Biofertilizers departing from bioresidues I.B. Estrada, J.M. Gómez Palacios

Biomasa Peninsular

Innovación como motor de negocio

en producción vegetal 13 marzo 2018. IFAPA-Córdoba

SUMMARY

00 Presentation BIOMASA PENINSULAR

01 The NEW FERTILISERS and CROP NUTRITION

02 ORGANIC FERTILISERS, BIOFERTILISERS and

BIOSTIMULANTS

03 The NEW FERTILISERS in the HARMONISED EU

FERTILISERS REGULATION

04 BIOFERTILISERS Projects by BIOMASA PENINSULAR

00 Presentation BIOMASA PENINSULAR

BIOMASA PENINSULAR is the holding company of the Grupo BIOMASA, which main aim is to provide integral and creative services related to recycling Bioresidues:

Consulting and Engineering

R&D&i technology and bio-products development

Design and turnkey supply of composting systems

Development and production of Bio-based composed fertilisers (Compost, Biochar) and new solid and liquid biofertilisers, biostimulants based on Biorefinery approach

Transport of bio- and Operation of Recycling plants

BIOMASA PENINSULAR is the holding company and works as:

- Engineering and Consultancy firm.

- R&D&i technology and bio-products developer

- Developer and producer of Bio-based composed fertilisers (Compost, Biochar) and new solid and liquid biofertilisers, biostimulants.

BIOMASA del GUADALQUIVIR is subsidiary company, which has specialized in the services for management of organic by-products and residues The company has continuously grown since it was created in 2001 across Andalucía, Extremadura, Levante and the Central Spain.

Grupo BIOMASA operates 5 Recycling Centres with 170.000 m2 total installations surface with a treatment capacity of 140.000 t/year:

El Salao” Composting Plant. Vegas del Genil (Granada)

“Els Ramblars” Municipal Recycling Center. Xabia (Alicante)

“Montes Orientales” Composting Plant. Darro (Granada)

“Algodor” R&D&i Experimental Production Centre. Toledo

“El Raigal” Composting Plant. Almonte (Huelva)

SPANISH BIOCLUSTER – SBIOC, associated to BIC- European Bio-based Industries Consortium (BBI-JTI).

European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform (ESPP). http://www.phosphorusplatform.eu/

Spanish Technology Platform of Plant Biotechnology "BIOVEGEN" www.biovegen.org from December 2014

Member of Spanish Water Technology Platform PTEA" www.plataformaagua.org from March 2015

Member of Scientific - Technological Park of Córdoba www.rabanales21.com

“Algodor” R&D&i Experimental Production Centre. Toledo

01 The NEW FERTILISERS and

CROP NUTRITION New fertilisers and the EU harmonised Fertilisers Regulation Organic, Organic-minerals, Compost, Substrates, Biostimulants (Biofertilisers)

What is the difference between Biofertilisers and Biostimulants, if any?

Biostimulants - Molecules (peptides, enzymes, other proteins, molecules of biological origin),

metals inducing plant responses, or catalysing physiological processes,

Endomycorrhizae, other endophytic fungus, Humic acids, Plant and animal

extracts

- Microbial strains or cocktails acting on plant stimulation and/or protection

Biofertilisers - Micronutrients (B, Mn), Aminoacids, in soluble combined and/or biologically

active forms by soil foliar and/or fertirrrigation

- Microbial cocktails acting on soil (P solubilising bacteria, PGPRs,

Mycorrhizae solubilising nutrients) or plant directly in plant nutrition

And Combinations of different materials….

What is “different” with the new fertilisers (Biostimulants, Biofertilisers)?.

• We are talking about knowledge, information, technology, SCIENCE…..!!!!!!

• Bigger results with lower, even insignificant amounts of products…!!!

• Plant nutrition, stimulation and plant health promotion in a pack…!!!

• Everything going in exploring the full plant genotype physiological potential

Fig.-The long waves of economic activity and its base innovations.

