Guía básica para emprendedores

download Guía básica para emprendedores

of 351

Transcript of Guía básica para emprendedores

  • 7/28/2019 Gua bsica para emprendedores

    1/350

    Idktnkbed

    NYU^EBDY EN MNSIHED +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 99

    > Idksnfds Zritbids phrh rnh`bzhr uk Nstuebd en Mnrihed ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 99

    Ounktns en Bkodrmhibk ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 95

    Ounktns bktnrkhs ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 95

    Ounktns nxtnrkhs +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 95

    Odius Grdup ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 9>

    Zhsds phrh Snh`bzhr ukh Yngmnkthibk en Mnrihed ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 9?

    Yngmnkthr n` mnrihed tdth` ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 9?

    Yn`niibdkhr kunstrd mnrihed dcfntbvd +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 9?

    Enobkbr n` pnrob` en` idksumbedr en kunstrd mnrihed dcfntbvd +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 9?Ebsnhr `hs nstrhtngbhs en mhrantbkg ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 9?

    Cusihr kunvds mnriheds +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 9?

    @H NKI^NYUH +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 97

    Imd Lhinr ukh Nkiunsth ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 98

    @h prunch en mnrihed ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ >8

    Odius grdup +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ >8

    Ydkend+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ >3

    @h Uikbih en Dcsnrvhibk ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ >3

    Zrunch en Mnrihed +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ >9

    HK@BYBY EN @H IDMZNUNKIBH +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ >5

    Zhsds phrh Snh`bzhr n` Hk`bsbs en `h Idmpntnkibh ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ >>

    Entnrmbkhr kunstrhs kninsbehens u dcfntbvds en nstuebd ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ >>

    Benktbobihr `h bkodrmhibk qun kninsbthrnmds rnid`nithr +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ >>

    Entnrmbkhr ounktns en bkodrmhibk y tikbihs d mtdeds phrh rnid`nithr`h ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ >>

    Snid`nithr y hkh`bzhr `h bkodrmhibk +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ >>

    Udmhr enibsbdkns y ebsnhr nstrhtngbhs ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ >?

    Lnrrhmbnkths en Kngdibds ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?:

    Nmpdwnrmnkt+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?:Dutsduribkg +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?:

    Cnkilmhrabkg++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?:

    Edwksbzbkg ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?:

    Fdbkt _nkturn +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?:

    Ch`hkine Yidrnihre+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?8

  • 7/28/2019 Gua bsica para emprendedores

    3/350

    Snbkgnkbnrh+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?8

    Ih`behe Udth`+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?8

    N` Nmpdwnrmnkt+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?8

    Zrdpdribdkhr bkodrmhibk heniuheh ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?3

    Zrdpdribdkhr lnrrhmbnkths y rniursds heniuheds +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?3

    Crbkehr rntrdh`bmnkthibk +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?3

    Nvh`uhr y rnidmpnkshr n` ensnmpnd ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?3

    N` Dutsduribkg +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?3

    N` CnkilMhrabkg +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?9

    N`Fdbkt _nkturn++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?5

    @h Snbkgnkbnrh++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?>

    _hrbds dobibds sn encnk idmcbkhk nk ukd ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ??@ds trhchfhedrns encnk tdmhr mhydrns enibsbdkns +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ??

    @ds phsds en` prdinsd sn encnk nfniuthr en mhknrh khturh` +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ??

    @ds prdinsds encnk tnknr m`tbp`ns vnrsbdkns +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?7

    Yn encn nkodihrsn nk n` i`bnktn ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?7

    @h Ih`behe Udth`+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?7

    @HY SNENY YDIBH@NY NK U^ NMZSNYH ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?

    Idksnfds phrh uk Cd`ntk N`nitrkbid Nonitbvd ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 7>

    Zuc`bihibk rngu`hr ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 7?

    Kd puc`bihr thk sngubed pnrd thmpdid enfhr phshr muild tbnmpd ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 7?

    Irnhr nxpnithtbvh ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 7?

    Zrdgrhmh idkobhc`n +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 7?

    Cunk ebsnd +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 7?Utu`d y hsuktd htrhitbvd +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 7?

    Idktnkbed i`hrd +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 7?

    Kd ensvbhrsn en` tnmh +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 7?

    Cd`ntk pnrsdkh`bzhed ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 7?

    Zrdmdibdkhr n` cd`ntk ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 7?

  • 7/28/2019 Gua bsica para emprendedores

    4/350

    Kd hcushr en `h puc`bibehe ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 77

    N` susirbptdr encn shcnr qun sn `n nkvbhr n` cd`ntk ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 77

    Ehr `h dpibk en hku`hr `h susirbpibk ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 77

    Zrbvhibehe ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 77

    Mnebr rnsu`theds +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 77

    Yusirbcbrsn h dtrds cd`ntbkns +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 77

    N` C`dg en Nmprnsh ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 77

    Ihpthr sngubedrns++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 77

    Zrdynithr ukh bmhgnk pdsbtbvh ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 7Hrrnkehedr ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 89>

    Zrdvnnedr ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 89>

    Cbnk ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 89>

    Ihkdk ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 89>

    Eurhibk en` idktrhtd +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 89>

    Dpibk en idmprh +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 89>

    Zrnibd en vnkth en` cbnk ukh vnz iu`mbkhed n` idktrhtd en `nhsbkg+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 89>

    Idksnfds phrh Mnfdrhr Kunstrh Lhcb`behe idk `ds Kmnrds ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 89?

    Imd mnebr ukh vhrbhibk ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 89?

    Imd mnebr ukh phrtbibphibk ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 89?

    Imd mnebr ukh prdpdribk idibnktn kebin d rhzk +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 89?

    Imd sumhr mnkth`mnktn +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 89?

    Imd shihr pdrinkthfn mnkth`mnktn+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 89?

    Imd Snsihthr uk Kngdibd qun vh Mh` ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 89?

    Lhz uk hk`bsbs h idkibnkibh en `h sbtuhibk en` kngdibd ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 897Snidrth bkmnebhthmnktn ds ghstds nxinsbvds n bkkninshrbds +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 897

    Nvh`h rnidrthr tu p`hkb``h en pnrsdkh` y h rnebstrbcuibk en` trhchfd +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 897

    Hkh`bzh y entnith pdsbc`ns oughs en ebknrd +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 897

    Zdk uk #lhsth hqu# h `ds ghstds pnrsdkh`ns bkebsirbmbkheds ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 897

    N`hcdrh ukh nstrhtngbh en vnkths en nmnrgnkibh +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 89

  • 7/28/2019 Gua bsica para emprendedores

    10/350

    Nvh`h tus prnibds ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 898

    Imd Nmpnzhr h _nkenr uk Kunvd Zrdeuitd ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>8

    _nkenr h` pdr mhydr +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>8Hprdvnilhr `ds i`bnktns idk `ds qun sn iunkth +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>8

    _nkenedrns h idksbgkhibk ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>8

    Bktnrknt++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>8

    Imd @dgrhr qun tu Kngdibd _nkeh Ms qun tus Idmpntbedrns +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>3

    Kd nktrns nk pkbid ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>3

    Hinpth `h idmpntnkibh idmd h`gd khturh` ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>3

    Kd chfns tus prnibds h `h `bgnrh ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>3

    Sneuin tus idstds ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>3

    Cusih benhs phrh Bkkdvhr ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>3

    Mnfdrh tus prdeuitds y snrvbibds hituh`ns ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>3

    Dornin h tus i`bnktns h`gukhs #Donrths Nspnibh`ns# +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>3

    Zrdmdibdkh tu vnkthfh idmpntbtbvh ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>9

    Dornin uk snrvbibd h` i`bnktn ounrh en nstn muked +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>9

    Bkvnstbgh h tu idmpntnkibh +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>9

    Odrmhs en _nkth6 _nkenr h` idkthed h` irebtd d h idksbgkhibk4 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>9_nkth h` idkthed +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>9

    _nkth h` irebtd +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>9

    _nkth h idksbgkhibk ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>9

    Xu odrmh en vnkth ushr ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>5

    Shzdkns pdr hs qun Zderhk Lhcnr _nkths Chfhs nk uk Kngdibd +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>5

  • 7/28/2019 Gua bsica para emprendedores

    12/350

    Chfh ih`behe en` prdeuitd ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>5

    Mh`h htnkibk h` i`bnktn ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>5

    Idmpntnkibh +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>5

    Mh`h sngmnkthibk en mnrihed +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>5

    Mh`h ucbihibk ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>5

    Ohilheh en kngdibd pdid htrhitbvh +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>>

    Oh`th en puc`bibehe ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>>

    Zdih vhrbnehe en prdeuitds ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>>

    Imd _nkenr Ms +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>?

    Humnkthr `h ih`behe en` prdeuitd +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>?

    Mdebobihr n` prdeuitd++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>?

    Humnkthr `h vhrbnehe en prdeuitds +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>?Chfhr `ds prnibds ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>?

    Mnfdrhr `h htnkibk +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>?

    Dorninr snrvbibds hebibdkh`ns +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>?

    Humnkthr `ds ihkh`ns en vnkths +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>?

    Humnkthr `h puc`bibehe +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>?

    Dorninr prdmdibdkns en vnkths ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>?

    Nxlbcbr mnfdr `ds prdeuitds ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>?

    Dcsnqubhr hrtiu`ds puc`bibthrbds ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>?

    Ihmcbhr `h ucbihibk en` `dih` +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>7

    Ohilheh ms htrhitbvh +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>7

    Imd Humnkthr `hs _nkths en uk Kngdibd ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>7

    Chfhr `ds prnibds ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>7

    Mnfdrhr n` prdeuitd ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>7

    Dorninr kunvds prdeuitds +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>7

    Dorninr kunvds snrvbibds +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>7Mnfdrhr n` snrvbibd h` i`bnktn +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>7

    Humnkthr `h puc`bibehe +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>7

    Humnkthr `hs prdmdibdkns en vnkths ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>

  • 7/28/2019 Gua bsica para emprendedores

    13/350

    Mnfdrhr `h ih`behe en` prdeuitd ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>2

    Humnkthr `h vhrbnehe en prdeuitds +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>2

    Humnkthr `ds snrvbibds dornibeds ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>2

    Humnkthr `h puc`bibehe +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>2

    Humnkthr `ds ihkh`ns en vnkths +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>2

    Humnkthr `hs prdmdibdkns en vnkths ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>2

    Mnfdrhr n` mnrilhkebsbkg +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>2

    Ihmcbhr `h ucbihibk +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>2

    Mnfdrhr `h ohilheh ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8>28: Idksnfds phrh Urbp`bihr tus _nkths +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8?:

    Humnkth `h orniunkibh en hs vbsbths h tus i`bnktns hituh`ns +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8?:

    Idksbgun kunvds i`bnktns ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8?:

    Bmp`nmnkth prdmdibdkns htrhitbvhs ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8?:

    Dornin cnknobibds hebibdkh`ns pdr idmprhs ms grhkens +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8?:

    Urhksobnrn `ds cnknobibds h tus i`bnktns +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8?:

    Irnh uk prdgrhmh en i`bnktn-hmbgd++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8?:

    #Zhgh# pdr `ds i`bnktns rnonrbeds +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8?:

    Mnfdrh `h prnsnkthibk en tu prdeuitd ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8?:

    Idkvbrtntn nk uk gnkbd en `h vnkth bkirnmnkth` +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8?8

    Nkiunktrh tnsdrds mnrihed`gbids nk `h mnktn en tus id`hcdrhedrns ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8?8

    9: Ubps phrh Humnkthr tus _nkths ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8?8

    Imd _nkenr Ms y Mnfdr6 > I`hvns ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8?3

    Nstrhtngbhs en _nkths ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8?3

    Ihmcbhr n` prdeuitd ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8?9Chfhr `ds prnibds ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8?9

    Crbkehr snrvbibds hebibdkh`ns grhtubtds ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8?9

    Ehr dcsnqubds ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8?9

    ^sd en rnens sdibh`ns ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8?9

    ^sd en tnstbmdkbd +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8?9

  • 7/28/2019 Gua bsica para emprendedores

    14/350

    Csquneh en rnonrbeds ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8?9

    Nstrhtngbhs en _nkths Zdid tbihs +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8?5

    > Ubps phrh _nkths Nonitbvhs ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8?5

    3> Ubps en _nkths ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8?>

    Zrdmdibdkns en _nkths ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8?>

    Nfnmp`ds en prdmdibdkns en vnkths6 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8??

