________________________________________________________________________________

-

..

11 1574

( 1)

1574

2011

________________________________________________________________________________

-

..

11 1574 ( 1)

1574

9 16 2011 -

2011

811.111 81.2 . -465 .. -465 11

1574 ( 1): 1574/ .. ; . - .: , 2011. - 122 c.

11

, Intermediate, . 2- , . , , .

811.111

81.2 .

, 2011. .., 2011.

11 1574. 1

3

PART I. Contents: pages: 1. Holidays .......................4-15 2. Travel and Transport .....16-27 3. Education and Learning ...28-41 4. Science and Technology....42-54 5. People and Society ................................................55-67 6. Shopping. .....................................68-73 7. Grammar Focus .74-111

..

4

TOPIC 1 HOLIDAYS 1. Read the dialogue HOLIDAY PLANS in roles and answer the questions on it. Mary - Have you had your holiday for this year yet, Jane? Jane - Not yet. Im taking it at the end of September. Mary - Where are you going? Have you made up your mind? Jane - Not really. I thought of going to Spain again, but Ive already been there twice and Id like to try somewhere new. Mary - My brothers just gone to Mexico for two weeks. I had a card from him yesterday and he seems to be having a good time. Why dont you go there? Jane - Thats O.K. for you well-off people, but I couldnt possibly afford it. Im much too hard up at the moment. Mary - The air-fare is quite expensive, I admit, but you neednt spend a lot when you get there. Jane -Ive already spent a lot of money this year. My flat was done up last month, so I havent got much to spare for expensive holidays abroad. Mary - Oh, I see. Jane -Perhaps Ill just go to Scotland or Ireland in the end. Ive heard theyre both very beautiful, and I havent been to either of them. Mary -We went to Ireland two years ago to pay Jill and her husband a visit. Theyre in Dublin now. Jane -Oh, yes, so they are! Mary -If you decide on Ireland you can call in on them. Jill would willingly put you up for a few days, Im sure. Jane -Thats a good idea! I havent seen Jill for more than three years now and Id like to know how shes getting on.

1. Has Jane had a holiday this year? 2. When is she taking a holiday? 3. Where did Mary suggest she should go? 4. Why cant she go to Mexico? 5. Why is she too hard up at the moment? 6. Where is she planning to go? 7. Why did Mary suggest going to Ireland? 8. Did Jane like the idea?

2. Study the following expressions:

1. holiday/ to be on holiday/ to have a holiday/ public holiday 2. at the end of smth/ in the end 3. to make up ones mind/to decide/to make a decision/decision-maker 4. well - off 5. to afford to do smth 6. to be hard up 7. to pay smb a visit/ to call (in) on smb 8. to do up a flat 9. willingly ant. reluctantly 10. to put smb up

3. Phrasal Verbs : PUT to put aside to put down 1) 2) , ()

11 1574. 1

5

to put down to to put forward , (, ) to put in , to put off (doing) smth - to put off smb to put on to put on weight to put out 1) , 2) to put through to to put up to put up with - 3.1. Fill in the gaps with prepositions:

1. I put _______________ his bad temper _____________ his recent illness. 2. Put ______________ all fires before leaving the camping ground. 3. Can you put me ________________ to this number. 4. The smell put me ________________ my food. 5. Can you put us ________________ for the weekend? 6. Make sure that you put _____________ every word she says. 7. Never put _____________ till tomorrow what you can do today. 8. I cannot put ______________ ______________ your behaviour any longer. 9. If I put _______________ another inch, I wont be able to put _____________ this dress. 10. She put her sewing ________________ when the telephone rang.

3.2. Fill in the gaps with prepositions:

Two weeks ago Pete put ___________ an idea to go for a drive to Monmouthshire, a county located in southeastern Wales. Monmouthshire comprises a lowland region in the south along the Severn estuary and a mountainous region in the north. The area contains signs of Roman occupation, notably at Caerleon, and a number of medieval structures, among them the Tintern Abbey which was put ____________________ in the 13th century. But you should know our company. Ann at once put ____________________ saying she was busy finishing her project. Then Nick offered to put ___________________ all the expenses. To drive by car was pleasant because you could see picturesque scenery and it was possible to stop and put _______________ the passengers when it was necessary. But landlords had put _______________ prices, he said, and it would not be reasonable to put __________________ a hotel. Maybe some of us had relatives or acquaintances in this area to put us _______________ for the night, he added.

There was a moments silence and then Charlie put _______________ his head from the book and said that he had an aunt leaving nearby and if we agreed to put ________________ her temper, he would phone her immediately. What do you mean by her temper? we asked. You see, she is a strange person. She has never got married, she has lived all her life in her own house and this has made an influence on her. First of all, she wears such odd clothes that everybody thinks she is living in the 1930s. So, dont pay attention to what dress she put ______________. Then, she is fond of putting __________________ the lights. Maybe she thinks it a great economy, but it irritates. She puts ________________ all the expenses and our visit will be a waste of money for her unless we promise to compensate everything for her being put ______________. And the last but not the least: her hobby is putting _______________ all conversations, Charlie explained. Of course, we were not rich people, but to put _________________ the extravagance of Charlies aunt was beyond us. It was decided to put ______________ the trip for a week and to put ________________ a small village inn.

..

6

4. Read the text below and decide which answer (A,B,C or D) best fits each gap. BRITISH HOLIDAYMAKERS The traditional British holiday at home is not dead. In fact, it could be making a comeback. Because of worries about traveling abroad, many British people have decided to investigate (1) a lot closer to home. Popular (2) such as Brighton in the south and Scarborough or Blackpool in the north have never really lost their (3) . However, some seaside towns, which until recently have struggled, are attracting more holidaymakers. Once they get there, holidaymakers need to be able to get around. While the car is still preferred, the majority of tourists will try at least one other (4) of transport during their holiday. Trains, for instance. Although few people would choose to start their two week break by taking the (5) train, a large number of them will enjoy the luxury of a restored wooden carriage on one of the many historical (6) in operation around the country. And for those who do make it to the sea, many are tempted by a (7) ride to nearby islands or a short (8) on a pleasure boat. We may not be tempted by the prospect of a three-week (9) to exotic and (10) countries, but our love of the sea is clearly not lost. However, a quick look inside the (11) lounges of our major airports will confirm that we are still queuing up in our thousands to (12) in for a flight in search of the one thing the British Isles cannot guarantee sunshine.

1 A reports B arrivals C cultures D resorts 2 A destinations B directions C venues D excursions 3 A popularity B fame C growth D inhabitants 4 A way B method C means D sort 5 A direct B express C rapid D delayed 6 A platforms B runways C rails D railways 7 A transport B ferry C sail D ship 8 A run B package C cruise D ticket 9 A voyage B sail C flight D travel 10 A distant B away C further D long 11 A departure B going C exit D holiday 12 A book B register C check D go

5. Read the text A DAY AT THE SEASIDE and do the following tasks: 1. What are the things that might spoil a typical day at the seaside? 2. Does the author mention any of the things you listed in 1? 3. Decide which of the following statements are true and which are false. a) The author 1. enjoys the prospect of a day on the beach. 2. isnt very proud of his body. 3. doesnt get bad sunburn. b) The authors wife . 1. is looking forward to a day on the beach. 2. doesnt usually get her own way. 3. says that Irish setters are very clean. c) The authors youngest child 1. is very demanding. 2. is called Jimmy. 3. needed to go to the toilet.

11 1574. 1

7

A DAY AT THE SEASIDE by Bill Bryson Bill Bryson was born in America but lived for many years in England. Hes the best-selling author of many humorous travel books. Every year, about this time, my wife wakes me up with a playful slap and says? Ive got an idea. Lets drive for three hours to the ocean, take off most of our clothes and sit on some sand for a whole day. What for? I will say warily.

It will be fun, she will insist. I dont think so, I will reply. People find it disturbing when I take my shirt off in public. I

find it disturbing. No, it will be great. Well get sand in our shoes. Well get sand in our sandwiches and then

in our mouths. Well get sunburned and windburned. And when we get tired of sitting, we can have a paddle of water so cold it actually hurts. At the end of the day, well set off at the same time as 37,000 other people and get in such a traffic jam that we wont get home till midnight. I can make interesting observations about your driving skills, and the children can pass the time sticking each other with sharp objects. It will be such fun.

The tragic thing is that because my wife is English, and therefore beyond the reach of reason where saltwater is concerned, she really will think its fun. Frankly, I have never understood the British attachment to the seaside.

