Identificación de grupos estratégicos de los Paradores de Andalucía

8/9/2019 Identificacin de grupos estratgicos de los Paradores de Andaluca

1/37

EADSFXAH HC XSRJTIG Z EJ@A@\AT

ORAHG C@ EJ@A@\AT Z DG@XABJFJHAH

Jhc`tjejdadj` hc orupgs cstratojdgs hc fgs ^arahgrcs hc

A`hafuda

Xrabalg Ej` hc Orahg prcsc`tahg pgr Era`djsdg Lgs Oarda fvarcz, sjc`hg fa tutgrahcf ijsig fa prgecsgra I Rgdj Iart`cz Xgrrcs.

U. B. hc fa Xutgra< Afui`g18.


2/37

ORAHG C@ EJ@A@\AT Z DG@XABJFJHAH

EADSFXAH HC XSRJTIG Z EJ@A@\AT

XRABALG EJ@ HC ORAHG

DSRTG ADAHIJDG [2>14-2>18Y

XXSFG).

Fa dgipctc`dja cst c` cf dc`trg hcf xjtg g hcf eradasg hc fa ciprcsa. Fa csc`djahc uà cstratcoja dgipctjtjva dg`sjstc c` rcfadjgàr a fa ciprcsa dg` su ichjgaibjc`tc. Au`quc cf ichjg aibjc`tc hc uà ciprcsa cs, c` oc`craf, iuy aipfjg, fapartc hcf ijsig para cffa is rcfcva`tc vjc`c hctcrijàha pgr cf scdtgr g fgs scdtgrcsj`hustrjafcs c` fgs quc fa ijsia dgipjtc.

Tco` ^grtcr, fa sjtuadj` hc fa dgipctc`dja c` u` hctcrijàhg scdtgr j`hustrjafvjc`c hctcrijàha pgr dj`dg eucrzas dgipctjtjvas bsjdas ( fa aicàza hc ùcvgsdgipctjhgrcs, fa rjvafjhah hc`trg hcf scdtgr c`trc fgs dgipctjhgrcs cxjstc`tcs, faaicàza hc prghudtgs g scrvjdjgs sustjtutjvgs, cf pghcr hc `cogdjadj` hc fgsdgiprahgrcs y cf pghcr hc `cogdjadj` hc fgs prgvcchgrcs) (^grtcr, 2>1>).

Tc puchc aejriar quc fa cstratcoja, duafqujcra quc sca fa hcej`jdj` quc hc cffa scmaoa g fa dg`dcpdj` quc sc tcòa, jipfjda uà ia`cra cspcdjaf hc vcr hctcrijàhasaddjg`cs y hcdjsjg`cs `cdcsarjas para fa groa`jzadj` y quc c`tra` hc`trg hc sudg`dcpdj` cstratojda. âra cffg, sc apu`ta` scjs pcrspcdtjvas quc pcrijtc`jhc`tjejdar fas tarcas hjrcdtjvas prgpjaic`tc cstratojdas12).

2.1.1 @jvcfcs hc fa cstratcoja

Fa cstratcoja ciprcsarjaf sc puchc hjvjhjr c` trcs `jvcfcs, fgs duafcs sg` dg`scdutjvgsy `cdcsarjgs c` fa cfabgradj` hc fa cstratcoja.

1. Cf prjicr `jvcf cs cf hc fa cstratcoja dgrpgratjva g cstratcoja ofgbaf. Fa jhca hcfa quc sc partc cs quc uà ciprcsa turstjda `g tjc`c pgr qu fjijtarsc avc`hcr u` sgfg prghudtg g a prcstar u` sgfg scrvjdjg turstjdg, sj`g quc csmabjtuaf, quc cst prcsc`tc c` u` dg`lu`tg hc `cogdjgs quc puchc` cstar isg ic`gs rcfadjgàhgs c`trc cffgs.

2. C` cf scou`hg `jvcf cst fa cstratcoja `jvcf hc `cogdjg, c` cffa sc tgia`hcdjsjg`cs sgbrc qu prghudtgs dg`drctgs vc`hcr g quc scrvjdjgs prcstar, aqu prcdjgs, dig vaigs a fgoar uà vc`tala erc`tc a fgs hcis dgipctjhgrcsquc sc hchjda` a csc `cogdjg partjdufar, ctd.

4. Cf tcrdcr `jvcf cstratojdg cs cf eu`djgàf, c` cf duaf fas ciprcsas rcafjza` uàscrjc hc eu`djg`cs para rcafjzar su prgdcsg hc trasegriadj` prj`djpaf (prghudjry/g vc`hcr prghudtgs g prcstar scrvjdjgs turstjdgs) (Dasaùcva y Oaffcog,2>12).

Cxjstc` hjvcrsgs tjpgs hc cstratcojas, pcrg c` cstc trabalg `gs dc`trarcigs c` fascstratcojas oc`rjdas hc ^grtcr, quc sg` fas sjoujc`tcs


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XEO-EJDG. ârahgrcs

:

- Fa cstratcoja hc fjhcrazog c` dgstcs, fa duaf dg`sjstc c` busdar y ia`tc`cr uàpgsjdj` hc dgstcs balgs rcspcdtg hc fa dgipctc`dja, cstg pcrijtjr a faciprcsa gbtc`cr u`gs rc`hjijc`tgs supcrjgrcs af prgichjg hcf scdtgr.Cxjstc uà rcfadj` c`trc fa cstratcoja hc fjhcrazog c` dgstcs y fa pgscsj` hc

uà dugta hc icrdahg cfcvaha, cstg cs hcbjhg a quc cf tc`cr uà dugta hcicrdahg afta, pcrijtc fa aparjdj` hc fas cdg`gias hc csdafa y fas cdg`giashc cxpcrjc`dja, aibas dg`trjbuyc` a fa rchuddj` hc fgs dgstcs u`jtarjgs(^grtcr, 2>1>)

- Fa cstratcoja hc hjecrc`djadj`, c` csta cstratcoja fa ciprcsa busda scr `jdac` su scdtgr, pgr fg quc fa ciprcsa hcbc cfcojr u`gs atrjbutgs c` fgs quc schjecrc`dja a s ijsia, y quc sca` hjecrc`tcs a fgs hc sus rjvafcs. Cstg pcrijtc afa ciprcsa vc`hcr sus scrvjdjgs a u` prcdjg iaygr, ya quc cstgs prghudtgs cfdfjc`tc `g puchc c`dg`trarfgs c` gtrg afglaijc tg turstjdg. Csta cstratcoja cstbasaha c` cf hjscg hcf prghudtg, jiaoc` hc fa iarda, ava`dcs tcd`gfojdgs,aparjc`dja cxtcrjgr, scrvjdjgs pgstvc`tas y dahcà hc hjstrjbujhgrcs (^grtcr,

2>1>).

- Z fa cstratcoja hc c egquc, fa duaf dg`sjstc c` c egdarsc sgbrc u` orupg hcdgiprahgrcs c` partjdufar, c` u` scoic`tg hc fa f`ca hcf prghudtg, g c` uìcrdahg ocgorejdg. Fa cstratcoja sc basa c` fa prcijsa hc quc fa ciprcsapucha as scrvjr a su cstrcdmg gblctjvg cstratojdg dg` is cecdtjvjhah gcejdadja quc fgs dgipctjhgrcs quc dgipjtc` c` egria is oc`craf (^grtcr,2>1>).

2.1.2 Cfcic`tgs hc fa cstratcoja

C` dua`tg a fgs cfcic`tgs g dgipg`c`tcs hc fa cstratcoja, vaigs a hcstadar fgsduatrg quc scafa A`sgee

- Gtrg cfcic`tg sg` fas dapadjhahcs hjstj`tjvas, fas duafcs sc rcejcrc` a fgsrcdursgs y mabjfjhahcs prgpjgs hc uà ciprcsa turstjda. C`trc fgs rcdursgstc`cigs fgs iatcrjafcs, fgs tcd`gfojdgs, fgs muia`gs, fgs ejà`djcrgs, ctd., yc`trc fas mabjfjhahcs, fas groa`jzatjvas, fas hjrcdtjvas, cf k`gw-mgw, ctd(Dasaùcva y Oaffcog, 2>12).

- Fa vc`tala dgipctjtjva cs u` cfcic`tg eu`haic`taf c` cf hcsarrgffg hcduafqujcr cstratcoja. ^ghcigs hcej`jr fa vc`tala dgipctjtjva dgig afog qucpgscc fa groa`jzadj` turstjda y quc `g tjc`c` sus rjvafcs, y afog quc fa madciclgr, cs hcdjr, uà dapadjhah g dgipctc`dja hjstj`tjva (Dasaùcva y Oaffcog,2>12).

Fa vc`tala dgipctjtjva cst basaha prj`djpafic`tc c` hgs aspcdtgs, quc sg` famctcrgoc`cjhah ichja`tc fa duaf uà ciprcsa dg`sjouc scr hjecrc`tc a fashcis pgr dg`tc`cr uàs daradtcrstjdas quc maoa quc fgs dfjc`tcs sc hcdjha`pgr cffa a`tcs quc pgr sus dgipctjhgrcs. Z gtrg aspcdtg eu`haic`tc hc favc`tala dgipctjtjva cs fa pcria`c`dja c` cf tjcipg, cs hcdjr, cs jipgrta`tc quc

ahcis hc tc`cr uàs daradtcrstjdas hjecrc`djafcs hcf rcstg hc dgipctjhgrcscst` pcria`czda` c` cf tjcipg y `g sca` pasalcras (Dasaùcva y Oaffcog,2>12).

