhrgkeh`ms sa aedmetrhnh tm`h oh ghlh `a dmecokdtms smdkhoas

klhgkehnoas (Aspkemzh, >994, p.494)3

@klaeske cskdm-hlnkaetho

Ta tmlhrme ae duaeth `kcaraetas vhrkhnoas qua sa axpokdhe h dmetkeuhdke y samntuvm kecmrlhdke `a ohs `aoaghdkmeas Duhuftlmd y Saeustkhem Dhrrhezh yhqua oh `aoklkthdke `ao mnjatm `a astu`km hnhrdh h hlnhs. (Sar heaxm 8)

Qnkdhdke

Oh `aoaghdke Duhuftlmd sa omdhokzh ae ao daetrm `ao rah urnheh `ao @kstrktmca`arho dme dmmr`aeh`hs gamgrckdhs Ohtktu` Emrta: 8; >6 y 8; >4, Omegktu`Masta ;; 97 y ;; 8>. Dmoke`h ho Emrta dme ohs @aoaghdkmeas Hzdhpmtzhodm y

Gusthvm H. Lh`arm2 ho Tur dme ohs @aoaghdkmeas Lkguao Fk`hogm, Naektm Juraz

a Kzthdhodm2 ho pmekaeta dme oh @aoaghdke Lkguao Fk`hogm y ho Mrkaeta dme oh@aoaghdke Saeustkhem Dhrrhezh (YY@Q Duhuftlmd, >996, p.1).7

Oh `aoaghdkme Saeustkhem Dhrrhezh sa omdhokzh ae ao daetrm mrkaeta `ao @kstrktmCa`arho dme dmmr`aeh`hs gamgrckdhs 8; >6 emrta, 8; >0 sur, `a ohtktu`emrta y ho asta ;; 9> y ;; 96 ho masta2 `a omegktu` masta8 y oklkth ho emrta

dme oh @aoaghdke Gusthvm H Lh`arm2 ho asta dme ao Luekdkpkm `a

Eazhfuhodymto `ao Asth`m `a Lxkdm (A@MLAV)2 ho sur dme oh @aoaghdke

Kzthdhodm y ho masta, dme oh @aoaghdke Duhuftlmd. (YY@Q SaeustkhemDhrrhezh, >991, p.6)6

Gamomgh y a`hcmomgh

Klhgae 6Lhph Gamogkdm `ao @kstrktm

Ca`arho, Astms lhphs sme prmpka`h`ketaoadtuho `a oh Qekvarsk`h` EhdkmehoHutemlh `a Lxkdm y `ao Gmnkarem `ao@kstrktm Ca`arho. @kspmeknoa ae oh pgkeh `aYrmtaddke Dkvko. RMntaek`h ao `h ; `aLhym `a >984\

Axkstae `aetrm `ao Parrktmrkm `a oh @aoaghdke tras choohs gamogkdhs, oh

prkedkpho qua phsh pmr oh zmeh daetrm, qua vh `a Turpmekaeta h Emrmrkaeta,

y mtrhs `ms phrhoaohs fhdkh ao Turmrkaeta. (YY@Q Duhuftlmd, >996,p.89)

3Aspkemzh Opaz Aerkqua (>994) Dku`h` `a Lxkdm: Dmlpae`km drmemogkdm `a su `ashrrmoom

urnhem 81>8->999. Kestktutm Ymoktdekdm Ehdkmeho. Lxkdm.7Yrmgrhlh @aoaghdkmeho `a @ashrrmoom Qrnhem phrh oh @aoaghdke Duhuftlmd, >9966Yrmgrhlh @aoaghdkmeho `a @ashrrmoom Qrnhem phrh oh @aoaghdke Saeustkhem Dhrrhezh, >991

Aeshyms `a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

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Ho kguho aedmetrhlms ae oh `alhrdhdke `a oh `aoaghdke Saeustkhem Dhrrhezh`ms choohs gamogkdhs ae oh phrta emrta `a asth, y qua dmetkehe fhsth oh`aoaghdke Duhuftlmd.

