ESCARQ Javier Fresnadillo Download

7/23/2019 ESCARQ Javier Fresnadillo Download

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/escarq-javier-fresnadillo-download 1/86



Hevng| O|g}ke`ncca

G]M 8 E\U

G]MECE / E\UWNPGMPW\E



T

O|g}ke`ncca# Hevng| @e|na

G}m8 E|u 8 g}mece / e|uwnpgmpw|e+ " 5e g`+ " Ce Zcepe 8 gc ewpa|# <:5:+

60 z+ 9 <557 mb+

5+ E|uwnpgmpw|e+ N+ Pâpwca

M@@ 4<:

Ewpa|8 Hevng| @e|âa O|g}ke`ncca " E|uwnpgmpa+

g"benc+ o|ge|uJ~efaa+mab+e|tgl8 ttt+e|uwndgkg}n}+mab+e|

Nbedgk `g Peze8 Oapad|ee mak p|g} mabzakgkpg} `g ce Kepw|ecgxe+Beka ) ]ac ) Mngca ; Fabl|g ) ]ac ) zcekgpe Png||e# <:5:+

Fgmfa gc `gzý}npa uwg be|me ce cg~ 55+4<= " Lwgka} En|g} " E|dgkke+

]n}pgbe Tgl laai " Gmacadâe `g |gmw|}a}+

Emmg}a} cnki°} gk øcbe zådnke+

W}pg` g} cnl|g `g

Mazne|# `n}p|nlwn|# gfnln|# ~ ghgmwpe| ce al|e

Leha ce} }ndwngkpg} mak`nmnakg}

Ep|nlwmnýk ‐ W}pg` `glg ep|nlwn| ce al|e gk ce oa|be g}zgmnme`e za| gc ewpa| a gccnmgkmnekpg+

Ka Mabg|mnec ‐ W}pg` ka zwg`g w}e| g}pe al|e mak kg} mabg|mnecg}+]nk Al|e} @g|nve`e} ‐ W}pg` ka zwg`g ecpg|e|# p|ek}oa|be| a m|ge| }al|g g}pe

al|e+

Hwcna <:5:



Ed|e`gxma e bn oebncne uwngk bg

fe mwcve`a gc eba| ~ ce vacwkpe`

uwg fa~ }ak ce le}g `g bn vn`e+



MEZNPWCA E

Z\NKMNZNA] DGKG\ECG]



G]M 8 E\U

>


E " Z\NKMNZNA] DGKG\ECG]

E+5+ ” \exakg} `gc cnl|a

Gk gc `g}e||acca `g ce} `n}kpe} |ebe} `gc }elg| }g `gkgk `nog|gkpg}za} g g}mece}+ Meè wke g gcce} g} gkme|deè g bg`n| bedknpw`g}

~ `ned|ebe| ce `nvn}nýk `g }w} ze|pg}+ G}pe} g}mece} `ng|gk ema|`g ec

g}pw`na ~ peblnîk e }w |gz|g}gkpemnýk+ Ce g}mece bw}nmec za| ghgbzca#

g} ce }wmg}nýk `g }aknà} gk |gcemnýk e wk }aca paka# }w |gz|g}gk"

pemnýk g} cnkgec ~ fa|nxakpec+

G}mece m|abåme

Ce g}mece me|pad|åme g} ce |gz|g}gkpeè gk ce e|uwnpgmpw|e# ~ dgkg|e

wke |gcemnýk gkp|g ce} `nbgk}nakg} `g ce |gecnè` ~ }w |gz|g}gkpemnýk

gk wk zceka+ Za| ap|a ceà# fe~ g}mece} uwg gn}pgk ze|e `ghe| nbz|g"

}a} ca} }wmg}a} uwg amw||gk gk gc gbza+

Wk gcgmp|ame|`nad|ebe owkmnake mak ce nbz|g}nýk `g ca} ceà} `gc

ma|exýk# bw~ }nbnce| mak ce d|åme `g ce g}mece `g \nmfpg| uwg bn`g ce

bedknpw` `gc }n}ba a pg||gbapa+

Gcgmp|ame|`nad|ebe

-- - -



G]M 8 E\U

5:


G}mece `g \nmfpg|

Gk gc `g}e||acca `gc cnl|a# vg|gba} uwg g}pe} `n}kpe} g}mece} d|åme}#

|gz|g}gkpek }ýca wke ze|pg `g }w }ndknmeà+ Ce g}mece p|e}mngk`g cabepg|nec# |abzg le||g|e} ~ ve bå} eccå `g paè |gz|g}gkpemnýk# g} ca

uwg wkg ~ e ce vgx `nvg|}nme# ~ gc cnl|a g} ce |exýk ze|e }elg| ~ mab"

z|gk`g| meè wke `g gcce}# zw`ngkà wcnxe|ce} gk ce e|uwnpgmpw|e+

E+<+ ” Z|nkmnzna} makmgzpwecg}

Al}g|veba} e kwg}p|a ec|g`gà| nkknpe} g}mece} ec bn}ba gbza+ ]ngp|egba} nk`nvn wecbgkpg ze|e }w g}pw`na meè wke g gcce}# ka} e"

|gba} mwgkpe uwg g}påk gkvwgcpe} ~ gkcexeè} mak wk makhwkpa `g g}"

mece}# uwg gk }w wknýk èk oa|be e wk makmgzpa+ @g ce bn}be bekg|e

kwg}p|a a|dekn}ba }g gkmwgkp|e gkcexeà za| }n}pgbe} &|g}zn|epa|na#

}ekdwâkga# gpm+.# ~ g} nbza}nlcg za`g| gkpgk`g|ca mabzcgpebgkpg# }n

ka ca |gcemnakeba} gk makhwkpa+

Zgk}e| ~ `g}e||acce| makmgzpa} gkpelcekà wke |gcemnýk mak kwg}p|a

g}zemna# g} ecda uwg za}ggba} gk gc nk}kpa# me|deà gc makamnbngk"

pa z|nkmnzec uwg ka} ccgve e gzca|e| gc Wknvg|}a+

Meè vgx uwg ka} e`gkp|eba} gk ce gzca|emnýk `g wk alhgpa# wcnxe"

ba} wk gbza gpg|bnkeà# euwgc cez}a gk gc uwg ka} makmgkp|eba}

gk wke emmnýk# g}peba} `ghekà `g ceà ce gzca|emnýk `g wk d|eknkknpa `g za}nlncnè`g}+



G]M 8 E\U

55


]n g}ndkeba} ec mgkp|a maba ce bgkpg fwbeke# ~ e ce g}zn|ec mabagc alhgpa g ce kgmg}nè`# vg|gba} uwg gn}pgk nkknè` g azmnakg}#

meè wke e `n}kpe} `n}pekmne} gkp|g }â+ Ce g}zn|ec m|gmg mak}pekpg"

bgkpg# gk ce bg`nè uwg gvacwmnakeba} ~ dgkg|eba} nkvgkpa}#

veba} el}a|lngkà gcgbgkpa} g ca} la|`g} gpg|ka} g ce g}zn|ec+

Gcca g} ca uwg femg uwg ca} g}pw`na} `g makoa|bemnýk `g ce e|uwnpgm"

pw|e ve~e meblnekà mak}pekpgbgkpg# gkoamåkàka} gk wk za a g}"ca e|uwnpgmpýknma# `gheba} paà g ceà# zgk}ekà uwg g} gc mebnka

ma||gmpa euwgc uwg `g}mwl|nba} a p|ek}npeba}+

Gc `g}ga fwbeka `g vg| ~ gkmakp|e| ecda kwgva g} nkkepa e kwg}p|e

bgkpg# ~ |åznèbgkpg }nk `wè|ca }g ep|eg e îc maba wke vg|è` el"

}acwpe+

∛



G]M 8 E\U

5<




G]M 8 E\U

5=


Meè vgx uwg ekecnxeba} gc ze}eà# ka} èba} mwgkpe uwg ca} –evek"

mg}‒ uwg fek }nà z|azwg}pa}# }ak ce |eâx `g ce gn}pgkmne empwec+

Pabeba} mebnka} uwg ka} ze|gmâek ma||gmpa} ~ ce |gecnè` empwec `g

ce fwbeknè` bwg}p|e }w} à} zace|nè`g} eze|gkpg}+

Za| wk ceà gn}pgk mebnka} uwg ka} fek e~wèà e kwg}p|a zgk"

}ebngkpa ~ ap|a} uwg ka} fek p|e}ceèà `g kwg}p|e |eâx `n|gmpe uwg

ka} makgmpele mak ce kepw|ecgxe z|nba|`nec `g ca} gcgbgkpa} uwg ka}

|a`gek# zg|`ngkà gc vâkmwca mak gcce `gheba} `g |g}zgpe|ce ~ ka}

mak`wmnba} e wcnxe|ce maba wk gcgbgkpa bå} `g mak}wbnmnýk+

Melg }gõece| uwg ka gn}pg gk ce fn}pa|ne# gcgmmnakg} uwg }gek mak"

}n`g|eè} maba –nkma||gmpe}‒# meè wke `g gcce} }g gkmwgkp|e gk"

p|a `gc Wknvg|}a `g za}nlncnè`g} ~ kgmg}e|nebgkpg gc ]g| fwbeka

`glg p|ek}npe|ce} ze|e mabz|gk`g|# uwg }wmg`g# pabe| ce emmnýk ~

makpgbzce| gc gogmpa+

Ce bwczcnmnè` `g ce mngkmne g} }âk`|abg `gc evekmg pgmkacýdnma+ Gk"

oame|ka} gk ce mabzcghnè` `g wk }aca g}pw`na# g} `ghe| `g ceà ce

mabz|gk}nýk `g uwg paà owkmnake maba wke }ace gkè`+

Î}pe gkè`# g} ce Wknè` el}acwpe uwg gkmng||e `gkp|a `g }â bn}be#

paè} ce} za}nlncnè`g} `nog|gkmneè} gk `n}kpa} d|eà}# ~ ka} è ce

gvgkpwecnè` `g |g}pelcgmg| gk kwg}p|e bgkpg ce makpgbzcemnýk `g

ca el}acwpa+ N`gkmekà# ma|pekà ~ |gnkvgkpekà meè wka `g ca}

gkcemg} empwecg} uwg ka} ecghek `g ce kepw|ecgxe# g} maba dgkg|eba}

kwgva} n`gecg} bgkpecg} uwg ka} e~wèk e zg|mnln| ce }nbzcgxe `g ce

mabzcghnè`# ce Wknè` `g ce bwczcnmnè`+



G]M 8 E\U

50


5

=

5<

4

LEHE\

G]MECE] BGKPECG]

]WLN\

G]MECE] BEPG\NECG]

Gk ce bg`nè uwg evekxeba} femne e||nle# be~a| g} ce g}mece# ~ za|gcca gc vacwbgk `g ca uwg }g gkmwgkp|e eleha ewbgkpe+ Zg|`gba} `g

g}pe bekg|e gc }gkà `g ce nk`nvn`wecnè`# ze|e pabe| makmngkmne

`gc }gkà macgmva# ~ gkmakp|e| e ce fwbeknè`# maba wke d|ek zngc

uwg gkvwgcvg gc zcekgpe Png||e+ Zg|mnln| `g g}pe bekg|e g} gvacwmnake|

maba ]g|# eàzpe| wke makmngkmne `g be~a| g}mece# zakngkà gk hwnmna

kwg}p|e |g`wmn e o|ekhe pgbza|ec g vnè# mak ce vnè g ce fwbeknè`

`g}`g gbza} |gbapa} ~ femne owpw|a} nbzgk}elcg}+

–Ka veba} e }g| mezemg} `g zncape| kwg}p|e Kevg G}zemnec Png||e

`w|ekpg bwmfa gbza bå}# e ka }g| uwg gkpgkèba} uwg g} wke

øknme kevg# ~ uwg kwg}p|a `g}ka g} mabøk+ Pgkgba} uwg }g| pa"

à}# a ka }g|gba} knkdwka‒+

Lwmibnk}pg| Owccg|

Zg|mnlngkà ce} g}mece} `g}`g àk`g p|ek}npeba}# g} maba ce} gb"

zcgeba} gk ce e|uwnpgmpw|e+ Z|a~gmpe| g} nkvacwm|e| gc Wknvg|}a bn}"

ba ~ paà ca uwg }g gkmwgkp|e gk îc+ Ce e|uwnpgmpw|e nkpg|g|g gk gc

]ac# ce} zcekpe}# kwg}p|e} beka} ~ bgkpg# ~ ez|gk`ngkà e wlnme|ka}

gk meè wka `g g}pa} zgcèõa}# g} maba dgkg|eba} ce bwczcnmnè`

`g }gk}emnakg}# ez|gmnekà ce `nvg|}nè` `g azmnakg} uwg za`gba}`g}zcgde| gk wke `n|gmmnýk nkpgkmnakeè ~ he+



G]M 8 E\U

57


Pabe| makmngkmne `g ce ezcnmemnýk# g} dgkg|e| e|uwnpgmpw|e }nk

o|akpg|e}+

E+=+ ” ±Uwg g} wke g}mece1

E+=+5+ ” Z|nkmnzna} empwekpg}

Kwg}p|a z|g}gkpg makkwa g} wke ma||gcemnýk `g nkknpe} }npwemnakg}

empwekà gk gc nk}pekpg+ ]nk pabe| z|g}gkmne `g gcca# p|ek}mw||nba}

~ ba`nmeba} ce} }wl}pekmne} `g ca} gcgbgkpa}+ Gk g}pg z|gmn}a ba"

bgkpa ec g}pe| cg~gkà g}pg pgpa# ba`nme} ~ dgkg|e} g}p|wmpw|e}

kgw|akecg} uwg g}påk e}amnekà gkè`g} uwg vek g}`g gc Wknvg|}afe}pe ce} mîcwce} `g pw mwg|za+

Ca} z|nkmnzna} empwekpg}# }ak ca} uwg ghg|mgk ce |gecnè`# ~ gcca}

mabngkxek e nkpg|empwe| mak gc g}zemna gk gc nk}pekpg gk uwg mabgk"

xeba} e zgk}e|9 }n ce be~a| g ce} g}mece} g} ce Wknè`# gkpakmg} paà

ca uwg |gecnxeba} ka zwg`g g}meze| `g gcce# maba peblnîk g}pe| mak"

pgknà gk gcce }ndknme bavg|ka} leha }w} cg~g}+

G}pe mak}p|wmmnýk `g e}amnemnakg} bgkpecg} uwg makvnvg gk ka}ap|a}

`g}`g kwg}p|a kemnbngkpa# amw||g zg|bekgkpgbgkpg9 wka} bnkwpa}

ep|å} fe} cgâà ce} |exakg} `gc cnl|a# mezpekà wk makmgzpa mak ce |eâx

uwg ca owkèbgkpe+ ]n e îc ca p|ek}bnpg} e ap|e zg|}ake# mabngkxe gc

m|gmnbngkpa `gc å|lac makmgzpwec+

Meè wke g }w} |ebnmemnakg} zwg`g makpgkg| gkp|a g }â à} gogm"

pa}# `g ca} mwecg} }w|dgk pgk`gkmne}+



G]M 8 E\U

5?