- Cf ftjig cfcic`tg cs fa sj`croja, fa duaf cs fa dg`sjhcradj` hc quc cf cecdtgdg`lu`tg hc varjgs ecìc`gs cs iaygr quc fa suia hc sus cecdtgsj`hjvjhuafcs. Hc`trg hc fa cstratcoja fa bsqucha hc cecdtgs sj`rojdgs jipfjdabusdar y cxpfgtar fgs bc`cejdjgs oc`crahgs pgr fa pgscsj` y utjfjzadj`dg`lu`ta hc rcdursgs jipgrta`tcs, aprgvcdmar fas j`tcrrcfadjg`cs c`trc hjstj`tasadtjvjhahcs hc fa groa`jzadj`, prgigvcr fa adtuadj` dg`lu`ta hc fas hjstj`taspartcs g hcpartaic`tgs hc fa ijsia, cstabfcdcr cfcddjg`cs cstratojdasdgipfcic`tarjgs, ctd.. (Dasaùcva y Oaffcog, 2>12).

2.2 XCGRA HC FGT RCDSRTGT Z DAÂDJHAHCT

Gtrg pu`tg jipgrta`tc quc qucrcigs hcstadar hc`trg hc fa cstratojda cs fa tcgra hcfgs rcdursgs, fa duaf busda dg`strujr vc`talas dgipctjtjvas a travs hc fa daptura hcrc`tas ciprcsarjafcs dgig dg`scduc`dja eu`haic`tafic`tc hc vc`talas c` facejdjc`dja hc fa ciprcsa (Hjcz hc Dastrg ct af..., 2>>1)

Fa vc`tala dgipctjtjva cst is fjoaha a fgs rcdursgs hjedjfcs hc jijtar y a fajhjgsj`drasja hc fa ejria quc a fgs prghudtgs icrdahg. âra cstuhjar fgs rcdursgs hc faciprcsa, partjigs hc fa dfasjejdadj` quc hjstjòuc c`trc rcdursgs taòjbfcs,

j`taòjbfcs y muia`gs>1).

2.4 FGT ORS^GT CTXRAXOJDGT

Cf dg`dcptg hc orupg cstratojdgs cs rcfatjvaic`tc rcdjc`tc, suroj a prj`djpjgs hc fgsags ?> hc fa ia`g hc MS@X (1:?2) c` u` cstuhjg sgbrc fa dgipctc`dja c` cf scdtgrhc cfcdtrghgistjdgs hc f`ca bfa`da hc Cstahgs S`jhgs. Tu usg euc cxtc`hj`hgscdg` rapjhcz c` hgs ibjtgs hc j`vcstjoadj` hjstj`tgs dgig sg` cf ibjtg hc faCdg`gia J`hustrjaf y cf hc fa Hjrcddj` Cstratojda hc fa Ciprcsa, cxjstjc`hghjecrc`tcs pcrdcptjbfcs c` dua`tg a fgs gblctjvgs pcrscoujhgs y fa ictghgfgoa

cipfcaha c` daha u`g hc cffgs (Udtgr Jofcsjas Arocffcs, S`jvcrsjhah hc Gvjchg).Tco` Ijdmacf C. ^grtcr hcej`c u` orupg cstratojdg dgig cf dg`lu`tg hc

ciprcsas c` u` scdtgr j`hustrjaf quc sjouc` uà ijsia g sjijfar cstratcoja a fgsFarog hc fas hjic`sjg`cs cstratojdas (^grtcr, 2>1>).

Fgs orupgs cstratojdgs `g sg` cqujvafc`tcs a fgs scoic`tgs hcf icrdahg g a fascstratcojas hc scoic`tadj`, sj`g quc cst` hcej`jhgs sgbrc fa basc hc uàdg`dcpdj` is aipfja hc fa pgstura cstratojda.

Cstgs orupgs cxjstc` pgr varjas razg`cs, tafcs dgig eucrzas y hcbjfjhahcshjecrc`tcs af j`jdjg hc sus gpcradjg`cs, hjecrc`tcs pgdas hc jòrcsg af `cogdjg yaddjhc`tc mjstrjdgs. Tj` cibarog, uà vcz quc sc ma` egriahg fgs orupgs, fas

ciprcsas quc sc c`duc`tra` c` cf ijsig orupg cstratojdg pgr fg oc`craf sc parcdcìudmg uà a fa gtra c` iudmas egrias ahcis hc fgs aspcdtgs cstratojdgsoc`crafcs. Xjc`hc` a pgsccr partjdjpadjg`cs sjijfarcs c` cf icrdahg y taibj` a scraecdtahas y a rcspg`hcr c` jouaf egria a fgs cvc`tgs cxtcr`gs g a fgs igvjijc`tgsdgipctjtjvgs c` cf scdtgr j`hustrjaf hcbjhg a sus cstratcojas sjijfarcs (^grtcr, 2>1>)

Fa jipgrta`dja hc fgs orupgs rahjda c` quc cf pgtc`djaf hc rc`tabjfjhah quc scpuchc gbtc`cr c` daha u`g hc cffgs cs hjstj`tg, hc ia`cra quc ciprcsas sjtuahas c`hctcrijàhgs orupgs cstratojdgs gbtjc`c` rc`tabjfjhahcs supcrjgrcs a ciprcsas hcgtrgs orupgs (Hjcz hc Dastrg ct af, 2>>1).

Cstas hjecrc`djas hc rc`tabjfjhahcs sg` hcbjhg af ighg c` quc fas ciprcsasegriufa` sus cstratcojas. Hjdma cstratcoja sc va dg`sgfjha`hg oradjas a uà scrjc hc

hcdjsjg`cs quc sc va` ahgpta`hg, hcdjsjg`cs rcfatjvas a hctcrijàhas varjabfcs ghjic`sjg`cs cstratojdas, tafcs dgig fa scfcddj` hcf daàf, fa dafjhah hcf prghudtg, fabsqucha g `g hc uà jhc`tjejdadj` hc iarda, fa cspcdjafjzadj` c` hctcrijàhgsprghudtgs, fa aipfjtuh g cstrcdmcz hcf icrdahg cfcojhg, cf tjpg hc tcd`gfgoa utjfjzaha,fa vj`dufadj` g `g a fa iatrjz, ctd. Dgig dg`scduc`dja hc fa cfcddj` cecdtuaha hchjdmas varjabfcs, fas ciprcsas hcejcrc` g sc ascicla` c` sus cstratcojas, y cstasjijfjtuh g hjsparjhah madc quc fas dj`dgs eucrzas dgipctjtjvas tcòa` jipadtgshjecrc`tcs sgbrc cffas (Hjcz hc Dastrg ct af..., 2>>1).

S`gs orupgs cstratojdgs tjc`c u` iaygr pgtc`djaf hc rc`tabjfjhah, bjc` pgrquctjc`c iaygrcs barrchas hc c`traha, bjc` pgrquc duc`ta` dg` hjecrc`tc pghcr hc`cogdjadj`, hjstj`ta vuf`crabjfjhah erc`tc a fgs sustjtutjvgs g rjvafjhah j`tcrà (Hjcz hc

Dastrgct af

..., 2>>1).


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Oarda fvarcz, Era`djsdg Lgs

12

Tco` fa cstratcoja cfcojha pgr fas ciprcsas, stas ma` pghjhg dg`strujr uàsbarrcras hc c`trahas hjecrc`tcs, barrcras quc `g sfg fas prgtcoc` hc fgs ùcvgsc`tra`tcs, sj`g taibj` hc ciprcsas pcrtc`cdjc tcs a gtrgs orupgs cstratojdgs. (Hjczhc Dastrg ct af..., 2>>1).

^gr ftjig, dabc hcdjr quc fgs orupgs cstratojdgs sucfc` rcprcsc`tarsc c` u`

iapa hc hgs hjic`sjg`cs, hc`gijàhg iapa cstratojdg.2.4.1 Fgs iapas cstratojdgs

Fgs orupgs cstratojdgs sucfc` rcprcsc`tarsc c` u` iapa hc hgs hjic`sjg`cs,hc`gijàhg iapa cstratojdg. Fg jipgrta`tc para fa dg`struddj` hc hjdmg iapa cs fascfcddj` hc fas hgs hjic`sjg`cs g varjabfcs cstratojdas quc dg`stjtuyc` fgs clcs hcfiapa, para fg duaf sucfc` scoujrsc fgs sjoujc`tcs drjtcrjgs< utjfjzar varjabfcs quchctcrij`c` fas barrcras dfavc a fa igvjfjhah, scfcddjgàr hjic`sjg`cs quc `g sciucva` lu`tas y tc`cr prcsc`tc quc u` scdtgr j`hustrjaf puchc dartgoraejarsc varjasvcdcs, cipfca`hg varjas dgibjàdjg`cs hc hjic`sjg`cs (Hjcz hc Dastrg ct af...,

2>>1).A dg`tjùadj` igstrarcigs afouàs utjfjhahcs hc fgs iapas cstratojdgs (Jò Oabrjcf^ca, Dg`suftgrcs Asgdjahgs, 2>18).

- Jhc`tjejdadj` hc barrcras hc igvjfjhah- Jhc`tjejdadj` hc orupgs iarojàfcs- Dartgoraejahg hc fa hjrcddj` hc igvjijc`tgs cstratojdgs- A`fjsjs hc tc`hc`dja- ^rchjddj` hc fas rcaddjg`cs


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XEO-EJDG. ârahgrcs

14

DA^XSFG 4

ICXGHGFGOA

Tjc`hg cf gblctjvg hc cstc trabalg aàfjzar fas cstratcojas scoujhas pgr fgs ârahgrcsy as dg`gdcr fgs hjecrc`tcs orupgs cstratojdgs quc sc egria` c` csta datcogra y c`qu varjabfcs basa` su cstratcoja, sc ma` rcafjzahg hjecrc`tcs a`fjsjs cstahstjdgs< uà`fjsjs hcsdrjptjvg, u` a`fjsjs dgrrcfatjvg y u` a`fjsjs eadtgr.