Klhgae ;Lhph `a Zmekckdhdke sslkdh y astrhtgkdh, Astms lhphs sme prmpka`h` Ketaoadtuho `a ohQekvarsk`h` Ehdkmeho Hutemlh `a `a Lxkdm y `ao Gmnkarem `ao @kstrktm Ca`arho. @kspmeknoa ae oh Ygkeh`a prmtaddke dkvko. RMntaek`h ao `h 3 `a Lhym `a >984\

Hsaeth`h `aetrm `ao rah hetkguhlaeta mduph`h pmr ao Ohgm `a Paxdmdm,

ae oh @aoaghdke pra`mlkehe oms suaoms hrdkoomsms ohdustras, `a aetra 9 y

49 l `a prmcue`k`h`2 oh tmthok`h` `ao tarrktmrkm sa aeduaetrh ae oh zmeh KKK,

sage oh dohskckdhdke `ao ^agohlaetm `a Dmestruddkmeas phrh ao @kstrktm

Ca`arho (YY@Q Duhuftlmd, >996, p.89)

Ao ;;.1% `a sus suaoms sme `a tkpm ohdustra, ao 9.1% rastheta sa

aeduaetrh cmrlh`m pmr rmdhs geahs `a tkpm nradfh vmodekdh y pmr rmdhs

lathlrckdhs `a tkpm duhrdkth. Oh zmeh dme suaom ohdustra as ao rasuoth`m

`a oh `asadhdke phuohtkeh `ao hetkgum ohgm `a Paxdmdm, om duho cuahprmvadfh`m pmr ao hdaoarh`m prmdasm `a urnhekzhdke h phrtkr `a oms

hms >9s.(YY@Q Saeustkhem Dhrrhezh, >991, p. 89)

Doklh

Ae oh `aoaghdke Duhuftlmd ao doklh pra`mlkeheta as talpoh`m dme oouvkhs aevarhem, dme ueh talparhturh prmla`km heuho `a 87.> D

Oh @aoaghdke Duhuftlmd sa aeduaetrh unkdh`h ae oh Duaedh `a

Lxkdm, `a lhearh ehturho as ueh uek`h` fk`rmogkdh darrh`h, ae duyh

ooheurh ohdustra y zmeh daetrho sa unkdh pradkshlaeta oh @aoaghdke

Duhuftlmd, dme ueh hotktu` prmla`km `a >,>09 latrms smnra ao ekvao `ao

lhr (l.s.e.l) y raokava saesknoalaeta pohem, laemr ho 1% `a pae`kaeta

ae saetk`m Ymekaeta- Mrkaeta

Oh talpmrh`h `a oouvkhs mdurra `a lhym h mdtunra y oh pradkpkthdke la`kh

heuho as `a 386 ll. (YY@Q Duhuftlmd, >996, p.89)

Ae oh `aoaghdke Saeustkhem Dhrrhezh axkstae `ms tkpms `a doklhs: talpoh`msunfla`m dme oouvkhs ae varhem `a laemr fula`h`, y salksadm talpoh`m.

Aeshyms `a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

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Ae om racaraeta h oh talparhturh prmla`km, oh leklh as `a ;.8D, oh la`kh `a83D y oh lxklh `a >1.>D

Oh @aoaghdke Saeustkhem Dhrrhezh sa omdhokzh h ueh hoturh hprmxklh`h

`a >,>09 lsel, alpohzh`ms smnra ue tarraem pohem dme pae`kaetas

kecarkmras ho >%, eadashrkm phrh ue h`aduh`m cuedkmehlkaetm `a oh ra` `a

`raehja, pmr mtrm oh`m `asthdh ao darrm `ao Yae `a oms Nhms, unkdh`m

ae ao dmsth`m emrasta `a oh @aoaghdke dme ueh hoturh lxklh

hprmxklh`h `a >, >;9 lsel. Oh pradkpkthdke heuho as `a >79.> ll.(YY@Q Saeustkhem Dhrrhezh, >991, p.89)

Oh ^a` `a Latamrmomgh y ^h`khdke Tmohr (^A@LAP) as ao sunskstalh `aoTkstalh `a Lmektmram Htlmscrkdm (TKLHP) qua tkaea dmlm cuedke prkedkphoprmpmrdkmehr kecmrlhdke `a oms phrlatrms latamrmogkdms phrh aohnmrhr aoYrmestkdm latamrmogkdm y lm`aoms `a `ksparske, dme oh ckehok`h` `a hehokzhrao `aspohzhlkaetm `a oms dmethlkehetas h trhvs `ao tkalpm.;

Yhrh euastrh kevastkghdke ems ketarash `a ohs 83 asthdkmeas qua tkaea aoskstalh hdtuholaeta oh qua sa aeduaetrh ae ao lardh`m oh Larda` (LA^) ohduho ragkstrh `htms `as`a 8;63

Klhgae 89 asthdkmeas `a oh^a` `a Latamrmomgh y

^h`khdke Tmohr (^A@LAP)(>988) kecmrla heuho `adhok`h` `ao hkra ae oh Dku`h``a Lxkdm y su ZmehLatrmpmoktheh

Tage ao kecmrlaheuho `a dhok`h` `ao hkra ae oh Dku`h` `a Lxkdm y su Zmeh Latrmpmoktheh `aohm >988 prmpmrdkmeh`m pmr ao TKLHP ems prasaeth `htms `a talparhturh yfula`h` raohtkvh `a oh zmeh `a astu`km.