Za| wk ceà# gn}pg ce pgk`gkmne `g ce p|ek}bn}nýk `gc ez|gk`nxehg

`g}`g ce mew}e uwg ca dgkg|ý# bekpgkngkà wke |gcemnýk a|`gkeè g

mafg|gkmne mak }w ekpgmg}a|+ ^ za| ap|a# ce pgk`gkmne e uwgè|ka} mak

gc gogmpa z|a`wmnà gk ce kepw|ecgxe# g}p|gmfekà ce vn}nýk ~ kwgve"

bgkpg makvamekà ce mabzcghnè` `gkp|a `g ce }nbzcnmnè`+

Gk gc å|lac `gc m|gmnbngkpa nkpgcgmpwec# fa~ `âe gn}pg wk g}p|g"

mfebngkpa pek z|akwkmneà uwg g} bw~ `nmnc vacpge|}g ~ vacvg| mak"

p|e ce ma||ngkpg fe}pe gkmakp|e| ce –|ebe be~a|‒# ce g}mece uwg paà

ca makgkg+

Î}pe |ebe be~a|# g} gc p|akma bn}ba àk`g makw~gk ca} mý`nda} `g

ce }gbncce uwg cg `na vnè# uwg oa|be ~ mak`gk}e `gkp|a `g }â ce }nkg|"

dne# wknmekà ca }wzg|na| uwg ze|pg `g ce g}mece makmgzpwec# mak ca

nkog|na| uwg gkg }w ze|mnzemnýk mak ce g}mece bepg|nec &vg| d|ema zed+5:.+

Ce }nkg|dne uwg }g p|e}ceè za| ce g}mecg|e `gc gkpgk`nbngkpa# g} ca

uwg ce vnvnme# ec ndwec uwg gc edwe z|avame gc m|gmnbngkpa makkwa

`g wk å|lac# ce }nkg|dne g} ce }wl}pekmne uwg }g p|ek}za|pe `gkp|a `g

gcce# ka gkg g}mece} kn gbza# g} wke gk }â bn}be uwg }g p|ek}oa|be~ meblne }w} e}zgmpa}+

MAKMGZPA

GOGMPA @NOG\N@A GOGMPA @NOG\N@GOGMPA \GEC



G]M 8 E\U

54


]n owg}g kgmg}e|ne }w |gz|g}gkpemnýk# ce mabze|e|âe mak gc z|g}gkpg#

euwgcca uwg p|ek}mw||g }nk uwg kwg}p|a} ý|deka} }gk}a|necg} ca zg|"

mnlek+

E+=+<+ ” G}mece g fn}pa|ne fwbeke

G}pe| `g}zng|pa }ndknme zg|mnln|# femg| kwg}p|a euwgcca uwg ka} |a"

`ge+ @gkp|a `g ca} z|nbg|a} }wmg}a} uwg emegmgk ec `g}zg|pe|# g} ccg"

ke| ce nkoa|bemnýk mak uwg veba} e p|ek}npe| za| gc |g}pa gc âe gk ca}

z|nbg|a} nk}pekpg} `g gkp|e| gk vndncne+

Meè vgx uwg ka} `g}zg|peba}# femgba} wke }gmwgkmne `g emmnakg}}wcg}+ Gk ce bg`nè uwg ka} acvnèba} `gc }wgõa uwg emele `g

p|ek}mw||n|# kwg}p|e bgkpg mabngkxe mak gc |gmakamnbngkpa `ne|na `g

ca uwg }g gkmwgkp|e e kwg}p|a ec|g`gà|+ Maba }n ec à|bn| vg|î|e"

ba} paè kwg}p|e zg|}akecnè` gk wk |gmnzngkpg# ~ mwekà `g}zg|"

peba}# ce zg|}akecnè` kwg}p|e }g vwgcvg e vg|pg| gk kwg}p|e bgkpg#

ccgkekà wk vemâa eze|gkpg+ Cwgda `g gcca# mabgkxeba} e zg|mnln| gc

mwg|za# gkvnekà }gõecg} ~ |gmnlngkà gk gc bn}ba nk}pekpg z|gdwk"

pe} pek ma`neke} maba# àk`g g}peba} ~ maba `gla `g empwe| mak

bn mwg|za gk gc g}zemna gk uwg bg gkmwgkp|a# ze|e cwgda mwbzcn| mak

wke kgmg}nè`+

Ce z|nbg|e }npwemnýk g} ce g}mece o}nme bgkpec# uwg g}på mabzwg}pe

za| ce} e}amnemnakg} bgkpecg} mak uwg ka} |gcemnakeba} âe e `âe+ Za|

bg`na `g ce g}mece o}nme }gk}a|nec gcce ez|gk`g ~ gvacwmnake+

G}pe }gdwkè g}mece# g} gc |ggha `g ce |gecnè` uwg mezpeba} mak ca}

ý|deka} }gk}a|necg}# ~ empweba} za| bg`na `gc mwg|za Fwbeka+

Eble} g}mece} oa|bek wk pg|mg| mabzakgkpg uwg g} gc z|g}gkpg ~ uwg

|gz|g}gkpa mak gc kabl|g `g }nkg|dne+ Gcce ka} e~wè ze|e |gzcekpge|

`nog|gkpg} zwkpa} }ndknmekpg} `g ce fn}pa|ne+



G]M 8 E\U

56


@g}e||acceba} mak gcca# mak}ndke} mcevg}# z|gdwkpe|ka}# ±mýba g}

uwg ce e|uwnpgmpw|e zwg`g dgkg|e| ce g}mece }nme }gk}a|nec ~ ce g}mece

}nme bgkpec gk wk }aca gcgbgkpa1# ~ e`gbå} ±makdgce| euwgcca nkvn}"

nlcg gk ecda mak bg`nè} ~ zeczelcg1G}pe} oa|be} `g makdgce| mak bg`nè} |gecg} ~ zeczelcg}# ce wcnxe"

lek ca} gdnzmna}+ Femg bncg} `g eõa} ce} zn|åbn`g} ~ ce g}kdg# pgkâek

wke ma||g}zak`gkmne `n|gmpe mak gc |bebgkpa g}pgce|+ E ce vgx uwg

}w za}nmnakebngkpa gkmehele `n|gmpebgkpg mak ce |g` kgw|åcdnme `gc

zcekgpe Png||e+ G}pe} zn|åbn`g} gkgk wk g}zghn}ba mak ce} }nkg|dne}

kepw|ecg}# g}pa }ndknme uwg za| wk ceà femg ce wknmemnýk mak gc ]ac ~gc zcekgpe Png||e# ~ za| ap|a peblnîk wke |gcemnýk mak gc Fabl|g# uwg

}al|gze}e ebzcnebgkpg wke |gcemnýk }nme mak gc mwg|za# e`gbå} `g

gcce g} e}nbn}ba wke |gcemnýk bgkpec+

Nbednkgba} uwg paà} g}pa} gcgbgkpa} `g ce kepw|ecgxe# }ak gkce"

xeà} za| bg`na `g wke |g` `g câkge}# ~ uwg ed|wzeà} gk kwg}p|e

bgkpg za| bg`na `g e}amnemnakg} mabzakgba} paà gk ce Wknè`+

Gcca g} ca uwg femg uwg ka zaèba} ez|gmne| wke oapa `g wk alhgpa a

wke cbemnýk# zwg}pa uwg gc alhgpa eùwng|g vnè mwekà }g kwp|g `g

}w g}zemna+ Pekpa gc alhgpa maba gc g}zemna }ak wke bn}be gkè`# ~

gc nkknpa gkp|gcexebngkpa uwg gn}pg gk ce vnvgkmne `g wk g}zemna# g}

nbza}nlcg mezpe| za| mwecuwng| bg`na+ ]npwe|ka} o|gkpg e ce} zn|åbn`g}

mak }w nkbgk}nè` `g g}mece}# g}zghekà }w |gcemnýk mak gc Wknvg|}a#~ e ce vgx mak gc zcekgpe Png||e gk }w |g` dgabîp|nme ~ ce} uwâbnme}

bnkg|ecg} uwg mabzakgk kwg}p|a mwg|za fwbeka+ Ce }nkg|dne euwâ }g

z|g}gkpe maba wke macwbke vg|pgl|ec# uwg paà ca wknme+

Lwmibnk}pg| Owccg|+ @~benak Bez+ Zacng`|a} |gdwce|g}# mezpek ~

`n}p|nlw~gk ce gkg|dâe }al|g ca} vý|mg}+5



G]M 8 E\U

5>


\ALG\P LEW_EC# ]gm|gp Mfeblg|# Pfg Uwg}p

oa| pfg Fecc ao \gma|`}# 5>>>+

G}pe} bn}be} makgnakg}# ~ uwnxå} fe}pe bå} nbzempekpg} }g gkmwgk"

p|ek gc ca} pgbzca} Be~e}# uwg e`gbå} g g}pe} z|azngè`g} bekghe"

lek ce} cwmg} ~ }abl|e} ze|e `gpg|bnke| ce} g}pemnakg}# èkà oa|be

e d|ek`g} |gcahg} `gc Wknvg|}a+

Zn|åbn`g `gc ]ac gk Pgafwemåk



G]M 8 E\U

<:


E bg`nè uwg evekxeba} gk ce fn}pa|ne femne gc z|g}gkpg# gn}pg wk

meblna `g vn}pe ~ `n|gmmnýk `g ce} nkpgk}nakg} gk ce e|uwnpgmpw|e+

Gk aza|pwknè`g} ce} ndcg}ne} ~ mepg`|ecg} gc Bg`nagva# }ak z|a~gmpe"

è} mak z|gmg`gkmne} gk }w} `n}za}nmnakg} a|ngkpeve}# |g}zgpekàzwkpa} me|`nkecg}# w ap|e} nbzcekpemnakg} gk }gmpa|g} àk`g gn}pg

ekpg|na|bgkpg ap|e |gcndnýk+ G}pa} }ak }ýca à} ghgbzca} `g ca} nkkn"

pa} uwg gn}pgk nk}g|pa} `gkp|a `g gcce}+

Ce Bgxuwnpe `g Mý|àle vn}pe `g}`g gc en|g+ Nbedgk gp|eâè `g Tninzg`ne+

Gk ce bg`nè uwg evekxeba} ec z|g}gkpg ce} mak}p|wmmnakg} `ghek `g

pgkg| g}pe makgnýk mak gc Wknvg|}a# ~ `g|nvek }w z|azý}npa mak ap|a}

kg}+ Meè wka `g gcca} makoa|bek ca} mebnka} mak uwg }g ve nbzcek"pekà ~ `g}e||accekà ce |gecnè`+ Ce bepg|ne# ce mnwè`# ~ mwecuwng|

mak}p|wmmnýk g|dwnè ekpg kwg}p|e vn}pe# dgkg|e wke nbz|g}nýk bgkpec

uwg |gzg|mwpg gk kwg}p|e bekg|e `g empwe|+

Gn}pgk gk ce fn}pa|ne zg|}ake} mw~a alhgva g|e |gzcekpge| makmgzpa}

bec nk}pew|eà}# wke `g ce} zg|}ake} bå} e}abl|a}e} gk ce fn}pa|ne

empwec `g ce g}mece bgkpec# g} Knmacå} Mazî|knma uwg |gmabzakg gczgk}ebngkpa# vacvngkà e nk}pew|e| gc a|`gk g uwg gc ]ac g} gc mgkp|a

<

=



G]M 8 E\U

<5


`gc Wknvg|}a# femngkà `g ce kepw|ecgxe uwg ka} mn|mwkè# ce z|nkmnzec

mcevg `g kwg}p|e gn}pgkmne# uwg ewk fa~ `âe ka }g fe nkpg|z|gpeà gk

}w papecnè`+

Fe}pe gk g}pg nk}pekpg# gn}pgk gk bwmfa} me}a} ce mabza}nmnýk `g

wke al|e uwg }g ewpa gkeba|e femne }â bn}be# makmglnè ze|e }g|

al}g|veè maba wk mwg|za en}ceà ~ øknma# alhgpa `gc `g}ga `g ca}

ý|deka} }gk}a|necg}+

]al|g ce makpgbzcemnýk `g g}pa} alhgpa}# `gzgk`g `gc d|eà |gz|g"

}gkpemnýk uwg }g beknzwcg ~ ce îzame mwcpw|ec gk uwg g}på gkvwgcpe+

Cgake|à @e _nkmn gk euwgcca} gbza} |gecnxe wk meblna z|aowkà gk

ce e|uwnpgmpw|e# mak ce |gz|g}gkpemnýk `gc vwgca `g zåhe|a+ Cg Ma|lw"

}ng| gk ce g|e `g ce båuwnke# nbednkele n| `gc p|eleha ec fade| wcn"

xekà maba bg`na `g p|ek}za|pg wk evnýk+

@nlwha `g Cgake|à @e _nkmn

ê gc makmgzpa euwâ `g vg| ce e|uwnpgmpw|e maba wk alhgpa øknma# ec

ndwec uwg gc W|lekn}ba ~ }w uwnkpe oemfeè zcekpgeè za| Cg Ma|lw}n"

g|# fnxa kgmg}e|ne ce pgmkacadâe ze|e za`g| makpgbzce| ce Png||e mabawk alhgpa a|dåknma# |gvg}à za| ce zngc bwk`nec+



G]M 8 E\U

<<


Gk g}pa} z|nbg|a ze}a} }g |gecnxý ce nkmw|}nýk femne ce Cwke# ~ }g mak"

pgbzcý za| z|nbg|e vgx ce Png||e `g}`g eowg|e+ Empwecbgkpg ce pgm"

kacadâe ~ ca} bg`na} `g mabwknmemnýk# ka} p|egk e kwg}p|e} beka} ce

za}nlncnè` `g vg| gc zcekgpe Png||e gk }w papecnè` ~ e ce vgx bn fade|#ce wlnmemnýk gempe àk`g bg gkmwgkp|a `gkp|a `g îc+

G}pa} zwkpa} nbza|pekpg}# }ak ca} uwg meblnek ce oa|be gk maba

e}mgk`gba} a `g}mgk`gba} gk ce g}mecg|e `gc gkpgk`nbngkpa+ Gk

àk`g meè zgcèõa g} wke vn}nýk# ~ gcce |gmabzakg kwg}p|e |gecnè`

zg|}akec+ @g ca} ghgbzca} mnpeà}# vgba} wke `nog|gkmne nbza|pekpg

gk gcca}# euwgcca uwg gk wk z|nbg| babgkpa gc g}mgke|na `gc Wknvg|"}a g|e ce |eâx g ce e|uwnpgmpw|e# ~ gk g}pa} gbza} ak`g ce nkpgk}nýk

fe meblneà ze|e makoa|be| }w} |eâmg} gk alhgva} pgk`ngkà e ca

bepg|nec# ~ ce e|uwnpgmpw|e maba wk mwg|za `g `g}ga+

Pgkgba} ca} bg`na} uwg ekpg} kn nbednkåleba}# za`gba} ekecn"

xe| e ce kepw|ecgxe `g}`g nkknpa} zwkpa} `g vn}pe+ E ce vgx za"

`gba} emmg`g| e wk wha `g nkoa|bemnýk nkele|melcg# g} za| gccauwg }g `glg makmngkxe| }al|g wke e|uwnpgmpw|e uwg |gmak}p|w~e

}w} |eâmg}# ~ vwgcve e pgkg| g}pg g}zghn}ba gk ce kepw|ecgxe# gcce g}

ce owgkpg z|nkmnzec `g ce }eln`w|âe+

E+0+ ” Femne wke p|ek}a|bemnýk `gc zgk}ebngkpa+

Cwgda `g ze}e| za| gc zceka `g ca} ý|deka} }gk}a|necg}# mabgkxe"

ba} e makpgbzce| maba paà }g nkpg||gcemnake+

0



G]M 8 E\U

<=


Ce }nkg|dne g} ca uwg wknme ca }nbzcg ze|e vacvg|ca nkknpa ~ mab"

zcgha# ~ wcnxe maba bg`na `g e}mgk}nýk wke g}mece# uwg zwg`g }g|

oåmncbgkpg |gz|g}gkpeè bgkpecbgkpg za| wke g}mecg|e `g e}mgk}nýk#uwg gkg zgcèõa} za| àk`g p|gze ~ e}mngk`g ce }nkg|dne+

]npwekà e ce }nkg|dne maba ca bå} nbza|pekpg uwg ka} emabzeõe gk

kwg}p|a z|g}gkpg makkwa# ez|gk`gba} e e|be|ka} nk}p|wbgkpa} `g

mabz|gk}nýk `g ce kepw|ecgxe+ ]g|gba} ka}ap|a} ca} uwg ka} mak`wx"

meba} mak nkpgk}nýk femne e||nle za| ca} zgcèõa}# mabz|gk`ngkà

meè wke g ce} g}mece} uwg ca mabzakgk# ze}eba} g}`g ca }gk}a|nec

femne ca bgkpec+ \gmabzakngkà zgk}ebngkpa} gk ce e|uwnpgmpw|e g

nkpgk}nakg} gk ce ow}nýk kec# àk`g paà g} g}zgheà# `g}`g gc Wkn"

vg|}a ~ }w makgnýk mak ce e|uwnpgmpw|e+

Ze|e za`g| g}zghe| ca mabzcgha }g `glg vacvg| }nbzcg# ~ eze|pekà

meè wke `g ce} g}mece} `g }w wknýk g} maba mabgkxeba} e mab"

z|gk`g|ce+ @g}`g gc dîkg}n} `g meè ze|pg }g mabz|gk`g ce wknè`+

Ce kepw|ecgxe zwg`g }g| `nvn`nè gk mwep|a g}peà}9 g}pa} }ak ca} bn"