4.1 DA^XADJ@ HC HAXGT

Fa bsqucha hc fa jègriadj` sgbrc fgs ârahgrcs sc rcafjza a travs hc fa pojàwcbwww.parahgrcs.cs.

A dg`tjùadj` sc prgdchc a fa rcdgfcddj` hc hatgs hc fgs parahgrcs quc sc

c`duc`tra` c` A`hafuda, para rcafjzar fgs hjecrc`tcs a`fjsjs. Fas varjabfcs rcdgojhasscr` fas sjoujc`tcs FgdafcsU11 Dapadjhah hc fgdafcsU12 @icrg hc safg`csU14 Dapadjhah hc safg`csU18 @icrg hc scrvjdjgsU13 @icrg hc adtjvjhahcsU15 Mabjtadjg`cs dg` vjstas

Xabfa 4.1. Xabfa hc varjabfcs

Euc`tc< cfabgradj` prgpja

Xghas cstas varjabfcs sg` j`dfujhas c` uà tabfa hc Cxdcf para rcafjzar u` a`fjsjshcsdrjptjvg pgstcrjgr quc ffcvc a rcdg`gdcr fgs orupgs cstratojdgs quc sc egria` y facstratcoja quc ffcva` a dabg.
http://www.paradores.es/http://www.paradores.es/http://www.paradores.es/http://www.paradores.es/


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18

4.2 A@FJTJT HC HAXGT

Cstc cstuhjg dg`sta hc u` a`fjsjs hcsdrjptjvg pgrdc`tuaf y gtrg eadtgrjaf para pghcrffcoar a fa dg`dfusj` hc dufcs sg` fas daradtcrstjdas c` fas quc ârahgrcs basa sucstratcoja, y fgs orupgs cstratojdgs quc sc egria`.

4.2.1 A`fjsjs hcsdrjptjvg pgrdc`tuaf

Mcdma fa rcdgfcddj` hc hatgs sc prgdchcr a rcafjzar cf a`fjsjs hcsdrjptjvg hc fgshatgs rcdgojhgs. Dg` cstc a`fjsjs sc prctc`hc dg`gdcr dufcs sg` fas daradtcrstjdasis dgiu`cs c` fa datcogra hc ârahgrcs.

- Cf a`fjsjs hcsdrjptjvg dg`sjstc c` rcdgfcdtar, grhcàr, aàfjzar y rcprcsc`taru` dg`lu`tg hc hatgs, fg duaf sc rcafjza dg` cf ej` hc pghcr ffcoar a hcsdrjbjrdfaraic`tc fas daradtcrstjdas hcf dg`lu`tg cstuhjahg (âlarcs, 2>1>). Csgshatgs grhcàhgs y aàfjzahgs, sc rcprcsc`tar` ichja`tc orejdas djrdufarcs yhc barras. Xghgs fgs rcsuftahgs sc gbtc`hr` c` pgrdc`talcs para pghcrdgiprc`hcr iclgr fa prgpgrdj` hc parahgrcs quc sc c`duc`tra c` dahavarjabfc.C` csas orejdas sc ma` rcprcsc`tahg fas daradtcrstjdas y scrvjdjgs hc fgsparahgrcs, dgig sg` cf ìcrg hc cstrcffas, ìcrg hc mabjtadjg`cs,vafgradjg`cs, scrvjdjgs hc j`tcr`ct, scrvjdjgs hc parkjò, prcdjg hcf ic`j`hjvjhuaf, prcdjg hcf ic` c` orupg, tjpg hc dgdjà, fgdafcs, dapadjhah hc fgsfgdafcs, ìcrg hc safg`cs, dapadjhah hc fgs safg`cs, ìcrg hc scrvjdjgs,ìcrg hc adtjvjhahcs y mabjtadjg`cs dg` vjstas.

- Cf sjoujc`tc a`fjsjs rcafjzahg ma sjhg cf hc dgrrcfadjg`cs. Tc ma ffcvahg adabg, dg` fa ayuha hcf prgoraia T^TT, u` a`fjsjs hc dgrrcfadjg`cs. Dg`sjstc

c` avcrjouar cf orahg hc parcdjhg g varjadj` dg`lu`ta cxjstc`tc c`trc fashjecrc`tcs varjabfcs cstuhjahas (Iart`, 2>1>). Cf prgdchjijc`tg hcdgrrcfadjg`cs pcrijtc aàfjzar trcs gpdjg`cs quc sg` bjvarjahas, pardjafcs ghjsta`djahas. C` cstc dasg sc rcafjzar` dgrrcfadjg`cs bjvarjahas quc scutjfjza` para cf cstuhjg hc hgs varjabfcs dua`tjtatjvas, quc sg` fas qucaàfjzarcigs c` cstc trabalg.

Hc fgs trcs dgcejdjc`tcs quc cxjstc`, cf quc sc hcsarrgffa a dg`tjùadj` cs cf hc^carsg`. Quc cs uà ichjha hc fa asgdjadj` fj`caf c`trc hgs varjabfcs. Fgs vafgrcshcf dgcejdjc`tc hc dgrrcfadj` vara` hc -1 a 1. Cf sjo`g hcf dgcejdjc`tc j`hjda fahjrcddj` hc fa rcfadj` y su vafgr absgfutg j`hjda fa eucrza, as quc fgs vafgrcsiaygrcs j`hjda` quc fa rcfadj` cs is cstrcdma (Iart`, 2>1>). Dg` cstc rcsuftahg scdgiprgbar qu rcfadj` cxjstc c`trc fas varjabfcs quc sc ma` dgiparahg y digjèfuyc` uàs sgbrc gtras.

4.2.2 A`fjsjs hc fgs orupgs cstratojdgs

Dg`gdjhas fas daradtcrstjdas y fgs scrvjdjgs is dgiu`cs c`trc fgs ârahgrcs ydig sc rcfadjgà` c`trc cffas, sc prgdchcr a rcdg`gdcr fgs hjecrc`tcs orupgscstratojdgs hc`trg hc csta datcogra.

âra pghcr dg`gdcr du`tgs sg` csgs orupgs sc rcafjzar cf a`fjsjs eadtgr, cf duafdg`sjstc c` uà rchuddj` hc hatgs para pghcr c`dg`trar orupgs mgigo`cgs a partjrhc u` dg`lu`tg ùicrgsg hc varjabfcs. Cstgs orupgs sc egria` dg` fas varjabfcs qucdgrrcfadjgà` iudmg c`trc s y prgdura`hg quc sca` j`hcpc`hjc`tcs u`gs hc gtrgs. Cshcdjr, u` a`fjsjs eadtgrjaf cs uà td`jda hc rchuddj` hc fa hjic`sj` hc fgs hatgs. Afejàf hcf a`fjsjs eadtgr sc dg`gdcr cf ìcrg hc orupgs cstratojdgs quc sc egria`


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13

c` fa datcogra hc ârahgrcs(Iart`, 2>1>). Cstc a`fjsjs eadtgr taibj` sc rcafjzaichja`tc cf prgoraia T^TT, cf duaf iucstra fgs hatgs c` varjas partcs< c` fa prjicrahc cffas sc cfabgrar uà tabfa para dg`gdcr du`tgs sg` fgs dgipg`c`tcs quccxjstc`. ^gstcrjgric`tc sc dg`gdcr cf ìcrg hc eadtgrcs hc cstgs parahgrcs, cshcdjr, cf ìcrg hc orupgs cstratojdgs quc sc egria` c` fa dfasc hc ârahgrcs, fasjoujc`tc tabfa `gs iucstra fgs dgipg`c`tcs rgtahgs. C` csta tabfa fas varjabfcs scaorupa` pgr sus daroas c` fa iatrjz dg` cf ej` hc hctcrijàr fas hjstj`tas varjabfcs qucdgj`djhc` dg` u` ijsig dgipg`c`tc.

Ejàfic`tc, sc jhc`tjejdar` fgs parahgrcs j`dfujhgs c` daha orupg cstratojdg.

4.2.2.1 Dgiuàfjhahcs

Fa Dgiuàfjhah hc uà varjabfc cs fa prgpgrdj` hc su varja`za quc puchc scrcxpfjdaha pgr cf ighcfg eadtgrjaf gbtc`jhg. Cstuhja`hg fas dgiuàfjhahcs hc facxtraddj` pghcigs vafgrar duafcs hc fas varjabfcs sg` pcgr cxpfjdahas pgr cf ighcfg(Iart`, 2>1>).

4.2.2.2 KIG y prucba hc Bartfctt

Fa ichjha hc ahcduadj` iucstraf hc Kajscr-Icycr-Gfkj` (KIG) dg`trasta sj fasdgrrcfadjg`cs pardjafcs c`trc fas varjabfcs sg` suejdjc`tcic`tc pcqucas. crijtcdgiparar fa iao`jtuh hc fgs dgcejdjc`tcs hc dgrrcfadj` gbscrvahgs dg` fa iao`jtuhhc fgs dgcejdjc`tcs hc dgrrcfadj` pardjaf. Cf cstahstjdg KIG vara c`trc > y 1. Fgsvafgrcs pcqucgs j`hjda` quc cf a`fjsjs eadtgrjaf puchc `g scr uà bucà jhca, hahgquc fas dgrrcfadjg`cs c`trc fgs parcs hc varjabfcs `g puchc` scr cxpfjdahas pgr gtrasvarjabfcs. Fgs ic`grcs hc >,3 j`hjda` quc `g hcbc utjfjzarsc cf a`fjsjs eadtgrjaf dg`fgs hatgs iucstrafcs quc sc cst` aàfjza`hg.