;^A@LAP `kspmeknoa ae oh phgkehfttp://www.dhok`h`hkra.`c.gmn.lx/dhok`h`hkra/ke`ax.pfp=mpdkme.

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Klhgae 88 Palparhturh hlnkaeta (prmla`km) (>988) kecmrla heuho `a dhok`h` `ao hkra ae oh Dku`h` `aLxkdm y su Zmeh Latrmpmoktheh

Klhgae 8> Fula`h` raohtkvh (prmla`kms)(>988) kecmrla heuho `a dhok`h` `ao hkra ae oh Dku`h` `aLxkdm y su Zmeh Latrmpmoktheh

Ae oh kecmrlhdke hetarkmr pm`alms var qua axkstae talparhturhs lhymras aeoh asthdke Larda` h ohs ragkstrh`hs pmr mtrhs asthdkmeas prkedkpholaeta ho sur`a oh dku`h`. Ymr ao dmetrhrkm oh fula`h` raohtkvh as laemr qua ae ohs `als

asthdkmeas `a oh Dku`h` `a Lxkdm.Sagathdke

Oh vagathdke em smom as klpmrtheta phrh ao alnaooadklkaetm `a oh dku`h` skemqua tkaea raparduskmeas ae oh dhok`h` `a vk`h `a oh pmnohdke yh qua hyu`h h oh`kslkeudke `a DM> y `a mtrms dmethlkehetas oh vagathdke `a oh `aoaghdkeDuhuftlmd ast dmlpuasth nskdhlaeta pmr ue skstalh `a rahs var`as, quakedouyae: phrquas y jhr`keas pnokdms, dhlaoomeas, gomrkaths, aetra mtrms, qua

sulhe ;0.4 fhs, hprmxklh`hlaeta y raprasaethe ao >.;9% `a oh @aoaghdke

qua dmrraspme`a h 8.68 l>/fhn. Tus rahs var`as sa aecraethe h ue oaetmprmdasm `a `atarkmrm, `astruddke y lheajm keh`aduh`m. (YY@Q Duhuftlmd,>996, p.89)

Ae oh `aoaghdke Saeustkhem Dhrrhezhoms asphdkms hnkartms mduphe ao 3% dmeom duho sa mnsarvh prklmr`kholaeta ueh dhraedkh `a puolmeas phrh oh

@aoaghdke (YY@Q Saeustkhem Dhrrhezh, >991, p.1;) (Sar heaxm > pohemSagathdke.)

Dhok`h` `ao hkra

Oh ^a` Hutmltkdh `a Lmektmram Htlmscrkdm (^HLH) as ao sunskstalh `aoTKLHP qua rahokzh la`kdkmeas dmetkeuhs y parlheaetas `a mzmem (M4), `kxk`m

Aeshyms `a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

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`a hzucra (TM>), xk`ms `a ektrgaem (EMV), lmexk`m `a dhrnmem (DM),phrtduohs laemras h 89 lkdrlatrms (YL89) y phrtduohs laemras h >.1lkdrlatrms (YL>.1). Oh kecmrlhdke qua prmpmrdkmeh asth ra` as prklmr`kho aeoh avhouhdke mpmrtueh `a oh dhok`h` `ao hkra ae oh Dku`h` `a Lxkdm y su

`kcuske la`kheta ao e`kda Latrmpmokthem `a oh Dhok`h` `ao Hkra (KLADH). Ohrhpk`az dme qua sa aevh y radkna oh kecmrlhdke, parlkta oh kestrulaethdkekela`khth `ao Yrmgrhlh `a Dmetkegaedkhs Hlnkaethoas Htlmscrkdhs (YDHH)ae sktuhdkmeas `a rkasgm phrh oh shou` `a oh pmnohdke.89

Hdtuholaeta ao skstalh duaeth dme 40 asthdkmeas, >8 ae oh Dku`h` `a Lxkdm,as klpmrtheta oh ravkske `a oh dhok`h` `ao hkra yh qua asth tkaea acadtms smnraoh shou` `ao sar fulhem