    Idksnfds Ydcrn n` ^sd en `hs Zrdmdibdkns en _nkths ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8?7

    Enobkbr i`hrhmnktn `hs idkebibdkns +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8?7

    Hsngurhrsn en qun ``ngunk h tdeds `ds puktds en vnkths +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8?7

    Nsthc`ninr uk tbnmpd en eurhibk heniuhed +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8?7

    Nspnrhr n` mdmnktd dpdrtukd phrh n` `hkzhmbnktd +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8?7

    Cusihr `h oben`bzhibk en` i`bnktn ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8?7Bkvnrtbr nk prdmdibdkns en vnkths hktns qun nk puc`bibehe ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8?7

    N@ _NKENEDS ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 8?7

    @h prbmnrh rng`h hqu ns hprnkenr h nsiuilhr ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3>2

    @h Yhtbsohiibk en` I`bnktn +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3?8

    Odrmhs en `dgrhr `h shtbsohiibk en` i`bnktn ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3?8

    Znrinpibk y nxpnithtbvhs +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3?3

    Mnebibk en `h shtbsohiibk en` i`bnktn +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3?3

    @d qun uk I`bnktn Cusih h` Nktrhr nk uk Kngdibd +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3?9

    Mhktnknr Idmukbihibk idk n` I`bnktn ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3?5

    Idksngubr ehtds en` i`bnktn +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3?5

    Irnhr chsn en ehtds +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3?5

    Nsthc`ninr idmukbihibk idk n` i`bnktn ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3?5

    Mhktnknr idmukbihibk idk n` i`bnktn +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3?5

    Idmukbihr `hkzhmbnktd en prdeuitds d prdmdibdkns +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3?5

    Imd Sntnknr I`bnktns++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3?>Nstrhtngbhs phrh qun n` I`bnktn Sngrnsn ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3??

    Crbkehr ukh cunkh htnkibk ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3??

    Ynr hsnsdr hktns qun vnkenedr +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3??

    Ynr sbkinrd +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3??

    Iump`br idk `hs prdmnshs +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3??

  • 7/28/2019 Gua bsica para emprendedores

    24/350

    Mhktnknr idkthitd idk n` i`bnktn +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3?7

    Irnhr prdmdibdkns qun bkinktbvnk su rngrnsd +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3?7

    Crbkehr uk snrvbibd nxtrh +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 3?7

    @h Zuc`bibehe +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 378

    Nmbsdr ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 378

    Dcfntbvd puc`bibthrbd ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 378

    Mnebd d ihkh` puc`bibthrbd +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 378

    Mnkshfn puc`bibthrbd ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 378

    Sninptdr ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 378

    Imd Zrnphrhr uk cunk Z`hk en Zuc`bibehe +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 378

    Zhsds phrh @hkzhr ukh Ihmphh Zuc`bibthrbh ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 379

    Enobkbr dcfntbvds puc`bibthrbds +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 379Benktbobihr pc`bid d mnrihed dcfntbvd +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 375

    Enobkbr mnebds d ihkh`ns puc`bibthrbds ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 375

    Snehithr n` mnkshfn puc`bibthrbd +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 375

    @hkzhr `h ihmphh puc`bibthrbh ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 375

    Idksnfds Ydcrn n` ^sd en `h Zuc`bibehe +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 375

    Enobkbr pc`bid dcfntbvd +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 375

    Zuc`bibehe en ih`behe +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 37>

    Mnkshfn puc`bibthrbd vnrhz ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 37>

    @h puc`bibehe nktrh ms pdr `ds dfds +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 37>

    Snpntbr `h puc`bibehe +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 37>

    8: Snqubsbtds phrh ukh Zuc`bibehe Nonitbvh ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 37>

    Snidmnkehibdkns Ydcrn n` ^sd en `h Zuc`bibehe ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 377

    Cusihr n` mdmnktd dpdrtukd +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 377

    Ihrtnrh en i`bnktns ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 377

    ^shr rnsph`ed en bkstbtuibdkns ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 377^shr uk `nmh +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 377

    Zuc`bibehe cdih h cdih ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 377

    UBZDY EN Z^C@BIBEHE +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 377

    Mnebds d Ihkh`ns Zuc`bibthrbds +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 37

    Kukih enibr kd +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 9:>

    Nrrdrns nk n` Ynrvbibd h` I`bnktn +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 9:>

    Oh`th en ihphibthibk +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 9:>Ebsiutbr idk n` i`bnktn ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 9:?

    Zd`tbih enmhsbhed nstrbith +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 9:?

    Kd iump`br ukh prdmnsh +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 9:?

    Imd @dgrhr `h Yhtbsohiibk en` I`bnktn ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 9:?

    Idksnfds Hktns en ehr Irebtd h uk I`bnktn ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 9:7

    @h Zd`tbih en Envd`uibdkns +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 9:"+ Mbnktrhsmhydr snh n` kbvn` en idkobhkzh mhydridkobhcb`behe tnkerk `ds rnsu`theds pnrd pdr

    dtrd `hed mhydr snr n` kmnrd en `h munstrh nsenibr mhydrns nkiunsths tnkernmds qun rnh`bzhr+

    n6 grhed en nrrdr6 mben n` pdrinkthfn en nrrdr qunpunen lhcnr nk `ds rnsu`theds+ @d usuh` ns utb`bzhruk grhed en nrrdr en >. d en 8:.+ Mbnktrhsmnkdr mhrgnk en nrrdr mhydr vh`benz tnkerk `dsrnsu`theds pnrd pdr dtrd `hed mhydr snr n`

  • 7/28/2019 Gua bsica para emprendedores

    40/350

    Guh csbih

    kmnrd en `h munstrh ns enibr mhydrnsnkiunsths tnkernmds qun rnh`bzhr+

    p6 prdchcb`behe en diurrnkibh6 prdchcb`behe enqun diurrh n` nvnktd+ @d usuh` ns utb`bzhr ukhprdchcb`behe en diurrnkibh en` >:.+

    q6 prdchcb`behe en kd diurrnkibh6 prdchcb`behe enqun kd diurrh n` nvnktd+ @d usuh` ns utb`bzhr ukhprdchcb`behe en kd diurrnkibh en` >:.+ @h sumhen p ms q sbnmprn encn ehr 8::.+

    Urhchfd en ihmpd^kh vnz ebsnheds kunstrds iunstbdkhrbds phshmds h`trhchfd en ihmpd ns enibr phshmds h lhinr nonitbvh`h nkiunsth+

    Zhrh n``d encnmds entnrmbkhr prnvbhmnktn qubknssnrk `ds nkihrgheds en rnh`bzhr `hs nkiunsths `ds`ughrns nk eken sn rnh`bzhrk ,tnkbnked nk iunkth `hspnrsdkhs h nkiunsthr" y n` mdmnktd nk qun snrnh`bzhrk+

    Idktnd y idebobihibk en rnsu`theds^kh vnz qun lnmds rnh`bzhed kunstrhs nkiunsthsphshmds h idkthcb`bzhr y idebobihr `ds rnsu`theds pdrnfnmp`d, sb phrh `h prngukth iu` ns tu id`dr

    ohvdrbtd4, sn dctuvbnrhk `ds sbgubnktns rnsu`theds6

    rdfd 2: vdtds

    c`hkid 7: vdtdshzu` 8:: vdtds

    @h sumh en `ds vdtds qun ns en 3?: idrrnspdkenrh h`8::. pdr `d qun nk trmbkds en pdrinkthfn sndctnkerhk ds sbgubnktns rnsu`theds6

    rdfd 9>.c`hkid 37.

    hzu` 9:.

    Idmd idki`usbk, pderhmds hobrmhr qun n`idksumbedr qun idkodrmh kunstrd pc`bid dcfntbvd h`mdmnktd en hequbrbr ukh prnkeh en fnhk sn obfh msnk `h tn`h y n` mden`d hktns qun nk `h mhrih `d qunkds crbkeh ibnrth ohitbcb`behe h` lnild en `hkzhr ukhkunvh mhrih en fnhks h` mnrihed+

    Udmh en enibsbdknsR obkh`mnktn n` `tbmd phsd phrh lhinr ukh nkiunsthidksbstn nk tdmhr enibsbdkns en hiunred h `hsidki`usbdkns dctnkbehs+

    Zdr nfnmp`d sb lnmds ``nghed h `h idki`usbk qun phrh`hkzhr uk kunvd prdeuitd h` mnrihed kd bmpdrththktd n` prnibd sbkd ms cbnk n` ebsnd phshmds htdmhr `h enibsbk en humnkthr uk pdid n` prnibd en`prdeuitd y prnsthr ukh mhydr htnkibk h` ebsnd en`prdeuitd+

    Yb pdr nfnmp`d lnmds ``nghed h `h idki`usbk en qunsn nstk prnsnkthked kunvhs kninsbehensprnonrnkibhs y gustds nk `ds idksumbedrns phshmds htdmhr `h enibsbk en rnebsnhr kunstrd prdeuitd en th`

    mded qun sn nkihrgun en shtbsohinr ebilhskninsbehens prnonrnkibhs y gustds+

  • 7/28/2019 Gua bsica para emprendedores

    41/350

    Guh csbih

    Mden`d en Nkiunsth

    Yb tn nkiunktrhs nk `h sbtuhibk en qunrnr n`hcdrhr ukhnkiunsth yh snh phrh nvh`uhr uk prdynitd en kngdibdnvh`uhr n` `hkzhmbnktd en uk kunvd prdeuitd lh``hr `hsd`uibk h uk prdc`nmh lh``hr ukh dpdrtukbehe en

    kngdibd hkh`bzhr h `ds idksumbedrns nti+1 n` sbgubnktnnfnmp`d en nkiunsth pderh snrvbrtn en guh+

    Zrbmnrd vnrnmds n` mden`d en `h nkiunsth `ungdimd lh``hr n` thmhd en `h munstrh ypdstnrbdrmnktn uk nfnmp`d en `ds supunstdsrnsu`theds hs idmd `hs idki`usbdkns en stds+

    Yupdkghmds qun `h nkiunsth tbnkn idmd dcfntbvdshkh`bzhr h` pc`bid dcfntbvd nvh`uhr `h ohitbcb`behe en`hkzhr ukh kunvh mhrih en fnhks h` mnrihed y hyuehr

    h rnh`bzhr n` prdkstbid en vnkths+

    N` mden`d en `h nkiunsth ns n` sbgubnktn6

    Cunkds ehs$threns nsthmds rnh`bzhked ukh nkiunsthphrh nvh`uhr n` `hkzhmbnktd en ukh kunvh mhrih enfnhks phrh ehmhs+ @n hgrheninrnmds crbkehrkds ukmbkutd en su tbnmpd y rnspdkenr `hs sbgubnktnsprngukths6

    8" ^sh ustne `h prnkeh en` fnhk4 Yb Kd3" Xu mhrihs en fnhks ush d prnobnrn4 Obdruiib Ybcb``h Zbdknr Mb`a Uhyssbr Dtrhs Kd tnkgd mhrih prnonrbeh9" H` mdmnktd en idmprhr ukh prnkeh en fnhk

    qu ns `d prbmnrd qun tdmh nk iunkth4

    @h mhrih @h ih`behe en `h tn`h N` mden`d

    @ds hihcheds N` prnibd @d cbnk qun `n puneh qunehr Dtrds5" Xu mden`ds en fnhks prnobnrn4 I`sbids Zbtb``ds Hihmphkheds Ihprb En prntbkh hkilh N` qun nst en mdeh Dtrds>" Iu`ns en nstds hedrkds prnobnrn nk `h

    idkoniibk en uk fnhk4

    Edc`n cd`sb``d Edc`nins nk pbnrkhs Cd`sb``ds nk pbnrkhs Cd`sb``ds en`hktnrds idk ibnrrn Cd`sb``ds trhsnrds idk ibnrrn Ybk muilds hedrkds Dtrds?" Iu`ns en nstds tbpds en hp`bihibdkns prnobnrn nk

    uk fnhk4

    Cdreheds nk cd`sb``ds en`hktnrds Cdreheds nk cd`sb``ds trhsnrds Grnvbilns ,pbnerhs en id`drns" nk cd`sb``ds

    en`hktnrds

    Grnvbilns nk cd`sb``ds trhsnrds Uhilhs nk cd`sb``ds trhsnrds Uhilhs nk cd`sb``ds en`hktnrds Ybk muilhs hp`bihibdkns Dtrds7" H iu` en nstds `ughrns sun`n hiuebr phrh

    idmprhr sus fnhks4

    Inktrds idmnribh`ns Ubnkehs pdr enphrthmnktd Chzhrns d gh`nrhs Yupnrmnriheds Mnriheds mhydrbsths

  • 7/28/2019 Gua bsica para emprendedores

    42/350

    Guh csbih

    Dtrds: Nktrn ^Y%>: y ^Y%?: Ms en ^Y%?:8:"Nsthrh ebspunsth h prdchr ukh kunvh mhrih en

    fnhks4

    Y Kd Kd shcn $ kd dpbkhUhmhd en `h munstrhZhrh entnrmbkhr n` thmhd en `h munstrh ns enibr n`kmnrd en nkiunsths qun sn rnh`bzhrdk sn tdm nkiunkth h sbgubnktn bkodrmhibk6

    N` mnrihed dcfntbvd n` iuh` nstuvd idkodrmhedpdr mufnrns fvnkns y heu`ths fvnkns en 8> h 55hds en nehe en ukh entnrmbkheh zdkh `h iuh`nst idkodrmheh pdr ukh pdc`hibk en . y uk grhed en nrrdren >. nk `h ormu`h en `h munstrh+

    Hp`bihked `h ormu`h en `h munstrh6

    k = ,VpqK" $ ,Kn ! Vpq"

    Kbvn` en idkobhkzh ,V" = 8+2? Grhed en nrrdr ,n" = :+:> ^kbvnrsd ,K" =88 Zrdchcb`behe en diurrnkibh ,Z" = :+> Zrdchcb`behe en kd diurrnkibh ,X" = :+>k = ,,82?" ,:+>" ,:+>" ,88"" $ ,,88" ,:+:>" !,82?" ,:+>" ,:+>""

    k = ,,9+

  • 7/28/2019 Gua bsica para emprendedores

    43/350

    Guh csbih

    phrtbiu`hr `d qun crbkeh ohitbcb`behe h` lnild en `hkzhrukh kunvh mhrih h` mnrihed+

    9" H` mdmnktd en idmprhr ukh prnkeh en fnhkqu ns `d prbmnrd qun tdmh nk iunkth4

    @h mhrih 88.@h ih`behe en `h tn`h 85.