Fa prucba hc csecrjdjhah hc Barfctt dg`trasta fa mjptcsjs ùfa hc quc fa iatrjz hcdgrrcfadjg`cs cs uà iatrjz jhc`tjhah, c` duyg dasg `g cxjstjra` dgrrcfadjg`cssjo`jejdatjvas c`trc fas varjabfcs y cf ighcfg eadtgrjaf `g scra pcrtj`c`tc. Tj cf `jvcfdrtjdg (Tjo.) cs iaygr quc >,>3, `g pghrcigs rcdmazar fa mjptcsjs ùfa hc csecrjdjhahy, dg`scduc`tcic`tc, `g pghrcigs ascourar quc cf ighcfg eadtgrjaf sca ahcduahgpara cxpfjdar fgs hatgs.

C` cf sjoujc`tc daptufg sc mar cf dgic`tarjg hc fgs rcsuftahgs gbtc`jhgs trasrcafjzar fgs a`fjsjs dgic`tahgs c` cstc apartahg (Iart`, 2>1>).


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19/37

XEO-EJDG. ârahgrcs

1?

DA^XSFG 8

RCTSFXAHGT

Cstc daptufg fg hjvjhjrcigs c` duatrg partcs, fas duafcs sg`< cf a`fjsjs hc fgsrcsuftahgs hc fa daptadj` hc hatgs, hcf a`fjsjs hcsdrjptjvg, hcf a`fjsjs hcdgrrcfadjg`cs y hcf a`fjsjs hc eadtgrcs.

8.1 RCTSFXAHGT HC FA DA^XADJ@ HC HAXGT

C` prjicr fuoar, a travs hc fa pojà wcbmttp>% hc fgs parahgrcs sjtuahgs c` A`hafuda. Tc ma` gbtc`jhgfgs sjoujc`tcs hatgs< cf ìcrg hc cstrcffas, cf ìcrg hc mabjtadjg`cs, fasvafgradjg`cs hc fgs muspchcs, cf scrvjdjg hc j`tcr`ct y cf scrvjdjg hc parkjò, fgsprcdjgs ta`tg hc fgs ic` j`hjvjhuafcs dgig c` orupgs, cf tjpg hc dgdjà, fgs hjstj`tgscrvjdjgs hc rcstauradj`, cf ìcrg hc safg`cs, fa dapadjhah hc fgs safg`cs, cfìcrg hc scrvjdjgs quc pgscc` fgs safg`cs, cf ìcrg hc adtjvjhahcs quc sc puchc`rcafjzar c` fgs parahgrcs y fas mabjtadjg`cs `jdas quc cstgs pgscc`. Csta daptadj`hc hatgs ma sjhg `cdcsarja para pgstcrjgric`tc rcafjzar cf a`fjsjs dgic`tahga`tcrjgric`tc.

Xghgs csgs ma` sjhg tabufahgs c` uà mgla hc Cxdcf para madcr pgstcrjgric`tc cf

a`fjsjs hc fgs hatgs.
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1=

8.2 RCTSFXAHGT HCF A@FJTJT HCTDRJ^XJUG HC FGT HAXGT

C` cstc apartahg aàfjzarcigs fgs rcsuftahgs gbtc`jhgs a travs hc orejdgs hc barrasy djrdufarcs, c` fgs duafcs pghrcigs dg`gdcr daha uà hc fas daradtcrstjdas y fgsscrvjdjgs hc`trg hc ârahgrcs.

Cf prjicr hatg aàfjzahg ma sjhg cf ` hc cstrcffas quc tjc`c` daha u`g hc fgsârahgrcs. C` cf orejdg djrdufar quc sc ahlu`ta a dg`tjùadj` sc pghr gbscrvar cfìcrg hc ârahgrcs quc pgscc` u` hctcrijàhg ìcrg hc cstrcffas a travs hcpgrdc`talcs.

8.1. ^grdc`talc hc ìcrg hc cstrcffas


C` cf orejdg a`tcrjgr pghcigs gbscrvar quc prdtjdaic`tc cf 1>>% hc fgs parahgrcspcrtc`cdc` a uà datcogra ichja afta, gercdjc`hg af dfjc`tc, puchc quc `g fasixjias dafjhahcs `j dgighjhahcs dgig pghra scr u`g hc 3 cstrcffas, pcrg sj uàfglaijc`tg is quc dgègrtabfc hura`tc su csta`dja.

C` cf sjoujc`tc orejdg aàfjzarcigs cf ìcrg hc mabjtadjg`cs dgrrcspg`hjc`tcs adaha ârahgr. Af jouaf quc dg` cf ` hc cstrcffas fg mcigs rcprcsc`tahg c` u` orejdgdjrdufar a travs hc pgrdc`talcs.

4 cstrcffa

5%

8 cstrcffa

:8%

> cstrcffa 1 cstrcffa 2 cstrcffa 4 cstrcffa 8 cstrcffa 3 cstrcffa


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8.2. ^grdc`talc hc ìcrg hc mabjtadjg`cs


C` cstc orejdg dfasjejdaigs fgs parahgrcs pgr su ìcrg hc mabjtadjg`cs, hg`hcvcigs dfaraic`tc quc is hcf 3>% hc cffgs pgscc` u` cfcvahg ìcrg hcmabjtadjg`cs.

Xa` sfg u` 5% hc cstgs parahgrcs hjspg`c hc c`trc 1:1 y 24> mabjtadjg`cs.

Cf sjoujc`tc orejdg quc sc rcprcsc`ta a dg`tjùadj` cxpg`c fas vafgradjg`cs quccstgs parahgrcs gbtjc`c` hc fgs muspchcs; sg` vafgradjg`cs cxtrahas hc fa pojàmttp. âra pghcrdg`tabjfjzarfas iclgr sc ma` rcafjzahg c` j`tcrvafgs quc va` hc >.3 c` >.3. Xghas faspu`tuadjg`cs hc fgs muspchcs cst` pgr c`djia hc fgs ? pu`tgs, pgr fg quc pghcigshcdjr quc cst` is quc satjsecdmgs dg` fgs scrvjdjgs quc cstgs gercdc`.

Cf 41% hc fgs parahgrcs ma` rcdjbjhg pgr partc hc sus dfjc`tcs uà pu`tuadj` quc

vara c`trc ? y ?,3, sjc`hg cstc cf iaygr hc fgs pgrdc`talcs.

8>-=>

mabjtadjg`cs

41%

=1-11>

mabjtadjg`cs14%

111-13>

mabjtadjg`cs

23%

131-1:>

mabjtadjg`cs

23%

1:1-24>

mabjtadjg`cs

5%

8>-=> mabjtadjg cs =1-11> mabjtadjg cs 111-13> mabjtadjg`cs

131-1:> mabjtadjg`cs 1:1-24> mabjtadjg`cs

>%

41%

>%

23%

5%

1:% 1:%

>%

2>%

8>%

5>%

=>%

1>>%

1

[5,3-?) [?,?,3) [?,3-=) [=-=,3) [=,3-:) [:-:,3) [:,3-1>Y
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2>

Tc gbscrva taibj` quc u` 23% hc cffgs ma` gbtc`jhg uà pu`tuadj` c`trc = y=,3, scoujhg hc u` pgrdc`talc afog csdasg, ta` sfg cf 5% hc fgs parahgrcs pgscc`para fgs muspchcs quc c` cffgs sc ma` mgspchahg fa pu`tuadj` hc c`trc =,3 y :.

Fas pu`tuadjg`cs hcshc : a 1> sc fg rcpartc` a pgrdc`talcs jouafcs cf rcstg hc fgsparahgrcs.

Ucigs quc cf 1:% hc cffgs ma` gbtc`jhg uà vafgradj` dgiprc`hjha c`trc : y :,3.Fg ijsig gdurrc para cf ftjig traig hc vafgradjg`cs quc `gs qucha pgr aàfjzar,c`trc u` :,3 y 1> ma` gbtc`jhg cf gtrg 1:% rcsta`tc hc fgs parahgrcs.

C` cf sjoujc`tc orejdg rcprcsc`tarcigs cf ighg hc prcstar cf scrvjdjg hc j`tcr`cthc cstgs parahgrcs.

8.8. Tcrvjdjg hc j`tcr`ct


^ghcigs gbscrvar quc cf :8% hc fgs parahgrcs gercdc a sus dfjc`tcs fa pgsjbjfjhah hcia`tc`crsc dg`cdtahgs dg` cf iu`hg oradjas a su scrvjdjg hc j`tcr`ct oratujtg, afogquc parcdc jiprcsdj`hjbfc mgy c` ha.

Xa` sfg cf 5% `g hjspg`c` hc j`tcr`ct c` sus j`stafadjg`cs y pgr ta`tg `g gercdc`cstc scrvjdjg af dfjc`tc. Csta gpdj` puchc scr cfcojha pgr pcrsgàs quc qujcra`hcsdg`cdtar pgr dgipfctg hc su ha a ha, fas duafcs `g dg`sjhcrc` jiprcsdj`hjbfccstc scrvjdjg.

Cf sjoujc`tc orejdg rcprcsc`tahg ichja`tc u` orejdg djrdufar dg` pgrdc`talcs cs cf

hc scrvjdjg hc parkjò.