]NKG\DNEZ\G]GKPG

]GK]A\NEC

BGKPEC

BEPG\NE

MAKMGZPA

G]MECG\E " BG@NA



G]M 8 E\U

<0


kg|ecg}# vgdgpecg}# eknbecg} ~ gc mwg|za fwbeka+ Ca} z|nbg|a} p|g}

mabzakgkpg} makgkgk wk g}zghn}ba be|meà mak kwg}p|a mwg|za#

~ za| pekpa }g za`|å zcekpge| uwg paà} gcca} }g gkmwgkp|ek `gkp|a

kwg}p|a+ ]n dgkg|eba} g}pe} makgnakg} pek zw|e}# |gmabzakgba} ecal}g|veà| ~ ca al}g|veà gk wke }ace gkè`+

@g g}pe bekg|e g} uwg }g |gnkpg|z|gpe ce oa|be `g ce kepw|ecgxe ~

ce lø}uwgè `g }w dîkg}n}# }n `g}nkpgd|eba} |gvg|}nlcgbgkpg gk gc

gbza e mwecuwng| oa|be e|uwnpgmpýknme# vacvgba} e }w dgabgp|âe

~ mak gcca e }w }gbncce `g makmgzmnýk# mwekpa bå} mg|me `g gcce g}pe"

ba}# ewk be~a| g} ce g}mece gk uwg ka} }npweba}+ @g g}pe bekg|e g}mabzwg}pe ce }gbncce gc Wknvg|}a# ce vâe cåmpge# gc mwg|za Fwbeka9 ce

}gbncce g} wknvg|}ec e mwecuwng| a|dekn}ba# ~ mwekpa bå} z|nbnva }ge

î}pg# be~a| g}mece makgkg+

Ce }gbncce `gc bnkg|ec# ca bå} z|nbnva `g paà# g} uwngk àbnke ce

be~a| g}mece# cwgda `g gcce }ndwgk ce vgdgpec ~ eknbec# meè wke `g

gcce} makgkg wk gkcemg nk`g}p|wmlcg mak }w }gbncce }wzg|na|# ce gva"cwmnýk }g bekgkg wknmeè+

]GBNCCE FWBEKE

]GBNCCE _GDGPEC

]GBNCCE EKNBEC



G]M 8 E\U

<7


Paè} ce} }gbncce} z|avngkgk `g ce bn}be be`|g kepw|ecgxe# g} gc zwk"

pa `g |gz|g}gkpemnýk `g ce} }nkg|dne} gk wk }aca alhgpa+

]n ekecnxeba} ce }gbncce `g wk å|lac# ~ `g}mabzakgba} meè wke `g

}w} ze|pg} makmgzpwecg} uwg }g wkgk mak gc bnkg|ec# pgk`|gba} ekpg

kwg}p|e vn}pe ce dgkîme `g }w dîkg}n} makmgkp|eè ~ z|apgdnè za| }w

zngc+ ^ g} euwâ# uwg `g}`g gc ekåcn}n} ~ g}pw`na `g meè mabzakgkpg#

za`gba} |gecnxe| wke mabze|emnýk ~ g}zghe| ce} nkpgk}nakg} `g ma"

kgnýk mak ce kepw|ecgxe gk kwg}p|e e|uwnpgmpw|e# mabzakngkà al"

hgpa} uwg vnvgk ze|e gc gkpa|ka kepw|ec |gz|g}gkpekà gc makmgzpa

maba }w be~a| alhgva# ~ ce bepg|necnè` maba wk makhwkpa `g alhg"pa} `n}zwg}pa} ze|e }w alhgva z|nba|`nec+

Wk alhgva `glg }g| øknma ~ be|meà za| wk n`gec+ Pgkg| maba alhg"

va |ggkmakp|e| ~ femg| ek ce e|uwnpgmpw|e mak ce kepw|ecgxe g} mgk"

p|ecnxe| g nkpgd|e| paà} ca} z|nkmnzna} gk wke }ace gkè`+

EONKN@E@KEPW\EC

FABL\G

ZCEKGPE PNG\\E ]AC



MEZNPWCA L

G]MECE] BEPG\NECG]/

MAKMGZPWECG]



G]M 8 E\U

<>

G]MECE]

L " G]MECE] BEPG\NECG] / MAKMGZPWECG]

L+5+ ” N`gkpnomemnýk `g g}mece} gk ce bepg|necnè`

Wke `g ce} mezemnè`g} nk`n}mwlcg} `g ce bgkpg# g} ce eknè` uwgpgkgba} `g nbednke| }g| wk alhgpa kepw|ec+ Ec }npwe|ka} `g}`g }w

bn|eè# |åznèbgkpg ka} p|e}ceèba} }al|g ce} g}mece} bepg|necg}+

Nbednkîbaka} p|e}ceè|ka} e wke mîcwce `g kwg}p|a mwg|za# ~ za}n"

mnakåkàka} gk gcce# mabz|gk`gba} uwg gk }w gkpa|ka gn}pg wke

g}pelncn e` el}acwpe# g ce bn}be bekg|e gk uwg ka}ap|a} zg|mnlnba}

mak g}pelncnè` gc Wknvg|}a uwg ka} makgkg+ Fedek wke z|wgle bw~

gkp|gpgknè# mebnkgk gk câkge |gmpe# mak bwmfa mwnèà mng||gk ca}

aha} ~ }ndek mebnkekà za| wka} }gdwkà}# ec el|n| ca} aha} zwg`gk

pgkg| `nvg|}e} zg|mgzmnakg} `g ce} uwg gk g}pg }gkà ka} |gog|n|g"

ba} e à} `g gcce}# za| wk ceà `g uwg zg|`n}pg wk o|edbgkpa `gc

|gma||nà ~ uwg meblný pw g}zemna gk |gcemnýk ec ekpg|na|# a za| ap|a ce

}gk}emnýk `g uwg mwekà mebnkeba} zg|bekgmgba} uwngpa} ~ paà

ca uwg }g gkmwgkp|e e kwg}p|a ec|g`gà| }g bwgvg+ G}pa }g glg e uwggk kwg}p|e bgkpg mak}p|wnba} mak ce nbednkemnýk alhgpa} uwg gkgk

vnè ~ gc mg|gl|a g} }w felnpåmwca g}pelcg+

Gk g}pg z|gmn}a babgkpa g}peba} vnehekà e bå} `g 5::+:::ib!f

øknmebgkpg gk gc zcekgpe Png||e ec|g`gà| `gc ]ac# }nk nbednke|

euwgcce} n}pekmne} uwg |gma||g gc }n}pgbe }ace| gk ce decene g ce uwg

g} ze|pg+

]n efa|e ka} p|e}ceèba} femne ce zg|mgzmnýk `gc ]ac# îc ka} zg|mnlg

e ka}ap|a} maba zwkpa} `nbnkwpa} ~ ma|zw}mwce|g} uwg }g bwgvgk

`nkåbnmebgkpg gk wk zguwgõa g}zemna ~ leha }w} cg~g} uwg ka} ce}

nbzakg nk}kvebgkpg+ Ka} al}g|ve maba meze|exakg} el}a|lgkpg}

`g }w gkg|dâe pgkngkà maba nkpg|bg`ne|na gc zcekgpe Png||e ec uwg

ecnbgkpe# ~ e ce vgx p|ek}oa|beà|g} `g ce bepg|ne a|dåknme gk `n}"kpa} gcgbgkpa} uwg wcnxeba} za| kgmg}nè`+ ]aba} ce bgkpg uwg



G]M 8 E\U

=:

G]MECE]

kgmg}npe ze|e vnvn| ~ }w} ap|a} zcekgpe} g nkmcw}nvg ce Png||e# }ak }w}

ý|deka} ~ gp|gbnè`g}+

Paè g}pe èkxe e|býknme gkp|g zcekgpe} }g `g}e||acce gk wk a|dekn}"

ba }wzg|na|+ Gc ]ac g} wke g}p|gcce bå} `gc Wknvg|}a# ~ ce g}mece be~a|`g paà} g}pa} mabzakgkpg} uwg }ak ze|mnzg} fe}pe ce} oa|be} nkn"

bednkelcg} eøk ka gzca|eè}# g} gc g}zemna uwg ccgke paà ca vn}n"

lcg+

Gc zwkpa `g vn}pe bå} mabøk g} uwg gc g}zemna g} wk vemna `gc mwec }g

}ngkpg ep|eâà ce bepg|necnè`# ce kepw|ecgxe gk`g e ccgke| gc vemna#

kwg}p|e bgkpg z|a~gmpe e ze|| `g mabzakg|ca+ Gc vemna g} papecnpe|na#

ca amwze paà# ~ mabzakg ce z|nbg|e g}mece uwg ka} za`gba} dw|e|

gk ce m|gemnýk+ _emâa ~ bepg|ne nkpg|empwekà gk ce `wecnè`+

Mwekà zgk}eba} gk gc vemâa `gc Wknvg|}a# ka} nbednkeba} ce a}"

mw|nè` el}acwpe àk`g }g ekwkmnek ce} g}p|gcce} `gc |bebgkpa

g}pgce| uwg ca ccgkek+

G}peba} `g`wmngkà `g g}pe bekg|e wke makp|eza}nmnýk e ce oa|"

bemnýk `gc maca| kgd|a gk gc zcekgpe Png||e+ Euwâ gc kgd|a }ndknme

uwg gkg paà} ca} maca|g} makmgkp|eà} `gkp|a `g }â bn}ba# paè

ce gkg|dâe makpgknè+ Ca uwg guwnvec`|âe z|gdwkpe|ka} g}  }n paà

gc Wknvg|}a g} ccgka# ~ }ak ce} g}p|gcce} ce} uwg z|avamek wk vemâa

`gkp|a `g îc+

Gc vemâa g} wk d|ek gp|gba nbednkelcg# }n ccgveba} ec vemâa ~ e ce be"

pg|ne gk à} zwkpa} makp|ezwg}pa}# ce wknýk nkknpe `g}`g wk zwkpa e

ap|a# ep|evng}e za| paà ca uwg makamgba} maba bepg|ne+



G]M 8 E\U

=5

G]MECE]

Gk ce bg`nè uwg }wlnba} gk ce g}mece `g ce |gz|g}gkpemnýk ka} è"

ba} mwgkpe uwg mwekpa bå} gpî|ge g nkvn}nlcg g} ce }w}pekmne# be~a|

g} ce |gz|g}gkpemnýk g paà ca uwg ka} |a`ge# ccgdekà fe}pe gc zwkpa

gk uwg gc vemâa ka} wknme dcalecbgkpg+

@gkp|a `g kwg}p|a mg|gl|a gn}pg wka `g ca} vemâa} bå} z|aowkà}9

ce bgkpg za| bg`na `g }w} nkknpebgkpg zguwgõe} makgnakg} gcîm"

p|nme} owkmnakekà gk wk bnm|a vemâa emak`nmnakeà# ka} apa|de ce

nbednkemnýk+ Za`gba} mabzakg| dgabgp|âe} zg|ogmpe} uwg }nuwng|e

ma||g}zak`gk e kwg}p|a bwkà# ~ }ak mezemg} `g}`g gcce} `n}zakg| ~

`g`wmn| wk }nkkøbg|a `g mwg}akg}+

G}pe bn}be zg|ogmmnýk ka} zg|bnpg nbednke| wke câkge |gmpe g nkknpe#

]wl}pekmne " D|eà} `g vemâa

_gdgpecg} Eknbecg}

FwbekaBnkg|ecg}

F e m

n e c a c c g k a



G]M 8 E\U

=<

G]MECE]

a wke zn|åbn`g zg|ogmpe+ G}pe} dw|e} dgabîp|nme} }nblacnxek euwgcca

uwg }g `g`wmg `g ce} z|nbg|e} g}mece}+ Mwekpa bå} zg|ogmpa g} gc al"

hgpa gk ce bgkpg# bå} dcalecnxe gc zgk}ebngkpa# g} `gmn| uwg mwekpa

be~a| g} ce g}mece# be~a| zg|ogmmnýk makgkg+]n pabeba} `g ghgbzca wke fahe `g wk å|lac# vgba} gk gcce uwg mak"

gkg câkge} `n|gmp|nmg} a|`gkeè} makvgkngkpgbgkpg mak ce eèz"

pemnýk ec cwde|# }n za| makp|eza}nmnýk pabeba} wke zn|npe# uwg g} wk

bnkg|ec uwg }g `g}e||acce gk ce} z|aowk`nè`g} `gc zcekgpe# vg|gba}

ce zg|ogmmnýk gk }w `n}p|nlwmnýk bacgmwce| d|emne} e ce mak}pekmne `g

}w g}zemna uwg cg zg|bný `g}e||acce| }w dgabgp|âe+

Fahe Zn|npe



G]M 8 E\U

==

G]MECE]

@g ce bn}be bekg|e za`gba} ez|gmne| gc fa|nxakpg zg|ogmpa `g wk

amîeka ze|e makpgbzce| ce g}mece gc zcekgpe Png||e+ Gk ce bg`nè uwg

ka} veba} |g`wmngkà `g g}mece}# ~ mabgkxeba} e al}g|ve| kwg}p|a

a|dekn}ba# ce zg|mgzmnýk gk`g e ce nkg}pelncn e`# zg|`ngkà ce g}pe"lncnè` `g`wmnlcg `g ca uwg ka} |a`ge+

Paè} ce} g}mece} uwg ka} gkvwgcvgk }ak eze|gkpg}# ka pgkgba} zg|"

ogmmnýk el}acwpe gk kwg}p|a} }gkà}# za| pekpa kwkme za`|gba} ccg"

de| e zg|mnln|ce+

Gn}pg wk makhwkpa `g g}mece} uwg }g oa|be|ak gk gc bn}ba nk}pekpg

`g ce oa|bemnýk `g kwg}p|a mwg|za# ~ gcce} }ak ce} uwg }g bekng}pek

makpgknè} `gkp|a `gc zcekgpe Png||e+ Ze|e }w be~a| }nbzcgxe `g mab"

z|gk}nýk# }g wcnxe ce `nvn}nýk `g ca} gcgbgkpa} uwg gkg wke zg|pg"

kgkmne |gec gk maba }g g}e||acce kwg}p|a a|dekn}ba# ak`g meè wke

`g }w} ze|pg} }g zwg`gk mabzakg| gk g}pe} `nvn}nakg} eze|gkpg} uwg

fek }nà zcekpgeè} za| cý}aoa} `gc ekdwa A|ngkpg ~ D|gmne+

Bnkg|ec _gdgpec Eknbec Fwbeka Bgkpg

_gdgpec Eknbec Fwbeka Bgkpg

Eknbec Fwbeka Bgkpg

Fwbeka Bgkpg

Bgkpg

Gvacwmnýk `g ce bepg|ne# gk g}peà} `g ce |gecnè` z|g}gkpg}+

Ce bgkpg g} ca uwg wknme paà `gkp|a `g }â bn}be# `g}`g ce g}mece

makmgzpwec uwg bå} e`gcekpg vg|gba}# e ce g}mece bepg|nec+

]n bekpgkgba} gc makmgzpa g uwg gc ]ac g} gc vemâa uwg }g gzek`g ~pabe wk cwde| `gkp|a `gc ccgka# vg|gba} uwg gn}pg wke g}mece g}zgmâ"