So when, last weekend, my wife suggested that we take a drive to the sea, I put my foot down and said, Never absolutely not, which is of course why we ended up, three hours later, at Kennebunk Beach in Maine. On arrival, our youngest Ill call him Jimmy in case he should one day become a lawyersurveyed the scene and said, OK, Dad, heres the situation. I need an ice cream, a Li-Lo, a deluxe bucket and spade set, a hot dog, some candy floss, an inflatable dinghy, scuba equipment, my own water slide, a cheese pizza with extra cheese and a toilet. They dont have those things here, Jimmy, I chuckled. I really need the toilet. I reported this to my wife. Then youll have to take him to Kennebunkport, she said serenely from beneath a preposterous sun hat. By the time we found a toilet, little Jimmy didnt need to go any more, so we returned to the beach. By the time we got there, some hours later, I discovered that everyone had gone off for a swim, and there was only one half-eaten sandwich left. I sat on a towel and nibbled at the sandwich. Oh look, Mummy, said number two daughter gaily when they emerged from the surf a few minutes later. Daddys eating the sandwich the dog had. Tell me this isnt happening, I began to whimper. Dont worry, dear, my wife said soothingly, It was an Irish setter. They are very clean. I dont remember much after that. I just had a little nap and woke to find that Jimmy was burying me up to my chest in sand which was fine, except that he had started at my head and I managed to get so sunburned that a dermatologist invited me to a convention in Cleveland the following week as an exhibit. We lost the car keys for two hours, the Irish setter came back and stole one of the beach towels, then nipped me on the hand for eating his sandwich and number two daughter got tar in her hair. It was a typical day at the seaside, in other words. Lovely, said my wife. We must do that again soon. And the heartbreaking thing is she really meant it.

..

8

6. Use the underlined words and expressions to complete the questions. Then answer the questions.

a) What would you use to remove _____________ from the bottom of your feet? b) What qualifications do you think are necessary to become a ____________________? c) When was the last time you ______________ in the sea? d) Have you ever had to pump up a Li-Lo or an ________________? e) Has a dog ever _________________ you on the leg? f) When you were a kid, in what sort of situations would your teacher ________________ and

not allow you to do something? g) Under what circumstances would you give somebody a ______________ on the back? h) Do you know anyone who always _________________ after lunch?

7. Think of a family holiday you went on when you were a child. You are going to tell your partner about it. The questions below may help you to do it. Where did you go? Who chose the holiday destination? Was it the first time youd been there or had you been there before? Who went on this holiday with you? How did you get there? Was it a good place for a holiday? Where did you stay? How did you spend your time there? Did everybody have a good time or was there somebody who didnt enjoy the holiday very much? Have you been back to the same place since you were a child? 8. Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line.

SCHOOL HOLIDAYS While this years school holidays are still quite fresh in the memory. It is perhaps the best time to begin making _________________________ for next year. Ask yourself how it went this year. Perhaps you only went as far as the ______________________________ video shop to rent a film. If this sounds like you, now is the time to consider your _____________________________ for next year and there is a huge choice of organizations _______________________ for teenagers tastes. Firstly, think about where you want to go. The first step in any holiday is deciding on a __________________. Do you want to travel abroad? If so, it is usually cheaper to go on a _______________________ holiday. Then again, perhaps you are the kind of person who needs to be active on holiday. If youre the ______________________ type who likes nothing more than a wide range of new and exciting _______________________ to try out an adventure holiday could be just the challenge you need. Above all, make sure you dont turn next years holiday into a struggle for ________________________ . Having a good time can sometimes be an ____________________ in itself.

PREPARE NEAR OPT CATER LOCATE PACK DOOR ACTIVE SURVIVE ACHIEVE

11 1574. 1

9

9. This is part of a letter from your English friend, who writes It was great to hear that you went to (country) during your summer holidays. I have always wanted to visit this wonderful country. Did you enjoy your journey? What places of interest did you visit? What impressed you most of all? Did you like the hotel? As to my family news, my aunt Alice came to visit us Drop me a line when you can. Lots of love, Mary Write a letter to Mary. In your letter answer her questions about your journey to (country) and ask three questions about her aunt. Write 100-140 words. Remember the rules of letter writing. 10. You are going to hear two women talking about a holiday in France. Read the sentences, and choose the best option: A,B, or C to complete the statements about the recording. (Exam Excellence Unit 11 8 23) 1. Paulas friend says that A. She has been ill. B. Paula doesnt look very well. C. she is pleased to see Paula. 2. Before the trip , Paula A. was enthusiastic about it. B. wanted to go to the Lake District. C. didnt tell anybody she was going. 3. Before Mark and Paula went to Paris, A. Marks boss didnt want him to go. B. Paula arranged for somebody to look after the hamster. C. Paulas sister promised to look after the children. 4. The journey across the Channel A. was very smooth. B. was unpleasant for Paula. C. lasted eight hours. 5. The only thing Paula liked about Paris was A. the weather. B. the accommodation. C. the shops. 6. The return trip from Paris was A. disturbed by a flood. B. an enjoyable experience. C. earlier than planned.

..

10

11. You are going to read an article from the travel section of a newspaper about Lima, the capital of Peru. For questions 1-8, choose the answer (A,B,C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

As large numbers of European tourists begin to tire of the delights of inexpensive sun and sand on the coasts of their own continent, travel agents are putting together trips to more and more exotic destinations which dont normally come up in the post-Christmas where are we going this year? discussion. One city which is beginning to appear in more and more brochures is Lima, the capital of Peru. From surfing on the Pacific beaches of Punta Hermosa to exploring history in the National Museum, Lima has something to appeal to everyone.

Todays Lima is a huge city of almost 8 million people. The population is very mixed, consisting of native South Americans, mestizos (people of mixed native and European origins) and Europeans, particularly Spanish. The mestizos have long been the largest group, but the make-up of the city has changed over time. Large numbers of native people have moved out of the countryside and into Lima. Although many of them have managed to adapt to city life and have become wealthier than they were in the country, many live in areas known as pueblos jovenes (young towns), which dont have modern facilities yet.

It was the Spanish who conquered this area in the sixteenth century, and despite the modern development which took place during the twentieth century, their influence can still be seen in some historical buildings. Amongst the skyscrapers and luxury hotels, attractions such as Lima Cathedral stand out. In spite of the earthquake which have forced rebuilding and which still shake the area from time to time, the cathedral is a beautiful reminder of the history of the city.

The climate makes it an attractive place to visit at any time of the year. Visitors should bear in mind that it is south of the equator, so the seasons are reversed compared to Europe. The geography of the area, including hills, valleys and coastal areas, means that conditions can vary considerably from one district to the next. The morning fog that hang over the coast of the Surco area in winter, for example, could appear on the same day the next district, La Molina, enjoys warm sunny weather. Unusually for such a large city, there is almost no rainfall, although summer showers occasionally come down from the mountains in the evening. One of the things that strikes any visitor is the cuisine. The mixed population means that many influences are combined, from native and Spanish dishes to more recent tastes, such as Chinese and other Asian food. Limas seafood restaurants are quickly gaining an international reputation and provide the perfect spot from which to watch the Lima nightlife pass by.

Getting around Lima can present challenges, even to experienced travelers, but a little patience (and perhaps a little Spanish!) goes a long way. Buses and taxis are generally cheap, and the new Metropolitano system, which the mayor hopes to introduce, will mean that buses run in special lanes and get to their destination without getting caught up in the Lima traffic. The rail service, the Lima Metro, provides a limited service, since the planned system is still in the process of being completed. 1. More people are considering going to Lima on holiday because A. they can avoid crowds of tourists there. B. it is cheaper than holidaying in Europe. C. you can do things there you cant do in Europe. D. they are bored with resorts closer to home. 2. Most people in Lima are A. mestizos. B. of Spanish origin. C. native South Americans. D. of European origin.

11 1574. 1

11

3. The population of Lima has grown due to A. an increase in the number of houses available. B. the number of Spanish people moving there. C. problems faced by people in areas outside the city. D. an increase in the number of mestizos. 4. Lima Cathedral is an example of A. modern architecture in Peru. B. modern development spoiling Lima. C. a building that looks Spanish. D. native South American architecture. 5. Which of the following are you unlikely to see in Lima? A. fog in Surco in July B. light rain in the evening in December C. sunny winter days in La Molina D. heavy rain in Surco 6. The food in the restaurants in Lima is A. simple and traditional. B. becoming more famous. C. just like Spanish food. D. unpopular with tourists. 7. What does the writer suggest might help in traveling around Lima? A. knowing the local language B. only taking short trips C. asking people to be patient with you D. planning a route which avoids the traffic 8. The general impression of Lima the writer wants to give is of a city A. where people dont live well. B. with a lot of history which has developed rapidly. C. where different groups of people struggle against each other. D. that travelers will find difficult and frustrating. 12. Read the text below and decide which answer (A,B,C or D) best fits each gap. ALTERNATIVE HOLIDAYS The concept of exotic holidays is not new. (1) . And other travel packages to tropical locations have long been popular and are more (2) now than ever. The wealthy have gone on trips to exotic places since the nineteenth century, but now ordinary people have enough money for this kind of holiday. (3) are increasingly interested in doing something different and want more exciting (4) . A number of tour companies have responded with a new (5) of options, including African safaris.

