ESTRATEGIAS DE PLANIFICACION DE ASENTAMIENTOS...

ESTRATEGIAS DEPLANIFICACION DEASENTAMIENTOSHUMANOS ENCASO DE DESASTRE

ARQ. JOSE LUIS GANDARA GABORIT

GUATEMAlA,1991

BANVI

CADESCA

CENALTEX

SIGLAS UTILIZADASBANCO NACIONAL DE LA VIVIENDA

COMITE DE ACCION PARA EL DESARROLLO EN AMERICA

CENTRAL

CENTRAL NACIONAL DE LIBROS DE TEXTO Y MATERIAL

DIDACTICO

CEPAL

CEPREDENAC CENTRO DE COORDINACION PARA LA PREVENCION DEDESASTRES EN AMERICA CENTRAL

COMISION ECONOMICA PARA AMERICA LATINA

CIFA

CONAMA

CONE

"NCSUCA

DIGESA

EMPAGUA

GUATEL

HABITAT

IDRC

INACOP

INDECA

'"'INDE

INFOM

INSIVUMEH

O'A

ONU

UNDRO

I)NESCO

USAC

USPAOA

'MNPO,

CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES DE LA FACULTAD DEARQUITECTURA

COMISION NACIONAL DE MEDIO AMBIENTE

COMITE NACIONAL DE EMERGENCIA

COMITE DE RECONSTRUCCION NACIONAL

CONSEJOSUPE RIOR UNIVERSITARIO CENTROAMERICANO

DIRECCION GENERAL DE SERVICIOS AGRICOLAS

EMPRESA MUNICIPAL DE AGUA

EMPRESA GUATE MAL TECA DE TELECOMUNICACIONES

ORGANIZACION DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS PARA LOSASENTAMIENTOSHUMANOS

INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH CENTER

INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE COOPERATIVAS

INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE COMERCIAlIZACION AGRICOLA

INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTADISTICA

INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ELECTRIFICACION

INSTITUTO DE FOMENTO MUNICIPAL

INSTITUTO DE SISMOLOGIA, VULCANOLOGIA,

METEREOLOGIA E HIDROLOGIA

ORGANIZACION DE LOS ESTADOS AMERICANOS

ORGANIZACION DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS

ORGANIZACION DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS PARA EL

SOCORRO EN CASOS DE DESASTRES

ORGANIZACION DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS PARA LA

EDUCACIONy

EL PATRIMONIO CULTURAL

UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA

UNIDAD SECTORIAL DE PLANIFICACION DEL MINISTERIO

DE AGRICULTURA

INGRESO MUNICIPAL PROMEDIO POR HABITANTEPRODUCTO GEOGRAFICO BRUTO

IndicePRESENTACIONCREOLTOS

yRECONOCIMIENTOS

,. CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES

1.'.REauERIMIENTOS PARA LA MITIGACION DE DESASTRES ENGUATEMALA

1.2- SITVACION DE LA VULNERABILIDAD FISICAy

SOCIAL DEGUATEMALA CON RELACION A lOS DESASTRES

8

2- ASPECTOS GENERALES2.'.ANTECEDENTES2.2. DEFJNICION

yOELlMITACION DEL PROBLEMA

2.3. OBJETIVQS DE LA INVESTIGACION2.4. PROPQSITOS2.5. MARCO TEORICO

12

'-ESTRUCTURA SOCIO ECONDMICAy

ORGANIZACION POLlTICAADMINISTRATIVA DE GUATEMALA 18

3.1- REPU8LICAOE GUATEMALA3.2. LA ESTRUCTURA TERRITORIAL DE GUATEMALA

4- LA PLANJFICACION DE LOS ASENTAMlENTOS HUMANOSy

LA MITIGA.CION DE DESASTRES

4.1. eSTUOIOOE VULNERABILIDAD DE LOS ASENTAMIENTOS

HUMANOS4.1.1 VULNERABILIDAD FIS¡CA

4.1.2 VULNEAA81LIDAD SQCIAL4,2. VULNERABILIDAD A DESASTRES SEGUN ZONAS DE RIESGO EN

GUATEMALA

27

5- ESTRUCTURA POllTlCO SOCIAL PARA LA MITIGACION DE DESASTRES 47S.I- ORGANIZACION DE LA ADMINSTRACION PUBLICA PARA LA

MITIGACIONy

PREVENCION DE DESASTRES5,1.1 ANAlISISDE LAS INSTITUCIONES

52- ESTAA TEG~S E INSTRUMENTOS DE PREVENCION YMITIGACIONPARA LA PLANIFICACION DE LOS ASENTAMIENTOS HUMANOS

S,2,1 ZONAS URBANAS Y METROPOLITANA

S.2.2 ZONAS RURALES53. CONSIDERACIONES LEGALES E INsnruclONALES PARA LA

PLANIFICACION DE LOS ASENTAMIENTOS HUMANOS5,4. EL SISTEMA NACIONAL PARA LA MITIGACION DE DESASTRES

5,4.1 LA ESTRUCTURA DEL SISTEMA

5,4-2 FUNCIONES DEL SISTEMA

6- LA PLANIFICACION DE LOS ASENTAMIENTOS HUMANOSy

LA MITIGA.CION DE DESASTRES 53

UN~ PROPUESTA DE ACCIONES DE PLANIFICACION

6,j-ELESTUOIO

62.UNIDADEJECUTORA6,3.0BJETIVOS6,4

- DESCRIPCION DEL PROGRAMA65. MONTO ESTIMADO

6,6-FECHADEINICIQ

6.7-ANTECEDENTESYJUSTIFICACIQN

6.8 - RESULTADOS QUE SE ESPERA ALCANZAR6.9 .INSUMOS REQUERIDOS6.10-CRONOGRAMA DE ACTIVIDADES

Presentación

L'P'''''''OI1'',*"",O<l<>';_'oImOYO'In<J<>O<l''''''''''''''''","",,,"d_.n"I.q,.oI."odod.P>b<''''''1uy..~,..,.",..,..",¡ ;d.

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""°"'''''''0''''''''00

Créditos y Reconocimiento

LA REAlIZACIQN DE ESTE ESTUDIO FUE POSIBLE GRACIAS Al

DECIDIDO APOYO DEL ASESOR DEL TRABAJO ARO. ANORES ISUNZA FUER.TE, QUIEN CON SU EXPERIENCIA PROPORCIONO LOS PROCEDIMIENTOS

PARA HACER EFECTIVO EL PLAN Y AL LIC. ALLAN LA VELL QUE EST ABLEC¡O

lOS LlNEAMIENTOS PARA TOMAR EN CUENTA LOS ASPECTOS SOCIALES

EN LA PROBLEMÁTICA OE LOS DESASTRES.

ESTE ESTUDIO SE HADESARROlLADOTOMANDOCOMO BASE LASINVESTIGACIONES REALIZADAS EN EL TRABAJO DE INVESTIGACION QUE

HE TENIDO LA OPORTUNIDAD DE COORDINAR DENQMINADO"OESASTRES

NATURALESy

ZONAS DE RIESGO EN CENTROAMERICA" AUSPICIADO POR

EL INTERNA TIQNAL DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH CENTRE DE CANADA -IORC-EL CONSEJO SUPERIOR UNIVERSITARIO CENTROAMERICANO .CSUCA-

y

EL CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIONES DE LA FACULTAD DE ARQUITECTVRCA

-CIFA. DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS.

DEBO RECONOCER OUE LA INFORMACION SOCIO ECONOMICA

PARTIO DE LOS DATOS PROPORCIONADOS POR LA LICDA. GISELLAGELLERT,LOS ASPECTOS FISICOS CON EL APOYO DEL ING RAFAEL GIRON. ELANALlSIS LEGAL DE LOS ESTUDIOS EFECTUADOS POR LA LIC. IRMA

BORRA YO, LOS ASPECTOS INSTITUCIONALES DEL TRABAJO COMPILADO

POR EL LlC, MIGUEL ANGEL BALCARCEL Y EL ARO. MELVIN ALONSO. LAINFORMACION POBLACIONAL DEL TRABAJO REALIZADO POR EL LIC. JUAN

PALOMO, TODOS DENTRO DEL ESTUDIO EN MENCION

SE TOMO COMO MOOELO DE PLAN DE MITIGACION PARA DESAS-

TRES EL AREA METROPOLITANA DE GUATEMALA. DEBIDOAOUE CONSTI.