G]M 8 E\U

=0

G]MECE]

me uwg mabzakg ca} vemna}# gk ak`g ze|pg g g}pe g}mece }g camecnxe

kwg}p|a mwg|za+

G}pg vemâa }g gkmwgkp|e zceknmeà mak wke cg~ `g a|`gkemnýk ew|ge#

~ p|ek}oa|bekà gc g}zgmp|a e g}pe} z|aza|mnakg} g} maba ka} dgkg|e

kwgve} ma||g}zak`gkmne} ~ wknmemnýk mak paà+

G}mece `g paà} ca} gcgbgkpa} ~ }w emg|mebngkpa ec ]ac+

G}zgmp|a gcgmp|abedkîma+

7



G]M 8 E\U

=7

G]MECE]

Gc ]ac g} wke zace|nè` `gc vemna# ~ paà ca uwg }g gkmwgkp|e e

kwg}p|a ec|g`gà| }ak z|a`wmpa `g ce d|eèmnýk nkknpe uwg gn}pg

gkp|g g}pe} à} zace|nè`g}+

Gk ce wknmemnýk `g ce} nkknpe} g}mece}# gn}pg wke o|ekhe uwg g} ceempwemnýk g ce e|uwnpgmpw|e+ Gk g}pg o|edbgkpa g g}mece} bepg|necg}#

za`gba} gp|eg| wke }gcgmmnýk `g akè} uwg azg|ek gk ce bepg|ne#

`gpg|bnkekà wk makhwkpa `g `nvg|}nè`g} e|uwnpgmpýknme} uwg mak"

`gk}e gc ]ac gk ce Png||e+

Mabz|gk`ngkà ca} gcgbgkpa} ~ makmg`g|cg} z|azngè`g} ze|e dg"

kg|e| `g}`g ce uwâbnme }w z|azne }w}pgkpelncnè`# ze|e cwgda `n}za"

kg|ca} makvgkngkpgbgkpg gk ce e|uwnpgmpw|e# g} maba dgkg|eba} g}"

zgha} mak ca }wzg|na|+ Wlnme| wk gcgbgkpa gk gc g}zemna# g} zgk}e|

gk maba î}pg g} ze|pg `gc ]ac# ~ ec bn}ba gbza g} ze|pg `g kwg}p|e

bgkpg+ \gz|g}gkpeba} ce} à} g}mece} e ce vgx# uwg gk }w wknýk }g

dgkg|e wke `g ce} }nkg|dne} bå} nbza|pekpg} uwg vnvnme ~ gk|nuwgmg

gc g}zemna+

L+<+ ” @g}gkvacvnbngkpa `g ce} g}mece}

]al|g g}pg zeka|ebe `g}m|nzva `g g}mece} ~ ce |goa|bwcemnýk mak"

mgzpwec uwg pgkgba} femne gcce# vgba} uwg }w `g}gkvacvnbngkpa gk

ce |gecnè` }ngbz|g z|g}gkpg# g} za| bg`na `g ce o|gmwgkmne# ca bývnc

uwg ghg|mg wk d|eà `g gkg|dâe uwg z|avame ca makp|e|na e ce nkgn}"

pgkmne+ _nl|e| g} ce azmnýk azwg}pe e ka gn}|# ~ `gmn`nèbgkpg paàgc vemna uwg makamgba} g}pe |gzcgpa `g g}pe vacwkpe` `g beknog}pe|}g

ekpg ka}ap|a}+

]w `g}gkvacvnbngkpa g} mak}pekpg ~ }g p|ek}oa|be nkmg}ekpgbgkpg+

Ce mak}pekpg `g Zcekmi# ekwkmne uwg ce bepg|ne bå} âkbe wmpøe

ec|g`gà| `gc zwkpa mg|a# euwgcce bepg|ne uwg ka }g bekng}pe zg|"

bekgmg gk gc mg|a# gkmg||ekà }w zapgkmne nkkepe gk meè ze|pg `g

gcce+



G]M 8 E\U

=?

G]MECE]

E ze|| `g uwg g}pg ma|zø}mwca |abzg }w gkvacpw|e# bekng}pe ekpg

kwg}p|e vn}pe wk baà `g bepg|ne uwg d|e`wecbgkpg ve }wmg`ngkà

}w oa|be ~ p|ek}oa|bekà }w gkvacpw|e }nk meblne| ce g}gkmne+

Gk ce e}mgk}nýk `g g}mece}# vgba} maba g}pe bepg|ne uwg }g ka} z|g"

}gkpe# eùwng|g gkp|a g }w} oa|be} a} mce}nmemnakg} g gvacwmnýk+

Za| wk ceà pgkgba} euwgcca z|nbnva uwg }ngbz|g gn}ý# gc bnkg|ec

g} gc }w}pgkpa `g paè ce bepg|ne# ~ e ze|| `g îc }g `g}gkvwgcvgk ~

gvacwmnakek ce} `gbå} bepg|ne}+ ]w mabza}nmnýk vemâe g} ce mcevg `gc

ccgka# }w oa|be g} ze|e makp|ezakg| `n|gmpebgkpg e îc9 }nk îc ka gn}"

|âe knkdøk za `g }w}pgkpa ze|e gc vgdgpec# eknbec ~ fwbeka+

\e~a} debbe

\e`na

Bnm|aakè}

Nko|e||aha

_n}nlcg

Wcp|evnacgpe

\e~a} V

Kømcga epýbnm

Fwbeka}

Be|nza}e}

Zwkpe `g edwhe

Z|apaxaa}

Bacîmwce}

Åpaba}

Bakpeõe}



G]M 8 E\U

=4

G]MECE]

Gk ce bg`nè uwg gn}pg wke gvacwmnýk ~ ca} gbå} gcgbgkpa} }g }ace"

zek ~ eza~ek wka }al|g ap|a# gc gcgbgkpa z|nba|`nec ve makoa|bekà

ca} la|`g}# maba wk d|ek mn|mwca uwg paà ca makgkg ~ }w nkpg|na|

vnvg ~ m|gmg d|emne} e îc+

]AC

``

` 2 `n}pekmne ec mgkp|a



G]M 8 E\U

=6

G]MECE]

G}pe `gpg|bnkemnýk d|eme ka} bwg}p|e `g uwg bekg|e paà }g ve

gzek`ngkà# gk wk Wknvg|}a uwg gn}pg gk gc nk}pekpg `g ca el}a"

cwpa# ~ gk uwg meè wka `g }w} mabzakgkpg} }g ve beknog}pekà gk

ce |gecnè` e bg`nè uwg gc Wknvg|}a }g gzek`g ~ `ghe ba}p|e| }w}gcgbgkpa} eøk amwcpa}+

Gc gcgbgkpa bnkg|ec }ngbz|g gk gzek}nýk# `gbwg}p|e gk }w mab"

za}nmnýk }g| ca z|nbnva# euwgcca uwg ka meblne }w uwâbnme za|uwg g}

gc }w}pgkpa `g paà ca `gbå}# ~ `gkp|a `g }w mabza}nmnýk gn}pg wk

g}zgha mak ca} z|nbg|a} gcgbgkpa} `g ce m|gemnýk `gc Wknvg|}a+

Ka melg `wè uwg ce wcnxemnýk `g }w mak}pwmnýk gk ce e|uwnpgmpw|e

g} nkgvnpelcg# zwg}pa uwg }g gkmwgkp|e gk paà} ceà}+ Zg|a ce oa|be

gk uwg ca wcnmgba} ve e `gkape| wk emg|mebngkpa a wk ecghebngkpa

mak gc mwg|za fwbeka+

Mwekpa bå} z|nbnva g} gc bepg|nec# be~a| makgnýk mak kwg}p|a

mwg|za pgk`|å+

]n ep|evg}eba} za| paà} ca} g}peà} ~ `g}gkvacvgba} ec bnkg|ec fe}"

pe ccgde| e kwg}p|e bgkpg# ze}eba} za| paè} ce} g}mece} e makamg|# ~

gk kwg}p|a mwg|za }g gkmwgkp|ek z|g}gkpg} paà} ca} gcgbgkpa} ek"

pg|na|g}+

Ca} ý|deka} }gk}a|necg}# |gz|g}gkpek e meè wka `g ca} g}peà}+ Kwg}"

p|a} aâà} }ak mak`wmpa} makgmpeà} mak gc }aknà `gc Wknvg|}a#

kwg}p|a} aha} mak ca} bnkg|ecg} `gc zcekgpe uwg zg|mnlgk ca} maca|g}

~ ce cwx+ Gc acoepa# gc dw}pa ~ gc pempa ma||g}zak`gk meè wka e wk za

`g vnl|emnýk# ~ mak gcca e wke g}mece+ Gk ce bg`nè uwg }w ma||g}zak"

`gkmne g} be~a| a bgka|# g} ca uwg `gpg|bnke ce g}mece `g kwg}p|a}

}gkà}+



G]M 8 E\U

=>

G]MECE]

L+=+ ” Oa|be} gk maba }g z|g}gkpek paè} ce} g}mece} gk wk}ýca nk}pekpg+

Meè `gmn}nýk uwg pabeba} gk gc mebnka gvacwva `gc z|g}gkpg# g}

wke emmnýk pabeè gk gc ze}eà# wk ez|gk`nxehg# ~ gcca femg uwg meèwka `g ka}ap|a} ekpg wke bn}be emmnýk# ce `g}e||accgba} `g wke

bekg|e `nog|gkpg+

Meè g}mece uwg }wlnba} g} wke oa|be `g bepg|necnxemnýk `g mak"

mgzpa}# gk ce bg`nè uwg leheba} `g g}mece femne gc nkknpa# ka}femg|meba} e ca} z|nbg|a} ze}a} gvacwva}+



G]M 8 E\U

0:

G]MECE]

]n mabgkxeba} mak ca} z|nbnva} fabl|g}# ~ kwg}p|e `g}mgk`gkmne

`g gcca}# vg|gba} uwg ce} emmnakg} pabeè} za| gcca} owg|ak ce} uwg

`gpg|bnke|ak gc `g}e||acca owpw|a `g ce fwbeknè`+ Ce} zguwgõe}

emmnakg} gk g}pg nk}pekpg# }ak ce} uwg |gzg|mwpgk gk maba }g `g}e"||acce gc owpw|a `g ce} kwgve} dgkg|emnakg}+ G} za| gcca uwg ze|e ka"

}ap|a} g} kgmg}e|na emmnake| mak ce vacwkpe` femne wk k za}nva+

@glnà e paè} g}pe} emmnakg} gkme`gkeè}# gc ze}eà g} ca uwg `gpg|"

bnký g}pg z|g}gkpg# za| pekpa gk }w} nknmna}# pwva ce g}mece `g be~a|

nbza|pekmne za|uwg gcca} }ak ce dgkîme+ Ec ndwec uwg wke }gbncce `g

wk å|lac# uwg `gkp|a `g îc makgkg ce dgkîme `g ce} me|empg|â}me}empwecg} mcnbåme} ze|e gvacwmnake|+

Kwg}p|e} z|nbg|e} dgkîme} owg|ak mabzwg}pe} za| ca} bnkg|ecg}#

uwg fa~ gvacwmnakeè} gk kwg}p|a mwg|za cg èk ce oa|be e kwg}p|e}

z|nkmnzecg} me|empg|â}me}+ Gc edwe uwg }g bekng}pe ~ è vnè e me}n

ce papecnè` `g ca} a|dekn}ba}# g} gc bnkg|ec uwg bå} za|mgkpehg gn}"

pg `gkp|a kwg}p|a# ce Png||e gvacwmnakeè ~ mak`gk}eè gk kwg}p|a}n}pgbe ý}ga# gc en|g uwg mak}wbnba} mâmcnmebgkpg ~ gc owgda uwg w"

cnxeba} ze|e kwg}p|e nbednkemnýk bgkpec gk oa|be `g cwx+

@g g}pe} bekg|e} g nkknpe} bå}# paà} g}pa} gcgbgkpa} }g gkmwgk"

p|ek makpgknà} gk gc nk}pekpg# empwekà gk }w gvacwmnýk ze|e è|cg

vnè e kwg}p|a mwg|za gk }w papecnè`+

Meè vgx uwg z|a~gmpeba} e|uwnpgmpw|e# g}peba} ez|gk`ngkà e |g"

z|g}gkpe| ce} g}mece} `gc mwg|za gk wk `nlwha+ @gzgk`g gc zgcèõa gk

uwg ka} camecnmgba} ~ dgkg|gba} ce emmnýk# |gz|g}gkpeba} mak g}e}

bn}be} me|empg|â}me} bgkpecg}+ ]n kwg}p|e bgkpg makgkg wk zgk"

}ebngkpa meýma# z|a~gmpe|gba} `g}`g gc zceka `gc mea}# }n `g}`g

gcce }ecgk nbådgkg} mak wke makma|èkmne e|býknme ~ z|aza|mnakec#

ka} gkmakp|eba} za}nmnakeà} gk kwg}p|e makmngkmne }al|g wke ze|pgkwg}p|e uwg makgkg ce} bn}be} me|empg|â}me}+



G]M 8 E\U

05

G]MECE]

@g ce bn}be bekg|e wk knõa# nlwhe wke dw|e fwbeke ema|`g ec gcg"

bgkpa mak gc uwg bå} pgkde |gcemnýk ~ ca |gz|g}gkpe gk }w g}peà

bgkpec gk uwg }g gkmwgkp|e+

@gkp|a `g kwg}p|a mwg|za gn}pgk paè} ce} g}mece} e ce vgx# gk gc ba"

bgkpa gk uwg zgk}eba} `g oa|be meýme# g}peba} g}zghekà g}e}

me|empg|â}me} uwg }g gkmwgkp|ek beknog}påkà}g `gkp|a kwg}p|a# }n

}aba} guwncnl|eà}# meblneba} g za}nmnýk g ce makmngkmne ~ vgba}

e|bakâe ~ }nkpaknxeba} bgha| mak gcce+

L+0+ ” Dgabgp|âe wknomeà|e zg|gmpe / dgabgp|âe `gc mea}

Ca} g}peà} }ak g}pa} |ggha} bgkpecg} }al|g gc mwg|za# g bekg|e uwg

gn}pgk à} za} `g dgabgp|âe} z|g}gkpg} ~ fe|gba} wk }gdwnbngkpa

}al|g ce dgabgp|âe uwg ca wknme paà# ~ mak gcce mabz|gk`g|gba} ce}

g}mece} be~a|g} uwg za`|gba} |gghe| gk ce e|uwnpgmpw|e ~ }w mab"

za}nmnýk `g}`g }w dîkg}n}

Zwkpa ; g}mece }nk g}mece+

G} ce |gz|g}gkpemnýk `g ca el}acwpa# ca makgkg paà ~ e ce vgx keè+

G} gc Wknvg|}a }nk za`g| }g| vn}pa kn mabz|gk`nà }w} câbnpg}+

Gc zwkpa ec ndwec uwg ce g}mece `gc Wknvg|}a gn}pg `ne|nebgkpg gk pa"

à} ca} cwde|g} uwg p|ek}mw||nba}# wke bekxeke# kwg}p|a mg|gl|a# gc

zcekgpe Png||e ~ }w mgkp|ecnxemnýk g}og|anèc# gpm+

Câkge ; gc |gmakamnbngkpa `nog|gkmneà `g ce |gecnè` za| bg"

`na `g ce zace|nè` ~ }w nkknpe `n}pekmne+

Ce câkge g} ce }gdwkè g}mece# zwg}pa uwg }gze|e ca} à} zwkpa}# g} ca

z|nbg|a uwg }g |gm|ge mwekà }g z|a`wmg gk kemnbngkpa `g ecda+ ]n

zakgba} gc ghgbzca `g ce makmgzmnýk bepg|ke# ce câkge g} ce Wknýk

`gc ma|exýk `g ce be`|g mak gc ma|exýk `gc lglg9 ce bgkpg gk }w m|g"



G]M 8 E\U

0<

G]MECE]

mnbngkpa mabzakg }w }gdwkà zwkpa gk gc `g}e||acca `gc ogpa# uwg

be} pe|`g g} ce macwbke vg|pgl|ec+ Gk ce câkge mabngkxe e amw||n| ecda

nkndwecelcg uwg g} ce }nkg|dne# ce Wknýk Be`|g g Fnha+

Zacâdaka ; z|nbg|e} }nkg|dne}+ G}mece} nkog|na|g}+

Kwg}p|e} mnkma gp|gbnè`g} ekwkmneè} za| Cgake|à @e _nkmn gk gc

fabl|g `g _np|wvna# ka} è ce zg|mgzmnýk `g ce dgabgp|âe nk}g|pe gk

ka}ap|a}+

Gk wk me}a papecbgkpg azwg}pa# gk àk`g ca} zwkpa} }ak ce mab"

za}nmnýk bn}be# ~ ce za`gba} ez|gmne| gk ce g}mece bnm|a}mýznme# g}gk wk maza `g kngvg+

Maza `g kngvg+

Gk ce bg`nè uwg ca} zacâdaka} }g bwczcnmek gk zwkpa} gpg|na|g}#

}g mabzakgk }nkg|dne} be~a|g} uwg }g |gz|a`wmgk ~ owk`gk gk }w

mgkp|a nkvn}nlcg+

?