:8%

5%

1- T, oratujta 2- T, g oratujta 4- @g


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8.3. Tcrvjdjg hc parkjò


C` cf orejdg a`tcrjgr vcigs quc `jdaic`tc cf 14% hc fgs parahgrcs `g hjspg`c hcscrvjdjg hc parkjò, au`quc fa iaygra sj hjspg`c hc parkjò, dg`drctaic`tc u` =?%.Hc`trg hc cstc pgrdc`talc fg madc` hc ia`cra oratujta para sus dfjc`tcs cf 35% y paracf rcstg supg`hra u` oastg ahjdjgàf para cstgs.

A dg`tjùadj` aàfjzarcigs fas daradtcrstjdas y fgs scrvjdjgs rcecrc`tcs a faoastrg`gia hc fgs hjstj`tgs parahgrcs curgs. Is dg`drctaic`tc cf 1:% gercdcic`s j`hjvjhuafcs dg` prcdjgs quc gsdjfa` c`trc fgs 22 y fgs 25 curgs y cf 14% fgs

gercdc` pgr afog is, c`trc 25 y 4> curgs cxadtaic`tc.

1- T, oratujta

35%

2- T, `g

oratujta

41%

4- @g

14%

1- T, oratujta 2- T, g oratujta 4- @g

1:%14%

23%

88%

>%

2>%

8>%

5>%

=>%

1>>%

[22-25) [25-4>) [4>-48) [48-4=Y

4 2 8 ?


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22

Lustg hcspus `gs c`dg`traigs dg` quc cf 23% hc fgs parahgrcs gercdc` cstgsic`s a u` prcdjg hc c`trc 4> y 48 curgs.

Dasj fa ijtah hc fgs parahgrcs, u` 88%, tjc`c` u` prcdjg c` fgs ic`s quc puchcvarjar c`trc 48 y 4= curgs. ^rcdjgs qujzs afog ic`gs cdgìjdgs.

^gr ta`tg dabc hcstadar quc pghcigs c`dg`trar uà hjecrc`dja cdgìjda c` cfic` j`hjvjhuaf hc u`gs 15 curgs, sco` cf fuoar hg`hc vjalcigs.

Cf sjoujc`tc orejdg hc barras rcprcsc`ta cf prcdjg hc ic` c` orupg.

8.?. ^rcdjg ic` orupg


Dgig pghcigs dgiprgbar cf prcdjg c` cf 3>% hc fgs parahgrcs cs basta`tccdgìjdg, rg`ha`hg c`trc fgs 22 y fgs 2= curgs. S` 5% hc fgs parahgrcs gercdc`

ic` para orupgs c` tgr`g a fgs 3>.Madjc`hg uà dgiparatjva c`trc cf prcdjg hcf ic` j`hjvjhuaf y hcf ic` pgr orupg,

vcigs quc para u` raòg c`trc fgs 22 y 25 g 2= curgs, dg`sjhcra`hg cstgs dgigic`s cdgìjdgs, tc`cigs fa pgsjbjfjhah hc c`dg`trarfgs a cstgs prcdjgs c` u` 3>%hc fgs parahgrcs sj asjstjigs pgr orupgs erc`tc a u` 1:% sj fg madcigs hc egriaj`hjvjhuaf. Cstg `gs ffcva a pc`sar c` fgs parahgrcs dgig c`tgr`gs ahcduahgs hg`hcrcafjzar dcfcbradjg`cs.

8.=. Xjpg hc dgdjà


>%

2>%

8>%

5>%

=>%

1>>%

[22-2=) [2=-48) [48-8>) [8>-85) [85-32Y

3>%

1:%23%

>% 5%

>- Tj` dgdjà

cspcdjafjhah

12%

1-

Ichjtcrr`ca

4=%

2- Xrahjdjgàf

3>%

>- Tj` dgdj a cspcdjafjhah 1- Ichjtcrr`ca 2- Xrahjdjg af


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24

C` cf orejdg a`tcrjgr pghcigs gbscrvar fgs hjecrc`tcs tjpgs hc dgdjà quc gercdc` fgsparahgrcs.

C` cf 3>% hc cffgs pghcigs c`dg`trar fa dgdjà trahjdjgàf, prgpja hc faoastrg`gia cspagfa.

C` u` ìcrg jècrjgr hc parahgrcs pghcigs c`dg`trar fa tpjda dgdjàichjtcrr`ca, c` dg`drctg c` cf 4=% hc cffgs. S` pgrdc`talc basta`tc aftg paraqujc`cs qujcra` hjserutar hc pcsdahgs y iarjdgs, dar`cs g erutas y vcrhuras, y hcf yaiuy dg`gdjhg adcjtc hc gfjva cspagf, afog jiprcsdj`hjbfc c` cstc tjpg hc dgdjà.

Z pgr ftjig, u` 12% hc fgs parahgrcs `g hjspg`c hc `jòuà cspcdjafjhah c` cftjpg hc dgdjà quc hcsarrgffa` para sus dfjc`tcs.

8.:. Tcrvjdjgs hc rcstauradj`


C` cf orejdg 8.: pghcigs vcr fgs scrvjdjgs hc rcstauradj` quc pgscc` fgs parahgrcs,c` fgs quc cvjhc`tcic`tc hcstada` trcs quc fg pgscc` fa iaygra hc cffgs< cfrcstaura`tc, fa tcrraza y fa daectcra.

Cf rcstaura`tc, qujz afog j`hjspc`sabfc para iudmgs dfjc`tcs, fg pghcigsc`dg`trar c` cf =1% hc cffgs. Cstg eadjfjtara fas dgijhas a fgs dfjc`tcs sj` tc`cr qucsafjr hcf prgpjg rcdj`tg.

Dg` pgrdc`talcs iuy parcdjhgs tc`cigs fa tcrraza y fa daectcra. Cxadtaic`tc `gsc`dg`traigs dg` quc cf 5:% hc fgs parahgrcs hjspg`c hc tcrraza y cf 54% hcdaectcra. Cstg scra afog quc pghra atracr af dfjc`tc a fa mgra hc pasar u` bucìgic`tg hc rcfax, y cvjhc`tcic`tc sj cs c` uà tcrraza dg` uàs bg`jtas vjstas hcfparahgr.

Ejàfic`tc, cf 1:% hc fgs parahgrcs hjspg`c hc bar y ta` sfg u` 14% hjspg`hrahc oastrg-bar.

>%2>%

8>%

5>%

=>%

1>>%

1:%

=1%5:% 54%

14%

Tcrjcs1>%

2>%

8>%

5>%

=>%

1>>%

[2>-5>) [5>-1>>) [1>>-18>) [18>-1=>) [1=>-22>Y

5%

23%14%

4=%

5%


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28

8.1>. Dapadjhah fgdafcs para scrvjdjgs hc rcstauradj`


âsaigs a dgic`tar fa dapadjhah hc fgs fgdafcs hjspg`jbfcs para fgs scrvjdjgs hc

rcstauradj` c` fgs parahgrcs, hg`hc cf 3>% hc cffgs hjspg`c hc fgdafcs dg` uàdapadjhah ichja afta. Dg`drctaic`tc u` 14% hc fgs parahgrcs hjspg`c hc fgdafcsdg` uà dapadjhah quc rg`ha c`trc fas 1>> y 18> pcrsgàs y u` 4=% fg madc` c`trc18> y 1=>. Tcra` fgdafcs dg` uà dapadjhah is quc dg`sjhcrabfc.

Fucog tc`cigs quc afrchchgr hc u` 4>% hc fgs parahgrcs pgscc fgdafcs dg` uàdapadjhah bala g rcfatjvaic`tc bala c` afou`gs dasgs. Cf 23% hc cffgs hjspg`c hcfgdafcs dg` uà dapadjhah hc c`trc 5> y 1>> pcrsgàs y fa dapadjhah rcfatjvaic`tcbala scra para ta` sfg cf 5% hc fgs parahgrcs, duygs fgdafcs sgfg ahijtjra` c`trc 2>y 5> pcrsgàs.

^gr ftjig pghcigs c`dg`trar u` balg pgrdc`talc hc parahgrcs quc hjspg`c` hcuà dapadjhah afta c` sus fgdafcs, cstaraigs mabfa`hg quc sfg cf 5% hc fgsparahgrcs hjspg`hra hc fgdafcs duya gdupadj` rg`hara c`trc fas 1=> y fas 22>pcrsgàs.

8.11. @icrg hc safg`cs


Fgs parahgrcs puchc` dg`sjhcrarsc dgig fuoarcs jh`cgs para fa rcafjzadj` hccvc`tgs eaijfjarcs y/g ciprcsarjafcs.

C` cst orejda pghcigs gbscrvar cf ìcrg hc safg`cs hc fgs quc hjspg`hra` fgsparahgrcs.

Xa` sfg afrchchgr hc u` 2>% hc fgs parahgrcs hjspg`c hc u` ìcrg ichjg-aftghc safg`cs. S` 14% hc cffgs gercdc` a sus dfjc`tcs fa pgsjbjfjhah hc pghcr hjserutar hcc`trc : y 12 safg`cs, y u` pgrdc`talc afog ic`gr, u` 5%, hjspg`hra` hc c`trc 5 y :safg`cs.

Cf gtrg ?>% sc fg rcpartc` parahgrcs duyg ìcrg hc safg`cs vara` c`trc 1 y 5.Hc`trg hc cstc orupg `gs c`dg`traigs dg` quc cf 88% hc cffgs hjspg`hra` hc c`trc 1y 4 safg`cs y cf 4=% rcsta`tc fg mara dg` u` ìcrg hc safg`cs quc varjara c`trc 4 y5.