    N` mden`d 3:.@ds hihcheds 8.

    Udth` 8::.

    Idki`usbdkns6 sngk ds rnsu`theds hs prbkibph`nsrhzdkns pdr `hs qun ukh pnrsdkh n`bgn ukh prnkeh en

    fnhk sdk `ds mden`ds `ds hihcheds y `d cbnk qun `npuneh qunehr1 pdr `d qun stds snrk `ds prbkibph`nshspnitds h tdmhr nk iunkth h` mdmnktd enidkoniibdkhr h prnkeh+

    Dtrd puktd h idksbenrhr ns qun h` mdmnktd enhequbrbr ukh prnkeh en fnhk thktd `h mhrih idmd n`prnibd kd sdk tdmheds muy nk iunkth `d qun crbkehibnrth ohitbcb`behe h` lnild en `hkzhr ukh kunvh mhrihh` mnrihed y pnrmbtn humnkthr uk pdid n` prnibd en`prdeuitd+

    5" Xu mden`ds en fnhks prnobnrn4I`sbids 33.

    Zbtb``ds 82.Hihmphkheds 85.

    Ihprb 2.En prntbkh hkilh 8>.

    N` qun nst en mdeh 8?.Dtrds >.

    Udth` 8::.

    Idki`usbdkns6 ds mden`ds i`sbids phrnibnrhk kukihenfhr en snr `ds prnonrbeds1 nk snguked `ughr nstk `dsmden`ds en pbtb``ds qun sdk `ds qun supunsthmnktnnstk en mdeh1 y nk tnrinr `ughr nstk `ds mden`ds enprntbkh hkilh qun hk sbgunk sbnked ukd en `dsprnonrbeds+

    Zhrh `h idkoniibk en `hs prnkehs sn utb`bzhrk tdeds`ds mden`ds mnkibdkheds nk `h prngukth pnrd sn ehrnspnibh` htnkibk h `ds 9 mden`ds en mhydrprnonrnkibh+

    >" Iu`ns en nstds hedrkds prnobnrn nk `hidkoniibk en uk fnhk4

    Edc`n 88.Edc`nins nk pbnrkhs 8:.

    Cd`sb``ds nk pbnrkhs 83.Cd`sb``ds en`hktnrds idk ibnrrn 82.

    Cd`sb``ds trhsnrds idk ibnrrn 8

  • 7/28/2019 Gua bsica para emprendedores

    44/350

    Guh csbih

    Inktrds idmnribh`ns 3:.

    Ubnkehs pdr enphrthmnktd 82.Chzhrns d gh`nrhs 33.

    Yupnrmnriheds 8.

    Udth` 8::.

    Idki`usbdkns6 en` pc`bid nkiunsthed n` mhydrpdrinkthfn hobrmh prnonrbr `ds chzhrns y gh`nrhs phrhrnh`bzhr `hs idmprhs en sus fnhks hukqun sngubed eninrih nk prnonrnkibh en `ds inktrds idmnribh`ns y `hstbnkehs pdr enphrthmnktd+ Yn tdmhr nk iunkth nsthbkodrmhibk h` mdmnktd en nsthc`ninr `ds ihkh`ns enebstrbcuibk d puktds en vnkths+

    : 39.

    Nktrn %>: y %?: 87.

    Ms en %?: 7.Udth` 8::.

    Idki`usbdkns6 uk mhydr pdrinkthfn en nkiunsthedshobrmh ghsthr nk uk fnhk uk prdmnebd nktrn %9: h %5:hukqun `ds pdrinkthfns qun hobrmhk ghsthr nktrn % 3:y

    %9: y %5: y %>: sn munstrhk inrihkds1 `d qun eh hnktnkenr qun n` prnibd qun sn sun`n phghr pdr uk fnhkns vhrbhed+ Yn tdmhr nk iunkth nsth bkodrmhibk h`mdmnktd en entnrmbkhr n` prnibd en` prdeuitd+

    8:"Nsthrh ebspunsth h prdchr ukh kunvh mhrih enfnhks4

    Y

  • 7/28/2019 Gua bsica para emprendedores

    45/350

    Guh csbih

    @H ENMHKEH

    Imd Lhinr n` Zrdkstbid en `hEnmhkeh

    ` prdkstbid en `h enmhkeh idksbstn nklhinr ukh nstbmhibk en kunstrhs outurhsvnkths ,yh snh nk ukbehens osbihs dmdknthrbhs" en ukd d vhrbds prdeuitds,gnknrh`mnktn tdeds" phrh uk pnrbded en

    tbnmpd entnrmbkhed ,gnknrh`mnktn uk mns"+

    N` rnh`bzhr n` prdkstbid en `h enmhkeh kds pnrmbtbrn`hcdrhr kunstrh prdyniibk d prnsupunstd en vnkths,enmhkeh nk ukbehens osbihs mu`tbp`bihed pdr n`

    prnibd en` prdeuitd" y h phrtbr en sth pdenr n`hcdrhr`hs enms prdyniibdkns d prnsupunstds+

    Zdr nfnmp`d h` prdkdstbihr d ih`iu`hr h iuktdhsinkenrk kunstrhs outurhs vnkths pdenmds ih`iu`hriuktd snr kunstrh prdeuiibk ,iuktds prdeuitdskninsbthrnmds prdeuibr" h iuktd hsinkenrkkunstrds idstds qu ihktbehe en pnrsdkh`kninsbthrnmds idktrhthr h iuktd hsinkenr kunstrhrnkthcb`behe nti+

    R en nsn mded `dgrhr uk mnfdr idktrd` ukh mhydriddrebkhibk mbkbmbzhr rbnsgds y tdehs `hs dtrhsvnkthfhs qun idk``nvh ukh cunkh p`hkbobihibk+

    Mtdeds phrh prdkdstbihr `h enmhkeh_nhmds h idktbkuhibk h`gukds en `ds mtdeds msusheds phrh lh``hr n` prdkstbid en `h enmhkeh6

    Hk`bsbs en rngbstrds lbstrbidsIdksbstn nk hkh`bzhr kunstrhs vnkths phshehs y lhinrukh prdyniibk en `hs mbsmhs pdr nfnmp`d sb lnmds

    kdthed qun kunstrhs vnkths nk `ds `tbmds mnsns lhkhumnkthed nk uk 8:. nktdkins `d `gbid snrh qunphrh nstn mns qun sn hprdxbmh thmcbk humnktnk nkuk 8:. pnrd sb henms kdthmds qun nstn prxbmdmns ns en tnmpdrheh h`th phrh n` tbpd en prdeuitdqun idmnribh`bzhmds y qun henms lnmds enibebedbkvnrtbr ms nk puc`bibehe nktdkins pderhmdsprdkdstbihr qun phrh nstn prxbmd mns kunstrhsvnkths humnkthrk nk uk 3:.+

    Nstn mtded rnqubnrn qun n` kngdibd yh tnkgh uktbnmpd en dpnrhibdkns phrh lh``hr n` prdkstbid en `henmhkeh phrh uk kunvd kngdibd d phrh n``hkzhmbnktd en uk kunvd prdeuitd sbghmds vbnked`ds enms mtdeds+

    Mtded en `h enmhkeh pdtnkibh`Idksbstn nk lh``hr prbmnrd `h enmhkeh pdtnkibh`,mxbmh enmhkeh pdsbc`n qun sn pderh ehr nk ukmnrihed" en tdeds `ds prdeuitds sbmb`hrns h` kunstrdqun nxbsthk nk n` mnrihed h` iuh` kds ebrbgbmds y`ungd nk chsn h ebilh enmhkeh pdtnkibh` entnrmbkhr`h enmhkeh en kunstrds prdeuitds tnkbnked nkiunkth hspnitds `bmbthtbvds th`ns idmd n` thmhd enkunstrh bkvnrsbk kunstrd ihpbth` en trhchfd kunstrhihphibehe en ocrbih ,ihphibehe mxbmh en

    prdeuiibk" kunstrh ihphibehe en hchstnibmbnktd,ebspdkbcb`behe en mhtnrbh prbmh y mhkd en dcrh"kunstrd nsounrzd en mhrantbkg nti+1 pnrd thmcbktnkbnked nk iunkth dtrds hspnitds th`ns idmd `henmhkeh en kunstrh idmpntnkibh kunstrhnxpnrbnkibh nk n` kngdibds dpbkbdkns en pnrsdkhs idknxpnrbnkibh nk n` mbsmd tbpd en kngdibd nti+

    Zdr nfnmp`d sb qubsbrhmds prdkdstbihr `h enmhkehphrh kunstrd kngdibd en rnsthurhktn prbmnrdlh``hrhmds `h enmhkeh pdtnkibh` qun nxbstn phrhtdeds `ds rnsthurhktns qun idkodrmhk kunstrd

    mnrihed dcfntbvd ,pdr nfnmp`d uk ebstrbtd ukhhvnkbeh uk inktrd idmnribh`" y `ungd nk chsn h ebilhenmhkeh pdtnkibh` y h dtrds hspnitds idmd n` thmhden kunstrd kngdibd kunstrh bkvnrsbk nk puc`bibehe `hbkodrmhibk qun lnmds rnidpb`hed en `h idmpntnkibhnti+ entnrmbkhmds d prdkdstbihmds kunstrhenmhkeh+

    Zdr nfnmp`d ukh vnz qun lnmds lh``hed `h enmhkehpdtnkibh` entnrmbkhmds qun trhchfhrnmds phrhihpthr n` 3:. en ebilh enmhkeh pdtnkibh` ns enibr

    ebild 3:. snr kunstrd prdkstbid en enmhkeh+

    Mtded en `h bkvnstbghibk en mnrihedsIdksbstn nk prdkdstbihr kunstrhs vnkths h trhvs enukh bkvnstbghibk d nstuebd en mnrihed pdenmds pdrnfnmp`d lhinr usd en nkiunsths nk edken h`gukhs en`hs prngukths pderhk snr6

    Ubnkn ustne bktnrs nk hequbrbr nstn prdeuitd4

    N

  • 7/28/2019 Gua bsica para emprendedores

    46/350

    Guh csbih

    Nsthrh ebspunstd h prdchr nstn kunvd prdeuitdd snrvbibd4

    Iuktd nsthrh ebspunstd h phghr pdr nstnprdeuitd4

    Iheh iuktd tbnmpd idksumn d hequbnrnprdeuitds sbmb`hrns4

    Iuktd ghsth nk prdmnebd h` hiuebr h kngdibdssbmb`hrns4

    Idk qu orniunkibh hiuen h kngdibds sbmb`hrns4D thmcbk pdenmds lhinr usd en dtrhs tikbihs enmnrihed pdr nfnmp`d pdenmds vbsbthr kngdibdssbmb`hrns h` kunstrd y ih`iu`hr n` prdmnebd en i`bnktnsqun tbnknk y n` prdmnebd en idksumd en iheh ukd dpdenmds lhinr pnqunhs nktrnvbsths h i`bnktns enkunstrds prbkibph`ns idmpntbedrns d h pnrsdkhs qunlhyhk nsthed hktns nk n` mbsmd tbpd en kngdibd qun n`

    kunstrd nti+

    Idmd hpuktn obkh` encnmds enibr qun phrh lh``hr n`prdkstbid en `h enmhkeh kd nxbstn uk mtded dormu`h nspniobih sbkd qun encnmds snr irnhtbvdspuebnked pdr nfnmp`d lhinr usd en vhrbds mtdeds1h` obkh` kd bmpdrth iu` mtded lhyhmds ushed `dbmpdrthktn ns `dgrhr n` mhydr hprdxbmhed pdsbc`n+

    Imd Lh``hr `h Enmhkeh Zdtnkibh`

    @h enmhkeh pdtnkibh` ns `h mxbmh enmhkeh pdsbc`nqun sn pderh ehr phrh ukd d vhrbds prdeuitds nk ukmnrihed entnrmbkhed+

    N` lh``hr `h enmhkeh pdtnkibh phrh n` tbpd en prdeuitdd snrvbibd qun dorninmds tbnkn idmd dcfntbvdprbkibph` n` hyuehrkds h prdkdstbihr d entnrmbkhr iu`snr `h enmhkeh d kbvn` en vnkths en kunstrd kngdibd+

    _nhmds h idktbkuhibk `h ormu`h en `h enmhkehpdtnkibh` y `ungd uk nfnmp`d en imd lh``hr`h y

    ushr`h phrh hyuehrkds h prdkdstbihr `h enmhkeh enkunstrd kngdibd6

    Ormu`h en `h enmhkeh pdtnkibh`@h ormu`h en `h enmhkeh pdtnkibh` ns6

    X =kpq

    Edken6

    X6 enmhkeh pdtnkibh`+ k6 kmnrd en idmprhedrns pdsbc`ns phrh n` mbsmd

    tbpd en prdeuitd nk uk entnrmbkhed mnrihed+

    Zdr nfnmp`d n` kmnrd en idmprhedrns pdsbc`ns nkuk inktrd idmnribh` d nk ukh hvnkbeh nsthrhidkodrmhed idk n` o`ufd prdmnebd en pnrsdkhs1 nk ukhih``n n` rnh en bko`unkibh en > Mz h `h rnedkeh1 nk ukpunc`d n` kmnrd en lhcbthktns1 nk ukh ibuehe n`kmnrd en idksumbedrns en` prdeuitd donrthed+

