"¿Eurocentrismo o crítica decolonial? Epistemología política para una sociología de la...

7/31/2019 "Eurocentrismo o crtica decolonial? Epistemologa poltica para una sociologa de la globalizacin desde Amrica

1/11

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3/11

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4/11

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5/11

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jt{grg qbgngkg kj rjbg{`t bbjh`t kj tzqzjt{`t" {gbjt dì` jb judjtc|` jt{g{gbcti`"jb hlgtct jh ghbctct kj t`dcjkgkjt hgdc`hgbjt s ` rjnc`hgbct{gt" bg |ctch kj zhgi`kjrhckgk wzj h` jt bg ictig wzj bg jzr`qjg" bg ictch gz{`gtcnhgkg kj egobgrq`r b`t wzj tzlrjh ` zhg d`hdjqdch ckjh{c{grcg jh{jhkckg dì` j{e`t chiz{gobj%cok(#( G ic mzcdc`" Igtdgrj` s Dejrhcb` gqzh{gh ocjh gb tjgbgr wzj bg t`dc`b`ngbg{ch`gijrcdghg kjoj jh{jhkjr bg qgr{cdzbgrckgk kj bg rjnch dì` iìjh{` kj bgzhc|jrtgbckgk kj bg t`dcjkgk izhkcgb" {gh{` jh zh tjh{ck` jt{rzd{zrgb dì`h`rig{c|` %cok(= ?7#( Jt{`s dìqbj{gijh{j kj gdzjrk` d`h tz ckjg kj bg t`dcjkgk%izhkcgb# dì` ckjgb rjnzbg{c|` g bg |j} ciq`tcobj s hjdjtgrc`(

Ge`rg ocjh" jb qr`qtc{` kj jt{j {ju{` eg tck` qrjtjh{gr g bg qjrtqjd{c|g kjd`b`hcgbdì` zh iìjh{` drzdcgb k`hkj bg kctdcqbchg tgb{g jb òt{dzb` kj bgqgr{cdzbgrckgk s q`hj g bg rjnch dì` jbjijh{` kj bg zhc|jrtgbckgk" qjr` kj zhgzhc|jrtgbckgk)`{rg ` qbzrc)|jrtgbckgk %Nr`tl`nzjb" `q(dc{6 Icnh`b`" ?11>#( Jh jt{gqgr{j kjb gr{dzb` jto`}grji`t kj l`rig izs orj|j zhg njhjgb`ng kj jt{gqrj{jhtch zhc|jrtgbct{g ge`rg t`dc`bncdgijh{j qjhtgkg dì` t`dcjkgkizhkcgb q`r qgr{j kj bg t`dc`b`ng bg{ch`gijrcdghg kjd`b`hcgb( Jt{j zhc|jrtgbcti`t`dc`bncd` kjd`b`hcgb {ìgrg jbjijh{`t wzj |gh kjtkj bg cignjh djh{r`)qjrcljrcg kj bg {j`rg kj bg kjqjhkjhdcg egt{g jb gq`r{j kjb t`dcb`n` qjrzgh` Ghogb Wzcmgh`s tz d`hdjq{` kj qg{rh d`b`hcgb kjb q`kjr (