(source: L.A. Nefiodow, The fifth Kondratieff: Strategies for

the structural change in the economy and society. 1991)

SOME REFERENCES FOR THE NEW FERTILISERS

Plant innate immunity and induced resistance to disease

Dr. Antonio Molina (CBGP)

The three elements of crops…

The PLANT

The SOIL

The ENVIRONMENT

to be enhanced by production practices and inputs

“Plant vaccination” by plant pre-immunization with molecules derived from plant pathogens (elicitors)- PLANT RESPONSE BIOTECH

At the cell molecular level, some of the new products deal with COMMUNICATION with the plants.

SOME REFERENCES FOR THE NEW FERTILISERS

The SILICON and the new fertilisers

Remember the three pillars: Dr. Vladimir MATICHENKOV

-The PLANT

-The SOIL

-The ENVIRONMENT

Silicon can work at the three levels in soluble form -It can be a biostimulant and help resistance to diseases

-It is a nutrient, part of /or a fertiliser.

-It can be a soil improver, reducing N losses, improving water holding capacity

And also a key factor in food and human nutrition -First and most frequent remedy in homeopathy

-Not surprisingly act in bone forming process and improving immune system, the same as in plants…

WHAT ARE THE ASSETS AND the IMPROVEMENTS BROUGHT BY

THE NEW FERTILISERS-Biostimulants???:

To soften and reduce the impact and problems associated to the INDUSTRIAL FARMING,

To add scientific and technological knowledge and tools to the ORGANIC FARMING, This is happening in a time in which the EUROPEAN UNION has adopted the CIRCULAR ECONOMY and BIOECONOMY as the paradigma for the creation of employment and sustained economic growth… So, as it is recognised in the biostimulants associatons and companies promotional documents, it is the enormous economic potential of the sector what also matters….

MYCORRIZHAE AND THE NEW FERTILISERS

Nutritional effects of Mycorrizhae and more

- Main action could be nutrient solubilisation and absorption (P, Mg, N, Ca, K, Cu,

Zn, Mn) by plant roots, providing also water, carbohidrates and vitamines for

plants. (Eckhard et al., 1995).

- Regarding AMF-arbuscular mycorrizhal fungus, have great potencial for

improving P absorption by plants, (Smith and Read, 1997; Eckhard et al., 1995).

- Other benefits include: increased resistance to the foliar-feeding insects, the

drought, to soil pathogens and increased tolerance to salinity and toxic

compounds (Gosling et al., 2008).

- Mycorrizhae can be integrated in the farming practices, avoiding practices that

are damaging and reducing its populations or adding “ad hoc” inoculants to seeds

substrates or compost mixes (Land et al., 1990).

Mycorrhizae inoculation with compost/biochar amended substrates tests

Improvement in P nutrition (REFERTIL project)

Courtesy from Henning von ALTEN. LUB-Leibniz University of Hannover (2013)

02 ORGANIC FERTILISERS, BIOFERTILISERS and

BIOSTIMULANTS

• Biostimulants are coined as products containing substances or microbes “other than nutrients, pesticides and soil improvers”.

• This new industry is organised in:

- the ‘European Biostimulants Industry Council’ (EBIC) in Europe http://www.biostimulants.eu/

- and the ‘Biostimulant Coalition’ in the USA http://www.biostimulantcoalition.org/

• ‘First World Congress on the use of Biostimulants in agriculture’ took place in Strasbourg, in November 2012 https://www.newaginternational.com/index.php/en/publications/bookstore/273- proceedings-of-the-1st-world-congress-on-biostimulants-in-agriculture

• International Biocontrol Manufacturers Association http://www.ibma-global.org/

BIOSTIMULANTS, a new legal product category to cover a booming sector

BIOFERTILISERS DEFINITION and CLASSIFICATION Following publication of Dr. Fernando González Andrés (Univ of León)

Definition

“Products based on living microorganisms (strains) that enhance plant nutritional

status”.

Probiotics for plants: products providing agronomic benefits from Microorganism –

Plant – Environment intertaction.

Compost and organic fertilisers rich in microorganisms can be considered

biofertilisers?: No, because microorganisms are spontaneous, not selected.

Classification

First generation biofertilisers: inoculants based on rhizobia for leguminous

Second generation biofertilisers: Inoculants based on microorganisms which main

effect is enhance the plants´ nutrition and growth

(Can or can not fix atmospheric N2, in free state, not forming nodules.)