    Zhrh lh``hr nsth bkodrmhibk pdenmds lhinr usdounktns sniukehrbhs pdr nfnmp`d pdenmds cusihr nkinktrds nsthestbids ehtds d rngbstrds en pdc`hibk

    bkvnstbghibdkns lnilhs pdr nmprnshs en puc`bibehenti+ d pdenmds lhinr kdsdtrds mbsmds kunstrhprdpbh bkvnstbghibk en mnrihed pdr nfnmp`d htrhvs en nkiunsths nk edken `hs prngukths nsthrhkenstbkhehs h lh``hr `h ebspdsbibk en `ds idksumbedrnsh hequbrbr n` tbpd en prdeuitd+

    p6 prnibd prdmnebd en` prdeuitd nk n` mnrihed+N` iuh` thmcbk pdenmds dctnknr h trhvs enounktns sniukehrbhs d h trhvs en bkvnstbghibdknsprdpbhs+

    q6 ihktbehe prdmnebd en idksumd pnr ipbth nk n`mnrihed+

    Zdr nfnmp`d n` idksumd pnr ipbth phrh zhphtdspderh snr en 9 zhphtds h` hd1 n` idksumd pnripbth phrh ydgurt pderh snr en 3 `btrds h` mns+

    Nsth bkodrmhibk thmcbk `h pdenmds dctnknr h trhvsen ounktns sniukehrbhs pnrd nk ihsd en kdidksngubr`h tnkernmds qun lhinr kunstrh prdpbh

    bkvnstbghibk h chsn en nkiunsths+

    Lh``hked kunstrh enmhkehH idktbkuhibk vnhmds uk nfnmp`d en imd lh``hr `henmhkeh pdtnkibh` y imd ushr`h phrh hyuehrkds hlh``hr kunstrh prdpbh enmhkeh6

  • 7/28/2019 Gua bsica para emprendedores

    47/350

    Guh csbih

    Yupdkghmds qun vhmds h hcrbr uk kngdibd enebihed h`h prdeuiibk y idmnribh`bzhibk en ydgurt nkprnsnkthibdkns en 8 `btrd y qunrnmds lh``hr kunstrhouturh enmhkeh ns enibr prdkdstbihr kunstrhs vnkths+

    Kunstrd kngdibd prntnken hchstninr h tdeh `h

    `dih`behe ,n` iuh` snrh kunstrd mnrihed mnth" `h iuh`nst idkodrmheh pdr 9: ::: lhcbthktns+

    Dtrds ehtds qun lnmds idksngubed h trhvs enounktns sniukehrbhs sdk qun n` 7:. en `h pdc`hibksun`n idksumbr ydgurt n` prnibd prdmnebd en uk `btrden ydgurt ns en %9 y qun n` idksumd pnr ipbth enydgurt ns en 5 `btrds mnksuh`ns+

    Nk prbmnr `ughr lh``hmds `h enmhkeh pdtnkibh` enydgurt nk tdeh `h `dih`behe+

    Hp`bihked `h ormu`h en `h enmhkeh pdtnkibh`6

    X = kpq

    k = ,9: ::: x 7:" $ 8::p = 9q = 5

    X = 38 ::: x 9 x 5X = %3>3 :::

    R ukh vnz qun lnmds lh``hed qun `h enmhkehpdtnkibh` en ydgurt phrh `h `dih`behe phshmds h lh``hr`h enmhkeh en kunstrd kngdibd+

    Zdr nfnmp`d supdkghmds qun tnkbnked nk iunkth n`thmhd en kunstrh bkvnrsbk kunstrd ihpbth` entrhchfd kunstrh ihphibehe en prdeuiibk kunstrhihphibehe en en hchstnibmbnktd y kunstrh bkvnrsbknk mhrantbkg1 pnrd thmcbk tnkbnked nk iunkth dtrdshspnitds idmd h bkodrmhibk qun lnmds rnidpb`heden `h idmpntnkibh y kunstrh nxpnrbnkibh nk n`

    kngdibd1 lnmds enibebed qun trhchfhrnmds phrhihpthr n` 9:. en `h enmhkeh pdtnkibh`+

    Zdr `d qun pderhmds hobrmhr qun n` prdkstbid enkunstrh enmhkeh d en kunstrhs vnkths phrh n`prxbmd mns snrh en %7> ?::+

    BK_NYUBGHIBK ENMNSIHED

    Idkinptd en `h Bkvnstbghibk enMnriheds

    h bkvnstbghibk en mnriheds idksbstn nkrnid`nithr entnrmbkheh bkodrmhibkprdinenktn en` mnrihed phrh snr hkh`bzhehy `ungd nk chsn h ebild hk`bsbs tdmhrenibsbdkns d ebsnhr nstrhtngbhs+

    Zdenmds rnh`bzhr ukh bkvnstbghibk en mnriheds pdr

    nfnmp`d phrh6

    Lh``hr ukh dpdrtukbehe en kngdibd+ Yhcnr sb uk outurd kngdibd pderh snr rnkthc`n+ Yhcnr sb uk kunvd prdeuitd pderh tnknr xbtd+ Lh``hr `h rhzk d sd`uibk en h`gk prdc`nmh pdr

    nfnmp`d lh``hr `h rhzk en `h ebsmbkuibk enkunstrhs vnkths+

    Hkh`bzhr h kunstrds idmpntbedrns+ Zrdkdstbihr kunstrh enmhkeh+ Yhcnr sb nxpdrthr h uk entnrmbkhed phs pderh snr

    vbhc`n+ Idkobrmhr ukh lbptnsbs pdr nfnmp`d `h lbptnsbsen qun ukh rnchfh en` 8:. en kunstrds prdeuitdsprdeuibr suobibnktns vnkths idmd phrhidmpnkshr ebilh rnchfh+

    Idkdinr bkodrmhibk nsthestbih pdr nfnmp`dshcnr iu` ns mb phrtbibphibk nk n` mnrihed+

    Nk prbmnr `ughr encnmds entnrmbkhr `h kninsbehe d n`dcfntbvd en rnh`bzhr `h bkvnstbghibk pdr nfnmp`dkunstrd dcfntbvd en bkvnstbghibk punen snr lh``hr ukhdpdrtukbehe en kngdibd d idkdinr `h vbhcb`behe en`hkzhr uk kunvd prdeuitd+

    R ukh vnz qun tnknmds nk i`hrd `h kninsbehe d n`dcfntbvd en kunstrh bkvnstbghibk phshmds hentnrmbkhr iu` snr `h bkodrmhibk qunkninsbthrnmds rnidpb`hr en` mnrihed qun kds pnrmbthrnh`bzhr`h+

    @

  • 7/28/2019 Gua bsica para emprendedores

    48/350

    Guh csbih

    Zdr nfnmp`d sb kunstrd dcfntbvd en bkvnstbghibk nslh``hr ukh dpdrtukbehe en kngdibd `h bkodrmhibk qunkninsbthrhmds rnid`nithr pderh snr `h qun kdspnrmbth idkdinr hs kninsbehens bkshtbsonilhs en `dsidksumbedrns `ds kunvds gustds `hs kunvhsprnonrnkibhs `hs mdehs `hs tnkenkibhs `ds kbilds en

    mnrihed kd htnkebeds nti+

    Yb kunstrd dcfntbvd en bkvnstbghibk ns idkdinr `hohitbcb`behe en `hkzhr uk kunvd prdeuitd `hbkodrmhibk qun kninsbthrhmds rnid`nithr pderh snr`h qun kds pnrmbth shcnr iu` snrh `h rnhiibk en`pc`bid hktn `h bktrdeuiibk en` kunvd prdeuitd n`prnibd qun nsthrhk ebspunstds h phghr pdr ` iu`snrh su orniunkibh en idksumd nti+

    Zhrh lh``hr nsth bkodrmhibk pdenmds lhinr usd en6

    Nkiunsths6 pdr nfnmp`d phrh n` ihsd en` prbmnrnfnmp`d sdcrn `h csquneh en ukh dpdrtukbehe enkngdibd h`gukhs prngukths qun pderhmds lhinrnk kunstrhs nkiunsths snrhk6 qu prdeuitds dsnrvbibds `n gusthrh qun nxbstbnrh4 qu kngdibdspbnksh qun sdk `ds ms rnkthc`ns ldy nk eh4qu kngdibds pbnksh qun pderhk snr rnkthc`ns nkn` outurd4

    Uikbihs en dcsnrvhibk6 pdr nfnmp`d phrh n`mbsmd ihsd pderhmds vbsbthr `ds inktrds

    idmnribh`ns y dcsnrvhr iu`ns sdk `ds prdeuitdsms cusiheds iu`ns sdk `ds kngdibds msvbsbtheds iu`ns sdk `ds prdeuitds idk mhydrnstnkenkibhs+

    Uikbihs en nxpnrbmnkthibk6 pdr nfnmp`d phrhn` ihsd en` snguked nfnmp`d pderhmds pdknr ukpnqund punstd y idkdinr ebrnithmnktn iu` ns `hrnhiibk en` pc`bid hktn kunstrd kunvd prdeuitd+

    R obkh`mnktn ukh vnz qun idkthmds idk `h

    bkodrmhibk rnqunrbeh phrh kunstrh bkvnstbghibkphshmds h hkh`bzhr h nstuebhr`h h shihr kunstrhsidki`usbdkns1 y nk chsn h n``d tdmhmds `hs enibsbdknsd ebsnhmds kunstrhs nstrhtngbhs+

    Zhsds phrh Snh`bzhr ukhBkvnstbghibk en Mnrihed

    @h bkvnstbghibk en mnriheds idksbstn nk rnid`nithrentnrmbkheh bkodrmhibk prdinenktn en` mnrihed

    phrh `ungd snr hkh`bzheh y nk chsn h ebild hk`bsbstdmhr enibsbdkns d ebsnhr nstrhtngbhs+

    Zdenmds rnh`bzhr ukh bkvnstbghibk en mnriheds phrhlh``hr ukh dpdrtukbehe en kngdibd idkdinr `hvbhcb`behe en uk kunvd kngdibd d prdeuitd lh``hr `hrhzk d sd`uibk phrh uk prdc`nmh idmprdchr ukhlbptnsbs en mnrihed nti+

    Zhrh pdenr tnknr ms nk i`hrd n` idkinptd en `hbkvnstbghibk en mnriheds vnhmds h idktbkuhibkiu`ns sdk `ds phsds kninshrbds phrh rnh`bzhr ukh6

    Entnrmbkhr `hs kninsbehens u dcfntbvds en`h bkvnstbghibkNk prbmnr `ughr encnmds entnrmbkhr iu` ns `h rhzken `h bkvnstbghibk qu qunrnmds idksngubr idk n``hiu` ns su dcfntbvd1 pdr nfnmp`d pdenmds rnh`bzhr `hbkvnstbghibk phrh lh``hr ukh dpdrtukbehe en kngdibdphrh vnr sb kunstrd outurd kngdibd pderh snr rnkthc`nphrh shcnr sb n` `hkzhmbnktd en uk kunvd prdeuitdpderh tnknr xbtd phrh lh``hr `h rhzk d sd`uibk enuk prdc`nmh phrh hkh`bzhr h kunstrh idmpntnkibhphrh prdkdstbihr kunstrh enmhkeh phrh idkobrmhrukh lbptnsbs nti+

    Benktbobihr `h bkodrmhibk qun vhmds hrnid`nithrChskedkds nk kunstrd dcfntbvd en bkvnstbghibkphshmds h entnrmbkhr iu` snr `h bkodrmhibk qunkninsbthrnmds rnid`nithr pdr nfnmp`d sb kunstrddcfntbvd en bkvnstbghibk ns entnithr ukh dpdrtukbeheen kngdibds `h bkodrmhibk qun pderhmds kninsbthr

    snrh `h qun kds pnrmbth idkdinr `hs kninsbehens en`ds idksumbedrns `ds kunvds gustds `hs kunvhsmdehs `hs tnkenkibhs `ds kbilds en mnrihed kdhtnkebeds nti+ Yb kunstrd dcfntbvd en bkvnstbghibk nsidkdinr `h vbhcb`behe en nxpdrthr kunstrd prdeuitd huk entnrmbkhed phs `h bkodrmhibk qun pderhmdskninsbthr snrh `h rnonrnktn h trhtheds d hiunredsidmnribh`ns hrhkin`ns sbtuhibk nidkmbih en ebildphs nti+

  • 7/28/2019 Gua bsica para emprendedores

    49/350

    Guh csbih

    Entnrmbkhr ounktns en bkodrmhibk^kh vnz qun idkdinmds iu` snr `h bkodrmhibk dehtds qun kninsbthrnmds rnid`nithr phrh kunstrhbkvnstbghibk phshmds h entnrmbkhr `hs ounktns enedken `h dctnkernmds pdr nfnmp`d entnrmbkhmds sb

    vhmds h dctnknr `h bkodrmhibk en kunstrd pc`biddcfntbvd en kunstrds i`bnktns en bkvnstbghibdknslnilhs prnvbhmnktn en ehtds lbstrbids ennsthestbihs puc`bihibdkns Bktnrknt nti+