Jh jt{j qzh{` drj` lzhkgijh{gb dìjh}gr tjgbghk` wzj jb ciqjrcgbcti` jt wzc}tjb d`hdjq{` wzj zhg ozjhg qgr{j kj bg {j`rg t`dc`bncdg bg{ch`gijrcdghg tj rjtct{jg `b|ckgr( Bjm`t kj zhg g`rgh}g igruct{g" drjji`t wzj" dì` dg{jn`rg ghgb{cdg"jb ciqjrcgbcti` jt{ qrjtjh{j jh bg {j`rg t`dc`bncdg jtdrc{g jh bg rjnch"d`hdjkchk`bj ig{cdjt zhc|jrtgbct{gt t`dc`bncd`t %t`dcjkgk izhkcgb#( Q`rjmjiqb`" jb ciqjrcgbcti` jt{ qrjtjh{j jh bg {j`rg kj bg kjqjhkjhdcg gb ijh`t jh{rjt jmjt ghgb{cd`t= g# bg `q`tcdch jh{rj kjtgrr`bb` s tzokjtgrr`bb` |ct{g kjtkj bgjd`hìg hgdc`hgb" ghbctct wzj" bjm`t kj tjr zh got`bz{` qgr{cdzbgrct{g" tj bbj|g gdgo` g qgr{cr kj bg dìqgrgdch jh{rj kct{ch{gt jd`hìgt s bg q`tcdchtzo`rkchgkg kj bg jd`hìg hgdc`hgb rjtqjd{` kj bg jt{rzd{zrg ch{jrhgdc`hgb kjqr`kzddch s kct{rcozdch6 o# bg tc{zgdch kj kjqjhkjhdcg" {gh{` jh jb gtqjd{`jd`hicd` dì` q`b{cd`" {gioch g hc|jb hgdc`hgb s dìqgrg{c|` izhkcgb6 d# bgrjbgdch djh{r`)qjrcljrcg" ciq`r{ghk` jtqjdcgbijh{j bgt lzhdc`hjt kj bg jd`hìghgdc`hgb jh jb ijrdgk` izhkcgb(

Jb gbdghdj zhc|jrtgb t`dc`bncd` kj bg {j`rg kj bg kjqjhkjhdcg" tch jiogrn`" h` jttg{ctlgd{`rc`( Bg juqbcdgdch kj tz klcdc{ jt tz hlgtct jd`hìcdct{g= jbciqjrcgbcti` wzj jt{ tzo{jhkck` jh tz qr`qzjt{g {jrcdg h` kjmg kj tjr jbkjtqbcjnzj kj i`|cicjh{`t s qr`djt`t ch{jrqrj{gobjt q`r bg jd`hìg q`b{cdg(Izde`t kj b`t kjqjhkjh{ct{gt qrc|cbjncgogh bgt rjbgdc`hjt jd`hicdgt s q`b{cdgt gd`t{g kj bgt kj{jrichgdc`hjt dzb{zrgbjt j ckj`bncdgt" kj l`rig wzj bg kjqjhkjhdcg

|jg cht{rzijh{gbijh{j g bg dzb{zrg dì` tzqjrjt{rzd{zrg ckj`bncdg bjnc{cigk`rgkj b`t qr`djt`t kj gdzizbgdch dgqc{gbct{g %Dgt{r`)Nij} s Nr`tl`nzjb" `q(dc{#( Jb


7/11

>

qròbjig qgrg jb igructi` dbtcd` %s kj qgt`" qgrg bg {j`rg kj bg kjqjhkjhdcg#jrg jb dgqc{gbcti`" ljhijh` wzj g hc|jb kj juqghtch q`r bg |g kjb Jt{gk` tj bjd`h`djr dì` ciqjrcgbcti`( Q`r jb d`h{rgrc`" qgrg bg `qdch kjd`b`hcgb jbqròbjig jt `{rg d`tg= bg ig{rc} ` qg{rh d`b`hcgb kj q`kjr " kj bg dzgb bg jd`hìgjt gqjhgt zhg jtljrg(

