8/10/2019 Examen Ingls Respuesta

1/3

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina

Escuela de Postgrado

Especialidad de Maestra: Economa Agrcola

Examen de Ingls 200 ! I"

En base al texto Productivity responda las preguntas siguientes.A. Explique en ingls

1. Cules son las definiciones de productividad que presenta Sylvia Nasar?

Sylvia Nasar defines Productivityin two basic ways: a)labor productivity, issimply output divided by the number of workers or, more often, by the numberof hours worked. Output can be anything from tons of steel to airline milesflown, but more generally it is some very broad aggregate like gross domesticproduct. Measures of labor productivity, however, actually capture thecontribution to output of other inputs than hours worked. b) Total factorproductivity, captures the contribution to output of everything ecept labor

and capital: innovation, managerial skill, organi!ation, even luck.

"he two productivity concepts are related. #ncreases in labor productivity canreflect the fact that each worker is better e$uipped with capital%a supermarketclerk who has an automatic scanner instead of an old&fashioned cash register%or, alternatively, gains in total factor productivity. "hanks to speciali!ation, foreample, 'dam Smith(s pin factory turned out more pins with the same numberof craftsmen and identical tools. 'nd )eneral Motors( *remont, +alifornia, plant%once one of the worst in the company%had a productivity turnaround whenit re$uired its workers to use apanese manufacturing methods.

2.C!o "a evolucionado la productividad en Estados #nidos?

"here are only three ways that a nation can en-oy a rising level of per capitaconsumption. First, a bigger proportion of the population can go to work.Second,a country can borrow from abroad or sell assets to foreigners to payfor etra imports. Third, the nation can boost productivity%either by investinga bigger share of national income in plant and e$uipment or by finding newways to increase efficiency.

#n fact, the nited States has done all three at different times. /ut there arelimits on how many 'mericans can -oin the labor force and on how muchforeigners will lend.

#n the nited States, labor productivity growth has averaged about 01 a year

for the past century. "hat means living standards have doubled, on average,every thirty&five years. 'merica(s place in the sun reflects its productivity. "henumber one country in the world at any given time has always been theproductivity leader. #t was northern #taly from the thirteenth to the siteenthcenturies, the 2utch republic in the seventeenth and early eighteenth, /ritain inthe late eighteenth and most of the nineteenth, and the nited States for theentire twentieth century.

'ccording to the Economic Report of the President345506, .S. productivitygrowth can be divided into three distinct phases. 'fter averaging 4.51 a yearfrom 4775 to 4589 and an even stronger 81 during the twenty&five&year boomthat followed orld ar ##, productivity growth has averaged a mere 41 since

4598. #n spite of the supply&side revolution of the early eighties ;which brought,among other things, lower inflation and lower marginal ta rates

8/10/2019 Examen Ingls Respuesta

2/3

3. $u proble!as enfrenta %lti!a!ente la productividad en Estados #nidos?

nited States in the last years, faces two productivity problems. First, itsproductivity growth has slowed sharply since 4598, part of a pu!!lingworldwide productivity slow&down. Second, although .S. productivity is stillthe highest in the world by a wide margin%=>?,547 of )N@ per worker in

455A, 0?1 ahead of apan and 8?1 ahead of )ermany%its productivitygrowth trailed that of other nations in most years since orld ar ##. "hat hasstoked fears that the nited States will eventually fall behind. 'fter all, /ritishproductivity from 477A to 455A grew -ust 4 percentage point more slowly thanthat of its trading partners%hardly a huge shortfall, but enough to transformthe once proud empire into a second&rate economy in little more than alifetime.

&s a consequence of slo'er productivity gro't" in t"e past t'o decades( average

co!pensation "as edged up only slig"tly faster t"an t"e price level. )iving standards

"ave increased largely because !ore &!ericans( especially !ot"ers( "ave been

'or*ing( and because t"e #nited States "as been able to attract capital fro! abroad to

offset a persistent trade deficit. +,ost of t"e gro't" slo'do'n -in per capita inco!e(+states t"e Economic Report of the President, +can be traced to a slo'do'n of

productivity gro't".+

4. $u i!portancia tiene la inversin para la productividad?

"he rate of return to capital invested in research and development is very high,averaging more than 0A percent a year. One reason that investment receivedso much attention is growing evidence that countries with high productivitygrowth consistently save and invest more than countries with low productivitygrowth.

'lso more capital per worker should lift output per worker. /aumol writes: B'

substantial part of the superior performance of apanese growth in laborproductivity may be ascribable not to increasing efficiency but to theaccumulation of capital.B

B.En castellano explique a un co!pa/ero las diferentes opiniones sobre productividad

0e la lectura se desprende( que existen diferentes opiniones sobre productividad(

especial!ente al !o!ento de identificar el porque Estados #nidos y el !undo en

general viene observando una dis!inucin gradual en la tasa de creci!iento de la

productividad( as12

1. Edward Denison( al efectuar un anlisis del porque la productividad a partir de la

dcada de 3456 viene dis!inuyendo concluye que a%n no se puede identificar lacausa para que ello suceda..

2. Zvi Griliches. Puntuali7a que el lento creci!iento de la de!anda agregada por elconsu!o de los bienes y servicios co!o el factor que incide en la prdida de

productividad. ,anifiesta ade!s que ello "a !antenido una gran capacidad

productiva ociosa y desde que los insu!os estn dese!pleados.

3. Dale Jorgenson( un econo!ista de 8arvard arguye que la prdida de laproductividad de la dcada de los setenta se explica por el repentino incre!ento en el

precio del petrleo en 3459( el cual "i7o que una buena cantidad del stoc* de capital

existente( devenga en obsoleto.

4. Baumol, Blackman and Wolf( ,anifiestan que todav1a no est claro que laproductividad est decreciendo lenta!ente en los estados unidos y en otros lugares.

8/10/2019 Examen Ingls Respuesta

3/3

Sin e!bargo desde los pri!eros a/os de la dcada del setenta se da el giro en un

anlisis de largo "acia una dis!inucin en la ruta del creci!iento y decir que ello

es te!poral( ser1a una aberracin.

C. Escriba una carta de die7 l1neas a su a!igo nortea!ericano Carl P"illip :au!el ;que no

sabe espa/ol y no le gusta leer otro idio!a que no sea ingls( entonces la carta debe ser

escrita en ingls( no olvide las fr!ulas tradicionales de cortes1a< infor!ndole los puntos

claves de este art1culo de Sylvia Nasar y solicitndole infor!acin sobre otros art1culos

relacionados.

#aturda$% Marc& '0

(ear )arl P&illip *aumel

= a! interesting about >productivity( and = 'as reading t"e Sylvia Nasar@s

paper about it.

=n "er paper s"e says t"at productivity is a basic yardstic* of an econo!y@s

"ealt"A besides s"e 'rote t"at productivity can be defined in t'o basic 'ays2

+irst labor productivity( is output divided by t"e nu!ber of 'or*er or( !ore

often( by t"e nu!ber of "ours 'or*edA second( total factor productivity(

captures t"e contribution to output of everyt"ing except labor and capital2innovation( !anagerial s*ill( organi7ation( etc.

=n last years( #nited States productivity gro't" "as be decreasing( and so!e

econo!ists argue t"ree strategies about opti!ice productivity2 Lagging

investment, innovation, and s-ills"

= a! very interesting about productivity( and = 'ill li*e t"at you can buy so!e

&!erican booc*s about it.

See you soon.

Bilo!eno