G]M 8 E\U

0=

G]MECE]

_acwbgk ; \gz|g}gkpemnýk oa|bec `g ca} gcgbgkpa} }nbzcg}+

Gc vacwbgk g} ce }nkg|dne `g wk be~a| købg|a `g bepg|necnè`g}# gc

zwkpa# ce câkge ~ gc zacâdaka glgk ze|mnze| gk îc ~ `gkp|a g îc# gn}"

pgk wke} `g ce} bå} mabzcgpe} }nkg|dne} uwg }ak |gz|g}gkpeè} za|ecdwka} gcgbgkpa} `g ce kepw|ecgxe+

Gk ce bg`nè uwg evekxeba} ~ g}pw`neba} g}pa} gcgbgkpa}# veba}

e gbz|gk`g| paè} ce} g}mece} uwg za`gba} ela|è| ze|e z|a~gmpe|

e|uwnpgmpw|e `g}`g ap|a zwkpa `g vn}pe bå}# ~ za| bg`na `g gcce} g}

za}nlcg ow}nake|# ca mabzcgha gk ce Wknè`+



MEZNPWCA M

WKNONMEMNÝK

EL]P\EMMNÝK/E\UWNPGMPW\E



G]M 8 E\U

04

WKNONMEMNÝK

M ” WKNONMEMNÝK ” EL]P\EMMNÝK / E\UWNPGMPW\E+

M+5+ ” Zwkpa

M+5+5+ ” Zwkpa g}zemnec

Gc zwkpa }g gkmwgkp|e z|g}gkpg gk paà ca uwg ka} |a`ge# ~ g} mezex

`g }ak`ge| za| paè} ce} g}mece} `glnà e }w d|ek wknvg|}ecnè`+

Nbednkgba} g}pe| ka}ap|a} gk wke mgke oebncne|# paà} }gkpeà} ec|g"

`gà| g wke bg}e àk`g mabze|ba} ce mabnè+ Gk meè wka g ca}

nkpgd|ekpg} `g ce oebncne gn}pg wk zwkpa# uwg g} ce bgkpg ~ makgkg

ze|mnzemnýk mak ca} gbå} zwkpa} za| bg`na g wke be~a| a bgka|eknè` mak ca} `gbå} nkpgd|ekpg}+

]g z|g}gkpe wk zwkpa nkgn}pgkpg maba bepg|ne# zg|a `g be~a| g}mece

uwg g} ce mgke gk }â bn}be9 gcce g} ce uwg z|avame uwg meè wke `g ce}

zg|}ake} pgkde uwg e}n}| ec gkmwgkp|a+ Euwâ ce mgke g} wk makmgzpa

uwg makgkg wke g}mece }wzg|na|# zwg}pa uwg ka g}pe |gvg}è gk

bepg|ne# zg|a e ce vgx paà} ca} nkpgd|ekpg} alg`gmgk e gcce za| ma}"pwbl|g} mwcpw|ecg}+ Ka gn}gkà bwczcnmnè` uwg ka }g zwgè wkn|

gk wke }ace gkè`+

Gc zwkpa gk g}pg ghgbzca# ep|evng}e za| à} mak}akekpg}# za| wk ceà

ca gn}pgkpg# uwg g} gc mwg|za bepg|nec ~ uwg ze|e za`g| ccgde| ec zwkpa

}wzg|na| `glg `g gbzcge| nkknpa} zwkpa} bå}# ~e uwg p|ek}za|pe|}g

e wk }na }ndknme zakg| gk bavnbngkpa wk makhwkpa `g makmgzpa}# ~za| ap|a# gc bn}ba zwkpa uwg zakg gk emmnýk paà ca ekpg|na|# gkg

wke makma|èkmne mak ce g}mece mwcpw|ec `g ce mgke oebncne|# uwg g}

mabøk `g}`g gbza} |gbapa} `g ce fwbeknè` ~ }g bekpgk`|å fe"

mne ca} gbza} owpw|a}# ecda nkma|za|eà gk kwg}p|a nk}kpa maba

peblnîk gk gc `g ca} eknbecg}+

G}pe} g}mece} gkgk wke ma||gcemnýk mak wk o|empec# mak}pekpgbgkpgca} zwkpa} }g zakgk gk hwgda femne eleha ~ femne e||nle+



G]M 8 E\U

06

WKNONMEMNÝK

O|empecg} " ]zn|ec Oekpe}~ " Eco|g` Cenkd

Gc empa `g mgke|# g} mak}wbn| gkg|dâe ze|e za`g| }gdwn| }wl}n}gkà#

~ gk gc Wknvg|}a gn}pgk nkknpa} }n}pgbe} uwg vnvgk d|emne} e gcca#

zwg}pa uwg mak}wbn| g} }nkýknba g gvacwmnýk# ~ keè g}meze ec meb"

lna gvacwva `g ce kepw|ecgxe+

Ce makmgzmnýk dgabîp|nme g} vacmeè `g ndwec bekg|e gk ce e|uwnpgm"

pw|e# gcce }g zwg`g mgkp|e| gk wk zwkpa# zgk}e| ~ z|a~gmpe| `g}`g gc

}nbzcg zwkpa# g} bå} oåmnc e|be| wke al|e e|uwnpgmpýknme+ Gc zwkpa

ka `glg }g| kgmg}e|nebgkpg bepg|nec# îc zwg`g makpgkg| `gkp|a `g

}â bn}ba wk }nblacn}ba n`gec# uwg kgmg}npe `g ce ed|wzemnýk bepg|nec

ze|e uwg }g fede |gec+

4



G]M 8 E\U

0>

WKNONMEMNÝK

M+5+<+ ” Zwkpa / Gkg|dâe

Gc zwkpa g} wke gkè` bývnc# gk ce bg`nè uwg g}pg zwkpa }g gk"

mwgkp|g bå} makmgkp|eà ~ mak wke mekè` `g nkpgk}nakg} be~a|

`gkp|a `g îc# be~a| g} ce owg|xe `g ep|emmnýk+

]wlngkà `g g}mece} fe}pe ce z|nbg|e }gbncce `g ce decene# gc zwkpa

mak paà ca uwg gn}pg makpgknà `gkp|a `g }w meze|exýk# makpgk`|âe

wke zw|gxe `g zapgkmne cepgkpg g}zg|ekà e zecznpe| gk gc ma}ba}+

]n vacvgba} e g}laxe| euwâ ce pga|âe `g uwg paà ca mak}p|wnà za| ce

cwx g} wk d|eà `gc vemâa# `ncwmnèba} mak be~a| mce|nè` maba g}

uwg wke }gbncce ca zwg`g makpgkg| paà# g nkmcw}nvg gc dîkg}n} bn}ba

`g ce decene+ @gkp|a `g g}pg meze|exýk `g ce }gbncce# }g gkmwgkp|ek

ca} mý`nda} ~ dgabgp|âe} mak uwg ve e a|`gke| gc ccgka `gc Wknvg|}a+

Mwekà ce cwx nkpg|na| `gc meze|exýk }g femg pek owg|pg ~ gvacwmna"

keè maba gc meze|exýk bn}ba# g} mwekà amw||g }w `n}acwmnýk9 ~ gc

vemâa makvg|à gk cwx# `g}zng|pe ce bepg|ne cepgkpg `gc Wknvg|}a ~ ce

a|`gke+ Nbednkîbaka} wk bgpec bw~ o|âa uwg ec pame|ca mak gc `gà}gkba} wke }gk}emnýk `g o|necè`# gcca amw||g za|uwg gc meca| mak"

pgknà gk gc mwg|za fwbeka# }g p|ek}bnpg femne gc bgpec dgkg|ekà

wke `n|gmmnýk `g ce gkg|dâe# `gkngkà g}pe} me|empg|â}me} `gc meca|

maba wke `g ce} gkg|dâe} wknvg|}ecg} `g ce vnè+ Mak ca} `n}kpa} d|e"

à} g pgbzg|epw|e}# za`gba} meblne| peblnîk gc g}peà ce bepg|ne+

Gc bgpec makvg||ca gk cnuwnà# gc edwe gk }w} p|g} g}peà} ~ |gzgè"

bgkpg ze|e meè bepg|nec# gc z|a`wmpa `gc meca| g} wk meblna gk }w

uwâbnme mak}n}pgkmne+

Ec lehe| `g g}mece gn}pg be~a| `n}zg|}nýk+ Ce }gbncce ~ ce makmgzmnýk

`g wk knõa }g dgkg|e gk paà gc zcekgpe Png||e# za| gcca }nblacnxe ~ }g

gkcexe mak ce makmgzmnýk g wk ]g| g g}mece} wknvg|}ecg}# zwg}pa uwg

zwg`g }g| ele|meà `g}`g ce makmgzmnýk `g wk vgdgpec# wk eknbec a

wk fwbeka+ Mwekà leheba} `g g}mece eøk be}# vgba} uwg ce oa|be

gk maba }g makmnlg `ng|g gk meè me}a gk ze|mwce|+



G]M 8 E\U

7:

WKNONMEMNÝK

Mak}gmwvebgkpg lehekà `g g}mece} ce gkg|dâe makpgknè gk ce }g"

bncce g} `g bgka| mezemnè`# zg|a ca} z|nkmnzna} za| ca} uwg g} mezex

`g mak}p|wn|}g makmgkp|e|}g ~ |gkemg|# }ak øknma} ~ }nbzcg} ze|e paà

gc Wknvg|}a+

M+5+=+ ” Mebza} d|evnpepa|na} / E|uwnpgmpw|ePaè} g}pe} gkg|dâe} uwg }g makvng|pgk gk }nkg|dne }wzg|na| mwekà

zgk}eba} gk ce n`ge `g makmgln|# }ak `n|ndnè} za| ap|e} dgabgp|âe}

zw|e} uwg gk ce bepg|ne zwg`g }g| |gz|g}gkpeè za| ca} mebza} d|evn"

pepa|na}+ Gk gc me}a `g wke mgke oebncne|# makccgve wke owg|xe d|evn"

pepa|ne gk wk mgkp|a uwg ep|eg z|nkmnzna} `g ce bgkpg ec ndwec uwg ce

makmgzmnýk# gn}pg wke ep|emmnýk mak ekpg|na|nè` e gcce gkp|g ebla}}ga}+

B w c p n z c n m e m n ý k g v z a k g k m n e c

Makmgln|

Bnkg|ecg}

_gdgpecg}

Eknbecg}

Fwbeke

Gc ogpa fwbekaep|evng}e za| ca} p|g}g}peà}+



G]M 8 E\U

75

WKNONMEMNÝK

Ap|a ghgbzca bw~ mce|a ~ me}n bepg|nec# g} ce d|evgè` `gc zcekgpe

Png||e# uwg a|`gke ce zngc `g ce fwbeknè` ~ femg uwg gcce }ge `gzgk"

`ngkpg gmcw}nva `g g}pg }n}pgbe zcekgpe|na# zg|bnîkàka} vnehe|

za| gc ma}ba}+Ce d|evnpemnýk femne wk zwkpa g} nkgvnpelcg ze|e ce bepg|ne# femg uwg

}ge kgmg}e|na vnvn| ~ zgk}e|+ Gk ce bg`nè uwg leheba} ~ }wlnba} za|

ca} `nog|gkpg} bg`na}# ce} owg|xe} }g p|ek}oa|bek ~ meblnek }w} g}pe"

à}+

Ce oa|be gk maba }g z|g}gkpe ce d|evgè` gk ce e|uwnpgmpw|e g} ca uwg

è vnè e ce p|e}cemnýk `g ce} zg|}ake}+ Ce mezncce ]nke gk ce Mnwè``gc _emeka# gk àk`g z|a`wmg uwg bncg} `g gcg} makmw||ek fe}pe

eccâ empwekà gk ce} zg|}ake} ce og# wka `g ca} znce|g} `g ce bgkpg ~

uwg a|`gke d|ek ze|pg `g ce vnè+ Peblnîk ce e|uwnpgmpw|e –`n}kpe‒

`g vekdwe|`ne z|a`wmg wk d|ek `g}ga `g vg| ecda kwgva# ~ z|a`wmg

wke d|ek mekè` `g ep|emmnýk àk`g gk g}pg me}a# ce ep|emmnýk }nkî|"

dnme z|amg`g `gc `g}ga `g }e}oemg| wke vn}nýk `g wk alhgpa+

Ap|e oa|be `g d|evnpemnýk g} ce kgmg}nè`+ E}n}| e wke wknvg|}nè`

makw~g `g ce kgmg}nè` `g ez|gk`g|+ ^ `gzgk`ngkà `gc za| uwg

–ez|gk`g|‒ ve e ve|ne| ce g}mece àk`g ma||g}zak`g gc ez|gk`nxehg+

Ez|gk`g| za}gg wke `g ce} g}mece} be~a|g} uwg }g z|g}gkpek gk ce

vnè `ne|ne# ka gn}|âe ce fwbeknè` ~ kwg}p|a vnvn|# }n ka kgmg}npe|âe"

ba} ez|gk`g|# paà zg|bekgmg|âe uwngpa g nkbývnc+

Gc bavnbngkpa g} ez|gk`nxehg+

Meè }npwemnýk uwg uwg|eba} dgkg|e| zwg`g }g| gvecweè gk g}mece}

`g ep|emmnýk# ce d|evnpemnýk zwg`g }g| nkpgkmnakeè gk ce e|uwnpgmpw"

|e+

Paà} ca} gcgbgkpa} `g ce kepw|ecgxe }g bekng}pek d|emne} e ce

ep|emmnýk# gc zwkpa `g d|evgè` àk`g paà mabngkxe ~ pg|bnke+



G]M 8 E\U

7<

WKNONMEMNÝK

M+5+0+ ” Zwkpa / P|ek}a|bemnýk

Meè vgx uwg gzcnmeba} ce gkg|dâe maba wke oa|be `g `g}e||acca

a|dåknme uwg }g gkmwgkp|e gk paà} ca gcgbgkpa}# amw||g ecda uwg

peblnîk g} nkgcw`nlcg e wk zwkpa g}zemnec# uwg g} ce gvacwmnýk+ Kagn}pg ze}eà kn owpw|a# }n gk gcca} ka g}pe nbzcâmnpa ecdwke g}zgmng `g

meblna} mak}pekpg}+

Gkpakmg} meè vgx uwg vgba} wke }gbncce `g makmgzmnýk# `glgba}

mabz|gk`g| uwg g} p|ek}oa|beè e ce ekpg|na|# wk eknbec meblne z|a"

d|g}nvebgkpg }w oa|be gkp|g meè makmgzmnýk# ca} vgdgpecg} gkgk

wke d|ek `nog|gkmne gkp|g meè g}zgmng+



G]M 8 E\U

7=

WKNONMEMNÝK



G]M 8 E\U

70

WKNONMEMNÝK

]n zgk}eba} gk ce p|ek}oa|bemnýk# zakgba} gk veca| wke `g ce} 7 `n"

bgk}nakg} `g ce kepw|ecgxe+ Keè gn}pg }nk p|ek}oa|be|}g# ka}ap|a}

ka} p|ek}oa|beba} gk meè nk}pekpg# ce e|uwnpgmpw|e }g p|ek}oa|be#

~ g}pe owg|xe `g p|ek}oa|bemnýk ce ghg|mgba} mwekà pabeba} wke`gmn}nýk+ Meè vgx uwg |gecnxeba} ecda# p|ek}oa|beba} bncg} `g oem"