TUYE EL ASENTAMIENTO HUMANO DE MAYOR CONCENTRACION POBLA.

CIONALy

SIN EMBARGO CARECE DEL MISMO. ASIMISMO AL INTERESy

APOYO MOSTRADO POR EL ARO, EDUARDO CASTILLO VICE ALCALDE DE

LA MUNICIPALIDAD DE GUATEMALA ASI COMO POR EL ING. EDUARDODURAN PORTILLA. DIRECTOR DE LA DIRECCION DE PROTECCION CIVIL DEL

DISTRITO FEDERAL DE MEXICO.

MUCHAS OTRAS PERSONAS HAN DADO SU APOYO PARA HACER

POSIBLE LA CONFORMACION DEL SISTEMA NACIONAL PARA LA PREVEN.CION DE DESASTRES EN GUATEMALA. METAOUE ME HE TRAZADO DESDE

QUE acURRIO EL TERREMOTO DEL 4 DE FEBRERO DE 1976 Y QUE SE

TRADUCE EN ACCIONES CONCRETAS TAL COMQEST A INVESTIGACION. NQ

SE PUEDE DEJAR DE MENCIONAR ALOA. HECTOR MONZON DESPANG, EX.

PERTO EN FENOMENQS GEOOINAMICOS , AlllC, MARIQ ANTONIO SAN.

DOVAL DEL DIARIO PRENSA LIBRE Y AL LIC. SALVADOR POMAR DIRECTOR

DEL CENTRO NACIONAL DE PREVENCION DE DESASTRES DE MEXICO.

1-CONCLUSIONESy

RECOMENDACIONES ,

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'Guatemala 1908085 97.5

" "2 BajaV9rapaz 174,892 56.0" :AhaVe.:~a:I' '" ''

3 EIProgre50 104,057 54.1"

5Izabal 306.244 33.9

" "Zacapa 155,711 57.9 29"Chiquimula 241895 101.9

" "TOTAL:0807,907 62.0 24.6". SantaRosa 256,850 86.9 23 3

Jalapa 181,383 87.9 29"JU1iapa 339293 105,4

"5

TOTAL: 0777526 93.4 23.4 '95 Sacatep(lquez 169,833 365.2 73"Chimaltenango 324.651 164.0

" ,;Escuintla <;10733""

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6 Sololá 227,406 214.3 36 5Totonicapán 280,908 264.8

"5

Ouatza~9nango 527,501 270.4 39"Suchi19péquaz 342,765 136.6 32"Retalhulau 225,241 121.4 29'iSanMarcos

"TOTAL022<;6895 197.1 26.0 8.67 Huehuetanango 671,441 90.7

".

Quiché 539669 64.4"

3TOTAL' 1211110 77 13.4 32

8 Pe!én 227481 6.3" '5REPUBLlCA 8,935,394 82.0 38.0 12.0

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. FUENTE: Gisella Gellert de Pinto en base da"Gua!amala, Población Urbana y