Examples of biofertilisers and mode of action

1. Inoculants based on atmospheric N2 fixing bacteria.

• Rhizobia fixing N2 in symbiosis with leguminous in roots (nodules)

• Bacteria fixing N2 in free life: Azotoabacter, Azospirillum, Acetobacter and Azolla

2. Inoculants based on microorganisms (bacteria or mycorrizhae)

improving plant growth based on complex modes of action • Enhancement of plant nutrition

– Solubilisation of edaphic P, Fe

– Better N assimilation

• Stimulation of plant growth

• Resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

3. Biological control agents (Not biofertilisers from legal standpoint)

• Directly controlling pathogens

• Producing induced resistance

Second generation biofertilisers

• Microorganisms used as second generation biofertilisers:

Rhizobia for not leguminous Corn, Rice, Barley, Wheat

Leafy vegetables

Root vegetables

Fruit vegetables

Other bacteria (no rhizobia) for plant inoculation. Pseudomonas

Bacillus

Azotobacter (fx atmospheric N)

Azospirillum (fix atmospheric N)

• Other possible second generation biofertilisers:

Plants can use microbial biomass as source of nutrients, when penetrating

roots as viable cells (Paungfoo-Lonhienne et al. 2010)

Products with active microbial enzymes and by.-products of enzymatic

activity on certain substrates (not living microorganisms)

BIOSTIMULANTS DEFINITION and CLASSIFICATION

Following Dr. Patrick du Jardin (Univ of Liège) du Jardin, P., Plant biostimulants: Definition, concept, main categories and regulation. Sci. Hortic. (2015),

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2015.09.021

Definition

“A plant biostimulant is any substance or microorganism applied to plants

with the aim to enhance nutrition efficiency, abiotic stress tolerance and/or

crop quality traits, regardless of its nutrients content”.

Furthermore, the proposed definition aims at contributing to the acceptance of

biostimulants by future regulations, especially in the EU, drawing the lines between

biostimulants and fertilisers, pesticides or biocontrol agents. Many biostimulants

improve nutrition and they do so regardless of their nutrients contents. Biofertilisers,

which we propose as a sub-category of biostimulants, increase nutrient use

efficiency and open new routes of nutrients acquisition by plants.

Tracing back the first definition of the word biostimulants identifies a web journal

called Ground Maintenance (http://grounds-mag.com) in1997, Zhang and Schmidt

from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ defined biostimulants as

‘materials that, in minute quantities, promote plant growth’

Classification

• Humic and fulvic acids

• Protein hydrolysates and other N-containing compounds

• Seaweed extracts and botanicals

• Chitosan and other biopolymers

• Inorganic compounds

• Beneficial fungi (Mycorrhizae and other – trichoderma-)

• Beneficial bacteria (PGPRs and other)

• Plant hormones???

Humic acid,. Courtesy of Almendros, G. (CSIC)

Properties and advantages of biostimulants

• Improving crop yield and quality, including post-harvest conditions

• Enhancing nutrient solubility, absorption and efficiency

• Improving plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

• Improving soil health (reducing agri-chemicals and )

• Reducing the environmental footprint of crop production

• Inducing systemic resistance to pest and diseases (not under Fertilisers

future regulation, but Plant protection products Regulation (EC) Nº

1107/2009

Harmonised European Fertilisers Regulation in the Circular

Economy Package: the place for the New Fertilisers

• Repeal of Regulation (EC) No 2003/2003

• Art 2. ‘fertilising product’ means a substance, mixture, micro-organism or any

other material, applied or intended to be applied, either on its own or mixed with

another material, on plants or their rhizosphere for the purpose of providing

plants with nutrient or improving their nutrition efficiency;

03 The NEW FERTILISERS in the HARMONISED EUROPEAN

FERTILISERS REGULATION

SUMMARY: Future EU FERTILISERS REGULATION

• Regulation for labelling and marketing based on voluntary en

harmonisation

• PRODUCT FUNCTIONAL CATEGORIES (PFCs) with minimal

requirements

• COMPONENT MATERIAL CATEGORIES (CMCs) with origin, quality

or process requirements

• CERTIFICATION SYSTEMS and CE marking (Different options)