pa|g} ~ emmnakeba} }al|g ca} gcgbgkpa}+

Paà kemg `g wk zwkpa mak wke dgkîme nkp|ek}oa|belcg# m|gmg ~

bwg|g vacvngkà paà ec zwkpa mak wke gvacwmnýk bepg|nec# ze|e vac"

vg| e }g| nbzwc}eà kwgvebgkpg za| }w dgkîme ~ kemg| leha ap|e}

oa|be} ~ |gvg}bngkpa}+ @g g}pe }nbzcg `g`wmmnýk za`gba} vg|uwg gn}pgk g}mece} uwg }g p|ek}oa|bek# uwg }ak ce} bepg|necg}# zg|a

dgabgp|âe} ~ makmgzpa} `g wknýk# nkvn}nlcg}# }nkg|dne} z|g}gkpg} uwg

paà ca wknmek ~ zg|pgkgmgk e dgabgp|âe} zg|ogmpe} uwg }g bek"

gkgk zg|gkkg} ~ mak}pekpg} gk meè gvacwmnýk+

M+<+ ” Câkge / Gkg|dâe

M+<+5+ ” G}zemna Cnkgec

Ec zgk}e| gk ce câkge leheba} wke g}mece# ~ g} uwg ce câkge vnvg d|e"

mne} ec gbza+ ]n ka gn}pg gc gbza# ce câkge `g ce macwbke vg|pgl|ec

kwkme m|gmg|âe+

Gc zwkpa g} ca |gec# ce câkge g} wke beknog}pemnýk `gc gbza+

Paà ca uwg g}på epeà ec bavnbngkpa gkg wke |gz|g}gkpemnýk `n"

|gmpe mak ce câkge ~ èà uwg gc bavnbngkpa gk oa|be `g Gkg|dâe g} ce

0pe `nbgk}nýk# ka gn}pg keè gk ce kepw|ecgxe uwg ka ca za}ge+

]n mabzakgba} wk d|ema mak ce `n}pekmne} uwg }g gkmwgkp|e meè

gkè` ema|`g ec ]ac vgba} uwg ce `n}pekmne uwg oa|be wk gbza `g

z|a~gmmnýk# femg uwg ce bepg|ne }g mabza|pg ema|`g e }w `n}pekmne ~gc bg`na `g z|azedemnýk `g ca} |e~a} `g cwx ~ vnè+



G]M 8 E\U

77

WKNONMEMNÝK

Ce} n}kpe} g}mece} g bepg|necnè`# }ak wke mak`gk}emnýk z|a`wmpagk |gcemnýk z|aza|mnakec ~ `n|gmpe mak ce `n}pekmne `gc ]ac+

Gc ]ac bekng}pe gk meè nk}pekpg gc z|g}gkpg# }n îc }g gzek`g# kwg}"

p|e} bacîmwce} peblnîk# makp|acekà gk meè babgkpa ce} g}mece}

be~a|g} }al|g ce} uwg ka}ap|a} ka pgkgba} `n|gmpe ze|mnzemnýk+ Ce

oa|be gk maba }g wknme paà# }g bwg}p|e ~ `g}e||acce gk gc z|g}gkpg

makkwa+

Mabz|gk`ngkà ca `nmfa# |gecnxa za| bg`na `g wk ghgbzca mak le}g}

–mngkme}‒+ Gc mwg|za fwbeka g}pe mak}pwnà za| 0 ebnkaåmnà}

lå}nma}+ Gk ce bg`nè uwg p|ek}mw||g gc gbza ce oa|bemnýk `g kwg}"

p|a} }n}pgbe} pghnà} ~ ý|deka}# }g |gecnxe z|ad|g}nvebgkpg+ Ce} bn}"

be} mîcwce} uwg }g gkme|dek ze|e wk bø}mwca }g }ndwgk }acn`nmekà

gk gc gbza fe}pe oa|be| wk fwg}a+ Gk kwg}p|a mwg|za gn}pg ce mak"`gk}emnýk `g nkknpa} gbza} ze|e oa|be| ce }nkg|dne `gc a|dekn}ba+



G]M 8 E\U

7?

WKNONMEMNÝK

0 ebnkaåmnà} lå}nma}+ N Mfnkd+

Ce oa|be }nme `gc fabl|g g} gc |g}wcpeà `g ce a|deknxemnýk `g

cwx ~ gkg|dâe wcnxeè `gc ccgka ze|e dgkg|e| wk d|eà `g vemâa+

Fedeba} wk gzg|nbgkpa bw~ gkp|gpgknà# maheba} ve|ne} oapa} `g

kwg}p|a |a}p|a mak wke n}pekmne g wk eõa g gbza gkp|g meè wke+Ce} wlnmeba} paè} gk câkge# `g}`g ce bå} cgheke gk gc ze}eà e ce nx"

uwng|è ~ ce wcbe oapa e ce `g|gmfe# ~ e }w `g|gmfe wk g}zgha àk`g

ka} vgba} kwg}p|a |a}p|a+ ]n ka} n`gkmeba} mak meè wka `g g}pa}

|a}p|a} ~ |gma|èba} kwg}p|a }gkbngkpa oemnec# za`gba} dgkg|e| wk

fnca `g p|ek}oa|bemnýk `g wk Zwkpa# uwg g} gc |a}p|a# gk gc mwec ce câkge

`g oapa} ekwecg} dgkg|e wke p|ek}oa|bemnýk gk ce bepg|ne+ Ec vg|ka}gk gc zwkpa kec kwg}p|a |a}p|a me}n –z|g}gkpg‒ za`|gba} mabzakg|

gk kwg}p|e bgkpg wke p|ek}oa|bemnýk `nkåbnme `g ce bgba|ne+

@g}`g ce oapa `gc –ze}eà‒ fe}pe ce oapa `gc –z|g}gkpg‒ gn}pg wke nk"

knè` `g meblna}# ce câkge g} nkknpe e kwg}p|e zg|mgzmnýk ~ gcce za"

}gg wke g}mece pek d|ek`g uwg zwg`g pgkg| }ndknmeà} pek nvg|}a} ~

za}nlcg}# maba ka ka} za`gba} nbednke|+

]n bn|e} paè} ce} nbådgkg} mabzak`|å} gk pw bgkpg# wke }gmwgkmne

`g gbza# wk kwgva a|dekn}ba uwg a|ndnke|e} gk pw bgkpg `g}`g gc

ze}eà ec z|g}gkpg# vg|e} wke `g}gkme`gkeè oa|be `g `g}gkvacvn"

bngkpa uwg }g wknme mak ce nbednkemnýk+ Gk }w makhwkpa è oa|be e

wk ]g| uwg ze}e|å e oa|be| ze|pg `g pw bgkpg# mak }w z|azne gkg|dâe

~ |npba `g vnè+



G]M 8 E\U

74

WKNONMEMNÝK

Gk g}pg ghgbzca ce makmngkmne ce zakgba} gk kwg}p|a |a}p|a# ±uwg

}wmg`g mwekà ce zakgba} gk ce e|uwnpgmpw|e1

Za`gba} oa|be| câkge} mak `n}kpa} d|eà} `g mak`gk}emnýk `g be"

pg|ne gk gc |gma||nà+ @e| vnè e ca} à} zwkpa} nbza|pekpg} al}g|ve"

à| ~ alhgva+

±Uwg g} ca uwg p|ek}mw||g gkp|g meè zwkpa1

@a} zwkpa} dgabîp|nma}# zwg`gk femg| îkoe}n} gk wk mgkp|a g}zgmâ"

ma# uwg g} ce }nkg|dne `g ca} à}+ Peblnîk zwg`gk `nvn`n| wk g}zemna+

@a} zwkpa} `n}pekmneà} zg|a e`vg|à} dgkg|ek wk câbnpg+

Gk ap|e} g}mece} ce ecuwnbne `g ce e|uwnpgmpw|e zwg`g makpgkg| `nog"

|gkmne}# femngkà uwg paà wk nkknpa `g zwkpa} oa|bg wke bgb"

l|eke }nbnce| e ce zngc `g kwg}p|a mwg|za# uwg |gma||g ce e|uwnpgmpw|e g

nbzakngkà wk câbnpg za| bg`na `g ce câkge ~ }w} makgnakg}+

Za| nkpg|bg`na `g g}pe} mwg}akg}# g nkknpe} be} uwg ka} zwg`ge||ahe| wke câkge# g} maba femgba} uwg paè} ce} p|ek}oa|bemnakg}

}gek wke oa|be g bepg|necnxe| ce e|uwnpgmpw|e gc gbza# uwg }g p|e"

`wmg gk wk |npba g vnè# mak wke g}mece uwg gzgk`g g ak`g zak"

deba} ce makmngkmne mwekà z|a~gmpeba}+

M+<+<+ ” Gkg|dâe Cnkgec

Ce} z|nbg|e} g}mece} `g ce câkge# g}påk |gz|g}gkpeè} za| à} zwk"

pa} uwg gkgk wk emg|mebngkpa bw~ z|ýnba e ce z|nbg| `wecnè`#

gk àk`g g}pa} zwkpa}# }ak ce makmgkp|emnýk `g paè ce gkg|dâe ~ }w

wknýk z|amg`g `gc z|nbg| zwkpa+



G]M 8 E\U

76

WKNONMEMNÝK

G}pe |gz|g}gkpemnýk g} ca uwg vgba} maba gc lcekma ~ gc kgd|a# ce

wknýk mak gc vemna ~ gc ccgka+ Ec ndwec uwg paà ca uwg vgba} gn}pg gk

wk |ekda `g o|gmwgkmne} uwg zg|mnlnba}# g}pe} à} gkè`g} }ak ce}uwg ka} femgk |gma||g| za| paè ce lna`nvg|}nè` `gc zcekgpe Png||e+

Gk ce bg`nè uwg g}pe gkg|dâe }g `n}p|nlw~g e ca ce|da `g ce câkge# î}pe

zng|`g n`gkè` ~ mabngkxe e pgkg| nbza|pekmne ce câkge wknoa|bg e

ca ce|da `g }w mak}pwmnýk+ Ce kepw|ecgxe lehe wke g}mece ze|e oa|be|

ca} mwep|a gcgbgkpa} bgkmnakeà}# ~ `n}p|nlw~g gk meè zwkpa `g }w

|gma||nà ce mabzcghnè` nkknpe kepw|ec+

B w c p n z c n m e m n ý k g v z a k g k m

n e c

Wknè`

Bnkg|ecg}

_gdgpecg}

Eknbecg}

Fwbeke

G}peà}nkpg|bg`na}

Lna`nvg|}nè`Lna`nvg|}nè`

G}peà}`g ce bepg|ne



G]M 8 E\U

7>

WKNONMEMNÝK

]n zgk}eba} gk ce câkge maba ce wknmeà|e `g paà ca uwg gn}pg# ce

vacmeba} kwgvebgkpg maba wknè`# ~ gcce }g bepg|necnxe gk ce bgkpg

maba gc zwkpa# g}mecekà wke vgx bå} femne ca z|nba|`nec+ ]n `gmn`n"

ba} lehe| gk g}mece}# ca femgba} za| bg`na `g wke câkge bgkpec+

Ce câkge g} ce gkg|dâe uwg ka} e~wè e p|ek}mw||n| za| paà} ca} pg||n"

pa|na} ~ veba} oa|bekà mak kwg}p|e} emmnakg} gk meè nk}pekpg+ Za|

bg`na `g gcce dgkg|eba} cexa} mak ca} zwkpa}+ ]n meè zwkpa g} wke

`gmn}nýk# za| bg`na `g ce câkge g} maba gkcexeba} ce} `gmn}nakg}+

Paè} ce} g}mece} ~ alhgpa} }ak gkcexeà} gk wke }ace gkè`+

Ce oa|be g wcnxemnýk gk ce e|uwnpgmpw|e g} gkcexe| zwkpa} bepg|necg}

za| bg`na `g wke câkge mak wke gkg|dâe ma||g}zak`ngkpg# oa|bekà

wk makmgzpa+ Uwg gk ce wknmemnýk `g }w} ze|pg}# èk oa|be e ce }n"

kg|dne+ Za| pekpa zgk}e| gk câkge# g} è| vnè e ca bøczcg+

Gc makmgzpa g} ca uwg }g bekgkg vnva d|emne} e ce câkge# paà }g

zwg`g p|ek}oa|be|# zg|a ce câkge g} ce uwg epe ce} p|ek}oa|bemnakg}za| bg`na `g wk makmgzpa uwg ccebeba} gvacwmnýk+

Ce }nkg|dne cnkgec# g} ce wknmemnýk `g zwkpa} makmgzpwecg}# ~ ma||g}"

zak`g e ce }gdwkè g}mece g ce d|evnpemnýk gk ce bepg|ne# ce g}mece gc

Wknvg|}a gk }w }gdwkà g}peà }g z|g}gkpe e p|evî} `g gcce+

M+<+=+ ” Câkge gk P|ek}a|bemnýkCe câkge g} ce |gz|g}gkpemnýk `g ce p|ek}oa|bemnýk mak}pekpg+ Keè }g

gkmwgkp|e ndwec# paè ve|ne ~ meblne+

\gpabekà gc makmgzpa `gc gbza ezcnmeà gk kwg}p|a |a}p|a+ _g"

ba} e ce câkge maba wk gbza# gc uwg femg uwg kwg}p|e} me|empg|â}"

me} oemnecg} p|ek}mw||ek eza~eè} gk meè zwkpa+ @g g}pe câkge }g

`g}e||acce wke }wmg}nýk `g g}peà}+ Meè wka `g gcca} ma||g}zak`g



G]M 8 E\U

?:

WKNONMEMNÝK

e wk zgcèõa `g ce g}mece+ Gk ce bg`nè uwg }wlnba} `g g}peà}# ka}

gkmakp|eba} bå} mg|me g ce g}gkmne# mwekà leheba}# ka} vacvgba}

|âdnà} ~ z|nbnva}+

Gc `g}gkvacvnbngkpa `g ce} g}mece} g} oa|beà za| g}pe nkpg||gcemnýk#

~ g} uwg paè ce kepw|ecgxe g} beknog}peè za| bg`na `g gcce+

Mwekà }wlnba} gk ce g}mece gcîmp|nme `g kwg}p|a mwg|za# za`gba}

mabzakg| mak ce bgkpg ce} }wcg} zg|ogmmnakg} `g ce} dgabgp|âe}# ~

gcca femg uwg ka} emg|uwgba} e ce g}gkmne `g ce} ma}e}# }n za| ca mak"

p|e|na ka} `gheba} ccgve|ka} za| gc nk}kpa `gc `g}ga# ka} pabeba}

ce `n|gmmnýk `g ce} mw|ve} ogbgknke} `g ce kepw|ecgxe# ez|gmnekà ce

oa|be gpg|ke `g ce} ma}e}+

Ce e|uwnpgmpw|e `glg g}pe| mak}ngkpg `g g}pe wknýk bâ}me# g fnl|n"