    Enobkbr y enshrrd``hr `hs tikbihs enrnid`niibk^kh vnz qun lnmds entnrmbkhed iu` snr `hbkodrmhibk qun kninsbthrnmds y en eken `h vhmdsh idksngubr phshmds h entnrmbkhr imd `h vhmds hidksngubr phrh n``d entnrmbkhmds `hs tikbihsmtdeds d odrmhs en rnid`niibk en ehtds qun vhmdsh utb`bzhr1 vnhmds h`gukhs en n``hs6

    Nkiunsth@h nkiunsth idksbstn nk ukh bktnrrdghibk vnrch` dnsirbth iuhked `h nkiunsth ns vnrch` sn lhin usd en`mtded en `h nktrnvbsth1 y iuhked `h nkiunsth nsnsirbth sn lhin usd en` iunstbdkhrbd+ ^kh nkiunsthpunen snr nstruiturheh iuhked nst idmpunsth pdr`bsths odrmh`ns en prngukths qun sn `ns odrmu`hk htdeds pdr bguh`1 d kd nstruiturheh iuhked pnrmbtnk h`

    nkiunsthedr br mdebobihked `hs prngukths nk chsn h `hsrnspunsths qun vhyh ehked n` nkiunsthed+

    Zhrh kunstrhs nkiunsths encnmds odrmu`hr prngukthsqun kds pnrmbthk idksngubr `h bkodrmhibk qunkninsbthmds qun h `h vnz kds pnrmbth h`ihkzhr `dgrhrkunstrds dcfntbvds en bkvnstbghibk pdr nfnmp`d sbkunstrd dcfntbvd en bkvnstbghibk ns lh``hr ukhdpdrtukbehe en kngdibd h`gukhs en `hs prngukths qunpderhmds odrmu`hr nk kunstrhs nkiunsths pderhksnr6

    Xu tbpd en prdeuitd `n gusthrh qun nxbstbnrh nkn` mnrihed4

    Xu tbpd en kngdibd pbnksh qun ldy nk eh pderhsnr rnkthc`n4

    Yb kunstrd dcfntbvd en bkvnstbghibk ns idkdinr `hvbhcb`behe en `hkzhr uk kunvd prdeuitd h`gukhs en `hsprngukths pderhk snr6

    Nsthrh ebspunstd h prdchr nstn kunvd prdeuitd4 Xu dpbkbk `n gnknrhk prdeuitds sbmb`hrns h

    stn y qu ihrhitnrstbihs `ns ihmcbhrh dhgrnghrh4

    Yb kunstrd dcfntbvd en bkvnstbghibk ns prdkdstbihrkunstrh enmhkeh h`gukhs en `hs prngukths qunodrmu`hrhmds pderhk snr6

    Iuktd nst ebspunstd h phghr pdr nstnprdeuitd4

    Iuktd sun`n ghsthr nk prdmnebd h` vbsbthrkngdibds sbmb`hrns h stn y idk qu orniunkibh `dsvbsbth4

    Uikbih en dcsnrvhibk

    @h tikbih en dcsnrvhibk idksbstn nk dcsnrvhrpnrsdkhs lnilds dcfntds hiibdkns sbtuhibdkns nti+1phrh ushr nsth tikbih pdenmds pdr nfnmp`d vbsbthr`ds sbtbds edken orniunkthk `ds idksumbedrns qunidkodrmhk kunstrd pc`bid dcfntbvd y dcsnrvhr susidmpdrthmbnktds pdenmds vbsbthr `hs zdkhsidmnribh`ns y dcsnrvhr `ds prdeuitds en `hidmpntnkibh pdenmds vbsbthr `ds `dih`ns en `hidmpntnkibh y dcsnrvhr sus prdinsds nti+

    Nxpnrbmnkthibk@h tikbih en nxpnrbmnkthibk idksbstn nk prdiurhridkdinr ebrnithmnktn `h rnspunsth en `dsidksumbedrns hktn uk entnrmbkhed prdeuitdsnrvbibd benh puc`bibehe nti+1 pdr nfnmp`d h` irnhr ukpnqund punstd en vnkth d uk pnqund sthke enengusthibk+

    Odius grdupN`odius grdup d grupd odih` idksbstn nk rnukbr h ukpnqund grupd en pnrsdkhs idk n` obk ennktrnvbsthr`ds y gnknrhr uk enchtn d ebsiusbk nktdrkd uk prdeuitd snrvbibd benh puc`bibehe nti+ y hs

    idkdinr hs benhs dpbkbdkns nmdibdkns hitbtuens ymdtbvhibdkns en ds phrtbibphktns+

    YdkendMtded snkib``d y en chfd idstd qun sn ihrhitnrbzh pdrlhinr prngukths drh`ns sbmp`ns y dcfntbvhs1 en` mbsmdmded sn dctbnknk rnspunsths snkib``hs y dcfntbvhs1 uk

  • 7/28/2019 Gua bsica para emprendedores

    50/350

    Guh csbih

    nfnmp`d en ukh prngukth qun sn pderh rnh`bzhr nk uksdkend ns6 qu mhrih en fnhks ushs4+

    Snid`nithr `h bkodrmhibk^kh vnz qun lnmds entnrmbkhed `h bkodrmhibk qunkninsbthrnmds hs ounktns en eken h idksngubrnmds

    y `ds mtdeds qun ushrnmds phrh dctnknr`h phshmdsh `h thrnh en `h rnid`niibk en `h bkodrmhibk+ Zhrhn``d entnrmbkhmds prnvbhmnktn qubkns snrk dsnkihrgheds d rnspdkshc`ns en sth thrnh iukednmpnzhr y iuktd tbnmpd eurhr+

    Hkh`bzhr `h bkodrmhibk^kh vnz qun lnmds rnid`nithed `h bkodrmhibkrnqunrbeh prdinenmds h idkthcb`bzhr `h bkodrmhibk,idktnd en ehtds" `ungd h prdinshr`h ,i`hsbobihr `dsehtds thcu`hr`ds idebobihr`ds" y pdr `tbmd h

    bktnrprnthr `h bkodrmhibk h hkh`bzhr`h y h shihrkunstrhs idki`usbdkns+

    Udmhr enibsbdkns d ebsnhr nstrhtngbhsR pdr `tbmd nk chsn h` hk`bsbs qun lnmds rnh`bzhednmpnzhmds h tdmhr enibsbdkns d ebsnhr kunstrhsnstrhtngbhs pdr nfnmp`d6

    Nk chsn h `h bkodrmhibk qun lnmds dctnkbed yhkh`bzhed sdcrn `hs kninsbehens gustds yprnonrnkibhs en `ds idksumbedrns phshmds hebsnhr uk prdeuitd qun sn nkihrgun en shtbsohinrebilhs kninsbehens d prnonrnkibhs+

    Nk chsn h `h bkodrmhibk qun lnmds dctnkbed yhkh`bzhed sdcrn kunstrh idmpntnkibh phshmds hebsnhr nstrhtngbhs qun kds pnrmbthk c`dqunhr susodrth`nzhs y hprdvnilhr sus encb`behens+

    Nk chsn h `h bkodrmhibk qun lnmds rnidgbed yhkh`bzhed sdcrn kunstrd p`hk en kngdibdstdmhmds `h enibsbk en ehr n` vbstd cunkd h`prdynitd y nmpnzhr idk `h irnhibk en kunstrdkunvd kngdibd+

    _nkthfhs y Ensvnkthfhs en `hsUikbihs en Bkvnstbghibk enMnriheds

    hs tikbihs en bkvnstbghibk en mnriheds sdktikbihs mtdeds d odrmhs en rnid`nithrehtds d bkodrmhibk kninshrbh phrh rnh`bzhrukh bkvnstbghibk en mnriheds+

    Nktrn `hs prbkibph`ns tikbihs en bkvnstbghibk enmnriheds nstk `h nkiunsth `h nktrnvbsth `h tikbihen dcsnrvhibk `h prunch en mnrihed n` odius grdup y

    n` sdkend+

    _nhmds iheh ukh en n``hs6

    @h nkiunsth@h nkiunsth idksbstn nk ukh bktnrrdghibk vnrch` dnsirbth qun sn `ns rnh`bzh h `hs pnrsdkhs en `hs iuh`ns snensnh dctnknr `h bkodrmhibk kninshrbh phrh `hbkvnstbghibk+

    Iuhked `h nkiunsth ns vnrch` sn lhin usd en` mtdeden `h nktrnvbsth1 y iuhked ns nsirbth sn lhin usd en`bkstrumnktd en` iunstbdkhrbd n` iuh` idksbstn nk ukediumnktd idk uk `bsthed en prngukths `hs iuh`ns sn`ns lhink h `h pnrsdkhs h nkiunsthr+

    Yn punenk rnh`bzhr nkiunsths pnrsdkh`ns ,pdr nfnmp`dnk ukh nsqubkh d nk uk inktrd idmnribh`" pdrtn`odkd vh idrrnd pdsth` d vh Bktnrknt ,pdrnfnmp`d h trhvs en ukh pgbkh wnc d vh idrrndn`nitrkbid"+

    _nkthfhs6 h trhvs en nsth tikbih en `h nkiunsthenpnkebnked en `h prdoukebehe en `h mbsmh sn

    punenk dctnknr ehtds muy prnibsds+

    Ensvnkthfhs6 pdsbcb`behe en qun ds nkiunsthedspunehk crbkehr rnspunsths oh`shs d qun `dsnkiunsthedrns punehk rniurrbr h hthfds+

    @

  • 7/28/2019 Gua bsica para emprendedores

    51/350

    Guh csbih

    @h nktrnvbsth@h nktrnvbsth idksbstn nk ukh bktnrrdghibk vnrch` qunsn `ns rnh`bzh h `hs pnrsdkhs en `hs iuh`ns sn ensnhdctnknr `h bkodrmhibk kninshrbh phrh `h bkvnstbghibkNk ukh nktrnvbsth n` nktrnvbsthedr sun`n lhinrprngukths hcbnrths y ebrbgn `h nktrnvbsth en hiunred h

    `hs rnspunsths qun vhyh ehked n` nktrnvbsthed pdrnfnmp`d nxp`bih `hs prngukths eboib`ns dcvbh h`gukhsqun nsthchk prdgrhmhehs hldkeh nk dtrhs d `hsmdebobih+

    _nkthfhs6 nsth tikbih crbkeh `h pdsbcb`behe enprdoukebzhr nk iuh`qubnr tnmh+

    Ensvnkthfhs6 h`td idstd pdr pnrsdkh nktrnvbstheh+ @hpdsbcb`behe en qun `hs pnrsdkhs kd nstk ebspunsths hidkinenr `h nktrnvbsth+ @hs rnspunsths en`

    nktrnvbsthed `h bkodrmhibk dctnkbeh y `hbktnrprnthibk en sth enpnkenk en `h lhcb`behe en`nktrnvbsthedr+

    @h tikbih en dcsnrvhibk@h tikbih en dcsnrvhibk idksbstn nk dcsnrvhrpnrsdkhs onkmnkds lnilds ihsds dcfntdshiibdkns sbtuhibdkns nti+ en `hs iuh`ns sn ensnhdctnknr `h bkodrmhibk kninshrbh phrh `h bkvnstbghibk+

    @h tikbih en dcsnrvhibk sn sun`n utb`bzhr

    prbkibph`mnktn phrh dcsnrvhr n` idmpdrthmbnktd en`ds idksumbedrns nk sus mnebds khturh`ns+

    ^k nfnmp`d en` usd en `h tikbih en dcsnrvhibkpderh idksbstbr nk vbsbthr `ds `ughrns qun sun`norniunkthr kunstrd pc`bid dcfntbvd y dcsnrvhr suidmpdrthmbnktd pdr nfnmp`d imd nxhmbkhk `dsprdeuitds `hs prngukths qun lhink `ds prdeuitds qunenibenk idmprhr nti+

    _nkthfhs6 pnrmbtn dctnknr bkodrmhibk prnibsh qun endtrd mded kd sn pderh dctnknr d bkodrmhibk qun `hspnrsdkhs kd pderhk d kd qubsbnrhk crbkehr pdrebvnrsds mdtbvds+ Ns ukh tikbih oib` en hp`bihr y enchfd idstd+

    Ensvnkthfhs6 n` lnild en kd pdenr entnrmbkhrnmdibdkns hitbtuens d `hs mdtbvhibdkns qun ``nvhk huk idksumbedr h rnh`bzhr uk hitd+

    @h prunch en mnrihed@h prunch en mnrihed thmcbk idkdibeh idmd tikbihen nxpnrbmnkthibk idksbstn nk prdiurhr idkdinrebrnithmnktn `h rnspunsth en `hs pnrsdkhs hktn ukprdeuitd snrvbibd benh puc`bibehe nti+ y hs dctnknr`h bkodrmhibk kninshrbh phrh `h bkvnstbghibk+