Jh jt{j tjh{ck`" jb jhl`wzj kjd`b`hcgb rjqrjtjh{g zh g|ghdj tcnhclcdg{c|`" qzjt g bgqjrtqjd{c|g kjb ciqjrcgbcti` bg dìqbjijh{g d`h bg kjb d`b`hcgbcti`( Tz òmj{` jtjb ljhijh` dgqc{gbct{g s jqct{icd` kj gbdghdj izhkcgb" qr`djt` wzj {cjhj tzdjh{r` jh Jzr`qg s wzj {ìg tz rjbgdch d`h Gircdg s kjit d`b`hcgt( Gwz tjcht{gbg b` wzj Wzcmgh` kjtdrcoc dì` qg{rh d`b`hcgb kj q`kjr dgqc{gbct{g " lzhkgk`jh zhg dbgtclcdgdch h` tb` jd`hicdg" tch` {gioch rgdcgb {hcdg kj bg qòbgdchkjb izhk`" `qjrghk` jh qbgh`t s kcijhtc`hjt ig{jrcgbjt s tzomj{c|gt %Wzcmgh`"?111#( Jt{j qg{rh d`b`hcgb kj q`kjr {cjhj g Gircdg dì` qrchdcqgb nhjtct kjd`ht{c{zdch ect{rcdg" k`hkj {`kgt bgt kcljrjh{jt l`rigt kj d`h{r`b s juqb`{gdchkjb {rgogm` s bg qr`kzddch" gqr`qcgdch" gdzizbgdch s kct{rcozdch kj rjdzrt`t tjgr{cdzbgr`h jh {`rh` g bg rjbgdch dgqc{gb)tgbgrc` s kjb ijrdgk` izhkcgb( Jh jt{gig{rc} wzjkgr`h chdbzckgt bg jtdbg|c{zk" bg tjr|ckziorj" bg qjwzjg qr`kzddchijrdgh{cb" bg rjdcqr`dckgk s jb tgbgrc`(

D`h bg d`b`hc}gdch kj Gircdg hzj|gt ckjh{ckgkjt ect{rcdgt s t`dcgbjt lzjr`hqr`kzdckgt" jt{gobjdcjhk` zhg kct{rcozdch rgdct{g kjb {rgogm` s kj bgt l`rigt kjjuqb`{gdch kjb dgqc{gbcti` d`b`hcgb wzj tj dìjh} g lrgnzgr jh zh ljhijh` kjqrjq`hkjrghdcg kj bg obghwzc{zk jh bg rjbgdch tgbgrcgb s jh b`t qzjt{`t kj ighk`kj bg gkichct{rgdch d`b`hcgb %cok(= ?1:#( Tjnh Wzcmgh`" kjtkj jb dìcjh}` tjgt`dc gb {rgogm` h` qgngk` ` h`)gtgbgrcgk` d`h bgt rg}gt kìchgkgt" q`rwzj jrgh

rg}gt chljrc`rjt( Jb |gt{` njh`dckc` kj b`t chkc`t jh bgt qrcijrgt kdgkgt kj bgd`b`hc}gdch h` lzj dgztgk` qrchdcqgbijh{j q`r bg |c`bjhdcg kj bg d`hwzct{g" hc q`rbgt jhljrijkgkjt wzj b`t d`hwzct{gk`rjt q`r{gogh" tch` q`rwzj {gbjt chkc`t lzjr`hztgk`t dì` igh` kj òrg kjtjdegobj" l`r}gk`t g {rgogmgr egt{g i`rcr %cok(=?1>#( Qgrg jb gz{`r" jt{g dbgtclcdgdch rgdcgb kj bg qòbgdch d`b`hc}gkg ogm` l`rigtkj d`h{r`b h` gtgbgrcgk` kjb {rgogm` kjtgrr`bb jh{rj b`t jzr`qj`t ` obghd`t bgjtqjdlcdg qjrdjqdch kj wzj jb {rgogm` qgngk` jrg qrc|cbjnc` kj b`t obghd`t %cok(#(Kj jt{g l`rig" jb qg{rh d`b`hcgb kj q`kjr tzrnj dì` zhg l`rig kj d`h{r`b kjb{rgogm` jh gr{cdzbgdch d`h zhg kct{rcozdch rgdcgb" qzkcjhk` tjr {gioch jb d`h{r`bkj zh nrzq` jtqjdlcd` kj njh{j kìchgkg g qgr{cr kj zhg {jdh`b`ng kjkìchgdch juqb`{gdch kj rg}g {rgogm` hzhdg gh{jt |ct{g" qr`djt` wzj e`s jtd`htckjrgk` dì` hg{zrgb %cok(#( Kj jt{g l`rig" bg jt{rzd{zrg t`dcgb kj juqb`{gdchs kìchgdch tj bj|gh{g tòrj zh jh{rjdrz}gicjh{` kj dbgtjt s rg}gt" jmjt g b`tdzgbjt tj bjt lzjr`h tzighk` `{r`t jbjijh{`t kj dìqbjmckgk(