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6.9- INSUMOS REQUERIDOS

RENGLON

lo PERSONAL

A-COORDINADOR

e-EXPERTO EN GEOLOGIA

C-EXPERTO EN ESTRUCTURAS

D-EXPERTOJURIDICO

E-EXPERTO EN PLANIFICACION

URBANA

F-EXPERTO EN ORGANIZACION

SOCIAL

a-EXPERTO EN ECONOM1A

H-EXPERTO EN MEDIOS DE

COMUNfCACION

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J.EXPERTO EN MANEJO DEINFORMACION.)NVENTARIO

DE RECURSOS

K-10 TECNICOS DE CAMPO-ANA'LlSIS DE VULNERABILIDAD

L-10 TECNICOS DE GABINETEMANEJO Y CLASlflCACION

DE lA LNFORMACION

M-ASESOR EXTRANJERO EN SISTE-

MAS DE PROTECCION CIVILy

MANEJO DE INFORMACION

N-ASESOR EXTRANJERO EN PLA-

NIFICACION PARA LA

MITLGAC\ON DE DESASTRES

O.ASESOR EXTRANJERO EN

ESTUDIOS DE VULNERABILIDAD

Y ZONAS DE RIESGO

e.11.CAOWOGAAt.lAD~ACTI~IOADES

ACTwIDAD

A-~STAUCTURA YPAOMOC1ONO~LPAOGRAMA

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LISTA DE GRAFICAS

1- CORTE LONGITUDINAL RIO CHIXOY DE LA PRESA HASTA LA CASA DEMAQUINAS EN QUIXAL

2- HURACANES Y CICLONES

3- ERUPCIONES VOLCANICAS

4- TERREMOTOS Y FALLAS GEOLOGICAS

LISTA DE FOTOGRAFIAS

1- CENTROS POBLADOS COMO EL PUERTO DE SAN JOSE SUFREN CADAANO POR LAS INUNDACIONES SIN QUE HASTA EL MOMENTO SE EFEC.

TUEN PLANES DE MITIGACION PARA REDUCIR EL IMPACTO DE lAS

MISMAS

2- EN GUATEMALA EXISTEN CERCA DE 15.000 CENTROS POBLADOS QUECP<'rEN SIN PLANES DE DESARROLLO. LA FALTA DE ESTUDIO SOBRE EL

IMPACTO QUE LOS FENOMENOS NATURALES CAUSAN SOBRE ELLOS,

HACE SUMAMENTE VULNERABLES A LA POBLACIONy

SUS BIENES ADESASTRES

3. EL CRECIMIENTO ACELERADO DEL AREA METROPOLITANA HACE QUE LA

MISMA SEA SUMAMENTE VULNERABLE A DESASTRES. ESPECIALMENTE

LOS SECTORES QUE SE UBICAN EN lAS LADERAS DE lOS BARRANCOS

CON DENSIDADES DE POBLACION HASTA 5000 HABITANTES POR KM 2

4. EMBALSE DEL RIO CHIXOY. AREA SUSCEPTIBLE A POSIBLES DESAS-

TRES. EJEMPLO TIPICO PARA EFECTUAR ESTUDIOS DE VULNERABILI-

DAD.

5. ERUPCIONES VOLCANlCAS

6. DEBE RECONOCERSE OUE NO PRECISAMENTE LAS AREAS CON VUL-

NERABILIDAD SOCIAL SON CORRESPONDIENTES A UNA ALTA VULNERA-

BILIDAD FISICA

7- LA REGION METROPOLITANAy

SUR OCCIDENTAL DEL PAIS SON AQUE.LLAS QUE PRESENTAN LOS NIVELES MAS ALTOS DE POSIBLES DESAS.

TRES. ELLO SE DEBE A LA ALTA DENSIDAD DE POBLACION, GRAN

CONCENTRACION DE LAS ACTIVIDADES PRODUCTIVAS Y CONSTANTE

RECURRENCIA DE LOS FENOMENTOS NATURALES EN DICHAS AREAS

g.LOS PLANES DE DESARROLLO URBANO INTEGRADOS A LA FORMACIONy

CAPACITACION DE LA POBLACJON SON ALTERNATIVAS QUE PUEDEN

REDUCIR EL IMPACTODE LOS DESASTRES SIEMPRE QUE SE INCLUYA LA

REGLAMENTACION Y NORMALlZACION PARA EL USO DEL SUELO. CONS.

T ANTEMENTE OCURREN DESASTRES EN GUATEMALA POR NO ESTUDIAR

LAS CARACTERISTlCAS GEOLOGICAS.

9. EL AREA METROPOLITANA DE GUATEMALA CONSIDERADA COMO LA MAS

VULNERABLE DEL PAIS Y QUE REOUIERE URGENTEMENTE DE UN SIS.

TEMA EFICIENTE PARA REDUCIR LOS NIVELES DE VULNERABILIDAD A

DESASTRES.

LISTA DE RECORTES DE PRENSA

1. LOS FENOMENOS HIDROMETEREOLOGICOS PROVOCAN EL MAYOR

NUMERO DE DESASTRES EN GUATEMALA DEBIDO A SU ALTA RECURREN.