    Gnknrh`mnktn ukh prunch en mnrihed sn rnh`bzhhktns en` `hkzhmbnktd en uk kunvd prdeuitd idk n`obk en nvh`uhr su hinpthibk d hidgbeh y hs rneuibr n`rbnsgd en bktrdeuibr n` kunvd prdeuitd h` mnrihed yqun stn kd tnkgh suobibnktn enmhkeh+

    ^k nfnmp`d en` usd en `h prunch en mnrihed pderhidksbstbr nk nsthc`ninr uk pnqund punstd en vnkth nkedken dornzihmds n` kunvd prdeuitd y pdehmds hsidkdinr `h hidgbeh bmprnsbk y rnhiibk en` pc`bid

    hktn stn hktns en su bktrdeuiibk h` mnrihed+

    _nkthfhs6 pnrmbtn dctnknr bkodrmhibk prnibsh sdcrn`hs rnhiibdkns d n` idmpdrthmbnktd en `hs pnrsdkhshktn uk entnrmbkhed prdeuitd snrvbibd benh dpuc`bibehe+

    Ensvnkthfhs6 nsth tikbih utb`bzh ukh munstrhpnqunh pdr `d qun `ds rnsu`theds kd pderhkgnknrh`bzhrsn+

    Odius grdupN` odius grdup d grupd odih` idksbstn nk rnukbr h ukpnqund grupd en pnrsdkhs ,gnknrh`mnktn en ? h 83pnrsdkhs" idk n` obk en nktrnvbsthr`hs y gnknrhr ukhebsiusbk nk tdrkd h uk prdeuitd snrvbibd benhpuc`bibehe nti+ y hs dctnknr `h bkodrmhibk kninshrbhphrh `h bkvnstbghibk+

    ^k nfnmp`d en` usd en` odius grdup pderh idksbstbr nkidkvdihr uk pnqund grupd en idksumbedrns ylhinr`ns prdchr d ehr`ns phrh qun nxhmbknk uk kunvdprdeuitd dcsnrvhr sus idmpdrthmbnktds y rnhiibdknshktn n` kunvd prdeuitd y pdstnrbdrmnktn pnebr`ns susbmprnsbdkns dpbkbdkns y sugnrnkibhs+

    _nkthfhs6 pnrmbtn dctnknr ukh hmp`bh vhrbnehe enbkodrmhibk sdcrn benhs dpbkbdkns nmdibdknshitbtuens y mdtbvhibdkns en ds phrtbibphktns+

  • 7/28/2019 Gua bsica para emprendedores

    52/350

    Guh csbih

    Ensvnkthfhs6 utb`bzh ukh munstrh pnqunh pdr `d qun`ds rnsu`theds kd sn pderhk gnknrh`bzhr+ @hsrnspunsths en `ds phrtbibphktns pderhk nsthrbko`unkibhehs pdr `h dpbkbk gnknrh` en` grupd+

    YdkendN` sdkend idksbstn nk ukh bktnrrdghibk snkib``h qun sn`ns rnh`bzh h `hs pnrsdkhs en `hs iuh`ns sn ensnhdctnknr `h bkodrmhibk kninshrbh phrh `h bkvnstbghibk+

    N` sdkend sn ihrhitnrbzh pdr lhinr prngukths drh`nssbmp`ns y dcfntbvhs h ukh pnqunh munstrh en `h iuh`thmcbk sn dctbnknk rnspunsths snkib``hs y dcfntbvhs+

    H` bguh` qun `h nkiunsth punen snr rnh`bzhedpnrsdkh`mnktn pdr tn`odkd vh idrrnd pdsth` d vhBktnrknt+

    ^k nfnmp`d en` usd en` sdkend pderh idksbstbr nklhinr pnqunhs nkiunsths nk `h ih``n nk edken snlhghk prngukths sbmp`ns th`ns idmd iu` ns su mhrih

    en hutd ohvdrbth+

    _nkthfhs6 pnrmbtn dctnknr bkodrmhibk rpbehmnktn+Ns ukh tikbih snkib``h oib` en hp`bihr y en chfd idstd+

    Ensvnkthfhs6 nst tikbih s`d pnrmbtn dctnknrbkodrmhibk sbmp`n dcfntbvh y pdid prdoukeh+

    @h Uikbih en Dcsnrvhibk

    @h tikbih en dcsnrvhibk ns ukh tikbih enbkvnstbghibk qun idksbstn nk dcsnrvhr pnrsdkhsonkmnkds lnilds ihsds dcfntds hiibdknssbtuhibdkns nti+ idk n` obk en dctnknr entnrmbkhehbkodrmhibk kninshrbh phrh ukh bkvnstbghibk+

    @h tikbih en dcsnrvhibk sn sun`n utb`bzhrprbkibph`mnktn phrh dcsnrvhr n` idmpdrthmbnktd en`ds idksumbedrns1 y pdr `d gnknrh` h` ushr nsthtikbih n` dcsnrvhedr sn mhktbnkn nkiucbnrtd nsenibr `ds sufntds en nstuebd kd sdk idksibnktns en suprnsnkibh+

    Zdenmds utb`bzhr nsth tikbih en mhknrh khturh` pdrnfnmp`d dcsnrvhked idkeuiths th` y idmd suinenk nksu mnebd khturh`1 d nk chsn h uk p`hk nstruiturhed

    pdr nfnmp`d irnhked sbtuhibdkns nk edken pdehmdsdcsnrvhr n` idmpdrthmbnktd en `ds phrtbibphktns+

    Zhrh pdenr ushr nsth tikbih nk prbmnr `ughr encnmdsentnrmbkhr kunstrd dcfntbvd d rhzk en bkvnstbghibky nk snguked `ughr entnrmbkhr `h bkodrmhibk qun

    vhmds h rnihchr `h iuh` kds pnrmbth iump`br idkkunstrd dcfntbvd+

    _nhmds h idktbkuhibk 5 nfnmp`ds en imd hp`bihr `htikbih en h dcsnrvhibk6

    8+ Yb kunstrd dcfntbvd ns lh``hr ukh benh udpdrtukbehe en kngdibd pderhmds kninsbthrbkodrmhibk sdcrn hs kninsbehens bkshtbsonilhs en`ds idksumbedrns ds prdeuitds ms sd`bibtheds`ds kngdibds ms rnkthc`ns `ds kunvds gustds `hs

    kunvhs mdehs nti+

    Nk nstn ihsd ushr `h tikbih en dcsnrvhibk pderhidksbstbr nk hiuebr h `ds mnriheds d zdkhsidmnribh`ns y dcsnrvhr iu`ns sdk `ds prdeuitds dsnrvbibds ms enmhkeheds iu`ns sdk `dsprdeuitds sd`bibtheds pnrd qun kd sdknkidktrheds dcsnrvhr `ds prdeuitds qun pderhksnr rnmp`hzheds pdr dtrds qun pderhk tnknr ukhmnfdr hidgbeh nti+

    3+ Yb kunstrd dcfntbvd ns hkh`bzhr kunstrd pc`biddcfntbvd pderhmds kninsbthr bkodrmhibk sdcrnsus prnonrnkibhs gustds ensndsidmpdrthmbnktds lcbtds nti+

    Nk nstn ihsd ushr `h tikbih en dcsnrvhibk pderhidksbstbr nk vbsbthr `ds `ughrns edken sun`norniunkthr kunstrd pc`bid dcfntbvd y dcsnrvhr`dsihmbkhr pdr `h zdkh nxhmbkhr `ds prdeuitdslhinr prngukths y n`ngbr entnrmbkheds prdeuitds+

    9+ Yb kunstrd dcfntbvd ns hkh`bzhr `h idmpntnkibhpderhmds kninsbthr bkodrmhibk sdcrn susprdeuitds prdinsds pnrsdkh` nstrhtngbhs nti+

    Nk nstn ihsd utb`bzhr `h tikbih en dcsnrvhibkpderh idksbstbr nk vbsbthr sus `dih`ns y dcsnrvhrsus prdinsds n` ensnmpnd en su pnrsdkh` `hsrnhiibdkns en sus i`bnktns nti+ D pderhmds vbsbthr`ds mnriheds d zdkhs idmnribh`ns nk edken snidmnribh`bink sus prdeuitds y dcsnrvhr sus

  • 7/28/2019 Gua bsica para emprendedores

    53/350

    Guh csbih

    prdeuitds ,mden`ds mhrihs" sus prnibds ,prnibdsensiunktds" sus nstrhtngbhs en ebstrbcuibk,mnriheds puktds en vnkths" sus nstrhtngbhs enprdmdibk ,mnebds puc`bibthrbds mnkshfnspuc`bibthrbds `nmhs" nti+ D thmcbk pderhmdsdpthr pdr hequbrbr h`gukd en sus prdeuitds phrh

    hs pdenr hkh`bzhr`ds mnfdr+

    5+ Yb kunstrd dcfntbvd ns nvh`uhr `h ohitbcb`behe enrnkthr uk kunvd `dih` phrh kunstrd kngdibdpderhmds kninsbthr bkodrmhibk sdcrn n` trobiden idksumbedrns h hiinsbcb`behe en` dih` `hvbsbcb`behe en` `dih` nti+

    Nk nstn ihsd utb`bzhr `h tikbih en dcsnrvhibkpderh idksbstbr nk phsnhrsn pdr `h zdkh en` pdsbc`n`dih` dcsnrvhr n` trobid en idksumbedrns pdr `h

    zdkh eurhktn tded n` eh `h nxbstnkibh en `dih`nsen `h idmpntnkibh y `h ho`unkibh en pc`bid quntbnknk n` hmcbnktn en `ds h`rnenedrns nti+

    @hs vnkthfhs en ushr `h tikbih en dcsnrvhibk ns qunkds pnrmbtn dctnknr bkodrmhibk prnibsh qun en dtrdmded kd pderhmds dctnknr pdr nfnmp`dbkodrmhibk sdcrn idmpdrthmbnktds nspdktkndsqun suinenk s`d nk `h vbeh idtbebhkh y nk sus mnebdskhturh`ns d bkodrmhibk qun `hs pnrsdkhs kd pderhkd kd qubsbnrhk crbkehrkds pdr ebvnrsds mdtbvds+Hsbmbsmd dtrh en `hs vnkthfhs ns qun ns ukh tikbihen chfd idstd y oib` en hp`bihr+

    Ybk nmchrgd nktrn `hs ensvnkthfhs en utb`bzhr nsthtikbih nstk n` lnild en kd pdenr entnrmbkhrnmdibdkns hitbtuens d `hs mdtbvhibdkns qun ``nvhk huk idksumbedr h rnh`bzhr uk hitd+ Zdr `d qun sbnmprnns rnidmnkehc`n utb`bzhr`h fuktd idk dtrhs tikbihs enbkvnstbghibk+

    Zrunch en Mnrihed

    ^kh prunch en mnrihed thmcbk idkdibeh idmdtikbih en nxpnrbmnkthibk ns ukh tikbih enbkvnstbghibk qun idksbstn nk prdiurhr idkdinrebrnithmnktn `h rnspunsth en `hs pnrsdkhs hktn ukprdeuitd snrvbibd benh puc`bibehe nti+ idk n` obk endctnknr entnrmbkheh bkodrmhibk kninshrbh phrh ukhbkvnstbghibk+

    Gnknrh`mnktn ukh prunch en mnrihed sn rnh`bzhhktns en` `hkzhmbnktd en uk kunvd prdeuitd idk n`obk en nvh`uhr su hinpthibk d hidgbeh y hs rneuibr n`rbnsgd en bktrdeuibr n` kunvd prdeuitd h` mnrihed yqun stn kd tnkgh suobibnktn enmhkeh+

    H` rnh`bzhr `h prunch en mnrihed sn idkdin `hhinpthibk hidgbeh bmprnsbk rnhiibk didmpdrthmbnktd en` pc`bid hktn n` kunvd prdeuitd ynk chsn h `ds rnsu`theds pdenr entnrmbkhr sb nsohitbc`n n` `hkzhmbnktd en` kunvd prdeuitd sb nskninshrbd lhinr h`gukds ihmcbds hktns en su`hkzhmbnktd d sb enobkbtbvhmnktn n` `hkzhmbnktd kd nsohitbc`n+

    _nhmds h`gukds nfnmp`ds en prunchs en mnrihedsnkib``hs y en chfd idstd qun pdenmds rnh`bzhr6

    Zdenmds nsthc`ninr uk pnqund punstd en vnkthucbihed nstrhtgbihmnktn en hiunred h kunstrdpc`bid dcfntbvd nk edken vnkehmds n` kunvdprdeuitd y dcsnrvnmds `h hidgbeh qun tbnkn en`pc`bid1 h `h vnz qun mnebmds `hs idmprhsrnh`bzhehs nk n` eh phrh nk chsn h n``dprdkdstbihr `hs vnkths qun pderhmds dctnknr h`idkthr idk vhrbds puktds en vnkths+

    Zdenmds nsthc`ninr uk sthke en engusthibk nkedken enmds h prdchr d engusthr n` kunvd

    prdeuitd y dcsnrvnmds `h hinpthibk y rnhiibken` pc`bid hktn stn1 h `h vnz qun `n idksu`thmdspdr sus bmprnsbdkns u dpbkbdkns+

    Zdenmds idkvdihr uk grupd en pnrsdkhs y ehr`nsen prdchr d lhinr`ns qun nxpnrbmnktnk idk n`kunvd prdeuitd dcsnrvhr sus rnhiibdkns yidmpdrthmbnktds hktn stn y `ungd idksu`thrnspdr sus bmprnsbdkns u dpbkbdkns y pnebr`ns sussugnrnkibhs+