Kj jt{g l`rig" qgrg Wzcmgh` jb q`kjr d`h{jiq`rhj` wzj {cjhj tz rg} jh jb qg{rhtzrnck` d`h bg d`b`hcg tj d`hlcnzrg jh bg gd{zgbckgk dì` zhg igbbg kj rjbgdc`hjtt`dcgbjt kj juqb`{gdch s kìchgdch jt{rzd{zrgkg jh bg kctqz{g q`r jb d`h{r`b kj :jmjt lzjr{jijh{j ch{jrrjbgdc `hgk`t jh{rj t= 7# jb {rgogm` s tzt qr`kzd{`t6 ?# j hkjqjhkjhdcg kjb gh{jrc`r" bg hg{zrgbj}g s tzt rjdzrt`t kj qr`kzddch6 4# jb tju`"tzt qr`kzd{`t s bg rjqr`kzddch kj bg jtqjdcj6 ;# bg tzomj{c|ckgk s tzt qr`kzd{`t"

ig{jrcgbjt j ch{jrtzomj{c|`t" chdbzck` jb d`h`dcicjh{`6 :# bg gz{`rckgk s tzt


8/11

5

cht{rzijh{`t" kj d`jrdch jh qgr{cdzbgr" qgrg gtjnzrgr bg rjqr`kzddch kj jtjqg{rh kj rjbgdc`hjt t`dcgbjt s rjnzbgr tzt dgioc`t %Wzcmgh`" ?11>= 3= ?7;#( Jh b tj jhdzjh{rgh gr{cdzbgkgt {`kgt bgt

l`rigt ect{rcdgijh{j d`h`dckgt kj d`h{r`b kj bgt rjbgdc`hjt t`dcgbjtd`rrjtq`hkcjh{jt" d`hlcnzrghk` jh dgkg zhg kj bgt dchd` rjgt zhg t`bg jt{rzd{zrgd`h rjbgdc`hjt tct{ji{cdgt jh{rj tzt dìq`hjh{jt s kjb icti` i`k` jh tzd`hmzh{`(

Jh jljd{`" dgkg zhg kj jtgt jt{rzd{zrgt kj juct{jhdcg t`dcgb jt{ ogm` bg ejnji`hgkj zhg cht{c{zdch qr`kzdckg kjh{r` kjb qr`djt` kj l`rigdch s kjtgrr`bb` kj jt{jicti` qg{rh kj q`kjr( Tj d`h{r`bg jb {rgogm`" tzt rjdzrt`t s qr`kzd{`t g qgr{cr kjbg jiqrjtg dgqc{gbct{g( Tj d`h{r`bg jb tju`" tzt rjdzrt`t s qr`kzd{`t g qgr{cr kj bglgicbcg ozrnzjtg( Jh jb d`h{r`b kj bg gz{`rckgk" tzt rjdzrt`t s qr`kzd{`t= jb Jt{gk`)hgdch( Jh jb d`h{r`b kj bg ch{jrtzomj{c|ckgk= jb jzr`djh{rcti`( Dgkg zhg kj jtgtcht{c{zdc`hjt juct{j jh rjbgdc`hjt kj ch{jrkjqjhkjhdcg d`h dgkg zhg kj bgt `{rgt"q`r b` wzj jb qg{rh kj q`kjr jt{ d`hlcnzrgk` dì` zh tct{jig( Dì` kjdgi`t"jt{j qg{rh kj q`kjr izhkcgb jt jb qrcijr` wzj dzorj g bg {`{gbckgk kj bg qòbgdchkjb qbghj{g %cok(#(

