Estructuration de ank (Dane Cook) es un joven experto en seducir pero, sobre todo, en ofender a las...

7/26/2019 Estructuration de ank (Dane Cook) es un joven experto en seducir pero, sobre todo, en ofender a las mujeres. Po

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ESTRUCTURACION DE PROYECTO OPIOID IN SHRIMP

An opioidis any chemical that resembles morphineor other opiatesin its

pharmacological efects. Opioids work by binding to opioid receptors, which

are ound principally in the centraland peripheral nervous systemand the

gastrointestinal tract. The receptors in these organ systems mediate thebenecial efects as well as the psychoactiveand the side efectso opioids.

Opioid receptorsare a group o G proteincoupled receptorswith opioids

as ligands. The endogenous opioids are dynorphins, enkephalins,

endorphins, endomorphins and nociceptin. The opioid receptors are !"#$

identical to somatostatin receptors%&&T's(. Opioid receptors are distributed

widely in the brain, and are ound in the spinal cordand digestive tract.

G proteincoupled receptors %GPCRs(, also known as seven-

transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical

receptors, serpentine receptor, and G proteinlinked receptors%GPLR(, constitute a large proteinamily o receptorsthat sense molecules

outside the cell and activate inside signal transduction pathways and,

ultimately, cellular responses. They are called seventransmembrane

receptors because they pass through the cell membrane seven times.)*

G proteincoupled receptors are found only in eukaryotes, including yeast,

choanoflagellates,[2]and animals. The ligandsthat bind and activate these receptors

include light-sensitive compounds, odors,pheromones, hormones, and

neurotransmitters, and vary in sie from small molecules topeptidesto largeproteins. G

proteincoupled receptors are involved in many diseases, and are also the target ofappro!imately "#$ of all modern medicinal drugs.[%]["]The 2#&2'obel (rie in

)hemistry*as a*arded to +rian obilkaand obert efko*itfor their *ork that *as

/crucial for understanding ho* G proteincoupled receptors function./.[0]There have

been at least seven other'obel (riesa*arded for some aspect of G protein-mediated

signaling.

There are t*o principal signal transduction path*ays involving the G proteincoupled

receptors1

the c3(signal path*ay and

thephosphatidylinositolsignal path*ay.[4]

5hen a ligand binds to the G() it causes a conformational change in the G(),

*hich allo*s it to act as a guanine nucleotide e!change factor6G789. The G() can

then activate an associatedG proteinby e!changing its bound G:(for a GT(.The G

protein;s < subunit, together *ith the bound GT(, can then dissociate from the = and >

subunits to further affect intracellular signaling proteins or target functional proteins

directly depending on the < subunit type 6G


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+lassication

+lassication &cheme o G+'s. +lass A %'hodopsinlike(, +lass - %&ecretin

like(,+lass + %Glutamate 'eceptorlike(, Others %Adhesion %**(, ri//led %00(,

Taste type1 %12(, unclassied %1*((.345

The e!act sie of the G() superfamilyis unkno*n, but nearly A## different human

genes6or B"$ of the entireprotein-codinggenome9 have been predicted from genome

se@uence analysis.[A]lthough numerous classification schemes have been proposed, the

superfamily *as classically divided into three main classes 6, +, and )9 *ith no

detectable shared se@uence homologybet*een classes.

The largest class by far is class , *hich accounts for nearly A0$ of the G() genes.