..

12

Going on safari is a totally (6) form of holiday. (7) by a safari guide, groups travel into the African wilderness to experience close up the (8) of the wild. Being so close to the animals is a once-in-a-lifetime experience. (9) species, which are (10) seen outside the zoo, provide a great (11) . On safari, you see the animals in their natural environment, behaving as they do normally. Safaris arent for everyone, however especially those who are easily (12) !

1 A Decks B Cabins C Traffic D Cruises 2 A sensitive B affordable C logical D effective 3 A Guides B Spectators C Guests D Holidaymakers 4 A journey B trip C travel D movement 5 A collection B mixture C range D combination 6 A unique B sole C singular D lone 7 A Accepted B Delayed C Accompanied D Developed 8 A scare B thrill C trauma D fright 9 A Environmental B Obsolete C Extinct D Endangered 10 A gradually B rarely C only D frequently 11 A event B attraction C show D invitation 12 A tempted B disgusted C frightened D horrified

13. Read the article on tourism. Several phrases have been removed from the article. Fill in the gaps with the suitable phrases. There is one extra phrase. A. who have been there and done that B. through a small, locally run firm called Amadiba Adventures C. that were trying to look like the Mediterranean D. because they will benefit from it E. which offers them the opportunity to make huge profits from tourism F. as that region becomes more integrated into the global economy G. when Africans first realized that tourism might be a way out of poverty H. that the standard two-week beach holiday is becoming less popular

GETTING OFF THE BEATEN TRACK

Back in the 1980s and early 1990s, 1________________, they built big concrete hotels on the beaches of Kenya, South Africa and other countries. For some time numerous charter flights came from Germany and Italy. Tourists hoping to see lions in nature reserves but also expecting to enjoy the comforts of home packed into overcrowded resorts 2 ______________. That was then. Fortunately, a new kind of travel is in fashion now. Todays tourists are leaving the European-style hotels for more authentic experiences, like horseback-riding through the bush. Sitting by the fire at night after a typical dinner of meat stew, pumpkin leaves and wild spinach, they listen to the local Xhosa people telling folk stories. This experience is not offered by a multinational tour operator but by the Xhosa themselves, 3 ___________________. The money they earn will provide the Xhosa tour guides with an income two and a half times the average local wage. In many ways, this off-the-beaten-track holiday represents the future of global tourism. Despite difficulties., international and domestic tourism is expected to grow fast over the next two decades. WQhile a global recession and the terrorist attacks of 9/11 pushed down tourist numbers in 2001 for the first time since 1982, the impact was less than many had expected. Longer-term trends, including a rise in global wealth, improving transport technology, cheaper flights and the use of the Internet as a travel tool, will make it possible for more people around the world to travel than ever

11 1574. 1

13

before. Last year there were 693 million international tourist arrivals. The World Tourism organization expects that number to increase to more than 1 billion by 2010. Tomorrows tourists will come from new places; the number of Asian, and particularly Chinese, tourists is predicted to explode 4 __________________. Future tourists will also want to do different things. While sun-and-sea tourism still dominates, overcrowding and time pressures mean 5 ________________. Rather than spending two weeks on a beach, Americans and Europeans are now taking shorter but more varied trips, causing the rapid development of adventure travel, ecotourism, cultural tours, spa holidays, cruises and sports vacations in ever more distant places: China, the Maldives, Botswana. Western travelers 6 ___________________ choose more exotic, individualized experiences. Local governments and firms are trying hard to satisfy this new demand, 7 _________________.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

14. Answer the following questions: 1. What famous tourist spots do you know? Which countries are they in? Have you been to any of them? 2. As a tourist, have you ever:

- been on a package holiday? - bought souvenirs? (What? Where?) - taken lots of photographs? (What of? Who? Where?) - filmed your holiday with a camcorder? (What? Who? Where?) - written your name in a visitors book or on a wall or building? (What? Where?)

15. Read the text DEATH BY TOURISM and do the tasks on it. Does tourism ruin everything that it touches? By Arnold Baker At the entrance to one of the ruined temples of Petra in Jordan, there is an inscription chiseled into the soft red rock. It looks as if it has been there for centuries. It could have been carved by one of king Herods soldiers, when they were imprisoned in the town in 40 BC. But closer inspection reveals that it is not so ancient after all. It reads: Shane and Wendy from Sydney were there. April 16th 1996. The ruins of Petra were discovered in 1810 by a Swiss explorer, and a recent report has just concluded that they are in grave danger of being destroyed by the unstoppable march of tourism. More than 4,000 tourists a day tramp through Petras rocky tombs. They wear away the soft red sandstone to powder and (occasionally!) scratch their names into the rock. It is not just Petra that is under threat of destruction. More than 600 million tourists a year now travel the globe, and vast numbers of them want to visit the worlds most treasured sites: the Parthenon, the Taj Mahal, Stonehenge, the national parks of Kenya. The tourist industry will soon be the largest industry in the world, and it has barely reached its 50th birthday. Many places that once were remote are now part of package tours. Will nothing put a stop to the growth of tourism? A brief history of tourism The Romans probably started it with their holiday villas in the Bay of Naples. In the 19th century, the education of the rich and privileged few was not complete without a Grand Tour of Europes cultural sites. Things started to change for ordinary people in 1845 when Thomas Cook, of Leicester, England, organized the first package tour. By 1939, an estimated one million people were traveling abroad for holidays each year.

..

14

It is in the last three decades of the 20th century that tourism has really taken off. Tourism has been industrialized: landscapes, cultures, cuisines, and religions are consumer goods displayed in travel brochures. Tourism today The effects of tourism since the 1960 have been incredible. To take just a few examples:

The Mediterranean shores have a resident population of 130 million, but this swells to 230 million each summer because of the tourists. This is nothing. The United Nations projects that visitors to the region could number 760 million by the year 2025. In Spain, France, Italy, and most of Greece, there is no underdeveloped coastline left, and the Mediterranean is the dirtiest sea in the whole world.

In the Alps, the cable cars have climbed ever higher. More and more peaks have been conquered. It is now an old Swiss joke that the government will have to build new mountains because they have wired up all the old ones. There are 15,000 cable car systems and 40,000 kilometres of ski-runs.

American national parks have been operating permit systems for years. But even this is not enough for the most popular sites. By 1981, there was an eight-year waiting list to go rafting down the Grand Canyons Colorado River, so now there is a lottery once a year to select the lucky travelers.

In Notre Dame in Paris, 108 visitors enter each minute during opening hours. Thirty-five buses, having put down their passengers, wait outside, their fumes eating away at the stonework of the cathedral.

Poor Venice with its unique, exquisite beauty. On one hot, historic day in 1987, the crowds were so great that the city had to be closed to all visitors.

In Barbados and Hawaii, each tourist uses ten times as much water and electricity as a local inhabitant. Whilst feeling that this is unfair, the locals acknowledge the importance of tourism to their economy overall.

The prehistoric cave paintings at Lascaux in France were being slowly ruined by the breath and bacteria from 200,000 visitors a year. The caves have now been closed to the public and a replica has been built. This is much praised for its likeness to the original.

The future of tourism Will there be more replicas like in Lascaux? There already are. Heritage theme parks (mini-Disneylands!) are springing up everywhere. Many of the great cities of Europe, such as Prague, Rome, and Warsaw, are finding that their historic centres are fast becoming theme parks tourist ghettos, filled with clicking cameras and whirring camcorders, abandoned by all local residents except for the souvenir sellers. Until recently, we all believed that travel broadened the mind, but now many believe the exact opposite: Modern travel narrows the mind. 1. Answer the following questions: -What do you understand by the title of the article? -What famous tourist spots are mentioned in the text? What is said about them? -Is the writer optimistic or pessimistic about the future of tourism? 2. Are the following statements true () or false (x)? Correct the false ones with the right information. An ancient inscription has been discovered at the entrance of a ruined temple in Petra. Nearly 1.5 million tourists a year visit Petra. The stone in Petra is so soft that the tourists feet are destroying it. Tourism has been the worlds largest industry since the 1960s.