Klhgae 84 Acadtms `a oms dmethlkehetas `ao hkra ae oh Thou` (>989) kecmrla heuho `a dhok`h` `ao hkra aeoh Dku`h` `a Lxkdm y su Zmeh Latrmpmoktheh

Yhrh acadtms `ao heoksks as skgekckdhtkvm pm`ar dmlphrhr oms `htms qua hrrmjh ohasthdke larda` (LA^), dme ohs asthdkmeas The Juhe `a Hrhge (TJH) ae oh`aoaghdke Gusthvm H. Lh`arm y oh asthdke Kzthdhodm (KZP) ae asth `aoaghdkequa sme ohs ls dardhehs y parlktae `hr ueh k`ah gaearho `ao dmlpmrthlkaetm`ao hkra ae oh zmeh `ao lardh`m oh Larda` y oh dmethlkehdke qua gaearh.

89^HLH `kspmeknoa ae:fttp://www.dhok`h`hkra.`c.gmn.lx/dhok`h`hkra/ke`ax.pfp=mpdkme.

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Klhgae 80 asthdkmeas `a oh ^a`Hutmltkdh `a LmektmramHtlmscrkdm (^HLH) (>988)kecmrla heuho `a dhok`h` `ao hkraae oh Dku`h` `a Lxkdm y suZmeh Latrmpmoktheh

Ao `kxk`m `a hzucra prasaeth lhymr dmedaetrhdke ae oh phrta emrmasta `ank`mh ohs alkskmeas `a oms dmrra`mras ke`ustrkhoas `ao asth`m `a Lxkdm dmlm samnsarvh ae ao lhph skgukaeta.

Klhgae 81 @kstrknudke asphdkho `a oh dmedaetrhdke `a prmla`km heuho `a `kxk`m `a hzucra (>988)kecmrla heuho `a dhok`h` `ao hkra ae oh Dku`h` `a Lxkdm y su Zmeh Latrmpmoktheh

Phlnke as pmsknoa hpradkhr qua em smom hcadth h oms luekdkpkms `ao asth`m `aLxkdm skem thlnke ae laemr prmpmrdke h euastrh zmeh `a astu`km

Aeshyms `a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

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Klhgae 83 @kxk`m `a hzucra (prmla`kms `a >0 f)(>988) kecmrla heuho `a dhok`h` `ao hkra ae oh Dku`h``a Lxkdm y su Zmeh Latrmpmoktheh

Ohs lhymras dmedaetrhdkmeas `a lmexk`m `a dhrnmem sa `he ae ohs`aoaghdkmeas dme lhymr elarm `a vkhok`h`as prkedkphoas y oh dhetk`h` `avafduoms qua dkrduohe pmr asths ohs `aoaghdkmeas ls hcadth`hs cuarmeDuhuftlmd, Saeustkhem Dhrrhezh, Gusthvm H. Lh`arm, Kzthdhodm a Kzthphohph

Klhgae 87 @kstrknudke asphdkho `a oh dmedaetrhdke prmla`km heuho `a lmexk`m `a dhrnmem (>988)kecmrla heuho `a dhok`h` `ao hkra ae oh Dku`h` `a Lxkdm y su Zmeh Latrmpmoktheh

Astm sa `ana h oh grhe dhetk`h` `a vafduoms y parsmehs qua sa `aspohzhefhsth ohs `aoaghdkmeas daetrhoas y fhdkh oh phrta mrkaeta `a oh Dku`h` `aLxkdm

Aeshyms `a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

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Klhgae 86 Lmexk`m `a Dhrnmem (lxklms ae prmla`kms lvkoas `a 6f) (prmla`kms `a >0 f)(>988)kecmrla heuho `a dhok`h` `ao hkra ae oh Dku`h` `a Lxkdm y su Zmeh Latrmpmoktheh

Huequa astms xk`ms em taeghe acadtms smnra oh shou` `kradthlaeta

dmetrknuyae h oh cmrlhdke `a aslmg, ho kguho qua oh cmrlhdke `a phrtduohssadue`hrkhs y oh oouvkh hdk`h.

Oms xk`ms `a ektrgaem tkaeae ueh `kstrknudke sklkohr h oh `ao lmexk`m `adhrnmem, yh qua asta dmethlkeheta thlnke prmvkaea `a oms vafduoms pmr omqua valms qua ae oh asthdke Larda` axkstae oms vhomras ls hotms `a tm`h ohDku`h`.