• Mutual recognition Regulation (CE) 764/2008 still applicable

PFCs - Product functional categories (Annex I)

1. FERTILISER

A. Organic fertiliser

I. Solid organic fertiliser II. Liquid organic fertiliser

B. Organo-mineral fertiliser

I. Solid organo-mineral fertiliser II. Liquid organo-mineral fertiliser

C. Inorganic fertiliser

I. Inorganic macronutrient fertiliser II. Inorganic micronutrient fertiliser

2. LIMING MATERIAL

3. SOIL IMPROVER

A. Organic soil improver B. Inorganic soil improver

4. GROWING MEDIUM

5. AGRONOMIC ADDITIVE

A. Inhibitor B. Chelating agent C. Complexing agent

6. PLANT BIOSTIMULANT

A. Microbial plant biostimulant

B. Non-microbial plant biostimulant

I. Organic non-microbial plant biostimulant

II. Inorganic non-microbial plant biostimulant

7. FERTILISING PRODUCT BLEND

Requirements related to PFCs

1. FERTILISER

A. Organic fertiliser

I. Solid organic fertiliser

≥40% d.m.

Shall contain at least one of the following declared nutrients in the minimum

quantities stated:

2,5% N 2% P2O5 2% K2O

Or shall contain the following minimum amounts of:

N > 1% K2O > 0,5% P2O5 > 0,75%

≥15% by mass Organic carbon (C)

Limit of contaminants mg/kg dry matter

- Cd: 1.5 - Cr VI: 2 - Hg: 1 - Ni: 50 - Pb: 120

- Biuret (C2H5N3O2): 12 g/kg dry matter

Salmonella spp. shall be absent in a 25 g

E. coli or Enterococcaceae: <1000 CFU/g fresh mass

B. Inorganic fertiliser

I. Inorganic macronutrient fertiliser

Shall be aimed at providing plants with one or more of the following

macronutrients: N, P, K, Mg, Ca, S or Na.

Limit of contaminants: mg/kg dry matter

- Cd: 3 - Pb: 150 - Cr VI: 2 - As: 60 - Hg: 2 - Ni: 120

- Biuret (C2H5N3O2) 12 g/kg dry matter

- Perchlorate (ClO4-): 50 mg/kg dry matter

II. Inorganic micronutrient fertiliser

An inorganic micronutrient fertiliser aimed at providing one or more of the following

nutrients: B, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo or Zn.

Limit of contaminants: Maximum concentration by mass, in relation to the total

micronutrient content:

- As: 1,000 - Cd: 200 - Pb: 600 - Hg: 2 - Ni: 2,000

3. SOIL IMPROVER

A. Organic soil improver Shall consist exclusively of material of solely biological origin, excluding material which is

fossilized or embedded in geological formations.

≥ 40% d.m. ≥15% by mass Organic carbon (C).

N < 1% K2O < 0,5% P2O5 < 0,75%

Limit of contaminants: mg/kg dry matter

- Cd: 3 - Cr VI: 2 - Hg: 1 - Ni: 50 Pb: 120

When fertilising product contains an animal by-product:

(a) Salmonella spp. shall be absent in a 25 g

(b) E. coli or Enterococcaceae: <1000 CFU/g fresh mass

B. Inorganic soil improver Limit of contaminants: mg/kg dry matter

- Cd: 1.5 - Ni: 100 - Cr VI: 2 - Pb: 150 - Hg: 1

4. GROWING MEDIUM shall be a material other than soil intended for use as a substrate for root development.

Limit of contaminants mg/kg dry matter:

- Cd: 3 - Cr VI: 2 - Hg: 1 - Ni: 100 Pb: 150

- Salmonella spp. shall be absent in a 25 g

- E. coli or Enterococcaceae: <1000 CFU/g fresh mass

6. PLANT BIOSTIMULANT Limit of contaminants: mg/kg dry matter

- Cd: 3 - Cr VI: 2 - Pb: 120

A. Microbial plant biostimulant A microbial plant biostimulant shall consist solely of a micro-organism or a consortium of

micro-organisms referred to in Component Material Category 7 of Annex II.