11 1574. 1

15

It is now possible to go everywhere in the world on a package holiday. In the 19th century, Thomas Cook organized tours of Europes cultural sites for rich people. The number of foreign tourists has been growing gradually since 1939. There will be a huge increase in the numbers of tourists to the Mediterranean. The Swiss are considering ways of creating new mountains for skiers. Nowadays, you can only go rafting down the Colorado River if you win a lottery. The caves of Lascaux are going to be closed to the public and a replica is going to be built in Disneyland. Local people are moving away from many historic city centres. 16. COMMENT ON THE FOLLOWING STATEMENT: Package holidays which include all flights, accommodation and tours are very popular with some holidaymakers. Other travelers say that making your own holiday plans is better. What is your opinion? Is it better to go on a package holiday or to make your own plans? Write 200-250 words. Use the following plan:

1. Introduction (State the problem). 2. Express your opinion and give reasons for it. 3. Give other peoples arguments and explain why they are wrong. 4. Conclusion.

..

16

TOPIC 2 TRAVEL AND TRANSPORT 1.You are going to read the true story of how Nigel Hughes flew to Brazil by accident. How do you think this could have happened? Read the text through and check whether your prediction was right. I FLEW TO BRAZIL BY ACCIDENT Setting into my seat on the plane, I felt tired, ready for a drink and looking forward to getting home. As I sipped a gin and tonic and pushed my seat back, I remember thinking, Only a couple of hours and Ill be home. Id phoned my girlfriend, Georgina, from Copenhagen before the plane took off, to tell her I was on my way. Shed said shed pick me up at Heathrow Airport but I told her not to bother. Id make my own way home. After another drink, I snoozed until I heard a flight attendant announce, We will shortly be landing at Heathrow. Better get my things together, I thought. And that was it. I honestly dont remember another thing until I woke up again later on. For a couple of minutes I sat wondering sleepily if we were still on our way down to Heathrow. Then I began to realize something funny was going on. The two seats next to me had been empty when I fell asleep. Now a man was lying across them sleeping. Thered been a little girl in front, whod kept grinning at me over the back of her seat. She had gone. And weirdest of all, all the lights were off and everyone seemed to be asleep. Slowly it began to dawn on me what had happened. I simply couldnt believe it and felt increasingly horrified. The plane must have landed at Heathrow, let off some passengers, taken on others and set off on the next part of its journey. And I knew where that was to Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil. What on earth was I going to do? Poor Georgina would be wondering what had happened to me, and by now she was frantic with worry. And I was stuck on the plane with no ticket. Would they believe it was an accident? Had I really fallen so deeply asleep that Id completely missed the plane landing and taking off again? Id certainly been tired but this was ridiculous! Not knowing what else to do, I went to look for a flight attendant and told her what had happened. I found out it was about 3 a.m. and we were several hours into the 11-hour flight to brazil. The flight attendant thought it was very funny and told me not to worry. There wasnt much anyone could do, anyway. We landed in Rio at lunchtime on the Saturday. I was slightly worried that I might be haulerd off the plane and locked up as an illegal immigrant. In fact, they took me straight to the departure lounge and told me that I had to sit and wait for the next flight to London, which was at 10 oclock. The first thing I did was call Georgina. She was furious because she had convinced herself that Id been in a plane crash which shed heard about on the news. Once Id made the call, I decided it would be a shame to be in Rio and not see any of it. So, I slipped out of the airport and jumped into a passing taxi. It was surprisingly easy. The driver took me round Rio and down to Copablanca beach. It was great! There I was, sitting on one of the most exotic beaches in the world instead of being back in gloomy England, hard at work. The thought of work and the valuable contract I knew I had now lost depressed me for a moment. But then I decided that since I couldnt do a thing about it, I might as well take in the sights. In the late afternoon I headed back to the airport. I had to confess that Id sneaked out. The airline staff were not at all pleased and gave me an escort to watch my every move. However, I wasnt planning on going anywhere else-I wasnt going to miss that plane home. Fortunately, there were no problems or delays and we landed at Heathrow at lunchtime on the Sunday. Id set off from Denmark 48 hours earlier and had spent most of that time in the air. Id travelled an unbelievable 11,000 miles across the world and back, had a quick paddle in Brazil and landed back home again, tired, fed up but none the worse for experience.

11 1574. 1

17

Georgina recovered from the shock and was able to see the funny side of it, eventually. As for me, I still havent worked out how I slept through a whole landing and take-off. 2. Find the following words or phrases in the text which have these meanings -smiling from ear to ear -strangest -extremely anxious -dark and depressing -start a journey -walk in shallow water with bare feet 3. Answer the questions: 1.What had probably happened to the little girl who had been sitting in front of him? 2.Why did he have to confess that hed sneaked out? 3.Why do you think the airline staff were not at all pleased he had left the airport? 4. Work in a group. One of you will play the part of Nigel Hughes. Be ready to ask him lots of questions about his flight to Brazil. 5. This is part of a letter from your English pen friend, who writes Ive passed all my exams and now my friends and I are planning to go to Spain for two weeks. Isnt it fun? But we havent decided which means of transport to use. What do you suggest? By the way, Ive never flown in my life. Have you ever travelled by plane? If my friends insist on flying, what do you think I should do not to feel scared? As to my family news, I have got a niece. She was born two days ago. Now Im an aunt Write back soon. Love, Virginia Write back to Virginia, answering her questions and asking her three questions about her niece. Write 100-140 words. Remember the rules of letter-writing. 6. Imagine youre going on a months holiday traveling around Europe by train. What problems might you encounter? What precautions would you take? Read the text EURORAILING. Choose suitable headings for the eight sections of the leaflet from this list. There is one heading you do not need to use. Write the section numbers in the spaces. A. Beware of criminals B. Calling all students C. Planning a sensible schedule D. Take care but enjoy yourself E. Trains! Theyre the best F. Money matters G. Packing the essentials H. Minor irritations I. Fill your time

..

18

1. __________________________________ Thanks to their extended summer vacations, students are in the enviable position of being able to travel round Europe by rail and see the sights on the cheap. This article points out some of the pros and cons of traveling by train. 2.___________________________________ The sense of freedom offered by rail travel is unrivalled by any other, except perhaps the less safe option of hitch-hiking. Trains are also a great way to meet local people and, compared with other long-distance modes of transport, the Greenest you can get. Rail travel allows you to explore the hidden corners of the continent, especially areas where rural lines are still open and trains are still the most common form of public transport. Its also a relaxing way to travel, whether youre using it as a cheap bed for the night, or as a ring-side seat for a series of stunning views. 3.____________________________________ The first step before you go is to choose one of the Eurorail schemes available. After that, there are a few tips to bear in mind before you leave. Budgeting always causes headaches and its worth finding out which are the expensive and the cheap countries. Its sensible to take some cash, but you should take most of your money in travellers cheques. Choose a well-known brand and buy small denominations. 4.____________________________________ Your most important piece of equipment is your backpack, and its worth choosing one thats comfortable and light, sits just above your hips, and is high rather than wide when full. A day-pack is useful for sightseeing, and a pair of comfortable walking shoes is vital, along with dark, hard-wearing clothes. As a general rule, put out everything you want to take then halve it. Some things, however, should not be left behind. An alarm-click (so you dont miss those early trains); a scarf to cover your shoulders or legs for visits to churches or mosques; photocopies of all your important documents best packed separately or given to a traveling companion; toilet paper, soap and a universal plug; a Swiss army penknife; numerous plastic bags; a water bottle and a small first aid kit. 5._____________________________________ The fun really starts once youre out there, of course hunting for a hostel at 10 p.m., being ripped off by a taxi driver who claims there are no buses to your campsite or being turned away from a famous tourist attraction for wearing shorts. There are compensations for these frustrations ( which make the best stories afterwards, anyway!), but many problems can be avoided if youre aware of the potential pitfalls before you leave. 6.______________________________________ The golden rule is not to try to cram too much into the time available. Trying to see the whole of Europe in a month, by spending every night on a train and an afternoon in each capital city will result in an unsatisfactory blur of shallow impressions. It is also a recipe for disaster, as you will be tired, grumpy and unreceptive for most of your trip. Instead, try to vary your route, mixing visits to cities with relaxing spells on the beach or in the countryside. 7._______________________________________ Each year a few unlucky travelers have their valuables stolen. The best way to prevent this is to carry them with you at all times, preferably in a money belt or a neck pouch. This is specially important on night trains, where most thefts occur. Another sensible precaution is not to sleep rough youre just asking for trouble. Watch out for conmen at stations: they will try to persuade you to accept a room, tempting you with glamorous pictures of a hotel which turns out to be awful and whose price will have doubled by the time you reach it. Far better to go and see accommodation yourself before accepting it. And if youre on a tight budget, its always worth asking if theyve got anything cheaper. 8._______________________________________ These ideas are really just common sense, but its amazing how often theyre overlooked. But the most important tip of all this- have fun!