èè# gkp|g ca |gmpa ~ ca mw|va# ca }wzg|na| gk g}mece} ~ ca nkog|na|+

Ze|e emg|me|ka} wke bekg|e guwncnl|eè# dgkg|eba} g}zgha} ~ mak}"

p|wnba} e|uwnpgmpw|e zakngkà gk ce lecekxe ca} gcgbgkpa} uwg gk gc

babgkpa `g }w ekåcn}n} ~ mabz|gk}nýk za`gba} femg| w}a `g gcca}+

Mazne| wk alhgpa za| }w} oa|be} gpg|ke} g} zg|`g|ka} gk ca ogbgkn"

ka# }nk vg| }w g}gkmne+ ]n za| gc makp|e|na dgkg|eba} wk g}zemna }nk ce

kepw|ecgxe mw|ve mabzakgba} ecda }al|na# }nk n`gkè` mak gc zcekg"

pe Png||e# wknà }acebgkpg mak ce bgkpg vn}wec+

M+<+0+ ” Câkge / Z|aza|mnýk Ew|ge

]n `gheba} meg| wke dape gk gc edwe ca uwg }g mabzak`|åk }ak mâ|"

mwca} gzek}nva}# oa|bekà zacâdaka}# efa|e# ±uwg }wmg`g mwekà

nkpgkpeba} dgkg|e| mâ|mwca} }al|g ce }wzg|mng `gc edwe1



G]M 8 E\U

?5

WKNONMEMNÝK

Dape `g edwe " Akè} `g z|a~gmmnýk

Mâ|mwca gk gc edwe " Akè} gk gzek}nýk

Gc bavnbngkpa mn|mwce| ~ ce gzek}nýk mabgkxe|å e z|a`wmn| wke nkg|"

mne femne gc gpg|na|# maba }n gbzwhå}gba} ecda `g}`g }w ma}peà ~

gbz|gk`ng|e e ecghe|}g ekà oa|be} gk g}zn|ec+ Ce} ze|mwce} ec ndwec

uwg gc g}zgmp|a åw|ga gcgmp|abedkîma# }g ecghe|ek gc mgkp|a gk wke

|gcemnýk za|mgkpwec mak gc gbza# ~ gcca z|avame|å ce `g}vnkmwcemnýk

gkp|g eble} ze|pg}+

Ce} ze|mwce} bå} cgheke} }ak ce} z|nbg|e} z|a`wmpa|e} ~ `n|ndnè}

za| ce oa|be# ce} bå} mg|meke} makgkgk wke |gcemnýk `n|gmpe mak gc

z|nbg| nkpgkpa `g kwg}p|a mwg|za `g dgkg|e| wk mâ|mwca+

±Uwg }wmg`g }n ka} femgba} –gzg|pa}‒ gk ce bepg|ne `g dgkg|e| mâ|"

mwca} gk gc edwe# ~ gkp|gkeba} ze|e gcca1



G]M 8 E\U

?<

WKNONMEMNÝK

Ce nk`w}p|necnxemnýk g} gc gbzcga `g ca }n}pgbåma ze|e oa|be| be~a|

|gk`nbngkpa+ Ec ndwec uwg mwekà mebnkeba}# gk ce bg`nè uwg ze}ek

ca} bnkwpa} kwg}p|a mwg|za mabngkxe z|ad|g}nvebgkpg e femg|ca mak

be~a| gmngkmne gkg|dîme ~ zg|ogmmnakekà meè ze}a+ Gc |npba }gvwgcvg me}n zg|ogmpa# empwekà paà gc mwg|za e ce vgx+ Gkpakmg}# }n

ez|gk`gba} e |gecnxe| g}pa} mâ|mwca}# meè vgx ka} }ec`|âek bå} zg|"

ogmpa} ~ guwncnl|eà}+ G} e}â maba ce |gecnè` }g ka} z|g}gkpe+ Kemg"

ba} gk ca} la|`g} me}n pek ecgheà} `gc mgkp|a z|a`wmpa| uwg ka} g}

nbza}nlcg `nvn}e|ca# gk ce bg`nè uwg e}mgk`gba} ~ veba} p|gzekà

meè ak`wcemnýk# ze}eba} za| paà} ca} g}peà} `g kwg}p|a mwg|za#

zakngkà ce makmngkmne gk meè zgcèõa# ez|gk`ngkà ~ }wlngkàkwgvebgkpg ap|e ak`wcemnýk bå} mg|meke ~ mabzcghe# ec emg|me|}g e

ce owgkpg# ce} ma||ngkpg} }ak owg|pg} ~ be|meè}+ Ec }wln| `g g}mece gk

kwg}p|e makmngkmne# z|avameba} uwg paà ca uwg }wzg|eba} ca vacvg"

ba} }nbzcg# ~ zg|mnlnba} ce e|býknme zg|ogmmnýk `g ce bepg|ne+

Ce wcbe g}mece uwg za`gba} `nvn}e|# g} vg| gc z|a`wmpa| `g ce}

akè} ~ gkpgk`g| ce mew}e uwg ce} dgkg|e+

∛



G]M 8 E\U

?=

WKNONMEMNÝK

G}pe g}zn|ec åw|ge g} ce câkge uwg ca wknme paà+ Mabngkxe gk ca uwg

ze|e ka}ap|a} g} nkgn}pgkpg ~ }g `nvg|}nme gk gc nkknpa+ ]w makmgz"

mnýk o|empec eze|gmg gk ca} makmgzpa} zg|ogmpa} ~ paà ca a|dåknma

zwg`g }g| ekwkmneà za| bg`na `g wke g}zn|ec+ Gk me}a} g} ba}p|eègk ce bepg|ne me}n zg|ogmpebgkpg# ~ ap|e} makgkg wke wknýk za| bg"

`na `g ce el}p|emmnýk+

Ce} oa|be} dwâe} za| àk`g }g dwâe gc m|gmnbngkpa# za}gg wke g}mece

}wzg|na|# za|uwg wknmek e|bakna}ebgkpg gc gbza ~ gc bg`na gk

gc bn}ba nk}pekpg+ G} maba }n za| bg`na `g gcce} zw`ng|ek a|`gke|}g

`g wke oa|be gkg|dîme bå} gmngkpg ~ makp|aceè# makpgkngkà wkemakma|èkmne pek }wc mak gc ]ac# uwg ka }ýca a|`gke e ce kepw|ecgxe

z|g}gkpg# }nka peblnîk e ce }nkg|dne `gc makmgzpa+

G}pe oa|be# peblnîk |gcgdeè za| gc vacwbgk# ce fg fgmfa e z|g mab"

z|gk}nýk `g îc# za|uwg g} wk z|a`wmpa `g îc bn}ba+ ]n ekpg|na|bgkpg

vnba} ce g}zn|ec oa|beè za| wke câkge# efa|e ce e}gbghe|gba} mak ce

e|uwnpgmpw|e `g ce kepw|ecgxe+

Gc g} ce gvacwmnýk gk ce dgabgp|âe# uwg femg uwg gc wknvg|}a }g g"zekè zng|è }w oa|be ~ }g |gvn}pe `g kwgve} bepg|ne}+



G]M 8 E\U

?0

WKNONMEMNÝK

G}pe dgabgp|âe }g gkmwgkp|e `gkp|a `g ka}ap|a} ~ a|`gke `g}`g

kwg}p|a zgk}ebngkpa fe}pe kwg}p|a a|dekn}ba+ Gc }n}pgbe }ekdwâkga#

|g}zn|epa|na# gcîmp|nma# gpm+# gkgk wke makma|èkmne mak ce g}zn|ec

gvacwve +M+=+ ” Zacâdaka

M+=+5+ ” Zacâdaka / Dgabgp|âe

Gk ce bg`nè uwg evekxeba} ce dgabgp|âe }g ve bwczcnmekà# efa|e

gc zacâdaka g} dgkg|eà za| ce makoa|bemnýk g bwczcnmnè` g zwk"

pa} uwg }g wkgk# z|a`wmngkà ce wknè` nkvn}nlcg e kwg}p|e vn}pe# cewknýk g} gc makmgzpa uwg gkpelce wke }nkg|dne+

Gk ce g}mece `g ce} dgabîp|nme}# îc za}gg ce pg|mg| gpeze gk maba }g

`g}gkvwgcvg ce |gecnè`# ~ ka} emg|me wk d|eà bå} e ce bepg|ne+ ]n gk

ce câkge za`âek }g| `nvn}eà} ca} a} zwkpa} bå} nbza|pekpg} g kwg}"

p|e makoa|bemnýk# uwg èk oa|be e ce macwbke vg|pgl|ec# efa|e mak

ce dgabgp|âe zwg`gk }g| `nvn}eè} kwg}p|e} gp|gbnè`g} ma|za|ecg}uwg }ak makgmpeè} mak ce macwbke vg|pgl|ec+

Ce} dgabgp|âe} `g be~a| zw|gxe gk ce g}mece# g} gc p|nåkdwca# za|uwg

g} ce `g}mgk`gkmne `g ce câkge+ Ec ndwec uwg gcce g} ce beknog}pemnýk `g

p|g} zwkpa} makmgkp|eà} uwg makgkgk wke |exýk øknme ~ wknvg|}ec

mak wk mgkp|a nkvn}nlcg e kwg}p|e vn}pe+

W



G]M 8 E\U

?7

WKNONMEMNÝK

Gk ce bg`nè uwg gn}pe wke bwczcnmemnýk `g g}mece}# `gkp|a `g

îc }g zwg`g `gcnbnpe| gcgbgkpa} ze|e uwg p|elehgk ec wkâ}aka+

Gc `g}gkvacvnbngkpa `g ce câkge }al|g ce |gecnè` ca dgkg|e za| bg"

`na `g ce dgabgp|âe+ Wke câkge uwg `g}ge beknog}pe|}g gk ce |gecnè`#

z|nbg|a `glg ep|evg}e| za| paè} ce} g}mece} ekpg|na|g} àk`g meè

wke `g gcce} g} }wzg|na|# ~ ce pgk`gkmne ec ecghebngkpa `gc mgkp|a# dg"

kg|e wke g}mece nkog|na|+

M+=+<+ ” Zacâdaka / Gkg|dâe

Ca} zacâdaka} |gz|g}gkpek gk }w} z|nbg|a} zwkpa} ce} bepg|ne} bå}}wcg} ~ gk ce bg`nè uwg ce kepw|ecgxe gk`g e wke makoa|bemnýk

vacwbîp|nme# }g makvng|pg gk be} `gk}e ~ bepg|nec+

Ca} z|nbg|a} zacâdaka} |gz|g}gkpek ce cwx# gc maca|# gc }aknà+ Ca}

øcba} zacâdaka} |gz|g}gkpek gc nkknpa `g za}nlncnè`g} `g ce

bepg|necnè`+ Wk mâ|mwca g} euwgcca nkknpa ~ }wmg}nva gk gzek"

}nýk uwg g} dgkg|eà za| ce }nkg|dne `gc z|g}gkpg makkwa+

Paè} ce} dgabgp|âe} g}påk mgkp|eè} gk wk zwkpa# ~ knkdwke gkg

wke g}mece gknpa|ne+ Za`gba} mak kwg}p|e nbednkemnýk dgkg|e| wke

dgabgp|âe }nk g}mece}# zg|a za`gba} |gm|ge|ce zg|ogmpebgkpg+ Ec ka

pgkg| g}mece} kn gbza# zg|pgkgmg ec bwkà `g ca n`gec# ca zg|ogmpa+

Mwekà `g}mngk`g e ce bepg|necnè`# ce g}mece }g p|ek}oa|be za| ce}nkg|dne gk wk zwkpa uwg g} }w mgkp|a# gk ce be~a| a bgka| d|evn"

pemnýk `g g}pg mgkp|a nkknpa# g} maba }g `g}e||accek ca} |gma||nà}

`g ce bepg|ne+

Za`gba} |gecnxe| peblnîk ce }npwemnýk nkvg|}e# zwg}pa uwg ce dgabgp|âe

g} maba wk g}celýk }nbzcg `g gkpgk`g|# ka} e~wè e ow}nake| paà}

ca} gcgbgkpa} `gc bwkà kepw|ec+ G}pa} zwg`gk }g| `g}ed|gdeà} `g}w bepg|ne za| bg`na `gc zacâdaka# ~ `g}`g g}e }nbzcgxe ka} g} bå}



G]M 8 E\U

??

WKNONMEMNÝK

oåmnc |gma||g| }w oa|be kec femne }w dîkg}n}+ \g}pelcgmngkà wk mak"

pempa `g ca bøczcg e ce wknè`+

]n ka} p|e}ceèba} ec bwkà `g ce kepw|ecgxe eknbec# g} za}nlcg g"

p|eg| g}pe g}gkmne za| bg`na `gc ekåcn}n} dgabîp|nma+

Mwcbnkemnýk `g eble} dgabgp|âe}# zacâdaka} ~ vacøbgkg}+ Gk ce

wknmemnýk `g meè }n}pgbe }g |gz|g}gkpe wke dgabgp|âe+ Ce} ze"

pe} |gz|g}gkpek wk ampýdaka# ce} znkxe} wk p|nåkdwca# ec ndwec uwg

ca} aha} ~ ap|a} }gkà}+



G]M 8 E\U

?4

WKNONMEMNÝK

Ce} oa|be} `g |gz|g}gkpemnýk `gc zacâdaka gk ce kepw|ecgxe }g èk

gk `nog|gkpg} g}mece}+ ]n mabgkxeba} mak ce bnm|a g}mece# vgba} uwg

paè} ce} bacîmwce} gkgk wke a|`gkemnýk dgabîp|nme+

Dgabgp|âe bacgmwce| pgp|eî`|nme+

Meè vgx uwg ka} emg|meba} e ca el}p|empa# dgkg|eba} ce mab"

za}nmnýk makmgzpwec `g ce e|uwnpgmpw|e# ~ g} bå} oåmnc `g}`g eccâ# nk"

pgd|e| euwgcca} alhgpa} uwg gk gc ekåcn}n} gpg|ka `g wke al|e# ka}

ze|gmgk mabzcgha} ~ bøczcg}+

Mwekà ka} vacmeba} e ce g}gkmne `g ce e|uwnpgmpw|e# vgba} uwg meèzwkpa g}pelcgmg wk makmgzpa uwg }g nkpg||gcemnake mak ca} `gbå}+

Gkpakmg} ce dgabgp|âe g} wke oa|be `g wknme| makmgzpa}# makgm"

påkà}g gk ce ow}nýk `g î}pa} mak ca }wzg|na|+ Gk ce e|uwnpgmpw|e }g

gkmwgkp|ek `nvg|}nè` `g }npwemnakg}# ~ ce wknmemnýk femg kgmg}e|na

|g}pelcgmg| makgnakg} ~ }nkg|dne} }nbzcg} za| bg`na `g gkpgk`g| ce}

g}mece} gk uwg }g gkmwgkp|e nk`nvn`wecbgkpg meè wke+

F

F

F

FM



G]M 8 E\U

?6

WKNONMEMNÝK

M+=+=+ ” Zacâdaka / P|ek}a|bemnýk

Paè ce bepg|necnè` gvacwmnake mwekà ce dgabgp|âe ca femg+ ]n meè

eknbec gk gc zcekgpe Png||e# gkg nk}g|pe wke |gz|g}gkpemnýk dgabî"

p|nme# î}pe }g bekng}pe euwâ ze|e pgkg| wk ez|gk`nxehg mak ce gkg|dâegk vnl|emnýk gk uwg }g z|g}gkpe+

]n wke câkge zwg`g |gz|g}gkpe| `g}`g ce macwbke vg|pgl|ec fe}pe

gc gbza bn}ba gk uwg p|ek}mw||g wk |gma||nà za| wk g}zemna# gc

zacâdaka gkg be~a|g} câbnpg} ~ ka} emabzeõe leha `nog|gkpg} e}"

zgmpa} bå} `gpg|bnkekpg}+ Kwg}p|e} gp|gbnè`g} `g wke mekè`

`gknè uwg `w|ek paà gc gbza –câkge‒ za| gc uwg ep|evg}eba}+

Ze|e meblne| }w dgabgp|âe# î}pg glg mabzcgpe| mnmca} g |gkemnbngk"

pa# fe}pe uwg meè wka `g }w} zwkpa} makmgzpwecg} `î oa|be e wke

kwgve gkè` makoa|båkà}g `g}`g wke dgabgp|âe nkog|na| e wke

}wzg|na|# pgk`ngkpg ec p|nåkdwca+

Ce bwczcnmemnýk `g ca} zwkpa}# g} ndwec uwg ca} nkpgd|ekpg} `g wkeoebncne mak}acnèè+ Gk ce bg`nè gk uwg gcce ve~e }ngkà bå} kwbg"

|a}e gk fnha}# be~a|g} }ak ce} gkg|dâe} uwg }g kgmg}npek ze|e bek"

pgkg|}g+ A `g ca makp|e|na mak ce bn}be gkg|dâe gbzcgeè# g}pe }g

`n}zg|}e gk be~a| mekè` `g ze|pg}+ @ekà oa|be e wk zacâdaka `g

be} zwkpa} zg|a `gc bn}ba pebeõa+

Gc a|dekn}ba zcekgpe Png||e uwg }w}pgkpe e paè ce fwbeknè`# }g

p|ek}oa|be za| bg`na `g wk zacâdaka `g mwep|a zwkpa} uwg }ak |g"

z|g}gkpeà} za| ce} g}pemnakg}# ca} gcgbgkpa} `g ce kepw|ecgxe# }w}

g}peà} ~ peblnîk }w} zwkpa} me|`nkecg}+



G]M 8 E\U

?>

WKNONMEMNÝK

M+=+0+ ” Zacâdaka / E|uwnpgmpw|e

@g ce} z|nbg|e} dgabgp|âe} kabl|eè}# eàzpa gc p|nekdwca ze|e za"