Limit of contaminants: mg/kg dry matter

- Hg: 1 - Ni: 50

Salmonella spp. shall be absent in a 25 g or 25 ml sample

Escherichia coli shall be absent in a 1 g or 1 ml sample

Enterococcaceae <10 CFU/g fresh mass

Listeria monocytogenes shall be absent in a 25 g or 25 ml sample

Vibrio spp shall be absent in a 25 g or 25 ml sample

Shigella spp shall be absent in a 25 g or 25 ml sample

Staphylococcus aureus shall be absent in a 1 g or 1 ml sample

Aerobic plate count <105 CFU/g or ml sample

Yeast and mould count <1000 CFU/g or ml sample

B. Non-microbial plant biostimulant

I. Organic non-microbial plant biostimulant

Shall consist of a substance or a mixture containing C of solely animal or plant origin.

Limit of contaminants: mg/kg dry matter

- Hg: 1 - Ni: 50

Salmonella spp. shall be absent in a 25 g

E. coli or Enterococcaceae: <1000 CFU/g fresh mass

II. Inorganic non-microbial plant biostimulant

Limit of contaminants: mg/kg dry matter

- Hg: 2 - Ni:120 - As: 60

7. FERTILISING PRODUCT BLEND

Shall be composed of two or more fertilising products of category 1-6.

The compliance with the requirements of this Regulation of each component fertilising

product in the blend shall have been demonstrated in accordance with the conformity

assessment procedure applicable to that component fertilising product.

The blending shall not change the nature of each component fertilising product

• in a manner having an adverse effect on human, animal or plant health, on safety, or on

the environment, under reasonably foreseeable conditions of storage or use of the CE

marked fertilising product blend, or

• in any other significant manner.

POLLUTANT LIMITS Future EU Fertilisers Regulation for Compost /

Organic fertilisers (based on EoWaste for Compost Dec 2013 – DG Env)

POLLUTANT LIMITS at the EU for COMPOST and ORGANIC FERTILISERS

CMCs – Component material categories (Annex II)

PART I

OVERVIEW OF COMPONENT MATERIAL CATEGORIES

CMC 1: Virgin material substances and mixtures

CMC 2: Non-processed or mechanically processed plants, parts or extracts

CMC 3: Compost

CMC 4: Energy crop digestate

CMC 5: Other digestate than energy crop digestate

CMC 6: Food industry by-products

CMC 7: Micro-organisms

CMC 8: Agronomic additives

CMC 9: Nutrient polymers

CMC 10: Other polymers than nutrient polymers

CMC 11: Certain animal by-products

CMCs – Component material categories

PART II

REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO COMPONENT MATERIAL CATEGORIES

CMC 1: Virgin material substances and mixtures

A CE marked fertilising product may contain substances and mixtures, other than:

(a) waste within the meaning of Directive 2008/98/EC,

(b) by-products within the meaning of Directive 2008/98/EC,

(c) materials formerly having constituted one of the materials mentioned in one of points a-b,

(d) animal by-products within the meaning of Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009,

(e) polymers, or

(f) substances or mixtures intended to improve the nutrient release patterns of the fertilising

product into which they are incorporated.

CMC 2: Non-processed or mechanically processed plants, plant parts or

plant extracts

A fertilising product may contain plants, plant parts or plant extracts having undergone no other

processing than cutting, grinding, centrifugation, pressing, drying, freeze-drying or extraction with

water.

For this purpose, plants are understood to include algae and exclude blue-green algae.

CMC 3: Compost

1. A CE marked fertilising product may contain compost obtained through aerobic

composting of exclusively one or more of the following input materials:

(a) Bio-waste within the meaning of Directive 2008/98/EC resulting from separate bio-waste

collection at source;

(b) Animal by-products of categories 2 and 3 according to Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009;

(c) Living or dead organisms or parts thereof, which are unprocessed or processed only by

manual, mechanical or gravitational means, by dissolution in water, by flotation, by

extraction with water, by steam distillation or by heating solely to remove water, or

extracted from air by any means, except • the organic fraction of mixed municipal household waste separated through mechanical,

physicochemical, biological and/or manual treatment,

• sewage sludge, industrial sludge or dredging sludge, and

• animal by-products of category 1 according to Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009

(d) Composting additives which are necessary to improve the process performance or the

environmental performance of the composting process provided that • the additive is registered pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006

• the total concentration of all additives does not exceed 5 % of the total input material weight;

or

(e) Any material listed in points (a)-(d) which has previously been composted

or digested, and contains no more than 6 mg/kg dry matter of PAH16.