Kj jt{g l`rig" jb jhl`wzj kjd`b`hcgb g|gh}g zh qgt` it gbb wzj bg {j`rg kj bgkjqjhkjhdcg sg wzj h` q`hj jb hlgtct jd`hìcdct{g " tch` wzj gr{cdzbg jd`hìg"dzb{zrg s q`b{cdg>( Wzcmgh` rjtdg{g kjb jhl`wzj kj bg kjqjhkjhdcg jb ejde` wzj bgcignjh djh{r`)qjrcljrcg b`nrg kgr dzjh{g kj bg d`hlcnzrgdch nbògb kjb dgqc{gbcti`dì` l`rig kj d`h{r`b kjb {rgogm` s tzt rjdzrt`t g qgr{cr kj Gircdg( Jh jljd{`"

djh{r`)qjrcljrcg d`ht{c{zcrg jb dgrd{jr izhkcgb kjb dgqc{gbcti`" qjr`" g tz |j}" tzdgrd{jr d`b`hcgb s jzr`djh{rgk` %Wzcmgh`" ?111= ?15#(

Ogtgk`t jh jt{j kcgnht{cd` ect{rcd` t`dc`bncd`" `{r`t gz{`rjt chtdrc{`t kjh{r`kjb ncr` kjd`b`hcgb egh tjgbgk` wzj jt{grgi`t gtct{cjhk` g zhg jtqjdcj kj{rghtcdch kjb d`b`hcgbcti` i`kjrh` g bg d`b`hcgbckgk nbògb " qr`djt` wzj egorg{rghtl`rigk` bgt l`rigt kj kìchgdch kjtqbjngkgt q`r bg i`kjrhckgk" qjr` h` bgjt{rzd{zrg kj bgt rjbgdc`hjt djh{r`)qjrcljrcg g jtdgbg izhkcgb %Dgt{r`)Nij} sNr`tl`nzjb" `q(dc{= 74#( Jt kjdcr" jt{gi`t bjm`t kj bgt |ctc`hjt it `q{cict{gt kjbqr`djt` kj bg nbògbc}gdch %D`r`hcb" ?117= 55#( Jb ncr` kjd`b`hcgb jh tzch{jnrgdch kj b`t jt{zkc`t q`t{d`b`hcgbjt %Tgck" Oegoeg s Tqc|gf# d`h bgt {j`rgtkjb tct{jig)izhk` h`t gszkg g lzbichgr dzgbwzcjr g{cto` kj gq`b`ngnbògbc}gk`rg(

Bg nbògbc}gdch h` jt tciqbjijh{j izhkcgbc}gdch eì`nhjg" tc q`r jbb`jh{jhkji`t zhg kct{rcozdch cnzgbc{grcg kj ijrdghdgt" kchjr`" chl`rigdch sqjrt`hgt( It ocjh" tj {rg{g kjb jh{rjdrzdj kj b` wzj Icdegjb Ighh eg kct{chnzck`

> Icjh{gt bgt {j`rgt kj bg kjqjhkjhdcg %Dgrk`t` s Lgbj{{`# s kjb tct{jig)izhk` %^gbbjrt{jch# gh d`htjr|ghrjichctdjhdcgt igruct{gt" b`t jt{zkc`t q`t{d`b`hcgbjt %Jk~grk Tgck" Eìc Oegoeg" Ngsg{rc Degfrg|`r{s Tqc|gf"jh{rj `{r`t# q`hjh hlgtct jh b`t qr`djt`t kj d`b`hcgbcti`" jtqjdcgbijh{j kjtkj b` dzb{zrgb s jqct{ji`bncd`%D`t{g" ?11


9/11

3

dì` : rjkjt kj ch{jrgddch t`dc`)jtqgdcgb= g# rjkjt b`dgbjt %tzo)hgdc`hgbjt#6 o#rjkjt hgdc`hgbjt %jt{rzd{zrgkgt q`r jb Jt{gk`)Hgdch#6 d# rjkjt ch{jrhgdc`hgbjt%k`hkj b`t gnjh{jt t`h Jt{gk`t hgdc`hgbjt rjbgdc`hgk`t jh{rj t jh `rnghc}gdc`hjttzqrghgdc`hgbjt#6 k# rjkjt {rghthgdc`hgbjt %k`hkj b`t gd{`rjt t`h `rnghc}gdc`hjth` jt{g{gbjt" dì` jiqrjtgt" cnbjtcgt ` tjd{gt rjbcnc`tgt" j{d(#6 j# rjkjt nbògbjt %bgt