>%

2>%

8>%

5>%

=>%

1>>%

[1-4) [4-5) [5-:) [:-12Y

88%4=%

5% 14%


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23

8.12. Dapadjhah safg`cs


C` rcfadj` a fa dapadjhah hc cstgs safg`cs dabc hcstadar quc cxjstc u` ìcrgrcfatjvaic`tc aftg hc parahgrcs, u` 52%, duygs safg`cs `g sg` hc ora` dapadjhah, cfixjig hc pcrsgàs quc pghra` afbcroar scra hc 2>>. Cstc 52% sc rcpartjra hc fasjoujc`tc ia`cra, cf 41% hc fgs parahgrcs hjspg`c hc dapadjhah hc c`trc > a 1>>pcrsgàs c` sus safg`cs y cf gtrg 41% ahijtjra` c`trc 1>> y 2>>.

Cf rcsta`tc 8=% hcf tgtaf hc fgs parahgrcs tjc`c u` ìcrg iuy varjahg hcdapadjhah, quc vara c`trc 2>> y =>> pcrsgàs. âsaigs a vcr hctaffahaic`tc dgigsc rcpartjra` cstgs pgrdc`talcs.

Cf 5% hc fgs parahgrcs hjspg`hra hc uà dapadjhah c` sus safg`cs hc c`trc 2>> y

4>> pcrsgàs, cf 14% hc c`trc 4>> y 8>> y gtrg 5% scra` fgs parahgrcs duyadapadjhah rg`ha c`trc fas 8>> y 3>> pcrsgàs. Cstc orupg hc pgrdc`talcs hcparahgrcs scra` fgs quc hjspg`hra` hc uà dapadjhah ichja para sus safg`cs.

^gr ftjig pghcigs c`dg`trar u` pcqucg pgrdc`talc hc parahgrcs quc shjspg`hra` hc dapadjhahcs cfcvahas para sus safg`cs, dg`drctaic`tc cf 5% hc cffgstc`hra safg`cs dg` dapadjhah para c`trc 5>> y ?>> pcrsgàs y gtrg ij`grjtarjg 5%hjspg`hra hc c`trc ?>> y =>>.

8.14. @icrg hc scrvjdjgs


>%

2>%

8>%

5>%=>%

1>>%

41% 41%

5% 14% 5% >% 5% 5%

41%

14%88%

5%

[1-3) [3-1>) [1>-13) [13-2>)


28/37


25

C` cstc orejdg dgic`tarcigs fa da`tjhah hc scrvjdjgs quc gercdcra` fgs parahgrcs asus dfjc`tcs, c`trc fgs quc dabra hcstadar cf ajrc adg`hjdjgàhg para uà dgègrtabfccsta`dja c` cf parahgr, g dgig pgr clcipfg, wjej, pa`taffas, vjhcgs, ijdreg`gs, da`hc prgycddj` g tgias hc tv c`trc gtrgs para cf usg y hjserutc hcf dfjc`tc. Xaibj`pghraigs hjspg`cr hc iatcrjaf hc csdrjtgrjg, para qujc`cs qujsjcra` pasar uà tarhctra`qujfa fcyc`hg u` fjbrg.

âsaigs a vcr csgs pgrdc`talcs. Cs u` ìcrg i`jig hc parahgrcs fgs qucpghraigs dg`sjhcrar quc gercdc` u` ìcrg cfcvahg hc scrvjdjgs a sus dfjc`tcs,c`trc 13 y 2> scrvjdjgs, y quc ta` sfg u` 5% hc cffgs fg madc`.

Dasj cf 3>% hc fgs parahgrcs gercdc` u` ìcrg ichjg- aftg hc scrvjdjgs,dg`drctaic`tc u` 88%, pgrdc`talc is quc dg`sjhcrabfc para uà is quc aorahabfccsta`dja c` cf parahgr gercdjc`hg af dfjc`tc u` ìcrg hc scrvjdjgs quc vara c`trc 1>y 13.

Rg`ha`hg taibj` cf 8>% hc fgs parahgrcs sg` fgs quc gercdc` uà da`tjhahichja-bala hc scrvjdjgs a fgs dfjc`tcs quc c` cffgs sc mgspcha`, cstaraigs mabfa`hghc quc u` 14% hc fgs parahgrcs gercdc` c`trc 3 y 1> scrvjdjgs hc fgs ic`djgàhgs

a`tcrjgric`tc y quc u` pgrdc`talc is quc dg`sjhcrabfc dgig puchc scr u` 41% `gsgercdcra` u` csdasg ìcrg hc scrvjdjgs, c`trc 1 y 3 para scr is cxadtgs.

8.18. @icrg hc adtjvjhahcs


C` cf orejdg a`tcrjgr pghcigs vcr cf ìcrg hc adtjvjhahcs quc gercdc daha parahgr,c`trc cstas adtjvjhahcs dabc hcstadar fas hc dg`gdcr cf c`tgr`g dg` cxdursjg`cs grutas, vjsjtas a iuscgs y hcis g fa dcfcbradj` hc ejcstas tpjdas, dgig puchc` scr

sciaà sa`ta, ecrjas, has hc patrg`cs Xghg cstg varjar sco` cf parahgr c` cf quc`gs c`dg`trcigs.

^rdtjdaic`tc cf 4>% hc fgs parahgrcs gercdc` u` ìcrg hc adtjvjhahcs csdasgquc rg`ha c`trc 1 y 5 adtjvjhahcs. Hc`trg hc cstc pgrdc`talc tc`hraigs quc cf 14%hc fgs parahgrcs gercdc` c`trc 1 y 4 adtjvjhahcs y cf 1:% hjspg`c` hc c`trc 4 y 5adtjvjhahcs.

C` uà ora` partc hc fgs parahgrcs pghcigs c`dg`trar u` ìcrg ichjg-aftg hcadtjvjhahcs, dg`drctaic`tc cf 4=% hc cstgs sg` fgs quc gercdc` c`trc 5 y :adtjvjhahcs para sus dfjc`tcs.

C` ftjig fuoar tc`hraigs quc cf 14% hc fgs parahgrcs, u` ìcrg `g iuycfcvahg hc cffgs, hjspg`hra` hc u` ìcrg aftg hc adtjvjhahcs, cstaraigs mabfa`hg

hc c`trc : y 12 adtjvjhahcs hjecrc`tcs a pghcr rcafjzar pgr cf dfjc`tc quc sc hjspgòa acfcojr u`g hc cstgs parahgrcs.

>%

2>%

8>%

5>%

=>%

1>>%

[1-4) [4-5) [5-:) [:-12Y

14%1:%

4=%

14%


29/37

XEO-EJDG. ârahgrcs

2?

8.13. Mabjtadjg`cs dg` vjstas


^gr ftjig pghcigs hjecrc`djar hgs tjpgs hc mabjtadjg`cs c` fgs parahgrcs, fas quc

pgscc` vjstas y fas quc `g.Cfcvahg cs cf ìcrg hc mabjtadjg`cs hc fgs parahgrcs quc `g pgscc` vjstas,

cstaraigs mabfa`hg hc quc u` 52%.

Afog ic`gs scra` fas mabjtadjg`cs quc sj hjspg`hra` hc vjstas, scra` u` 4=% hccstas.

S` cfcvahg ìcrg hc mabjtadjg`cs dg` vjstas c` u` parahgr scra fg quc iardarafa hjecrc`dja a fa mgra hc cfcojr u`g u gtrg, afog quc cf dfjc`tc quc fgs vjsjtc puchctc`cr iuy c` duc`ta sj qujcrc hjserutar hc fa àturafcza.

[^GRDC@XALC

Y

[^GRDC@XALC

Y

>- @g 1- Tj


30/37


2=

8.4 RCTSFXAHG HCF A@FJTJT HC DGRRCFADJG@CT

Dg` cstc a`fjsjs sc prctc`hc dg`gdcr dufcs sg` aqucffas daradtcrstjdas y scrvjdjgsquc cst` rcfadjgàhgs c`trc s y quc hcpc`hc` u`gs hc gtrgs.

âra rcafjzar cf a`fjsjs hc dgrrcfadjg`cs ahlu`taigs uà tabfa c` fa qucgbscrva`hg fa sjo`jejdadj` sc ffcoa a fa dg`dfusj` hc fa rcfadj` c`trc fas varjabfcsaàfjzahas. Cf a`fjsjs hc dgrrcfadjg`cs sc va a dc`trar c` fa dgrrcfadj` hc ^carsg`.