CMC 3: Compost

2. The composting shall take place in a plant

• which only processes input materials referred to in paragraph 1 above, and

• where physical contacts between input and output materials shall be avoided,

including during storage.

3. The aerobic composting shall consist in controlled decomposition of biodegradable

materials, which is predominantly aerobic and which allows the development of

temperatures suitable for thermophilic bacteria as a result of biologically produced

heat. All parts of each batch shall be regularly and thoroughly moved in order to ensure

the correct sanitation and homogeneity of the material. During the composting process,

all parts of each batch shall have one of the following temperature-time profiles:

• 65°C or more for at least 5 days,

• 60°C or more for at least 7 days, or

• 55°C or more for at least 14 days.

4. The compost shall contain

(a) no more than 6 mg/kg dry matter of PAH16, and

(b) no more than 5 g/kg dry matter of macroscopic impurities in the form of glass,

metal and plastics above 2 mm.

CMC 3: Compost

5. The compost shall contain no more than 2,5 g/kg dry matter of macroscopic

impurities in the form of plastics above 2 mm.

6. The compost shall meet at least one of the following stability criteria:

(a) Oxygen uptake rate:

• Definition: an indicator of the extent to which biodegradable organic matter is

being broken down within a specified time period. The method is not suitable

for material with a content of particle sizes > 10 mm exceeding 20 %,

• Criterion: maximum 25 mmol O2/kg organic matter/h; or

(b) Self heating factor:

• Definition: the maximum temperature reached by a compost in standardised

conditions as an indicator of the state of its aerobic biological activity,

• Criterion: minimum Rottegrad III.

CMC 4: Energy crop digestate

1. A CE marked fertilising product may contain digestate obtained through anaerobic

digestion of exclusively one or more of the following input materials:

(a) Plants that have not been used for any other purpose. For the purpose of this

paragraph, plants are understood to include algae and exclude blue-green algae;

(b) Digestion additives which are needed to improve the process performance or the

environmental performance of the digestion process provided that:

• the additive is registered pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 and

• the total concentration of all additives does not exceed 5 % of the total input

material weight; or

(c) Any material referred to in points (a)-(b) that has previously been digested.

2. The anaerobic digestion shall take place in a plant

• which only processes input materials referred to in paragraph 1 above, and

• where physical contacts between input and output materials shall be avoided,

including during storage.

CMC 4: Energy crop digestate

3. The anaerobic digestion shall consist in controlled decomposition of biodegradable

materials, which is predominantly anaerobic and at temperatures suitable for

mesophilic or thermophilic bacteria. All parts of each batch shall be regularly and

thoroughly moved in order to ensure the correct sanitation and homogeneity of the

material. During the digestion process, all parts of each batch shall have one of the

following temperature-time profiles:

(a) Thermophilic anaerobic digestion at 55°C during at least 24h and a hydraulic

retention time of at least 20 days;

(b) Thermophilic anaerobic digestion at 55°C with a treatment process including a

pasteurisation step (70°C – 1h);

(c) Thermophilic anaerobic digestion at 55°C followed by composting in • 65°C or more for at least 5 days,

• 60°C or more for at least 7 days, or

• 55°C or more for at least 14 days;

(d) Mesophilic anaerobic digestion at 37-40°C with a treatment process including a

pasteurisation step (70°C – 1h); or

(e) Mesophilic anaerobic digestion at 37-40°C followed by composting in • 65°C or more for at least 5 days,

• 60°C or more for at least 7 days, or

• 55°C or more for at least 14 days.

CMC 4: Energy crop digestate

4. Both the solid and the liquid part of the digestate shall meet at least one of the

following stability criteria:

(a) Oxygen uptake rate:

• Definition: an indicator of the extent to which biodegradable organic matter

is being broken down within a specified time period. The method is not

suitable for material with a content of particle sizes > 10 mm exceeding 20

%.