11 1574. 1

19

7. Read questions 1-6. Then read the leaflet again and choose the correct answers. 1.The main purpose of this text is to A. highlight the problems associated with rail travel. B. emphasize the many advantages of rail travel. C. give advice to students about rail travel. D. promote and advertise rail travel. 2.The writer advises students to take A. no cash. B. money in more than one form. C. only travellers cheques. D. a credit card. 3.When they are packing for a rail holiday, the writer advises students to A. include only small objects. B. take more than they think theyll really need. C. take less than they really want to. D. leave behind nothing they think they may need. 4. According to the writer, the best thing about bad experiences on holiday is that you A. forget about them later. B. may receive compensation afterwards. C. can learn something useful for the future. D. can tell people about them later. 5. When planning a route, the writer advises students to A. see as much as possible in the time they have. B. visit places but also rest from time to time. C. go sightseeing in the afternoons and travel by night. D. see everything in a month. 6. What should travelers do to prevent their valuables from being stolen? A. They should keep them with them all the time. B. They should not travel on trains at night. C. They should not fall asleep on trains. D. They should be especially careful at stations. 7. Find the English equivalents to the following words and phrases: (1)- (2)- (3)- (4)- (5)- (5)- (6)- (7)- (8)-

..

20

8. Work with your partner. Make up the following dialogue: Dialogue 2 (3-4 minutes) (Practice tests test 14) You are planning to spend a weeks holiday in a city about 1,000 kilometres away from where you live. You are deciding how to get there. Your friend has a driving licence but you dont. You can go by:

hitchhiking bus train plane rented car

Remember to:

discuss all the options take an active part in the conversation and be polite come up with ideas give good reasons find out your friends attitudes and take them into account invite your friend to come up with suggestions come to an agreement

9. Read this account of Nick Campbells motorbike trip across the US. What problems did he have? Nick Campbell sat at the side of the road and wondered what to do next. He looked at the second-hand Harley Davidson hed bought from a back-street garage back home in Miami at the beginning of his trip six weeks before. For years he had dreamt of crossing the United States from east to west by motorbike and hed finally decided that it was now or never. Hed given up his job, sold his car and set off for the journey of his dreams. Hed been lucky, or so he thought, to find this old Harley Davidson and had bought it for a very reasonable price it had cost him just $600. But five kilometers from Atlanta, he had run out of luck. The motorbike had broken down. He pushed the bike into town and found a garage. The young mechanic told him to leave the bike overnight and come back the next day. The following morning, to his surprise, the man asked if the bike was for sale. Certainly not, he replied, paid his bill and hit the road. When he got to Kansas the old machine ran out of steam again. This time Nick thought about selling it and buying something more reliable, but decided to carry on. When the bike was going well, he loved it. However, in Denver, Colorado, the bike broke down yet again so he decided to take it to a garage and offer it for sale. The mechanic told him to come back in the morning. The next day, to his amazement, the man offered 42,000. Realizing the man must be soft in the head, but clearly not short of money, Nick asked for $3,000. The man agreed and they signed the papers. Then the mechanic stated laughing. In fact it was several minutes before he could speak and when he could he said, Thats the worst deal youll ever make, boy. 10. Answer the following questions: a) Where was Nick Campbell at the beginning of the story? b) What happened in Miami, Atlanta, Kansas and Denver? c) How much did Nick pay for the bike? d) How much did he sell it for? e) How much money did he make from the sale? f) Guess why the mechanic said, Thats the worst deal youll ever make, boy.

11 1574. 1

21

11. Now read the real ending to the story. Do you think the mechanic was fair? How do you think Nick felt? He removed the seat. On the underside was the inscription: To Elvis, love James Dean. 12. For Questions 1-15, read the text below and decide which answer A,B,C or D best fits each space. The scooter has been a popular way of getting around European cities for over forty years. Traditionally, the scooter has been (1) as a symbol of (2) independence and freedom. Rome, with a higher per capita (3) than any other European city, is the undisputed European (4) of the scooter. In the 50s and 60s the scooter was a fashion statement for British Mods and Italian glitterati. Today, (5) its more a way of life for all ages and (6) groups. One is as (7) to see a businessman (8) a scooter as an adolescent. The scooter is favoured by those for whom time is money. Using a scooter can (9) journey times by up to 50%. Veteran scooter riders maintain that it is the sense of freedom which is the (10) of attraction. Style used to be a consideration but nowadays Italian scooterers are more (11) with mobility rather (12) style. (13) of the scooter maintain that scooters became popular because they were an affordable means of transport for the working class. The (14) in sales in the 60s and 70s was caused by a new-found prosperity which made cars more affordable. Paradoxically, Italians are now (15) round once again to the scooter because there are so many cars on the road.

1 A held B supported C seen D faced 2 A toddler B young C grown D youthful 3 A method B employ C function D usage 4 A landmark B capital C queen D emblem 5 A however B consequently C obviously D although 6 A wages B benefit C income D salary 7 A maybe B likely C probable D possible 8 A moving B driving C steering D riding 9 A lessen B cut off C shorten D shrink 10 A definite B main C central D steady 11 A concerned B cared C interested D concentrated 12 A of B from C than D in 13 A Mobs B Crowds C Favourites D Fans 14 A failure B decline C weakening D reduction 15 A coming B facing C approaching D turning

13. What is the most interesting journey you have ever had? Tell your partner about the journey. Give as much detail as possible. The questions below may help you to do it. Where was the journey from and where was it to? What form of transport did you use? Who did you go with? How much time did you spend preparing for it? What did you take with you? What was the weather like? How long did it take you? How many times did you stop en route? What for? Did anything unusual or unexpected happen? Would you go on the same journey again? Why/ Why not?

..

22

14. Read the text and answer the questions by circling the right number. Todays cars are smaller, safer, cleaner, and more economical than their predecessors, but the car of the future will be far more pollution-free than those on the road today. Several new types of automobile engines have already been developed that run on alternative sources of power, such as electricity, compressed natural gas, methanol, steam, hydrogen, and propane. Electricity, however, is the only zero emission option presently available. Although electric vehicles will not be truly practical until a powerful, compact battery of other dependable source of current is available, transportation experts foresee a new assortment of electric vehicles entering everyday life: shorter-range commuter electric cars, three-wheeled neighbourhood cars, electric delivery vans, bikes, and trolleys. As automakers work to develop practical electrical vehicles, urban planners and utility engineers are focusing on infrastructure systems to support and make the best use of the new cars. Public charging facilities will need to be as common as todays gas stations. Public parking spots on the street or in shop, dine, or attend a concert. To encourage the use of electric vehicles, the most convenient parking in transportation centres might be reserved for electric cars. Planners foresee electric shuttle buses, trains, buses, and neighbourhood vehicles all meeting at transit centres that would have facilities for charging and renting. Commuters will be able to rent a variety of electric cars to suit their needs: light trucks, one-person three-wheelers, small cars, or electric/gasoline hybrid cars for longer trips, which will no doubt take place on automated freeways capable of handling five times the number of vehicles that can be carried by a freeway today. 1. The following electrical vehicles are all mentioned in the passage EXCEPT: a. vans b. trains c. planes d. trolleys 2.The authors purpose in the passage is to a. criticize conventional vehicles b. support the invention of electric cars c. narrate a story about alternative energy vehicles d. describe the possibilities for transportation in the future 3. The passage would most likely be followed by details about a. automated freeways b. pollution restrictions on the future c. the neighbourhood of the future d. electric shuttle buses 4. In the second paragraph, the author implies that a. a dependable source of electric energy will eventually be developed b. everyday life will stay much the same in the future c. a single electric vehicle will eventually replace several modes of transportation d. electric vehicles are not practical for the future 5. According to the passage, public parking lots of the future will be a. more convenient than they are today b. equipped with charging devices c. much larger than they are today d. as common as todays gas stations

11 1574. 1

23

15. For questions 1-15, read the text below and decide which answer A,B,C or D best fits each space. Circle the chosen letter. ANGER ON THE ROADS The anger that descends on people when they get behind the steering wheel of a car used to be (1) as a joke. But the laughter is getting noticeably quieter (2) that the problem has become increasingly widespread. (3) in a traffic jam, with family cars inching their (4) past, the driver of a fast sports car begins to lose his temper. (5) the capabilities of his car, there is nothing he can do. The (6) is anger. Many people live in (7) of losing control. This is true of many situations but driving is a good example. People think that the car might not start, it might break (8) , or someone might run into it. Before anything even happens, people have worked themselves up into a (9) of anxiety. And when something does happen, they are (10) to explode. In fact, its their very anxiety about losing control that (11) them lose control. This isnt to (12) that all offenders have psychological problems or drive powerful sports cars. In fact, most of them are (13) ordinary human beings who have no history of violence. There is (14) something deep in our nature that (15) when we start up a car engine.