`

mabjtadjg`

cs

Xjpg

dgdjà

dapad

jhah

`

safg`

cs

dapadjh

ah

safg`cs

c`tgr

`g

rcstaura

`tc

tcrra

za

daectcr

a

Oastrgb

ar

Dgrrcfadj

`

`

mabjtadjg`

cs

1,>>>

Xjpg

dgdjà-,851 1,>>>

dapadjhah ,45: ,22= 1,>>>

`

safg`cs,828 -,34: -,>=: 1,>>>

dapadjhah

safg`cs,838 -,4:> -,>>1 ,:38 1,>>>

c`tgr`g ,241 -,>2: ,1>8 ,43= ,84> 1,>>>rcstaura`t

c-,1?5 ,31> ,3?3 -,1?4 -,113 ,>52 1,>>>

Xcrraza ,1?3 ,1?> ,4=5 ,>=8 ,11? ,2?: ,4=4 1,>>>

Daectcra ,1=8 ,242 ,843 -,>2= -,>>4 ,4?> ,444 ,=?> 1,>>>

oastrgbar ,1?? -,2>8 ,8:? -,14: -,21: -,4>1 ,>:= ,233 ,2:4 1,>>>

Xabfa 8.2. Iatrjz hc Dgrrcfadjg`cs

Euc`tc< cfabgradj` ichja`tc T^TT

Dgig pghcigs gbscrvar c` fa tabfa a`tcrjgr cxjstc uà dgrrcfadj` iuy afta c`trccf ìcrg hc safg`cs y fa dapadjhah hc cstgs, y afta c`trc fas varjabfcs tcrraza ydaectcra. Xaibj` sc puchc gbscrvar uà dgrrcfadj` ighcraha c`trc cf ìcrg hcmabjtadjg`cs dg` cf ìcrg hc safg`cs y fa dapadjhah hc fgs safg`cs, cf tjpg hc dgdjàdg` rcstaura`tc y fa dapadjhah hc fgs safg`cs dg` cf c`tgr`g, as dgig fa varjabfcdapadjhah hc fgdafcs dg` rcstaura`tc, daectcra y oastrgbar. ^gr ftjig c`dg`traigsuà dgrrcfadj` bala c`trc fa dapadjhah hc fgs fgdafcs dg` cf ìcrg hc mabjtadjg`cs ycf tjpg hc dgdjà, y c`trc fa varjabfc c`tgr`g dg` cf ìcrg hc mabjtadjg`cs y cfìcrg hc safg`cs. Xaibj` cs bala fa dgrrcfadj` cxjstc`tc c`trc tcrraza y fasvarjabfcs dapadjhah hc fgs fgdafcs, c`tgr`g y rcstaura`tc. Hc fa ijsia egria cst`dgrrcfahas daectcra dg` fas varjabfcs tjpg hc dgdjà, c`tgr`g y rcstaura`tc, af jouaf

quc cf oastrgbar dg` tcrraza y daectcra.


31/37

XEO-EJDG. ârahgrcs

2:

Ighcra cs fa dgrrcfadj` cxjstc`tc c`trc tjpg hc dgdjà y fas varjabfcs ìcrg hcmabjtadjg`cs y ìcrg hc safg`cs, pcrg a fa j`vcrsa. Xaibj` cs bala a fa j`vcrsa fadgrrcfadj` cxjstc`tc c`trc dapadjhah hc fgs safg`cs y tjpg hc dgdjà, y fa varjabfcoastrgbar dg` tjpg hc dgdjà, dapadjhah hc fgs safg`cs y c`tgr`g.

Iuy bala g prdtjdaic`tc ùfa cs fa dgrrcfadj` quc cxjstc c`trc cf rcstg hc

varjabfcs aàfjzahas.

8.8 A@FJTJT EADXGR HC FGT RCTSFXAHGT

C` cstc apartahg mabfarcigs sgbrc fgs rcsuftahgs gbtc`jhgs c` cf a`fjsjs eadtgrjaf,oradjas af duaf sc dg`gdcr` fgs hjecrc`tcs orupgs cstratojdgs quc egria` hc`trg hcfa datcogra hc ârahgrcs.

Fas varjabfcs j`dfujhas c` cf a`fjsjs ma` sjhg cf ìcrg hc mabjtadjg`cs, tjpg hcdgdjà, dapadjhah hc fgdafcs, ìcrg hc safg`cs, dapadjhah hc safg`cs, c`tgr`g,rcstaura`tc, tcrraza, daectcra y oastrgbar.

Uarja`za tgtaf cxpfjdaha

Dgipg`c`tc

Autgvafgrcs j`jdjafcs

Tuias hc cxtraddj` hc daroas

af duahrahg

Tuias hc rgtadj` hc daroas af

duahrahg

Xgtaf

% hc

varja`za

%

aduiufahg Xgtaf

% hc

varja`za

%

aduiufahg Xgtaf

% hc

varja`za

%

aduiufahg

1 2,:34 2:,344 2:,344 2,:34 2:,344 2:,344 2,:>8 2:,>82 2:,>82

2 2,=?= 2=,?=1 3=,418 2,=?= 2=,?=1 3=,418 2,=52 2=,52> 3?,552

4 1,3?8 13,?4: ?8,>34 1,3?8 13,?4: ?8,>34 1,54: 15,4:1 ?8,>34

8 ,:81 :,8>? =4,85>

3 ,5=2 5,=1? :>,2??

5 ,883 8,885 :8,?24

? ,4>1 4,>>? :?,?4>

= ,112 1,11? :=,=8?

: ,>:8 ,:82 ::,?=:

1> ,>21 ,211 1>>,>>>

Xabfa 8.4. Uarja`za tgtaf cxpfjdaha


Fa tabfa 8.4 `gs j`hjda quc, dg` u` autgvafgr supcrjgr a 1 gbtc`cigs trcs eadtgrcs,cxpfjda`hg as cf ?8,>34 % hc fa varja`za cxpfjdaha.

C` fa tabfa hc iatrjz hc dgipg`c`tcs rgtahgs pghcigs jhc`tjejdar c` qu eadtgr scj`dfujra daha uà hc fas varjabfcs aàfjzahas.


32/37


4>

1 2 4

` mabjtadjg`cs ,?18 ,1?1 ,435

Xjpg dgdjà -,?>2 ,828 -,435

dapadjhah ,>1? ,?>? ,84>` safg`cs ,=:? -,>45 -,214

dapadjhah safg`cs ,=?1 ,>34 -,4>1

c`tgr`g ,83> ,812 -,32=

rcstaura`tc -,441 ,5=2 -,>=4

tcrraza ,18> ,=4= ,>83

daectcra ,>?3 ,=54 ,>5=

oastrgbar -,>>= ,235 ,=?:

Xabfa 8.8. Iatrjz hc dgipg`c`tcs rgtahgs


C` fa tabfa a`tcrjgr sc aorupa` fas varjabfcs sco` su daroa c` fa iatrjz, para ashctcrijàr c` qu varjabfcs dgj`djhc` fgs hjecrc`tcs dgipg`c`tcs. C` cstc dasg scaorupa` aqucffas varjabfcs quc c` daha dgfuià hc dgipg`c`tc gbtcòa` cf iaygrrcsuftahg c` trij`gs pgsjtjvgs.

Fgs trcs eadtgrcs sg` fgs trcs orupgs cstratojdgs quc sc rcdg`gdc` hc`trg hc fadatcogra hc ârahgrcs, a dg`tjùadj` igstrarcigs quc varjabfcs pcrtc`cdc` adaha u`g hc cffgs>> ,555

Xjpg dgdjà 1,>>> ,=>>dapadjhah 1,>>> ,5=3

` safg`cs 1,>>> ,=31

dapadjhah safg`cs 1,>>> ,=34

c`tgr`g 1,>>> ,532

rcstaura`tc 1,>>> ,3=2

tcrraza 1,>>> ,?23

daectcra 1,>>> ,?33

oastrgbar 1,>>> ,=4?

Xabfa 8.3. DgiuàfjhahcsEuc`tc< cfabgradj` ichja`tc T^TT

Dgig pghcigs gbscrvar c` fa sjoujc`tc tabfa cf vafgr hcf KIG 9 >,8:: cst c` cffijtc hc fgs vafgrcs rcdgic`hahgs pgr Kjascr, Icycr y Gfkj`, dg`sjhcr`hgsc uàjhca adcptabfc aqucffgs vafgrcs quc sc c`duc`trc dgiprc`hjhgs c`trc >,?3 0 KIG >,3. Cstg pg`c hc ia`jejcstg quc, c` cstc dasg iuy prgbabfcic`tc, cf prgdcsg hcrchuddj` hc hatgs `g sca iuy cspcdtadufar. Cf tcst hc csecrjdjhah hc Bartfctt, sj`cibarog, rcdmaza fa mjptcsjs hc hjaogàfjhah hc fa iatrjz hc dgrrcfadj` j`hjda`hgquc sj cxjstc` rcfadjg`cs sjo`jejdatjvas c`trc fas varjabfcs, pucstg quc ùcstrg vafgrTjo. cs ic`gr quc >,>3.

Ichjha Kajscr-Icycr-Gfkj` hc ahcduadj` hc iucstrcg ,8::

^rucba hc csecrjdjhah hc

Bartfctt

Aprgx. Dmj-duahrahg ?4,>=3

of 83

Tjo. ,>>3

Xabfa 8.5. ^rucba hc KIG y Bartfctt


8.3 AORSÂDJ@ HC ÂRAHGRCT C@ ES@DJ@ HCF ORS^G CTXRAXOJDG

Sà vcz rcafjzahgs tghgs fgs a`fjsjs quc ma` sjhg `cdcsarjg para dg`gdcr fgshjecrc`tcs orupgs cstratojdgs quc sc egria` c` fa datcogra hc ârahgrcs, y fasdaradtcrstjdas y scrvjdjgs is jipgrta`tcs hc stgs, sc ma mcdmg uà dfasjejdadj` c`csta prjicra tabfa hc fgs parahgrcs hcpc`hjc`hg hcf orupg cstratojdg af qucpcrtc`cdc`.