• Criterion: maximum 50 mmol O2/kg organic matter/h; or

(b) Residual biogas potential:

• Definition: an indicator of the gas released from a digestate in a 28 day

period and measured against the volatile solids contained within the

sample. The test is run in triplicate, and the average result is used to

demonstrate compliance with the requirement. The volatile solids are those

solids in a sample of material that are lost on ignition of the dry solids at

550°C.

• Criterion: maximum 0,45 l biogas /g volatile solids.

CMC 5: Other digestate than energy crop digestate

1. A CE marked fertilising product may contain digestate obtained through anaerobic

digestion of exclusively one or more of the following input materials:

(a) Bio-waste within the meaning of Directive 2008/98/EC resulting from separate bio-

waste collection at source;

(b) ABPs of categories 2 and 3 according to Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009;

(c) Living or dead organisms or parts thereof which are unprocessed or processed only

by manual, mechanical or gravitational means, by dissolution in water, by flotation,

by extraction with water, by steam distillation or by heating solely to remove water,

or which are extracted from air by any means, except • the organic fraction of mixed municipal household waste separated through mechanical,

physicochemical, biological and/or manual treatment,

• sewage sludge, industrial sludge or dredging sludge,

• animal by-products of category 1 according to Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009;

(d) Digestion additives which are necessary to improve the process performance or the

environmental performance of the digestion process provided that • the additive is registered pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006, and

• the total concentration of all additives does not exceed 5 % of the total

input material weight; or

(e) Any material listed in points (a)-(d) that has previously been composted or digested,

and contains no more than 6 mg/kg dry matter of PAH16.

CMC 5: Other digestate than energy crop digestate

2. The anaerobic digestion shall take place in a plant

• which only processes input materials referred to in paragraph 1 above, and

• where physical contacts between input and output materials shall be

avoided, including during storage.

3. The anaerobic digestion shall constitute of controlled decomposition of

biodegradable materials, which is predominantly anaerobic and at

temperatures suitable for mesophilic or thermophilic bacteria. All parts of each

batch shall be regularly and thoroughly moved in order to ensure the correct

sanitation and homogeneity of the material. During the digestion process, all

parts of each batch shall have one of the following temperature-time profiles:

(a) Thermophilic anaerobic digestion at 55°C during at least 24h and a

hydraulic retention time of at least 20 days;

(b) Thermophilic anaerobic digestion at 55°C with a treatment process

including a pasteurisation step (70°C – 1h);

(c) Thermophilic anaerobic digestion at 55°C followed by composting in

• 65°C or more for at least 5 days,

• 60°C or more for at least 7 days, or

• 55°C or more for at least 14 days;

CMC 5: Other digestate than energy crop digestate

(d) Mesophilic anaerobic digestion at 37-40°C with a treatment process

including a pasteurisation step (70°C – 1h); or

(e) Mesophilic anaerobic digestion at 37-40°C followed by composting in

• 65°C or more for at least 5 days,

• 60°C or more for at least 7 days, or

• 55°C or more for at least 14 days.

4. Neither the solid, nor the liquid part of the digestate shall contain more than 6

mg/kg dry matter of PAH1615.

5. The digestate shall contain no more than 5 g/kg dry matter of macroscopic

impurities in the form of glass, metal and plastics above 2 mm.

6. The digestate shall contain no more than 2,5 g/kg dry matter of macroscopic

impurities in the form of plastics above 2 mm.

CMC 5: Other digestate than energy crop digestate

7. Both the solid and the liquid part of the digestate shall meet at least one of the

following stability criteria:

(a) Oxygen uptake rate:

• Definition: an indicator of the extent to which biodegradable organic matter is

being broken down within a specified time period. The method is not suitable

for material with a content of particle sizes > 10 mm exceeding 20 %.

• Criterion: maximum 50 mmol O2/kg organic matter/h; or

(b) Residual biogas potential:

• Definition: an indicator of the gas released from a digestate in a 28 day period

and measured against the volatile solids contained within the sample. The test

is run in triplicate, and the average result is used to demonstrate compliance

with the requirement. The volatile solids are those solids in a sample of

material that are lost on ignition of the dry solids at 550°C.

• Criterion: maximum 0,45 l biogas /g volatile solids.