Klhgae 8;`kstrknudke asphdkho `a oh dmedaetrhdke prmla`km heuho `a xk`ms `a ektrgaem (>988)kecmrla heuho `a dhok`h` `ao hkra ae oh Dku`h` `a Lxkdm y su Zmeh Latrmpmoktheh

Dme >3 puetms `a `kcaraedkh ae ao prmla`km dme oh asthdke ls dardheh quaas Kzthdhodm y hue pmr `anhjm aedmetrhlms oms `htms `a oh asthdke (QKZ)unkdh`h ae oh `aoaghdke Kzthphohph, pmr om qua as pmsknoa hckrlhr qua aocuedkmehlkaetm `ao lardh`m em kedk`a yh qua sk astms ekvaoas em oms tkaeae ae

oh daetrho `a hnhstms, asta acadtm sa `ana h oh dhetk`h` `a pmnohdke comthetaqua ooagh tm`ms oms `hs ho daetrm `a oh dku`h`.

Aeshyms `a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

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Klhgae >9 xk`ms `a Ektrgaem (lxklms `khrkms)(>988) kecmrla heuho `a dhok`h` `ao hkra ae oh Dku`h``a Lxkdm y su Zmeh Latrmpmoktheh

Ohs lhymras dmedaetrhdkmeas `a mzmem sa gaearhr pmr oms vafduoms pmr om quaasths dmedaetrhdkmeas `anarhe asthr ae ohs `aoaghdkmeas daetrhoas qua sme aopuetm `a mrkgae `ao Mzmem, ske alnhrgm oms vkaetms phrh oh Dku`h` `a Lxkdmsme `a Emrta h Tur oh lhymr phrta `ao `h om qua gaearh qua astmsdmethlkehetas sahe lhymras ae ohs `aoaghdkmeas `ao sur `a oh dku`h`.

Klhgae >8 `kstrknudke asphdkho `ao prmla`km `a oms lxklms fmrhrkms `a mzmem (>988) kecmrla heuho `adhok`h` `ao hkra ae oh Dku`h` `a Lxkdm y su Zmeh Latrmpmoktheh

Dme nhsa ae oh kecmrlhdke prmpmrdkmeh`h ae ao kecmrla heuho `a dhok`h` `aohkra sa pua`a `adkr qua oh zmeh `a oh Larda` sa aeduaetrh dmethlkeh`h pmr`kcaraetas dmlpmeaetas ae ao hkra ske alnhrgm em pm`alms htrknukr astmsacadtms ho cuedkmehlkaetm `ao lardh`m, yh qua sk dmetrhsthlms oms `htms dmeoms `a oh `aoaghdke Kzthphohph ae oh duho sa unkdh oh daetrho `a hnhstms ohlhymrh `a oms vhomras sme ls aoavh`ms ae oh Larda` pmr om qua sa htrknuyae

h oh hcouaedkh `a parsmehs h oms `kcaraetas aqukphlkaetms qua honarghe ohs`aoaghdkmeas Duhuftlmd y Saeustkhem Dhrrhezh.

Aeshyms `a kevastkghdke ae Qrnhekslm y Hrquktadturh/Aerkqua @hz-Lmrh, dmmr`keh`mr/>984->.

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Klhgae >> Mzmem(lxklms `khrkms)(>988) kecmrla heuho `a dhok`h` `ao hkra ae oh Dku`h` `a Lxkdm y suZmeh Latrmpmoktheh

^ask`ums y momras

Oms tkrh`arms dohe`astkems qua axkstae ae oh @aoaghdke, sa aeduaetrhe ae

`kstkeths rahs y zmehs `me`a ae oh lhymrh `a oms dhsms sa `ana h qua ao

dhrrm `a radmoaddke em phsh dmetkeuhlaeta, hueh`m h oh choth `a

dmedkaedkh dku`h`heh qua hrrmjh h oms dhudas hnkartms, zhejhs, omtas

nho`ms, nhequaths y dhlaoomeas, dmlm sktkms pra`koadtms phrh `apmskthr oh

nhsurh, prmvmdhe`m ueh cuarta dmethlkehdke hlnkaetho (lhoms momras y

prmokcarhdke `a rma`mras) y vksuho.(YY@Q Duhuftlmd, >996, p. 41)

Yhrh oh `aoaghdke Saeustkhem Dhrrhezh asta prmnoalh sa hdradaeth pmr ohunkdhdke `ao lardh`m oh larda`

Ae om qua raspadth h oh prmnoaltkdh hlnkaetho, as avk`aeta qua sa

raqukara aohnmrhr ue prmgrhlh qua sa mdupa pmr ue oh`m, `a oh

radmoaddke `a grhe`as dhetk`h`as `a nhsurh gaearh`h p