34/37


42

Cstratcoja basahac` fa dapadjhah

esjda hc fgs

ârahgrcs

Cstratcoja basahac` fuoarcs hc

sgdjafjzadj` para

sus dfjc`tcs

Cstratcoja basahac` fa afta dgdjà

ârahgr hcDarigà

ârahgr hcA`tcqucra

ârahgr hc IfaoaOjbrafearg

ârahgr hcAyaig`tc

ârahgr hcDrhgba

ârahgr hc IfaoaOgfe

ârahgr hcDazgrfa

ârahgr hc Dhjz ârahgr hc @crla

ârahgr hc bchaârahgr hc Ardgs

hc fa Erg`tcra

Xabfa 8.?. Hjvjsj` hc parahgrcs pgr orupgs cstratojdgs


C` fa tabfa 8.? pghcigs gbscrvar qu cstratcoja sjouc` daha u`g hc fgs parahgrcs.Hc`trg hcf eadtgr 1, c` cf duaf sc sjouc fa cstratcoja basaha c` fa dapadjhah, pghcigsc`dg`trar fgs parahgrcs hc Darigà, Ayaig`tc y Dazgrfa. C` cf sjoujc`tc orupg,dg`gdjhg dgig eadtgr 2, duya cstratcoja sc dc`tra c` fa oastrg`gia, cstara` fgsparahgrcs hc A`tcqucra, Drhgba y Dhjz. Z pgr ftjig c` cf eadtgr 4, cf duaf basa sucstratcoja c` cf oastrgbar c`dg`traigs fgs parahgrcs hc Ifaoa Ojbrafearg, IfaoaOgfe, @crla, bcha y Ardgs hc fa Erg`tcra.

Hc tghgs fgs parahgrcs aàfjzahgs, dj`dg hc cffgs sg` fgs quc `g sjouc` `jòuà hc

cstas cstratcojas. Tcra` fgs parahgrcs hc Rg`ha, Iazao`, Igldar, La` yOraàha.


35/37

XEO-EJDG. ârahgrcs

44

DA^XSFG 3

DG@DFSTJG@CT

Sà vcz rcafjzahg tghgs fgs a`fjsjs quc mcigs jhg hcsarrgffa`hg c` cstc trabalg,ffcoaigs a fas sjoujc`tcs dg`dfusjg`cs.

Dgig prjicra dg`dfusj`, ârahgrcs cs uà datcogra egriaha pgr parahgrcs qucgercdc` a sus dfjc`tcs uà scrjc hc daradtcrstjdas y scrvjdjgs quc fgs madc` `jdgs adaha u`g hc cffgs.

Hc tghgs fgs parahgrcs aàfjzahgs, `gs c`dg`traigs quc fa iaygra hc cffgspgscc` 8 cstrcffas, fg quc jipfjda tc`cr uàs daradtcrstjdas y scrvjdjgs hcstadabfcs.Is hc fa ijtah hc cstgs parahgrcs pgscc` uà ora` dapadjhah hc afglaijc`tgs,sjc`hg cstc supcrjgr a 1>> mabjtadjg`cs.

Xghgs fgs parahgrcs, cxdcptua`hg cf hc Dazgrfa, gercdc` j`tcr`ct hc ia`cra

oratujta, afog quc puchc scr u` ora` rcdfaig para fgs dfjc`tcs. Fa cxdcpdj` hcDazgrfa puchc scr hcbjhg a su ubjdadj`, ya quc puchc quc `g hjspgòa hc dgbcrturasuejdjc`tc.

Dg` rcspcdtg af parkjò, gtrg hc fgs scrvjdjgs aàfjzahgs, is hc fa ijtah hc fgsârahgrcs fg gercdc` hc egria oratujta, pgr fg quc cstg puchc scr gtra raz` pgr faquc fgs muspchcs cfjla` cstc tjpg hc afglaijc`tgs. Tgfg u` pgrdc`talc iuy rchudjhg`g gercdc cstc tjpg hc scrvjdjg, au`quc puchc scr hcbjhg a fa ubjdadj` hg`hc scc`duc`trc`.

Dg` rcspcdtg a fas vafgradjg`cs pgr partc hc fgs dfjc`tcs tghas cffas supcra` fgs ?

pu`tgs, pgr fg quc sc pghra hcdjr quc cst` is quc satjsecdmg dg` fgs scrvjdjgs quccstgs gercdc`.

^rdtjdaic`tc c` fa ijtah hc fgs parahgrcs cf prcdjg hcf ic` j`hjvjhuaf supcra fgs48 curgs, fg quc pghra parcdcr quc va hjrjojhg a u` pbfjdg hc dfasc ichja-afta, afogis cdgìjdgs sg` fgs prcdjgs hcf ic` c` orupg, hg`hc c` fa ijtah hc fgsparahgrcs fg pghcigs c`dg`trar a prcdjgs jècrjgrcs a 2= curgs.

Ora` partc hc cstgs parahgrcs gercdc` dgdjà trahjdjgàf, afog quc pghra ffaiariudmg fa atc`dj` hc fgs turjstas, para as dgiprgbar fa oastrg`gia cspagfa.

Fa iaygra hc fgs parahgrcs pgscc`, rcstaura`tcs, tcrrazas y daectcras, dg` uà

ora` dapadjhah. Dg` rcspcdtg af ìcrg hc safg`cs fa ora` iaygra hc fgs parahgrcs`g supcra` fgs 5 safg`cs. Is hc fa ijtah hc cstgs safg`cs tjc`c uà dapadjhahjècrjgr a 2>> pcrsgàs.

Dg` rcspcdtg af ìcrg hc scrvjdjgs quc gercdc` cstgs parahgrcs, dasj cf 3>% hccstgs gercdc` u` ìcrg ichjg-aftg hc scrvjdjgs.

Afog ic`gs hc fa ijtah hc fgs parahgrcs gercdc` mabjtadjg`cs dg` vjstas para susdfjc`tcs.

Ejàfic`tc sc ma` jhc`tjejdahg 4 orupgs cstratojdgs hc`trg hc csta datcogra hcârahgrcs.

Cf orupg 1 basa su cstratcoja c` fa dapadjhah esjda hc fgs parahgrcs, fa duafcòfgba afouàs hc fas varjabfcs aàfjzahas dgig sg` cf ìcrg hc mabjtadjg`cs, cf


36/37


48

ìcrg hc safg`cs, fa dapadjhah hc fgs safg`cs y cf c`tgr`g. Hc`trg hc cstc orupg scc`duc`tra` fgs parahgrcs hc Darigà, Ayaig`tc y Dazgrfa.

Cf orupg 2 basa su cstratcoja c` fuoarcs hc sgdjafjzadj` para sus dfjc`tcs, c` faduaf sc c`duc`tra` fas sjoujc`tcs varjabfcs; tjpg hc dgdjà, dapadjhah hc fgs fgdafcs,rcstaura`tc, tcrraza y bar. Csta cstratcoja fa sjouc` afou`gs parahgrcs dgig sg` cf hcA`tcqucra, Drhgba y Dhjz.

Cf orupg 4 cs cf is ùicrgsg c j`dfujra a aqucffgs parahgrcs quc basa` sucstratcoja c` fa afta dgdjà. Cstgs parahgrcs sg` fgs sjoujc`tcs< ârahgr hc IfaoaOjbrafearg, Ifaoa Ogfe, @crla, bcha y Ardgs hc fa Erg`tcra.

Cxjstc` parahgrcs `g j`dfujhgs c` fgs orupgs cstratojdgs a`tcrjgrcs dgig sg` fgsârahgrcs hc Rg`ha, Iazao`, Igldar, La` y Oraàha.

Dgig fjijtadj` af cstuhjg rcafjzahg pghcigs scafar quc, hcbjhg a fa dghjejdadj`hc fgs hatgs a fa mgra hc rcafjzar fas orejdas, sc ma` pghjhg pcrhcr hatgs cspcdejdgshc fas daradtcrstjdas hc fgs ârahgrcs. Au` dg`gdjc`hg hjdma pgsjbfc prhjha hc

jègriadj`, mcigs gptahg pgr asuijrfa pgr fgs bc`cejdjgs quc apgrta hjdmadghjejdadj` c` cf trataijc`tg hc fgs hatgs.


37/37

XEO-EJDG. ârahgrcs

BJBFJGORAEA

Dasaùcva Rgdma, D., Oaffcog oucha, A. (2>12)< Hjrcddj` cstratojda hcgroa`jzadjg`cs turstjdas, Ch. jrijhc, Iahrjh.

Dfavcr Dgrts, C., Igfjà Azgr`, E., ^crcjra Igfjà, L. (2>>5)< Orupgs cstratojdgs ysu jèfuc`dja sgbrc cf hcscipcg c` cf scdtgr mgtcfcrg, Ch. S`jvcrsjtarja RaiÀrcdcs, Iahrjh.

Hcz hc Dastrg, C.^., Oarda hcf Lu`dg, L., Iart` Lji`cz, E. y ^crjacz Drjstbaf, R.(2>>1)< Ahij`jstradj` y hjrcddj`, Ch. Iad Oraw Mjff, Iahrjh.

Jò Oabrjcf ^ca, Dg`suftgrcs Asgdjahgs< mttp8/18).

Iart`, R (2>1>)< Cstuhjg hc dgrrcfadjg`cs dg` T^TT, Csducfa supcrjgr hc jègritjda,S`jvcrsjhah hc Dastjffa Fa Ia`dma.

Groa`jzadj` Iu`hjaf hcf Xurjsig (G.I.X.) (1::4)< Hcej`jdjg`cs rcfatjvas a fascstahstjdas hcf turjsig, Ch. G.I.X. Iahrjh.

âlarcs, A. (2>1>)< Iaùaf hc cstahstjda hcsdrjptjva para cf turjsig, Tcvjffa.

^grtcr, I.C. (2>1>)< Cstratcoja dgipctjtjva< td`jda para cf a`fjsjs hc fa ciprcsa ysus dgipctjhgrcs, Ch. jrijhc, Iahrjh.

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Srjcf, C. Z Igèart, U.I. (hjrcdtgrcs) (2>>1)< Cf scdtgr turstjdg c` Cspaa, Ch. Dala hcAmgrrgs hcf Ichjtcrr`cg, Uafc`dja.

_cb hc ârahgrcs dg` addcsg c`mttp

Identificación de grupos estratégicos de los Paradores de Andalucía

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