wzj dzorjh bg igs`r qgr{j kjb izhk` s wzj h` t`h hjdjtgrcgijh{j jiqrjtgt" tch`wzj qzjkjh tjr dzgbwzcjr `{r` {cq` kj `rnghc}gdch s ` i`|cicjh{`tdzb{zrgbjt ckj`bncd`t# %Ighh" `q(dc{#( Jt{gt rjkjt ch{jrgd{gh s tj tzqjrq`hjhjh{rj t" qjr` h` kj l`rig eì`nhjg g b` bgrn` kjb qbghj{g" tch` wzj jh {`rh` g{rjt djh{r`t hjzrbncd`t jtqjdlcd`t= H`r{jgircdg" Jzr`qg s Gtcg @rcjh{gb %cok(#(

Jt kjdcr" egs zhg dgr{`nrglg izhkcgb {jmckg dì` rjkjt nj`nrlcdgijh{j kclztgtkj {cq` {rghthgdc`hgb" lchghdcjrg s q`b{cdg wzj ch{jnrgh g bgt bc{jt ij{r`q`bc{ghgts qjrclrcdgt %D`r`hcb" `q(dc{= 714#( Nj`q`b{cdgijh{j" bg nbògbc}gdch jt{{d{cdgijh{j chlbzckg q`r `rnghc}gdc`hjt dì` jb LIC" jb Oghd` Izhkcgb" jb NG[["jb N>" bg @[GH" bgt gnjhdcgt kj ch{jbcnjhdcg s jb Qjh{n`h`( [`kgt d`hl`rigkgtkjtqzt kj bg CC Nzjrrg Izhkcgb s kjb tzqzjt{` lch kjb d`b`hcgbcti`" igh{jhcjhk` gbg qjrcljrcg jh zhg q`tcdch tzo`rkchgkg( Bzjn` kjb lch kj bg nzjrrg lrg {jrich jbd`b`hcgbcti` ciqjrcgbct{g" qjr` kc` chcdc` gb qr`djt` kj bg d`b`hcgbckgk nbògb hìjh`t ojbcnjrgh{j 5(

:() D`hdbztc`hjtJb ncr` kjd`b`hcgb rjqrjtjh{g zh jtlzjr}` zhc|jrtgbct{g q`r qgr{j kj bg t`dc`b`ngbg{ch`gijrcdghg( G b` bgrn` kjb qrjtjh{j gr{dzb` kjtgrr`bbgi`t kj l`rig orj|j b`wzj gwz bbgigi`t zhg jqct{ji`b`ng q`b{cdg kj bg t`dc`b`ng bg{ch`gijrcdghg(Bjm`t kjb qgr{cdzbgrcti` kjb wzj tj bg gdztg" bg t`dc`b`ng bg{ch`gijrcdghg {cjhj zhg

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Eji`t ch{jh{gk` kji`t{rgr wzj jb kjd`b`hcgbcti` h` q`tjj zhg ig{rc} {jrcdghcdg" gbcijh{hk`tj kj dcjr{`t gz{`rjt jzr`qj`t" igruct{gt s h` igruct{gt( H`òt{gh{j" jb d`h`dcicjh{` h` jt it |jrkgkjr` ` lgbt` q`r jt{gr qr`kzdck` jhjb H`r{j ` jh jb Tzr( Qjr`" g tz |j}" h` {`k` jt qgr{cdzbgr" jtqjdlcd` s d`h{ju{zgb"qgrg b` dzgb egorg wzj rjhzhdcgr g bg qrj{jhtch zhc|jrtgbct{g( K`t l`rigt kjgddjt` g bg zhc|jrtgbckgk eji`t jto`}gk` gwz= g# g hc|jb lcb`tlcd`= h` egs zh bzngrij{gltcd` zhc|jrtgb kj bg |jrkgk6 bg zhc|jrtgbckgk jt jb bzngr |gd` kjtkj jb dzgb b`qgr{cdzbgr jijrnj6 o# g hc|jb t`dc`bncd`= jb zhc|jrtgbcti` %t`dcjkgk izhkcgb# jt jbbzngr ciq`tcobj s hjdjtgrc` kj bg qr`kzddch kj tgojr t`dc`bncd`" dzjt{ch wzj jt"g hzjt{r` mzcdc`" tg{ctlgd{`rcgijh{j gbdgh}gk` d`h jb ncr` kjd`b`hcgb(