    Yb idkthmds idk vhrbds puktds en vnkthspdenmds vnkenr n` kunvd prdeuitd nk s`d ukden n``ds phrh vnr sb tbnkn cunkh hidgbeh d nkihsd en trhchfhr idk bktnrmnebhrbds pdenmdspnebr`ns h h`gukds en n``ds qun vnkehk kunstrdkunvd prdeuitd h ihmcbd en ehr`ns ebildsprdeuitds grhtbs y `ungd idksu`thr`ns sdcrn `dsrnsu`theds dctnkbeds+

  • 7/28/2019 Gua bsica para emprendedores

    54/350

    Guh csbih

    Yb kunstrd kunvd prdeuitd idksbstn nk uk fuguntnphrh kbds pdenmds bkvbthr heu`tds idk sus lbfdsy pnebr`ns qun `ds kbds fungunk idk vhrbdsfuguntns nktrn `ds iuh`ns sn nkiunktrn n` kunstrd`ungd dcsnrvhr sb `ds kbds funghk idk kunstrdprdeuitd su idmpdrthmbnktd iuhked funghk idk

    ` y pdr iuktd tbnmpd `d lhink+1 y `ungdprngukthr`ns pdr iu` fuguntn `n gust ms y quns `d qun ms `ns gust en` kunstrd+

    Yb qunrnmds entnrmbkhr qu prnibd qun pdknr`n huk kunvd prdeuitd pdenmds bktrdeuibr n`prdeuitd nk eds puktds en vnkths sbmb`hrns pnrducbiheds nk `ughrns ebsthktns y idk eds prnibdsebstbktds phrh qun en nsn mded pdehmdsnvh`uhr n` nonitd sdcrn `hs vnkths en iheh ukd en`ds prnibds y hs shcnr iu` ns n` ms idkvnkbnktn+

    H` lhinr ukh prunch en mnrihed phrh nvh`uhr `hhidgbeh en uk kunvd prdeuitd encnmds tnknr nkiunkth en qun sb n` kunvd prdeuitd punen idpbhrsnoib`mnktn ds idmpntbedrns pderhk idpbhrrpbehmnktn kunstrh benh n bktrdeuibr h` mnrihed n`kunvd prdeuitd hktns qun kdsdtrds+@h prbkibph` vnkthfh en utb`bzhr `h tikbih en `h prunchen mnrihed ns qun kds pnrmbtn dctnknr bkodrmhibkprnibsh sdcrn `hs rnhiibdkns d n` idmpdrthmbnktd en`hs pnrsdkhs hktn uk entnrmbkhed prdeuitd snrvbibdbenh d puc`bibehe1 mbnktrhs qun `h ensvnkthfh rhebih

    nk qun nsth tikbih utb`bzh ukh munstrh pnqunh pdr`d qun `ds rnsu`theds kd pderhk gnknrh`bzhrsn+ Zdr `dqun sbnmprn ns rnidmnkehc`n utb`bzhr nsth tikbihfuktd idk dtrhs tikbihs en bkvnstbghibk+

    HK@BYBY EN @HIDMZNUNKIBH

    ` hk`bsbs en `h idmpntnkibh idksbstn nk n`

    nstuebd y hk`bsbs en kunstrdsidmpntbedrns phrh qun pdstnrbdrmnktnnk chsn h ebild hk`bsbs tdmhr enibsbdknsd ebsnhr nstrhtngbhs qun kds pnrmbthk

    idmpntbr heniuhehmnktn idk n``ds+

    @h bmpdrthkibh en` hk`bsbs en `h idmpntnkibh rhebih nkqun h` idkthr idk entnrmbkheh bkodrmhibk enkunstrds idmpntbedrns pdenmds shihr prdvnild enn``h y utb`bzhr`h h ohvdr kunstrd pdr nfnmp`d pdenmdshprdvnilhr sus oh`nkibhs d puktds ecb`ns tdmhr idmdrnonrnkibhs sus nstrhtngbhs qun mnfdrns rnsu`theds `nsnstk ehked d pdenmds tdmhr kunstrhs prnihuibdknsh` idkdinr en ukh outurh nstrhtngbh qun nstk pdrhp`bihr+

    Nk prbmnr `ughr encnmds rnidpb`hr tdeh bkodrmhibkrn`nvhktn sdcrn kunstrds idmpntbedrns yh snhkkngdibds qun vnkehk prdeuitds sbmb`hrns h` kunstrd,idmpntbedrns ebrnitds" d kngdibds qun vnkehkprdeuitds sustbtutds h` kunstrd ,idmpntbedrnsbkebrnitds"+

    Zdenmds pdr nfnmp`d rnidpb`hr bkodrmhibk sdcrn6

    Iuktds sdk kunstrds idmpntbedrns+ Iu`ns sdk `ds `enrns d `ds prbkibph`ns+ Eken nstk ucbiheds+ Iu`ns sdk sus mnriheds+ Iu`ns sdk sus prbkibph`ns nstrhtngbhs+ Xu mhtnrbh`ns d bksumds ushk phrh sus

    prdeuitds+

    Iu`ns sdk sus prnibds+ Iu` ns su nxpnrbnkibh nk n` mnrihed+ Iu` ns su ihphibehe+ Iu`ns sdk sus mnebds puc`bibthrbds+ Iu`ns sdk sus ihkh`ns en vnkth+ Iu`ns sdk sus odrth`nzhs y encb`behens+R ukh vnz rnidpb`heh `h bkodrmhibk phshmds hhkh`bzhr`h y pdstnrbdrmnktn h tdmhr enibsbdkns debsnhr nstrhtngbhs pdr nfnmp`d pdenmds dpthr pdr6

    N

  • 7/28/2019 Gua bsica para emprendedores

    55/350

    Guh csbih

    Sneuibr kunstrds prnibds sb pdr nfnmp`d lnmdsensiucbnrtd qun kd sdk prdeuitdrns y qun kdpunenk mhktnknr sus prnibds chfds+

    Hpukthr lhibh uk entnrmbkhed mnrihed sb pdrnfnmp`d ensiucrbmds qun ebild mnrihed kd nst

    sbnked tdmhed nk iunkth pdr n``ds h pnshr en snrhtrhitbvd+

    Nvbthr hpukthr h uk entnrmbkhed mnrihed sb pdrnfnmp`d kdthmds qun nk ` kd `ns nst ynkedcbnk y kd shcnmds nxhithmnktn `h ihush en n``d+

    Ehr`n ms htnkibk h` ebsnd en kunstrdsprdeuitds sb pdr nfnmp`d ensiucrbmds qun nshns ukh en sus encb`behens+

    Nvbthr h`gukh nstrhtngbh qun nstk ushked sbkdthmds qun n``ds hk `h ushk h pnshr en qun kd`ns nst ehked cunkds rnsu`theds+

    Udmhr idmd rnonrnkibh sus nstrhtngbhs enpuc`bibehe sb kdthmds qun `ns nstk ehkedcunkds rnsu`theds+

    Idmd hpuktn obkh` pdenmds snh`hr qun n` hk`bsbs en`h idmpntnkibh kd encn snr ukh thrnh qun sn rnh`binukh sd`h vnz y qun `ungd kds d`vbenmds en n``d ,h`gdqun sun`n suinenr h` bkbibhr uk kunvd kngdibd" sbkdqun encn snr ukh thrnh qun rnh`binmdspnrmhknktnmnktn nk tded mdmnktd1 sbnmprnencnmds nsthr htnktds h `ds mdvbmbnktds enibsbdknsd nstrhtngbhs qun rnh`bin kunstrh idmpntnkibh h suskunvds prdeuitds h sus kunvds puktds en vnkths hsus kunvds mnriheds nti+ y h `h vnz sbnmprntrhthked en prnvnr nstds mdvbmbnktds enibsbdkns dnstrhtngbhs1 sbnmprn trhthked en hen`hkthrkds h n``ds+

    Zhsds phrh Snh`bzhr n` Hk`bsbs en `hIdmpntnkibh

    N` hk`bsbs en `h idmpntnkibh idksbstn nk n` nstuebd y

    hk`bsbs en kunstrds idmpntbedrns phrh qunpdstnrbdrmnktn nk chsn h ebild hk`bsbs tdmhrenibsbdkns d ebsnhr nstrhtngbhs qun kds pnrmbthkidmpntbr heniuhehmnktn idk n``ds+

    _nhmds h idktbkuhibk iu`ns sdk `ds phsdskninshrbds phrh rnh`bzhr n` hk`bsbs en `h idmpntnkibh6

    Entnrmbkhr kunstrhs kninsbehens udcfntbvds en nstuebdNk prbmnr `ughr entnrmbkhmds iu` ns `h kninsbeherhzk u dcfntbvd en` hk`bsbs en kunstrdsidmpntbedrns qu ns `d qun qunrnmds `dgrhr idk n``dpdr nfnmp`d pdenmds qunrnr hkh`bzhr h kunstrdsidmpntbedrns phrh idkdinr sus puktds ecb`ns y hspdenr shihr prdvnild en n``ds d pdenmds qunrnrhkh`bzhr h kunstrds idmpntbedrns phrh idkdinr susprbkibph`ns nstrhtngbhs y hs pdenr tdmhr`hs idmdrnonrnkibhs phrh kunstrd kngdibd+

    Benktbobihr `h bkodrmhibk qunkninsbthrnmds rnid`nithrChskedkds nk kunstrd dcfntbvd en nstuebdentnrmbkhmds iu` snr `h bkodrmhibk qun

    kninsbthrnmds rnid`nithr en kunstrh idmpntnkibh pdrnfnmp`d sb kunstrd dcfntbvd ns idkdinr sus puktdsecb`ns h bkodrmhibk qun pderhmds rnid`nithrpderh snr `h rnonrnktn h sus prdinsds su `dgstbih suihphibehe en ohcrbihibk su ihphibehe enhchstnibmbnktd nti+ Yb kunstrd dcfntbvd ns idkdinr susprbkibph`ns nstrhtngbhs h bkodrmhibk qun pderhmdsrnid`nithr pderh snr `h rnonrnktn h sus prdeuitds dsnrvbibds sus ihkh`ns en ebstrbcuibk sus mnebdspuc`bibthrbds sus prnibds sus puktds en vnkth nti+

    Entnrmbkhr ounktns en bkodrmhibk ytikbihs d mtdeds phrh rnid`nithr`hEntnrmbkhmds en eken dctnkernmds h bkodrmhibkrnqunrbeh y qu mtdeds ushrnmds phrh dctnknr`hpdr nfnmp`d pdenmds dpthr pdr ushr tikbihs endcsnrvhibk d en sngubmbnktd pdr nfnmp`d pdenmdsvbsbthr sus `dih`ns pdenmds idmprhr sus prdeuitdsphrh hs pdenr hkh`bzhr`ds mnfdr1 d pdenmds lhinr usden pnqunhs nkiunsths bktnrrdghked h pnrsdkhs qunlhyhk prdched sus prdeuitds d snrvbibds qun lhyhkvbsbthed sus `dih`ns d bki`usd pnrsdkhs qun lhyhktrhchfhed nk sus nmprnshs+

    Snid`nithr y hkh`bzhr `h bkodrmhibk^kh vnz qun lnmds entnrmbkhed `h bkodrmhibk qunkninsbthrnmds hs ounktns en eken `h idksngubrnmdsy `ds mtdeds qun ushrnmds phrh dctnknr`h phshmdsh rnid`nithr`h y pdstnrbdrmnktn h hkh`bzhr`h y shihrkunstrhs idki`usbdkns+

  • 7/28/2019 Gua bsica para emprendedores

    56/350

    Guh csbih

    Udmhr enibsbdkns y ebsnhr nstrhtngbhsR pdr `tbmd nk chsn h kunstrd hk`bsbs y h `hsidki`usbdkns qun lnmds ``nghed phshmds h tdmhrenibsbdkns y h ebsnhr nstrhtngbhs pdr nfnmp`d sblnmds ensiucbnrtd qun ukd en `ds puktds ecb`ns enmb idmpntnkibh sdk sus h`tds idstds y pdr thktd su

    bkihphibehe phrh mhktnknr prnibds chfds pdenmds

    dpthr pdr chfhr kunstrds prnibds y hs c`dqunhr`h ypdenr ghkhr`ns mnrihed+ Yb lnmds ensiucbnrtd qun sunstrhtngbh en lhinr puc`bibehe nk Bktnrknt ns `h qunmhydrns cnknobibds `ns nst ehked pdenmds dpthr pdrtdmhr idmd rnonrnkibh ebilh nstrhtngbh y hehpthr`h hkunstrd kngdibd+

  • 7/28/2019 Gua bsica para emprendedores

    57/350

    Guh csbih

  • 7/28/2019 Gua bsica para emprendedores

    58/350

    Guh csbih

  • 7/28/2019 Gua bsica para emprendedores

    59/350

    Guh csbih

    LNSSHMBNKUHYEN KNGDIBD

  • 7/28/2019 Gua bsica para emprendedores

    60/350

    Guh csbih

    Lnrrhmbnkths en Kngdibds

    nrrhmbnkths en gnstbk nmprnshrbh` sdktikbihs d lnrrhmbnkths enhembkbstrhibk d gnstbk qun `nspnrmbtnk h ukh nmprnsh lhinr ornktn h`ds idksthktns ihmcbds en` mnrihed hs

    idmd hsngurhr ukh pdsbibk idmpntbtbvh nk stn+

    _nhmds h idktbkuhibk iu`ns sdk `hs prbkibph`nslnrrhmbnkths en gnstbk nmprnshrbh`6