1 A found B. thought C. treated D. intended 2 A. once B. outcome C. since D. now 3 A. path B. outcome C. Held D. Fixed 4 A. path B. way C. course D. route 5 A. However B. Besides C. Although D. Despite 6 A. outcome B. event C. issue D. effect 7 A. worry B. fright C. fear D. concern 8 A. up B. down C. out D. off 9 A. state B. condition C. feeling D. case 10 A. good B. prepared C. near D. ready 11 A. causes B. leads C. makes D. forces 12 A. inform B. say C. tell D. announce 13 A. purely B. fully C. exactly D. perfectly 14 A. openly B. directly C. clearly D. frankly 15 A. excites B. awakens C. disturbs D. upsets

16. Read the text A ROAD ACCIDENT and do the tasks on it: It was raining heavily as I was walking up the hill towards the station at six oclock on a Saturday morning. At this early hour there wasnt much traffic and there werent many people in sight. Just as I was crossing the road near the top of the hill, a car came round the corner. It was traveling very fast and the driver was obviously having difficulty in controlling it. Suddenly it swerved violently, skidded on the wet road, hit a lamp-post and turned over. At once I ran to assist the driver, but he was unconscious and there was a lot of blood on his face. A young woman hurried into the station and phoned for an ambulance while I took care of the driver. A number of other people gathered round the car, but there wasnt a great deal we could do. A policeman arrived a few minutes later and asked me a lot of questions about the accident. Shortly afterwards the man came round, and he was groaning quietly when the ambulance arrived at high speed and rushed him away to hospital. On Monday morning I went to the hospital to enguire about the man. They told me that his injuries were not serious after all and that he was rapidly getting over the effects of the accident.

..

24

Answer the following questions: What was the weather like on a Saturday morning? Where was the narrator going? What did he see when he was crossing the road? What happened to the car? What did the narrator do? Who phoned for the ambulance? What did the policeman do? Was the man still unconscious when the ambulance arrived? What did the narrator learn when he went to the hospital on Monday morning? 17. Study the following: 1. accident, a road accident by accident = by chance 2. to rain, to snow heavily 3.to be in sight, to be out of sight Out of sight out of mind. To catch sight of, to lose sight of, at the sight of 4.obvious, obviously 5.to have difficulty in doing something without any difficulty to get into difficulties 6.to assist, assistance, to come to ones assistance an assistant 7.to be conscious, to be unconscious, consciousness, to lose consciousness = to go under to recover/to regain consciousness = to come round 8.to go/drive at high/full speed 9.to enquire about smth 10.to get over smth 18. Phrasal Verb GET Get smth across to smb- - - Get at- Get away- Get away with- , - Get back (to someone) - Get by- 1) 2) , Get down- , Get down to- - Get in- Get into- , Get on smbs nerves- - Get on- Get on for- - Get on with- , - Get out- , Get out of- Get round to- - Get to- -,

11 1574. 1

25

19.1. Rewrite these sentences, replacing the underlined phrases with the correct form of the expressions listed below which mean the same: 1. Leave a message and Ill return your call. 2. It may be difficult to make everyone understand your ideas. 3. He is a difficult person to have a friendly relationship with. 4. It is nearly lunchtime. 5. After a long delay he wrote the letter at last. 6. It may take you a while to become involved in the book. 7. I havent got time for a holiday but I hope to escape for a long weekend. 8. The plane arrived late. 19.2. Fill in the gaps with prepositions. Id like to tell you of the time I returned to my old school some fifteen years after Id left. The friend. The friend had been invited to speak as the guest of honour at some function or other at the school. He had been so insistent on my going that I couldnt really get (1)________________ It, though I wasnt really looking forward to coming face to face again with certain of the teachers. There was one of them; his name was Harrison and he and I just didnt get (2) ______________________ at all. There was something about the way he looked at you, as if he was about to say something unpleasant about your hair, your shoes or the way you walked and he always passed humiliating comments. It began to get (3) ___________________ my nerves. I felt as I was being persecuted, being got (4) ___________________. Things had got (5) _______________________ such a state that in my last few weeks at the school Id written what I thought was a fairly satirical piece making fun of him without mentioning him by name. Nobody on the teaching staff made any mention about it before I left and so I imagined I had got (6) __________________ it. The strange thing was that Harrison usually liked to have the last word and could not bear to be humiliated. Apparently the function at the school was to be a formal affair and the men were supposed to wear dinner jackets. On the day of the function I was flying back from abroad and by the time I got (7) ___________________ there was only a couple of hours to change and drive to the school. I say change but I had no formal clothes to change into because the case with my dinner jacket had gone missing. But I didnt let that get me (8) _______________ and thought the best thing was to get (9) ___________________ the school as quickly as possible. I arrived therefore dressed in my holiday attire, sneaked into the back of the hall and sat down. My friend gave a brilliant speech. The only worrying thing was that up on the platform sat the dreaded Harrison and I had the horrible feeling that he had spotted me and he had that strange look on his face as if he was up to something. From what I had heard from people around me, I learned that Harrison was retiring this term. The presentation was made by the headmaster saying he didnt know how the school would get (10) __________________ without Harrison and other complimentary things and then handed him his leaving present. Harrison rose with an evil smile on his face and assured the Head that the school would certainly get (11) ___________________ without him. He only hoped he would be able to get (12) ___________________ on his pension. Then suddenly he made a comment about how they must remember how fussy he always was about appearance and being properly dressed. He had, he said, got a special prize for the best dressed old boy. I heard my name being called out. All I wanted to do was get (13) ___________________ but I had no choice and strolled as casually as I could to loud cheers and cat calls, in my holiday outfit, up on to the stage. As he handed me a small book entitled How to look smart and shook my hand, he whispered, Ive waited fifteen years for this1 20. Read the text DRINKING AND DRIVING and circle the right answer: A, B, C or D. The legal limit for driving after drinking alcohol is 80 milligrams of alcohol in 100 millilitres of blood, when tested. But there is no sure way of telling how much you can drink before you reach this limit. It varies with each person depending on your weight, your sex, if youve just eaten and

..

26

what sort of drinks youve had. Some people might reach their limit after only about three standard drinks. In fact, your drinking ability can be affected by just one or two drinks. Even if youre below the legal limit, you could still be taken to court if a police officer thinks your driving has been affected by alcohol. It takes about an hour for the body to get rid of the alcohol in one standard drink. So, if you have a heavy drinking session in the evening you might find that your driving ability is still affected the next morning, or you could even find that youre still over the legal limit. In addition, if youve had a few drinks at lunchtime, another one or two drinks in the early evening may well put you over the legal limit. In a test with professional drivers, the more alcoholic drinks they had had the more certain they were that they could drive a test course through a set of moveable posts and the less they were able to do it! So the only way to be sure youre safe is not to drink at all. Alcohol is a major cause of road traffic accidents. One in three of the drivers killed in road accidents have levels of alcohol which are over the legal limit, and road accidents after drinking are the biggest cause of death among young men. More than half of the people stopped by the police to take a breathalyzer test have a blood alcohol concentration of more than twice the legal limit. It is important to remember that driving after youve been drinking doesnt just affect you. If youre involved in an accident it affects a lot of other people as well, not least the person you might kill or injure. 1.The amount of alcohol a person can drink before reaching the legal limit is A 800 mg of pure alcohol. B approximately three standard drinks. C different for different people. D exactly proportional to body weight. 2.When might you be taken to court by the police for drinking and driving? A When you have driven a vehicle after drinking any alcohol at all. B When you have drunk at least three drinks before driving. C Only when tests show that you have 80 mg of alcohol in 100 ml of blood. D When the police think that you have been drinking from the way you are driving. 3.When you have been drinking heavily in the evening, the next day you might be A still drunk until lunchtime. B unable to drive until the evening. C over the legal limit in the morning. D unable to drive all day. 4.Alcohol is a major cause of road accidents in that A most drivers who die in these accidents have been drinking. B more young men die in drink-related accidents than in any other way. C drinking affects peoples eye-sight. D one in three drivers drink heavily. 5.What does this article urge you to remember particularly about driving after drinking? A You may be taken to court by the police. B You are putting yourself in danger. C You may hurt another road-user. D You put many people at risk.