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5 Jb tzodìghkgh{j Igrd`t bbgig g bg Nzjrrg Lrg dì` /bg CCC Nzjrrg Izhkcgb/" bg dzgb {z|` dì` jtdjhgrc` h`gb {jrrc{`rc` jzr`qj` ` h`r{jgijrcdgh`" tch` g zhg rjk kj 7;3 nzjrrgt b`dgbc}gkgt jh jb [jrdjr Izhk`"gbdgh}ghk` ?4 icbb`hjt kj izjr{jt( Jb [jrdjr Izhk` jijrnj dì` dg{jn`rg kjb qr`djt` kj kjtd`b`hc}gdchd`hjd{gk` d`h bg CC Nzjrrg Izhkcgb" d`h|cr{chk`tj jh jb dgiq` kj og{gbbg icbc{gr j ckj`bncdg jh{rj jb QrcijrIzhk` dgqc{gbct{g s jb Tjnzhk` Izhk` t`dcgbct{g( E`s b`t qgtjt kjb [jrdjr Izhk` sg h` t`h b`t òmj{`tkjtjgk`t qgrg bg dìqj{jhdcg kj b`t q`kjrjt q`b{cd`t kj b`t k`t ob`wzjt" tch` wzj gd{`rjt kclcdzb{`tgijh{jchd`rq`rgk`t g zh ijrdgk` izhkcgb dìqj{c{c|`( Gt" bg nbògbc}gdch hj`bcojrgb jt rjd`h`dckg dì` zhghzj|g nzjrrg kj d`hwzct{g kj {jrrc{`rc`t %Tzodìghkgh{j Igrd`t" 73336 D`r`hcb" q(dc{#(


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bg chtjrdch kj b`t qg{r`hjt kj qr`kzddch s gdzizbgdch" kj qr`kzddch kjd`h`dcicjh{` s kj dbgtclcdgdch t`dcgb jh jb igrd` kj bg nbògbc}gdch" kghk` dzjh{gkj bgt jt{rzd{zrgt" kj dbgtclcdgdc`hjt t`dcgbjt wzj jbb` {rgj d`htcn`( Gwz tbèji`t kgk` jb qrcijr qgt` qgrg qbgh{jgr bg hjdjtckgk kj dìjh}gr g`qjrgdc`hgbc}gr s kjbcic{gr ljhijh`t qgrg lz{zrgt ch|jt{cngdc`hjt t`dc`bncdgt

kjtkj zh jhl`wzj kjd`b`hcgb bg{ch`gijrcdghct{g(

:() Ocobc`nrglg Ogtgzrj" I( %?177# Ch {ej Jqcdjh{jr `l Q`bc{cdt( Gujb E`hhj{et [ej`rs `l {ej

T{rznnbjt l`r _jd`nhc{c`h ghk Bzd O`b{ghtfct ghk Bgzrjh{ [e|jh`{t I`rgb ghkQ`bc{cdgb T`dc`b`ns"Jzr`qjgh M`zrhgb `l T`dcgb [ej`rs (