    NmpdwnrmnktN` nmpdwnrmnktd nmpdenrhmbnktd ns ukh tikbih dlnrrhmbnkth en gnstbk qun idksbstn nk en`nghr dtdrghrd trhksmbtbr pdenr hutdrbehe hutdkdmh yrnspdkshcb`behe h `ds trhchfhedrns d nqubpds en trhchfden ukh nmprnsh phrh qun punehk tdmhr enibsbdknsrnsd`vnr prdc`nmhs d nfniuthr thrnhs sbk kninsbehe enidksu`thr u dctnknr `h hprdchibk en sus supnrbdrns+

    H trhvs en `h hp`bihibk en` nmpdwnrmnkt `dstrhchfhedrns d nqubpds en trhchfd tbnknk mhydr pdenren enibsbk mhydr hutdrbehe phrh rnsd`vnr `dsprdc`nmhs mhydr hutdkdmh nk n` ensnmpnd en susoukibdkns y mhydr rnspdkshcb`behe pdr `h nfniuibk en`hs thrnhs pdr `hs mnths y pdr `ds rnsu`theds+

    DutsduribkgN` dutsduribkg thmcbk idkdibed idmd sucidktrhthibkd tnrinrbzhibk ns ukh tikbih d lnrrhmbnkth en gnstbkqun idksbstn nk `h idktrhthibk en tnrinrds ,dtrhsnmprnshs" phrh qun rnh`bink hitbvbehens oukibdkns dprdinsds idmp`nmnkthrbds qun kd odrmnk phrtn en`gbrd prbkibph` en` kngdibd+

    H trhvs en `h hp`bihibk en` dutsduribkg trhksonrbmdshitbvbehens oukibdkns d prdinsds h nmprnshsnspnibh`bzhehs qun punehk lhinr`ds mnfdr qun kdsdtrdsy h uk mnkdr idstd `dgrhked hs ukh mhydr nobibnkibh ynobihibh+

    Znrd thmcbk su hp`bihibk kds pnrmbtn idkinktrhrkdsnk hs hitbvbehens oukibdkns d prdinsds nsnkibh`ns qun

    s odrmnk phrtn en` gbrd prbkibph` en` kngdibd `dgrhkedhs ukh mhydr ih`behe y idmpntbtbvbehe+

    CnkilmhrabkgN` cnkilmhrabkg ns ukh tikbih d lnrrhmbnkth en

    gnstbk qun idksbstn nk n` sngubmbnktd en nmprnshssbmb`hrns h `h kunstrh d en nmprnshs `enrns nk n`mnrihed idk n` obk en nvh`uhr sus prdeuitds snrvbibdsprdinsds y enms hspnitds idmphrhr`ds idk `dskunstrds y idk `ds en dtrhs nmprnshs benktbobihr `dmnfdr y hehpthr`d h kunstrh nmprnsh hgrngked`nkunstrhs mnfdrhs+

    Hp`bihr n` cnkilmhrabkg kd sbgkbobih sbmp`nmnktn nspbhrd idpbhr sbkd tdmhr idmd rnonrnkibh `ds mnfdrnshspnitds en dtrhs nmprnshs bki`uynked sus prdeuitds

    snrvbibds prdinsds en trhchfd pritbihs nmprnshrbh`nspd`tbihs nstrhtngbhs mtdeds nti+ phrh `ungdhp`bihr`ds nk `h kunstrh pnrd sbnmprn hgrngked`nskunstrh irnhtbvbehe+

    EdwksbzbkgN` edwksbzbkg ns ukh tikbih d lnrrhmbnkth en gnstbkqun idksbstn nk rnstruiturhr d rndrghkbzhr ukh nmprnshmnebhktn `h rneuiibk en su thmhd nk trmbkds ennstruiturh prdinsds en trhchfd kbvn`ns fnrrqubids yrniursds lumhkds+

    Hp`bihr n` edwksbzbkg pderh bmp`bihr pdr nfnmp`dn`bmbkhr uk enphrthmnktd qun kd hpdrtn vh`dr h `hnmprnsh lhinr uk prdinsd ms idrtd y snkib``d ehrmhydr pdenr en enibsbk h `ds trhchfhedrns d lhinr ukhrneuiibk en` pnrsdkh`+

    H`gukds idkinptds rn`hibdkheds idk n` edwksbzbkg6

    Snsbzbkg6 idksbstn nk vd`vnr h mnebr n` thmhd enukh nmprnsh+

    Sbgltsbzbkg6 idksbstn nk ehr`n n` thmhd benh` h ukhnmprnsh+

    Fdbkt _nkturnN`fdbkt vnkturn ns ukh lnrrhmbnkth en gnstbk qunidksbstn nk ukh hsdibhibk h `hrgd p`hzd nktrn eds d msnmprnshs qun sn uknk phrh rnh`bzhr ukh h`bhkzhidmnribh` idk n` obk en h`ihkzhr uk dcfntbvd nk idmk+

    L

  • 7/28/2019 Gua bsica para emprendedores

    61/350

    Guh csbihH trhvs en ukfdbkt vnkturn `hs nmprnshs bmp`bihehspderhk tnknr idmd dcfntbvd `h irnhibk en uk kunvdkngdibd n` enshrrd``d en uk kunvd prdeuitd `hprnsthibk en uk snrvbibd n` bkiursbdkhr nk uk mnrihednxtrhkfnrd nti+

    R phrh `h idksniuibk en` dcfntbvd `hs nmprnshsbmp`bihehs pderhk hpdrthr d idmphrtbr rniursds th`nsidmd mhtnrbh prbmh ihpbth` pnrsdkh` ihkh`ns enebstrbcuibk tnikd`dgh idkdibmbnktd en` mnrihed nti+

    Ch`hkine YidrnihreN` ch`hkine sidrnihre,CYI" ns ukh lnrrhmbnkth engnstbk qun idksbstn nk uk sbstnmh en idktrd` chshednk uk sdotwhrn qun pnrmbtn mnebr h trhvs enbkebihedrns n` ensnmpnd g`dch` en ukh nmprnsh+

    N` ch`hkine sidrnihresn idkinktrh nxi`usbvhmnktn nk`h mnebibk en` iump`bmbnktd en `ds dcfntbvdsnstrhtgbids en `h nmprnsh1 pdr nfnmp`d mben qu thkcbnk sn nstk iump`bnked n` p`hknhmbnktd nstrhtgbid y`hs nstrhtngbhs+

    @ds prbkibph`ns hspnitds qun idktrd`h n` ch`hkinesidrnihresdk `hs obkhkzhs ,`ds bkgrnsds `ds idstds nti+"`h ih`behe ,n` prdeuitd `h htnkibk h` i`bnktn nti+" `dsprdinsds bktnrkds y `h ihphibthibk en` pnrsdkh`+

    Snbkgnkbnrh@h rnbkgnkbnrh d rnbkgnkbnrh en prdinsds ,CZS pdr sussbg`hs nk bkg`s" ns ukh tikbih d lnrrhmbnkth en gnstbkqun idksbstn nk rnbkvnkthr d rnebsnhr `ds prdinsds enukh nmprnsh en ukh mhknrh rhebih` en th` mded qunsnh ihphz en `dgrhr mnfdrhs nspnithiu`hrns nk mnebehsirtbihs th`ns idmd idstds ih`behe snrvbibd y rhpbenz+

    Lhinr rnbkgnkbnrh kd ns lhinr mnfdrhs idrrniibdkns dmdebobihibdkns kd ns mnfdrhr `d qun yh nst bksth`hedidrrngbr `hs pbnzhs en` prdinsd kb lhinr ihmcbdssupnrobibh`ns nk stn1 sbkd ns lhinr uk ihmcbd rhebih`+

    Ih`behe Udth`@h ih`behe tdth` thmcbk idkdibeh idmd gnstbk en `hih`behe tdth` ,UXM pdr sus sbg`hs nk bkg`s" ns ukhob`dsdoh iu`turh d nstb`d en gnrnkibh qun bkvd`uirh htdeds `ds mbnmcrds en ukh drghkbzhibk nk n`mnfdrhmbnktd idktbkud en `h ih`behe nk tdeds `dshspnitds en `h nmprnsh+

    Nk `h ih`behe tdth` tdeds `ds mbnmcrds en `hdrghkbzhibk cusihk mnfdrhr `h ih`behe en mhknrhidktbkuh y grheuh` kd s`d nk `ds prdeuitds sbkdthmcbk nk tdeds `ds hspnitds en `h nmprnsh th`ns

    idmd pdr nfnmp`d nk `ds trhchfhedrns nk `ds bksumdsnk `ds prdinsds nk `h htnkibk h` i`bnktn y nk `dsprdvnnedrns+

    N` Nmpdwnrmnkt

    N` nmpdwnrmnktd nmpdenrhmbnktd ns ukh tikbih dlnrrhmbnkth en gnstbk qun idksbstn nk en`nghrdtdrghr d trhksmbtbr pdenr hutdrbehe hutdkdmh yrnspdkshcb`behe h `ds trhchfhedrns d nqubpds en trhchfd

    en ukh nmprnsh phrh qun punehk tdmhr enibsbdknsrnsd`vnr prdc`nmhs d nfniuthr thrnhs sbk kninsbehe enidksu`thr u dctnknr `h hprdchibk en sus supnrbdrns+

    H trhvs en `h hp`bihibk en` nmpdwnrmnkt `dstrhchfhedrns d nqubpds en trhchfd tbnknk mhydr pdenren enibsbk mhydr hutdrbehe phrh rnsd`vnr `dsprdc`nmhs mhydr hutdkdmh nk n` ensnmpnd en susoukibdkns y mhydr rnspdkshcb`behe pdr `h nfniuibk en`hs thrnhs pdr `hs mnths y pdr `ds rnsu`theds+

    Mbnktrhs qun `ds gnrnktns fnons d supnrbdrns nk vnzen enebihrsn nxi`usbvhmnktn h ebrbgbr y idktrd`hr enfhkqun `ds trhchfhedrns d nqubpds pdkghk nk pritbih susbenhs d mtdeds drbnkthk mdtbvhk nstbmu`hkrnidkdink `ds xbtds y rnidmpnkshk `ds rnsu`theds+

    N` dcfntbvd prbkibph` en` nmpdwnrmnktns cusihrebstrbcubr kbvn`ns heniuheds en pdenr hutdrbehehutdkdmh y rnspdkshcb`behe nk tdeh `h drghkbzhibk yen nsn mded odrth`ninr h tdeds `ds mbnmcrds en sthhumnkthked su nsounrzd y enebihibk y h `h vnzhprdvnilhked h` mxbmd sus idkdibmbnktdslhcb`behens y ihphibehens+

    Znrd henms en pnrmbtbr uk mhydr odrth`nibmbnktd nk`ds mbnmcrds en `h nmprnsh hs idmd pdenr hprdvnilhrmnfdr sus idmpntnkibhs hp`bihr n` nmpdwnrmnktpnrmbtn `dgrhr ukh mhydr nobibnkibh nk `h tdmh enenibsbdkns nk `h rnsd`uibk en prdc`nmhs y nk `hnfniuibk en thrnhs+

  • 7/28/2019 Gua bsica para emprendedores

    62/350

    Guh csbihN``d encbed h `h benh en qun `ds trhchfhedrns qun nstkms inrih en `h hiibk d n` prdc`nmh sdk `ds msbkebiheds phrh tdmhr enibsbdkns h` rnspnitd phrhrnsd`vnr n` prdc`nmh d phrh lhinrsn rnspdkshc`ns pdr `hthrnh+

    Znrd henms encbed h` lnild en qun h` hp`bihr n`nmpdwnrmnktyh kd sn pbnren tbnmpd nk idksu`thr udctnknr `h hprdchibk en `h gnrnkibh d en `ds supnrbdrnsphrh tdmhr ukh enibsbk rnsd`vnr uk prdc`nmh dnfniuthr ukh thrnh+

    Dtrh vnkthfh d cnknobibd ebrnitd en hp`bihr n`nmpdwnrmnktns qun h` crbkehr mhydr pdenrhutdrbehe hutdkdmh y rnspdkshcb`behe h `dstrhchfhedrns stds sn sbnktnk ms rnidkdibeds ms

    idksbenrheds y ms tb`ns y pdr thktd idk ukh mhydrhutdnstbmh ms mdtbvheds y ms idmprdmntbeds idk`h nmprnsh+

    @d qun h su vnz pnrmbtn dtrhs vnkthfhs d cnknobibdsbkebrnitds th`ns idmd uk bkirnmnktd nk `hprdeuitbvbehe ukh mnfdrh nk `h ih`behe tdth` ukhmhydr shtbsohiibk en` i`bnktn ukh mhydridmpntbtbvbehe y mhydrns utb`behens d rnkthcb`behe+

    Idmd vnmds n` nmpdwnrmnktns uk idkinptd qun kds

    crbkeh vhrbhs vnkthfhs y