11 1574. 1

27

21. Fill in the correct form: CARS ON DISPLAY

At a recent Japanese auto show, several (1) _________________________ cars were displayed. They are designed to be smaller, lighter and to be powered by new (2) _______________________advanced engines. Few of these cars will go into (3) ______________________-since they are only concept cars. Other new ideas include using (4) ______________________to power cars. It is the most cars. It is the most (5)________________________promising fuel. The (6) _______________________ of electric cars is their heavy batteries and their need to be (7) _____________________________recharged. Another new concept is a computer system which helps the (8) ________________with (9)____________________________. . Cars of the future will change the way we drive (10) __________________________________..

Experiment Technology Produce Electric Economic Advantage Frequent Drive, Navigate Consider

22. Comment on the following statement: Some people think that cars should be banned from the centres of big cities. What is your opinion? Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Write 200-250 words. Use the following plan:

1. Introduction (State the problem). 2. Express your opinion and give reasons for it. 3. Give other peoples arguments and explain why they are wrong. 4. Conclusion.

..

28

TOPIC 3 EDUCATION AND LEARNING 1.What qualities make a good pupil? Would you consider yourself a good pupil? Why (not)? 2. Dramatize the dialogue Career Prospects SUSAN How have your two sons been doing at school lately, Andy? ANDY Terrible! James never starts working, and Malcolm never stops working. SUSAN Youre joking, of course. I hear that Malcolm is likely to win all the prizes in the exams this year. ANDY Yes, so his teachers say. But he deserves to do well. He has always been so conscientious and hard-working and he has been slaving at his books every evening for months on end recently. He wants to go to Oxford University next year. SUSAN Maybe hell become a university lecturer himself eventually. ANDY Maybe. But I think he studies too hard; I sometimes wish hed go out and enjoy himself for a change. SUSAN Yes What about the younger one? ANDY Well, James teachers say that he has ability, but that hes too inconsistent and he rarely does his best. In other words, he is not bad when he makes an effort, but he is too idle. He couldnt care less about exams. He does his homework in ten minutes every evening and then rushes out to play tennis. SUSAN Hes crazy about tennis, isnt he? Perhaps he can make his fortune at it. You can make more money from sport than from an old-fashioned profession these days. ANDY So I believe. But my wife always worries about the childrens future. She wants James to give up tennis and study law, but I dont believe in forcing boys to take up careers they are not cut out for. I wonder how James will develop in a couple of years time! 3. Answer the following questions: How many children does Andy have? Are his sons alike? What kind of student is Malcolm? What is his ambition? Is Andy satisfied with the way Malcolm studies? Why not? How do teachers characterize James? What is James crazy about? What does Andy think about James career prospects? What does their mother want James to do? Why doesnt Andy approve of his wifes idea? 4. Study the following: 1.to be likely to do smth opp. To be unlikely to do smth 2.to deserve to do smth 3.conscientious 4.hard-working opp.idle,lazy, Cf to study hard hardly to study

11 1574. 1

29

5.to slave at books 6.for months/years/days/hours on end 7.eventually, in the long run 8.for a change 9.inconsistent 10.to do ones best 11.to make an effort 12.to force smb to do smth 13.to be cut out for smth 5. What kind of student do you think Robbie Williams* was? Read his description of his school life below. Were you right?

My first day at school I saw all these kids crying as they said goodbye to their mums, but I was more concerned with playing with the lads. I told Mum to go home; she was more upset than I was! After Millhill Primary School I went on to St Margaret Ward which was the local High School. I was there until sixteen and ended up with eight or nine GCSEs. I was a good lad at school in that I never got caught. I did the normal laddish stuff that youd expect a fourteen-year-old to get up to. I didnt smoke, but I went to smokers corner. And you werent allowed to wear trainers, so Id always put them on. I always used to be the one that would make the class laugh. Then as soon as the teacher turned round, Id sit straight and the rest of the class would be laughing and theyd get told off. I joined Take That in the middle of going from school to college. In fact Im still registered at the Sixth Form College at St Margarets now. When I go in next time Ill probably get detention for being a few years late! 6. Choose the correct alternative to complete these sentences.

1.Robbie was a)the class clown. b)the class genius. c)the bottom of the class. 2.Primary school is for children a) from two to five years old. b)from five to eleven years old. c)from eleven to sixteen years old. 3.A GCSE is a) a punishment b) a qualification. c) a school subject.

4.You take your GCSEs at the age of a) sixteen b)fifteen c) fourteen 5.A detention is a) a punishment b) a qualification c) a school subject 6.You go to sixth form college a) when youre five. b) when youre eleven. c) when youre sixteen.

* Robert Peter Williams (born 13th February 1974) joined the band Take That in 1990 when he was only 16. Then in 1996 he left the band and went to pursue a very successful solo career. 7.Answer the following questions about your school studies:

- At what age did you go to school? - Do you remember your first day at school? How did you feel? - What subjects do you like studying? - In which subjects do you always get low marks? - What do you like/dislike about your school life?

..

30

8. Give a 2-minute talk on your favourite subject at school. (Practice tests test 4) Remember to say:

Why it is your favourite subject What things you do in a typical lesson in this subject What you have learnt by doing this subject Whether you want to continue studying this subject in the future, and why

9. Read the text below and decide which answer (A,B,C or D0 best fits each gap. CHILD PRODIGIES Occasionally a young child with very advanced (1) abilities is admitted to university. These children are of course (2) , or child prodigies. Typically, they begin their (3) studies at university before they are fifteen years old. After finishing their first degree they usually (4) it in a year or two they continue to do (5) studies in a specialized field of medicine or science. Many of these talented youngsters receive 96) from very prestigious (7) institutions to help pay for their studies. Some of the older students dislike being (8) in seminars with a child prodigy. They find it rather annoying when someone so young (9) at the subject so easily while they agonize over their courses. Others, however, benefit from the experience of (10) their subject with a child prodigy. The (11) who run the seminars, however, generally enjoy having such gifted (12) !

1 A co-educational B academic C illiterate D theoretical 2 A coaches B instructors C geniuses D lecturers 3 A comprehensive B public C prep D undergraduate 4 A get down B sail through C work out D set out 5 A postgraduate B apprentice C technical D practical 6 A licences B scholarships C services D schedules 7 A learning B educational C instructive D training 8 A taught B assessed C reviewed D reported 9 A achieves B experiences C excels D enjoys 10 A chatting B discussing C talking D arguing 11 A tutors B trainers C markers D examiners 12 A trainees B students C apprentices D employees

10. Read the text How Ruth made history at Oxford by Isabel Hilton

Child Prodigy Ruth Lawrence made history yesterday when she came a clear first out of the 530 candidates who sat the entrance exam for St.Hughs College, Oxford. The all-womens college is likely to offer her a scholarship. Ruth sat three three-hour papersAlgebra and Geometry; Calculus, Probability and Statistics; and Maths, Pure and Applied. I was happy with the first two, she said yesterday, but I wasnt sure about the third. Ruth, who lives in Huddersfield, has never been to school. Her father, Harry Lawrence, a computer consultant, gave up his job when Ruth was five to educate her at home. Her mother, Sylvia, who also works in computers, is the family breadwinner. Harry Lawrence explained that, besides mathematics, Ruth also enjoyed English, history, geography, nature study and other subjects. She began to read at four and started academic subjects at five. We did not start off with the thought that she wouldnt go to school, he said, but we enjoyed teaching her so much and we seemed to be making quite a good job of it, so we just carried on.

11 1574. 1

31

Because she does not go to school, Ruth hasnt mixed much with other children. She enjoys serious conversation with adults, her father said, and I dont think she will feel out of place at Oxford. He does not think she works harder than other children her age, but concentrates on hat she enjoys, principally mathematics. She watches television a little but not as a habit, he explained. But she plays the piano and has quite a wide range of interests. If she does well at St Hughs, Ruth, expects to take a further degree and eventually hopes to become a research professor in mathematicsan ambition she may achieve while still in her teens. The Lawrence family plans to move to Oxford when Ruth takes up her place in October the following year. Before then, she plans to take four A levels to satisfy the college matriculation requirements. Her father hopes she will be exempt from the requirement to pass a foreign languagea diversion, he feels, from her main interest. Miss Rachel Trickett, the principal of St Hughs, said last night: We are all very excited about Ruth. She is obviously quite brilliant and has shown genuine originality. Ruths future tutor, Dr Glenys Luke, admits that taking so young a student is a daunting responsibility but says it is one she expects to enjoy. I shall tailor the teaching to her requirements, she said. Ruth shouldnt have to suffer the same tensions and disappointments that older students face. I hope I shall make it fun for her. Last night the Lawrence family were thrilled at Ruths achievement. We all jumped up and down a bit when we heard, said Harry Lawrence. When Ruth becomes a student, Harry Lawrence looks forward to concentrating his efforts on her younger sister Rebecca, seven. Shes doing very well, he said, but its too early to tell whether shes a mathematician. 11. Answer the questions on the text: 1.What role do Ruths mother and father play in her upbringing? 2.Why did they decide to educate her at home? 3.What is Ruths ambition? 4.How old will she be when she achieves this ambition? 5.How will the college change the course for Ruth? 6.What was the Lawrence familys reaction to the news? 12. Match the summary to the correct paragraph. a. Her father has been her teacher, while her mother goes out to work. b.The university tutors are very pleased that Ruth is coming and are going to change the course a little to suit her. c. She wants to be a research professor. Before university she hopes to take four more A- levels. d. Ruths academic background. e. She made history by coming first, but she herself wasnt happy with all the examination papers. f. Her family are very excited and wonder if the younger sister will be as talented. g. The kind of person that Ruth is. Her likes and interests. 13. Here are the answers to some questions about Ruth. In pairs, work out the questions.