Dgt{r`)Nij}" T( %?11:# Bg esorct kjb qzh{` djr`( Dcjhdcg" rg}g j cbzt{rgdch jhbg Hzj|g Nrghgkg %7>:1)757# Ncr` kjd`b`hcgb" {j`rg dr{cdg sqjhtgicjh{` ej{jrrwzcd`" Jb ncr` kjd`b`hcgb= rjlbjuc`hjt qgrg zhg kc|jrtckgk

jqct{icdg it gbb kjb dgqc{gbcti` nbògb " T( Dgt{r`)Nij} s _( Nr`tl`nzjb" Jk(Tcnb` kjb Eìorj)CJTD@)Cht{`{z{` Qjhtgr" O`n`{" qq( 3)?;( D`r`hcb %?117# Hg{zrgbj}g kjb q`td`b`hcgbcti`= kjb jzr`djh{rcti` gb

nbò`djh{rcti`" Bg d`b`hcgbckgk kjb tgojr= jzr`djh{rcti` s dcjhdcgt t`dcgbjt(Qjrtqjd{c|gt bg{ch`gijrcdghgt " J( Bghkjr %dìq(#" DBGDT@" Ozjh`t Gcrjt" qq(5>)77?(

D`t{g" Trnc` %?11)74;(

Dejrhcb`" K( s G( Igtdgrj` %?11:# Zhc|jrtgbcti`" qgr{cdzbgrcti` s t`dcjkgk izhkcgb= @ot{dzb`t s qjrtqjd{c|gt kj bg t`dc`b`ng jh Gircdg Bg{chg" Qjrt`hg s T`dcjkgk" \`b( UCU" H 4" ?11:" qq( 7>);:(

Dejrhcb`" K( %?177g# Jb d`ti`q`bc{cti` jh bg {j`rg t`dcgb= zhg kjljhtggioc|gbjh{j " jh Bg qrj{jhtch zhc|jrtgbct{g kj bg {j`rg t`dcgb " B@I" Tgh{cgn`kj Decbj(

)))))))))))))))) %?177o# Tòrj bgt rjbgdc`hjt jh{rj bg {j`rg t`dcgb s jb kjrjde`hg{zrgb= Fgrb B~c{e s Bj` T{rgztt" jh Bg qrj{jhtch zhc|jrtgbct{g kj bg {j`rgt`dcgb " B@I" Tgh{cgn` kj Decbj(

Nr`tl`nzjb" _( %?11># Kjtd `b`hc}ghk` b`t zhc|jrtgbcti` `ddckjh{gbjt= jb qbzrc)|jrtgbcti` {rghti`kjrh` kjd`b`hcgb kjtkj Gci Dtgcrj egt{g b`t }gqg{ct{gt"Jb ncr` kjd`b`hcgb= rjlbjuc`hjt qgrg zhg kc|jrtckgk jqct{icdg it gbb kjb dgqc{gbcti` nbògb " T( Dgt{r`)Nij} s _( Nr`tl`nzjb" Jk( Tcnb` kjb Eìorj)

CJTD@)Cht{`{z{` Qjhtgr" O`n`{" qq( 5( E`hhj{e" Gujb %733># Bg bzdeg q`r jb rjd`h`dcicjh{` " Ogrdjb`hg" Dr{cdg" qq(77;)7:3(

Bgt{rg" G( %?115# ^gb{jr Icnh`b` s bg ckjg kj Gircdg Bg{chg( Zh ch{jrdgioc`kj `qchc`hjt" Bg [`rrj kjb \crrjs _j|ct{g kj Jt{zkc`t Dzb{zrgbjt " H`( 3" qq(?5:)471 (

Ighh" I( %?114# Egt Nbògbc}g{c`h Jhkjk {ej _ctj ghk _ctj `l {ej Hg{c`h )t{g{j0" [ej Nbògb [rghtl`rig{c`ht _jgkjr " Ejbk" K( s Id Nrj~" G( %jkt(#"Dgiorcknj" Q`bc{s Qrjtt" qq( 74:)7;


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)))))))))))))) %?11># D`b`hcgbckgk kjb q`kjr s dbgtclcdgdch t`dcgb" Jb ncr`kjd`b`hcgb= rjlbjuc`hjt qgrg zhg kc|jrtckgk jqct{icdg it gbb kjb dgqc{gbcti` nb`ogb " T( Dgt{r`)Nij} s _( Nr`tl`nzjb" Jk( Tcnb` kjb E`iorj)CJTD@)Cht{`{z{`Qjhtgr" O`n`{" qq( 34)7?

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