`g| gzcnme| ce} g}mece} `g ce} uwg ce e|uwnpgmpw|e ka zwg`g g}meze|(+

]ac ; G} ce gkg|dâe uwg z|avame gc vemna `gc wknvg|}a# ~ e||ahe gk ce

bepg|ne wk cexa àk`g p|ek}mw||gk paà} ca} d|eà} `g mabza}nmnýk

uwg oa|bek ce kepw|ecgxe# `g}`g ce} z|nbg|e} dgabgp|âe} wkn`nbgk"

}nakecg} fe}pe ca} vacøbgkg} dgabîp|nma} }ak mabzwg}pa} za| îc+

Zcekgpe Png||e ; Paè ce bepg|ne uwg gn}pg gk gcce# ce wcnxeba} ze|e

felnpe|ce ~ p|ek}oa|be|ce ema|`g e kwg}p|e} kgmg}nè`g}+ Gk ce bg"`nè uwg ce g}pw`neba}# mabz|gk`gba} kwg}p|e gn}pgkmne ~ maba

owkmnake kwg}p|a} ý|deka} }gk}a|necg}+

Fabl|g ; Paà ca p|ek}oa|beba} ~ ca ba`nmeba} e kwg}p|e `n}"

za}nmnýk+ Wcnxeba} ca} |gmw|}a} ze|e makmg`g|cg wke owkmnýk+

( Gzek}nýk `gc pgbe|na " Lna`nbgk}nýk# @nbgk}nakg} / E|uwnpgmpw|e# Hevng| O|g}ke"

`ncca# <::>+

EONKN@E@KEPW\EC

FABL\G

ZCEKGPE PNG\\E ]AC



G]M 8 E\U

4:

WKNONMEMNÝK

Ce e|uwnpgmpw|e ce za`gba} gkoame| za| bg`na `g g}pa} p|g} gcgbgk"

pa}# ~ dgkg|eba} g}zgha} `g gcce# mabzakgba} `g wke oa|be }nbzcg

`g zgk}e|ce ~ e ce vgx mak wke owg|pg }nkg|dne `g g}mece}+

Meè wke `g g}pe} g}mece} zwg`g }g| `nvn`nè gk à}# ~ ze}e| e }g| `g

}w} mwep|a zwkpa} e }ngpg+ Ce }nkg|dne uwg ezcnmeè ec bg`na g} }ngbz|g

ce bn}be# ce bwczcnmemnýk `g g}mece} }ak eza~eè} }al|g ce bepg|ne+

Gc ]ac zwg`g }g| `nvn`nà gk Cwx ; 3 A}mw|nè`# a ca uwg g} ca bn}ba#

Dgabgp|âe ; 3 G}zemna+

Gc zcekgpe Png||e zwg`g }g| `nvn`nà gk }w g}mece `g d|eèmnakg} za|bg`na `g ca} bepg|necg} gpî|ga}# maba ce gcgmp|nmnè`9 za| ap|a ceà#

euwgcca} `gk}a} maba ca }ak ce} |ame}+ @gk}a ; 3 Gpî|ga+

Fabl|g g} `nvn`nà gk Mwg|za ; 3 Zgk}ebngkpa+

\G]WCPE@A

FABL\G ]ACZCEKGPEPNG\\E



G]M 8 E\U

45

WKNONMEMNÝK

Gc ]ac g} gc uwg `gbe|me ce} oa|be}+ Zgk}e| ~ z|a~gmpe| za| bg`na `g

}w g}mece# ka} e~wè e `ncwmnè| gc hwgda `g }npwemnakg} gkp|g ca uwguwg|gba} uwg }g bwg}p|g ekpg kwg}p|e vn}pe# ~ uwg g} ca uwg `glg

zg|bekgmg| gk ce a}mw|nè`+

Euwgcca uwg g} z|avameà za| gc ]ac# `glg }g| mak`gk}eà gk gc zce"

kgpe Png||e za| bg`na `g }w mak}n}pgkmne# ~ gk ce} nkknpe} za}nlncn"

è`g} uwg makpeba} mak gcce# gn}pgk gk paè} gcce} wk g}zgha `n|gmpa

uwg }g |gcemnake mak kwg}p|a mwg|za# ~ uwg ka}ap|a} za| bg`na `g }w

mabz|gk}nýk ce a|`gkeba} mak gc nk}p|wbgkpa `gc zgk}ebngkpa+

Ce dgabgp|âe bwczcnmeè gk }w `wecnè`# maba }g vg g} nbza}nlcg

`g }gze|e|+ Meè ze|pg }g ow}nake mak }w ze|# ~ owkmnake ec ndwec uwg

gc zacâdaka p|nekdwce|# gcca `ncwmnè uwg ce gcgmmnýk `g ca} gcgbgkpa}

gkg wke makma|èkmne mak ce ekpg|na| ~ z|amg`gk `g gcca}+

]n ca kgmg}npeba}# za`gba} vacvg| e `nvg|}nme|ce wke vgx bå} gk 5<

ze|pg}# `nvn`ngkà e meè wke gk ce `wecnè`+

Ca `gk}a `gc zcekgpe Png||e g} `nvn`nà gkpakmg} gk Edwe ; 3 Png||e+

Ca gpî|ga `g îc# g} `nvn`nà gk Owgda ; 3 En|g+

Gc mwg|za fwbeka zwg`g }g| mabz|gk`nà gk ce g}mece Uwâbnme ; 3

E}p|akýbnme+

GPÎ\GA

CWXA]MW\N@E@

\G]WCPE@A

MWG\ZA ZGK]EBNGKPA

@GK]A



G]M 8 E\U

4<

WKNONMEMNÝK

^ gc zgk}ebngkpa gk gc Nk}kpa ; 3 \emnakecnè`+

Ce cwx uwg paà ca |gghe }g |gz|g}gkpe mak gc M|gmnbngkpa ; 3 Gvzek"

}nýk+

Ce a}mw|nè` uwg makgkg paè ce gkg|dâe ze|e }â bn}be mak @gm|gm"

nbngkpa ; 3 Makp|emmnýk+

Meè vgx uwg bwczcnmeba} gc zacâdaka veba} ela|èkà ca} gcgbgk"

pa} `g ce kepw|ecgxe# ~ mak gcca veba} gkp|gpghngkà euwgcca uwg ka}

eza|pe e|uwnpgmpw|e+

M+0+ ” ]ýcnà}

]n |gvgba} gc d|åma ekpg|na| ~ ca `ncwmnèba} gk ce} dgabgp|âe} vacw"

bîp|nme} zg|ogmpe}# alpgkgba} ca} z|nkmnzna} gvacwva} ~ `g}e||acca

`g ce bepg|ne gk gc gbza+

EDWE

M\GMNBNGKPA@GM\GMNBNGKPA

\G]WCPE@A

GVZEK]NÝK MAKP\EMMNÝK

PNG\\E

\EMNAKECN@E@ E]P\AKÝBNME

EN\G

NK]PNKPAUWÂBNME

OWGDA



G]M 8 E\U

4=

WKNONMEMNÝK

Mak }w} |npba} ~ ekwcemnakg}# meè wka mak }w d|eà `g vemâa `gkp|a

`gc ccgka `gc Wknvg|}a+ Gc vacwbgk g} ce p|ek}bwpemnýk bn}be# mak

}w} meblna} uwg }g e}gbghek |åznèbgkpg e ce} zg|ogmmnakg} `g ce}

}nkg|dne} ~ }w} cg~g}+

(E|uwndîkg}n} " Hevng| O|g}ke`ncca# g`npa|nec KALWIA# <::6+



Nkp|a`wmg gc pgpa

G]M 8 E\U

40

WKNONMEMNÝK

Peblnîk g} ca nkog|na| `g paè} ce} g}mece} dgabîp|nme}# gkgk wk

ze|gmnà pek z|ýnba e ce kepw|ecgxe uwg }g }nkpgxe gk ecdwka} vgdg"

pecg} ~ oa|be} `g kwg}p|a mwg|za+

Ec ndwec uwg gc p|nåkdwca ~ gc mâ|mwca gk }w zace|nè` `g za}nlncnè`g}#ca }ak ce G}og|e ~ gc Pa|w}# }ak ce} à} makoa|bemnakg} vacwbîp|nme}

uwg gk`gk e ce zg|ogmmnýk `g ca gpî|ga ~ bepg|nec+



Nkp|a`wmg gc pgpa

G]M 8 E\U

47

WKNONMEMNÝK

^ wcnxåkàce} maba wk nk}p|wbgkpa `g ez|gk`nxehg g} maba }g `g}"

zcngdek bwmfe} `g ce} Wknakg} `g}`g ce bepg|ne femne ce dgabgp|âe+

]n uwg|gba} |gecnxe| gc z|amg}a nkvg|}a ~ ze|| `g}`g g}pe dgabgp|âe~ vacvg| e ca `nåoeka# `glgba} |gpa|ke| }al|g }w} g}peà} e }w} z|n"

bg|e} mabza}nmnakg} ~ mak gcce `g}zghe|gba} ca} makmgzpa} }wcg}

uwg }g gkmwgkp|ek gk ce bepg|ne+

Paà} ca} mabza|pebngkpa} fwbeka}# eknbecg}# vgdgpecg} ~ bnkg"

|ecg} zwg`gk }g| `g`wmnà} za| bg`na `g î}pe dgabgp|âe+

Gc vacwbgk g} ce }nkg|dne mabzcghe `g}`g àk`g `glgba} kwgve"

bgkpg `g}zghe|ce `g }w p|n`nbgk}nýk ze|e mabz|gk`g| ca} makmgzpa}

`g ce |gecnè`+ Pgkgba} ce |gz|g}gkpemnýk `g ce bepg|necnè` pekdnlcg

eogmpeè ~ eèzpeè za| gc bg`na+

G}pe} dgabgp|âe} }ak }n}pgbe} mabzcgha} ~ }nkî|dnma}# }n eble} oa|"

be} }g wknme|âek# `ghe|âek `g gn}|# zwg} }ak ce |gz|g}gkpemnýk `gwke zace|nè` dgabîp|nme+



MEZNPWCA @

MAKMCW]NÝK



G]M 8 E\U

4>

@ ” MAKMCW]NÝK

Ce be~a| `g ce} g}mece} uwg zaèba} makmgln| gk ce e|uwnpgmpw|e# g}

gc zwkpa+ ]n ka} p|e}ceèba} oåmncbgkpg femne ce Wknè` za| bg`na

`g }w g}pw`na ~ mabza}nmnýk gk ca |gec# ka} }g|å bw~ oåmnc dgkg|e|nbz|g}nakg} `n|gmpe} ec nk}kpa `g al}g|veà|+ Mew}ekà gk îc wke

vnl|emnýk gk }w nkpg|na| bgkpec ema|`g e ce} z|aza|mnakg} `nvnke}+

Mwekà g}peba} gk wk g}zemna uwg gkgk kwg}p|a guwncnl|na bgkpec#

g} gc bn}ba g}zemna uwngk g} uwg }g mabwknme mak kwg}p|a} }g|g}

nkpg|ka} ze|e p|ek}bn|ka} g}e p|ekuwncnè +

Ca z|nbnva g} ca uwg ghg|mg ce |gecnè`+



G]M 8 E\U

65

NK@NMG

E " Z\NKMNZNA] DGKG\ECG]

E+5+ ” \exakg} `gc cnl|a

E+<+ ” Z|nkmnzna} makmgzpwecg}

E+=+ ” ±Uwg g} wke g}mece1

E+=+5+ ” Z|nkmnzna} empwekpg}

E+=+<+ ” G}mece g fn}pa|ne fwbeke

E+0+ ” Femne wke p|ek}a|bemnýk `gc zgk}ebngkpa+

L " G]MECE] BEPG\NECG] / MAKMGZPWECG]

L+5+ ” N`gkpnomemnýk `g g}mece} gk ce bepg|necnè`

L+<+ ” @g}gkvacvnbngkpa `g ce} g}mece}

L+=+ ” Oa|be} gk maba }g z|g}gkpek paè} ce} g}mece} gk wk}ýca nk}pekpg+

L+0+ ” Dgabgp|âe wknomeà|e zg|gmpe / dgabgp|âe `gc mea}+

M ” WKNONMEMNÝK ” EL]P\EMMNÝK / E\UWNPGMPW\E+

M+5+ ” Zwkpa+

M+5+5+ ” Zwkpa g}zemnec+

M+5+<+ ” Zwkpa / Gkg|dâe

M+5+=+ ” Mebza} d|evnpepa|na} / E|uwnpgmpw|e+



G]M 8 E\U

6<

M+5+0+ ” Zwkpa / P|ek}a|bemnýk+

M+<+ ” Câkge / Gkg|dâe

M+<+5+ ” G}zemna CnkgecM+<+<+ ” Gkg|dâe Cnkgec

M+<+=+ ” Câkge gk P|ek}a|bemnýk+

M+<+0+ ” Câkge / Z|aza|mnýk Ew|ge

M+=+ ” ZacâdakaM+=+5+ ” Zacâdaka / Dgabgp|âe

M+=+<+ ” Zacâdaka / Gkg|dâe

M+=+=+ ” Zacâdaka / P|ek}a|bemnýk

M+=+0+ ” Zacâdaka / E|uwnpgmpw|eM+0+ ” ]ýcn`a}

M+0+5+ " Mabza}nmnýk ]ýcn`a " G}mece makmgzpwec+

@ ” MAKMCW]NÝK



G]M 8 E\U

6=

LNLCNAD\EOÂE

O\G]KE@NCCA# HE_NG\

E|uwndîkg}n}+ G`npa|nec Kalwia# <::6+

Ifgbg|dâe+ <::>

Lna`nbgk}nýk+ <::>



G]M 8 E\U

67

Fg m|geà g}pg }n}pgbe# ze|e uwg meè wka `g w}pg`g} zwgè g"

zek`n| gc cnl|a e }w nkpg|î} gk ce TTT &Ta|c` Tn`g Tgl.+

Bekpgkngkà ec bâknba gc vacwbgk `gc cnl|a# ~ mak gcca be~a|

gmacadâe `gc bepg|nec# cad|ekà wk bgka| ma}pa `g z|a`wmmnýk !

vgkpe+

Peblnîk zwg`g} gkmakp|e| paà} ca} cnki} gk

ttt+ g}m"e|u+lcad}zap+mab

5 s fz8!!ttt+l+a|d!

Lwmibnk}pg| Owccg|

< s fz8!!mabbak}+tninbg`ne+a|d!tnin!Bgxuwnpe

Tninzg`ne Nbedgkg}

= s fz8!!ttt+e}p|ama}ba+mc!

E}p|ama}ba

0 s fz8!!ge|pf+daadcg+g}!

Daadcg Ge|pf

7 s fz8!!g}+tninzg`ne+a|d!tnin!G}zgmp|aQgcgmp|abedkîma

Tninzg`ne? s fz8!!ttt+be|mvnèc+mep!znkàcg}!<::4!5<!ce"p|gbgkè"lgc+fpbc-ba|g

Zâkàcg}

4 s fz8!!ttt+o|empece|pmakpg}p}+mab!<::4!tnkkg|}+zfz-gkp|~>0

O|empecg} " ]zn|ec Oekpe}~ " Eco|g` Cenkd

ESCARQ Javier Fresnadillo Download

Documents

Transcript of ESCARQ Javier Fresnadillo Download