1. A computer consultant. 2. Her mother. 3. She was four. 4. Mathematics. 5. Yes, she does. She plays the piano. 6. She said, She is obviously quite brilliant. 7. Dr Glenys Luke. 8. Hes going to help Ruths sister in a similar way.

..

32

14. Summarize the story as if youre Ruth 15. What do you think?

1. Do you agree about what makes Ruth unusual? 2. Ruth has not mixed much with other children. 3. What were your interests when you were ten?

What makes a good teacher? 16. Listen to John and Clare talking about teachers that they remember from school. Complete the sentences with ML (Madame Lorenzo) or MT (Mr Tucker).

a) _________ taught French. b) _________ never changed his/her jacket. c) _________ was near to retirement. d) _________ was popular with the boys. e) _________ shouted a lot. f) _________ probably did not go to university. g) _________ said cruel things to the students. h) _________ was married.

17. The expressions below come from the recording you have just listened to. Complete the sentences with words from the box. Say whether you agree or disagree with these statements amount to much have the chance reduce (someone) to tears

a) Good teachers never ______________ their students _____________. b) Pupils who dont _______________ at school rarely manage to get good jobs later. c) Everybody should ________________ to go to university if they want to.

18. Speak about your favourite teacher at school. The questions below may help you. Was it a man or a woman? What was their name? What did they look like? What sort of clothes did they use to wear? Were they strict or easy-going? What subject did they teach? Were you good at that subject? Where did you sit in the classroom? What sort of things did you use to do in class? What was special about your favourite teacher? Were they popular with your classmates? Are you still in touch with them? 19. Read the passages and answer questions about the following people who proved their teachers wrong. a)Who did more than get married and raise a family? b)Who followed the teachers advice and didnt go on to university? c)Who failed an exam in a subject which she later proved to be very good at?

11 1574. 1

33

Romy Adams runs a catering company. She started off in her own kitchen and now runs three catering teams from premises in north London and caters mainly for conferences. My maths teacher would die if she knew that I run my own company and do all accounts myself. On my school report, she wrote, I see very little point in entering Rosemary for maths GCSE. Judging by the consistently low marks she has been getting this term, she is bound to fail the exam. She was right of course, but when I wanted to set up my own company, I enrolled at the local college and took an evening course in maths and accounting and I was one of the best in the class! A bit of motivation goes a long way! Henry Woods is an actor. He is at present filming a series to be shown on television in the autumn. History was the only subject I was any good at, and thats because the history teacher would suit and tell stories and bring it all alive. He never made us learn lists of dates by heart he didnt need to because his stories made it all so memorable anyway. But other teachers used to say things like, Henry lives in a dream world. He needs to pay more attention. I was hoping to go to university, but then one of my teachers wrote a comment on my report which took away all my confidence. He put, Henry is not expected to pass his A-levels with sufficiently high grades to gain a place at university. So I didnt apply for a place at university. I went to acting school instead, and the rest is history, as they say. I suppose it was fate, but I still feel angry with that teacher. Ann Waterman is a judge and has been an active member of parliament for the last ten years. I was sent to a rather old-fashioned boarding school run by nuns. I obviously didnt make much of an impression there, because their final comment was, She has been a mediocre student and is highly unlikely to go on to further education. We think she is best suited to getting married and raising a family. The first thing I did when I left school was to join the womens liberation movement. 20. Find the English equivalents to the following words and word-combinations: - , - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21.Work in pairs. One of you will play one of the roles. The other will ask him/her questions. 22. Dramatize the dialogue and then give the rendering of it. Mrs. Smith Have another cup of tea before you go, Mrs. Jones. Mrs. Jones I should be off really. I want to catch the ten oclock bus into town and its really quarter to already Mrs. Smith You may as well have another cup and catch the 10.30. Youd have to run to catch the 10 oclock now and you might miss it even then. Mrs. Jones All right, then, thank you. And can I have another of those chocolate biscuits? Mrs. Smith Of course you can. Here you are Mrs. Jones Did you read about that awful business at the new comprehensive school last week?

..

34

Mrs. Smith Yes, I did. A boy assaulted a teacher with a knife. Whatever next? Mrs. Jones He ought to be given a good beating. Theyre too soft on children these days. The children can do what they like, and the teachers cant do anything to punish them May I have another biscuit? Mrs. Smith Of course help yourself. I dont know why they abolished corporal punishment. Things like that didnt happen when we were at school because the teachers kept these hooligans under control by using a cane. Mrs. Jones Thats true Ah, well, I must go now Oh dear! Is your clock right? It cant be twenty past ten already. Mrs. Smith Im afraid it is. Youve missed the 10.30 too now. You may as well stay here for a chat and go into town after lunch. Mrs. Jones Yes, I might as well. But Mrs. Brown is expecting me. I really ought to ring her and tell her that I wont be turning up. Could I use your phone? Mrs. Smith Certainly. 23. Read the letter to the editor and say whether you agree with the teacher or not. Sir, Teachers in some secondary schools are worried that their jobs may become impossible shortly unless something can be done to restore discipline in the classrooms. In the problem Schools, mostly in large cities, a small minority of teenager pupils deliberately disrupt lessons to such an extent that the teachers can no longer teach their classes effectively. Some within the teachers unions consider that the permissive nature of modern society is responsible. Small children who are continually encouraged to express their individuality without restriction are naturally reluctant to accept school discipline when they grow older. Furthermore, modern teaching techniques, which appear to stress personal enjoyment at the expense of serious academic work, might be teaching the child to put his own selfish interests before his duties to the community in which he lives. Perhaps the problem can be solved by improving facilities for the psychological guidance of these difficult children or by better cooperation between the schools and the parents for the parents may be mainly responsible for the aggressive behaviour of their off-spring. But some of us believe that there ought to be a return to more old-fashioned methods. At present in some schools teachers may not even slap a child who misbehaves, but I personally feel that caning should be re-introduced and this might produce the desired results. Ex-teacher, Beckenham 24. Comment on the statement: There should be some discipline in the classroom; for the majority of the lesson the students should listen quietly to the teacher. Write 200-250 words. Use the following plan: 1.Introduction (State the problem). 2.Express your opinion and give reasons for it. 3.Give other peoples arguments and explain why they are wrong. 4.Conclusion. 25. Dramatize the dialogue: A Little More Gossip and then give the rendering of it. Mrs. Jones I hear that the new people at number thirty-five send their boy to a private boarding-school instead of the local school. What snobs they are! Mrs. Smith They are, arent they? I wouldnt dream of sending my little boy away to

11 1574. 1

35

some strange institution for months on end every year. I think its cruel. Mrs. Jones It is, isnt it? It would break my heart every term. And the thing is that these private schools are often not as good as free state schools. Mrs. Smith They arent, are they? My nephew only went to his local grammar school and hes just been awarded a scholarship to study classics at Oxford. Mrs. Jones The Williams only send their boy away for the sake of appearances. They just like to show off. Mrs. Smith Yes, they do, dont they? Of course, some people say that a boarding school education is good for children because it teaches them to have confidence in themselves and they learn to be less dependent on their parents But I think it only turns them into snobs. Mrs. Jones It does, doesnt it? Still, I dont know what Ill do with my Trevor next year. I dont want him to go to that big new school. The children of all the commonest people in the area go there. Mrs. Smith Well, theyre closing all the old schools. If you dont like the new state school, youll just have to pay to send him to a private school, wont you? 26. Study the following expressions and use them in the sentences of your own. 1.at number 35/ at 10 Downing street but : in Downing street 2.instead of smth / instead of doing smth 3.to send smb away to send for smb to se