CIA Y LA FALTA DE PLANES DE MITIGACION. ESPECIALMENTE EN LA

AREAS DONDE SE CAUSAN LOS MAYORES DANOS

2. CONSTANTEMENTE SE PUBLICAN NOTICIAS EN LOS DIARIOS POR DE.

SASTRES OCURRIDOS EN LA CIUDAD DE GUATEMALA

FUENTES BIB_LlOGRAFICAS

1.GándaraGabo.lt,Jodluls. Tomo1.0as3stres naturalesy lonas de riesgo

en Guatemala, Centro de Invasligociones Facuhad de Arquitectura CIFA, Con.S...¡O Supliría. Universitario CenlroamerOcarlO C$UCA, Internalional Develop.-

men! AaSGarch CGntre IORC. 1990

Z. ComU Nacional do EmergencIa

3. Marroquln Hermes, Géndara José Luis. la Vivienda Popular en Guatemala

antes y después del t""emolode1976, Tomo 11. Ed~o,ial Un¡'¡e($~a,ia 1982.

4. Primer Seminario Nacional sobre Atención de DGsasl.es. COI&g>o deArquilectos d..Guatemala, 1984.

5. C<lputo M.J. M. Hardoy" Hllds Herlar. Das3st,esNatural¡¡sy Sociedad anAmérica latina. CLACSQ. Comisión d.. desarrollo Urnano

y Regional.Grupo

ed~of latinoam¡¡riC<lno, Argentina. 1985.

6. Guardia - Bulrón Fernando. Arq, Plan~icaci6nda los Asan!amHlnlos

Humanos para la Pre~el'ld6ny

Asisler1Cia el'lDosastrllsNaluralas. Encuel'll1o

Regional DesaslresNaturalasPlan~icación de \os ASllntamiontos Humanos.

ECUador0d198S

7. Abril Ojeda G. The Role 01 Disastllr Reliel lor Ion9 term DII~elopment in losserDe~eloped Countries, Inshlute 01 latin American Studies Monograph No. 6Stockolm.\982.

8. Long.F.The 01 Natural Disaster 01 3rd Word Agricu~ure,American ¡Curnal 01Sociology.VoI.37,No.2.

9. la~ell Allan, PropueS!adll in~estigad6ndedesastf\lsnaturalasyzonasdllriasgo el'l Centroamérica. CSUCA. 1989

10. Mas ~ale pre~enlr que Curar. Cruz Roja Sueca, pág. 46, 1985

11. Gellert de Pinto, GI$ela. DesastrllS naturalesy zonas de Riesgo~" Cllntro-

américa. coordinadorArq.José luis Gándara. Tomo 1. Estructura socio eco-n6micayorganizaci6n polltica.adminisuativadaGuatemala. inédito .19j10

12.Guerra Borges, Alfredo. Compendio de Geografía Econ6micay

Humana de

Guatemala.. Guatemala: Edición. Universitaria, 1986

13. Deaastres Naturalea y Zonas de Riesgo Tom02.PalomoJuan, Den sidaddllpoblaci6n,ingresosmunicipa1aseindicesdedllpendier1Ciaconretaci6nalos

desastresnatuales

14.DesastreNaturaln yZonas de Rlesgo Tomo 2.GándaraJosé Luis, Gir6n.Rafael. Zonas de a~o, mediano

y bajo riesgo

15. DesasttesNaturaleayZonasde Riesgo...,..Tomo 2,Gllllert de Pin10.G isella.

Análisis de Vulne'abilidad sociaL,

16. Desastres naturalesy Zonas de Riesgo en Centroamérlcil. Balcárcel, Miguol

Angel y Borrayo. Irma. Tomo S, Aspoclos legales a inst~ucional9S

17-Ge1lert, Glsetla. Desastres Naturalesy Zonasde riesgo IIn Cel'ltroamé'icoI.Tomol,

la estruCluratllrritorial de Guatemala: algunos rasgos esenciales dIItllrminan-tes,ladimensi6ndelamelropolizaci6n

63

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