Cf class G()s, over half of these are predicted to encodeolfactory receptors, *hile

the remaining receptors are ligandedby kno*n endogenouscompoundsor are classified

as orphan receptors. :espite the lack of se@uence homology bet*een classes, all G()s

have a common structureand mechanism of signal transduction. The very large

rhodopsin group has been further subdivided into &D subgroups 6&-&D9.[D]

3ore recently, an alternative classification system called G8E 6Glutamate,

hodopsin, dhesion, 8riled?Taste2,Eecretin9 has been proposed.[A]

+y this system,G()s can be grouped into 4 classes based on se@uence homology and functional

similarity1[][&&][&2][&%]

+lass A %or 0( %'hodopsinlike(

+lass - %or 1( %&ecretin receptor amily(

+lass +%or *( %6etabotropic glutamate7pheromone(

+lass 8 %or "( %ungal mating pheromone receptors(

+lass 9 %or 2( %+yclic A6 receptors(
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor#cite_note-pmid16753280-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfamily_(molecular_biology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_biosynthesishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_analysishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor#cite_note-pmid16753280-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_homologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_receptorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_receptorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogenoushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogenoushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan_receptorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_tertiary_structurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transductionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodopsin-like_receptors#Classeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor#cite_note-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodopsinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frizzledhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste_receptorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste_receptorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretin_receptorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor#cite_note-pmid16753280-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor#cite_note-pmid16753280-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor#cite_note-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor#cite_note-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor#cite_note-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor#cite_note-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodopsin-like_receptorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretin_receptor_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_C_GPCRhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungal_mating_pheromone_receptorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_AMP_receptorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor#cite_note-pmid16753280-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfamily_(molecular_biology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_biosynthesishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_analysishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor#cite_note-pmid16753280-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_homologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_receptorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogenoushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan_receptorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_tertiary_structurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transductionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodopsin-like_receptors#Classeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor#cite_note-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodopsinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frizzledhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste_receptorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretin_receptorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor#cite_note-pmid16753280-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor#cite_note-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor#cite_note-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor#cite_note-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor#cite_note-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodopsin-like_receptorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretin_receptor_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_C_GPCRhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungal_mating_pheromone_receptorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_AMP_receptors


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+lass %or :( %ri//led7&moothened(

The human genome encodes thousands of G protein-coupled receptors,[&"]about %0# of

*hich detect hormones, gro*th factors, and other endogenous ligands. ppro!imately

&0# of the G()s found in the human genome have unkno*n functions.

Eome *eb-servers[&0]and bioinformatics prediction methods[&4][&F]have been used for

predicting the classification of G()s according to their amino acid se@uence alone, by

means of thepseudo amino acid compositionapproach.

NOREPINEPHRINE

Norepinephrine6''9 6abbreviated norepior NE9, also called noradrenaline6+'9

6abbreviated NA, NAd, or norad9, or 4,5!"rih#dro$#phene"h#la%ineis a

catecholamine*ith multiple roles including those as a hormoneand a neurotransmitter.[&]t is the hormone and neurotransmitter most responsible for vigilantconcentrationin

contrast to its most chemically similar hormone, dopamine, *hich is most responsible

for cognitivealertness.[2]

Norepinephrine reulates prophenolo!idase s"stem-related

parameters and ene e!pressions via #- and $-adreneric

receptors in Litopenaeus vannamei%http&''(((%ncbi%nlm%nih%ov'pubmed'))*7+,.

+O;+O;? These results suggest that stressinduced ;9 may promote

the migration o circulating granulocytes to the site o the in@ection and the

e)isting proO m';A translation which had been stored in granulocytes. ;9

downregulated the , proO>>, &, and 9 gene transcription by

haemocytes via 0, B0, 0, 0 and B0, and 0 and B0A's, respectively,

which subseCuently decreased the O activity by 0 and B0A's in

haemocytes o


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central nervous system%+;&( o animals, including humans. >t is popularly

thought to be a contributor to eelings o wellbeing and happiness.

Molecular clonin and 0unctional e!pression o0 the

Penaeus monodon 1-2T receptor%Ongvarrasopone +0, 'oshorm F, &omyong &, othiratana +, etchdee &,

Tangkhabuanbutra , &ophasan &, anyim &.

5uthor in0ormation

5bstract

Eerotonin 60-HT9 mediates a number of diverse physiological functions in crustaceans

by interacting *ith various 0-HT receptor subtypes. putative 0-HT receptor cloned

from the ovary of the black tiger pra*n 6(enaeus monodon9 consisted of 22D&

nucleotides, encoding a putative 0-HT6&(em9 receptor protein of 0D& amino acids.Transient e!pression of 0-HT6&(em9 in H72D% cells demonstrated a saturable [%H]-0-

HT binding *ith a d of ."%I?-&.&% n3 and +ma! of &.0%I?-#.#4 pmol?mg. The

putative 0-HT6&(em9 receptor is e!pressed in all tissues e!amined and is constitutively

e!pressed in the ovary during ovarian maturation and spent phase. (olyclonal antibodies

against the third intracellular loop 6i% loop9 of the 0-HT receptor sho*ed that the 0-

HT6&(em9 receptor protein *as e!pressed in the trabeculae of ovarian stages & and 2

but on the cortical rod and surrounding the oocyte membrane of stages % and ",

suggesting that receptor localiation plays a critical role in regulating ovarian

maturation and spa*ning in penaeus shrimp.

JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ

Clonin o0 opioid receptors in common carp

6C"prinus carpio L% and their involvement in

reulation o0 stress and immune response%+had/inska 60, Hermsen T, &avelkoul H, Ierburgvan Jemenade -6.

5uthor in0ormation

5bstract

n mammals opiate alkaloids and endogenous opioid peptides e!ert their physiological

and pharmacological actions through opioid receptors 63C, :C and C9

e!pressed not only on neuroendocrine cells but also on leukocytes. Therefore, opioids

can modulate the immune response. 5e cloned and se@uenced all three classical opioid

receptors 63C, :C and C9 in common carp, and studied changes in their

e!pression during stress and immune responses. 3essenger ' of opioid receptors

*as constitutively e!pressed in brain areas, specially in the preoptic nucleus '(C

6homologous to mammalian hypothalamus9. fter e!posure to prolonged restraintstress, m' levels of 3C and :C decreased in the '(C and in the head kidney.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happinesshttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Ongvarrasopone%20C%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16949686http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Roshorm%20Y%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16949686http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Somyong%20S%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16949686http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Pothiratana%20C%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16949686http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Petchdee%20S%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16949686http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Tangkhabuanbutra%20J%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16949686http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Sophasan%20S%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16949686http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Panyim%20S%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16949686http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16949686http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Chadzinska%20M%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18977430http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Hermsen%20T%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18977430http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Savelkoul%20HF%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18977430http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Verburg-van%20Kemenade%20BM%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18977430http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18977430http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happinesshttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Ongvarrasopone%20C%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16949686http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Roshorm%20Y%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16949686http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Somyong%20S%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16949686http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Pothiratana%20C%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16949686http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Petchdee%20S%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16949686http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Tangkhabuanbutra%20J%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16949686http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Sophasan%20S%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16949686http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Panyim%20S%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16949686http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16949686http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Chadzinska%20M%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18977430http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Hermsen%20T%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18977430http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Savelkoul%20HF%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18977430http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Verburg-van%20Kemenade%20BM%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18977430http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18977430


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ncreased e!pression of all studied opioid receptors *as observed in the pituitary pars

distalis 6containing )TH-producing cells9. n immune organs, constitutive but lo*er

e!pression of opioid receptor genes *as observed. :uring in vivo ymosan-induced

peritonitis or after in vitro (E-induced stimulation, *hen pro-inflammatory functions

are activated, e!pression of the C genes in leukocytes *as concomitantly up-

regulated. dditionally, specific agonists of opioid receptors especially reduced

leukocyte migratory properties, manifested by reduced chemota!is and do*n-regulated

e!pression of chemokine receptors. Cur data indicate an evolutionary conserved role for

the opioid system in maintaining a dynamic e@uilibrium *hile coping *ith stress and?or

infection.

http&''(((%ncbi%nlm%nih%ov'pubmed'+.*77,8

Estructuration de ank (Dane Cook) es un joven experto en seducir pero, sobre todo, en ofender a las...

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