CMC 6: Food industry by-products

1. A CE marked fertilising product may contain component material consisting of one

of the following substances:

(a) food industry factory lime, i.e. a material from the food processing industry

obtained by carbonation of organic matter, using exclusively burnt lime from

natural sources;

(b) molasses, i.e. a viscous by-product of the refining of sugarcane or sugar beets

into sugar; or

(c) vinasse, i.e. a viscous by-product of the fermentation process of molasses into

ethanol, ascorbic acid or other products.

2. The substance shall have been registered pursuant to Regulation (EC) No

1907/2006.

CMC 7: Micro-organisms

A CE marked fertilising product may contain micro-organisms, including dead or

empty-cell micro-organisms and non-harmful residual elements of the media on

which they were produced, which

• have undergone no other processing than drying or freeze-drying and

• are listed in the table below:

Azotobacter spp.

Mycorrhizal fungi

Rhizobium spp.

Azospirillum spp.

CMC 8: Agronomic additives

1. A CE marked fertilising product may contain a substance or a mixture intended to

improve the fertilising product's nutrient release patterns, only if that substance's

or mixture's compliance with the requirements of this Regulation.

2. The quantity of the compliant agronomic additive in the CE marked fertilising

product shall be such as

(a) to produce the effect claimed in the information provided to the user of the CE

marked fertilising products, and

(b) not to cause an overall adverse effect on human, animal or plant health, on

safety, or on the environment, under reasonably foreseeable conditions of

storage or use of the CE marked fertilising product.

3. A CE marked fertilising product may contain a compliant nitrification inhibitor, only

if at least 50% of the total nitrogen (N) content of the fertilising product consists of

the nitrogen (N) forms ammonium (NH4+) and urea (CH4N2O).

4. A CE marked fertilising product may contain a compliant urease inhibitor, only if at

least 50% of the total nitrogen (N) content of the fertilising product consists of the

nitrogen (N) form urea (CH4N2O).

CMC 9: Nutrient polymers

1. A CE marked fertilising product may contain polymers exclusively made up of

monomer substances complying with the description in CMC 1, where the purpose of

the polymerisation is to control the release of nutrients from one or more of the

monomer substances.

2. At least 3/5 of the polymers shall be soluble in hot water.

3. The polymers shall not contain formaldehyde.

CMC 10: Other polymers than nutrient polymers

1. A CE marked fertilising product may contain other polymers than nutrient polymers

only in cases where the purpose of the polymer is that of

(a) controlling the water penetration into nutrient particles and thus the release of

nutrients (in which case the polymer is commonly referred to as a 'coating agent'),

or

(b) increasing the water retention capacity of the CE marked fertilising product.

2. The polymer shall be capable of undergoing physical, biological decomposition, such

that most of it ultimately decomposes into carbon dioxide (CO2), biomass and water. It

shall have at least 90 % of the organic carbon converted into CO2 in maximum 24

months, in a biodegradability test as specified points (a)-(c) below.

(a) The test shall be conducted at 25°C ± 2°C.

(b) The test shall be conducted in accordance with a method for determining the

ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials in soils by measuring oxygen

demand or the amount of carbon dioxide evolved.

(c) A micro-crystalline cellulose powder with the same dimension as the test material

shall be used as a reference material in the test.

(d) Prior to the test, the test material shall not be subject to conditions or procedures

designed to accelerate the degradation of the film, such as exposure to heat or

light.

CMC 10: Other polymers than nutrient polymers

3. Neither the polymer, nor its degradation by-products, shall show any overall adverse

effect on animal or plant health, or on the environment, under reasonably foreseeable

conditions of use in the CE marked fertilising product. The polymer shall pass a plant

growth acute toxicity test, an earthworm acute toxicity test and a nitrification inhibition

test with soil micro-organisms as follows:

(a) In the plant growth acute toxicity test, the germination rate and the plant biomass of

the tested plant species grown on the soil exposed to the test material shall be more

than 90 % of the germination rate and the plant biomass of the same plant species

grown on corresponding blank soil not exposed to the test material.

(b) The results shall be considered valid only if in the controls (i.e. blank soil):

• the seedling emergence is at least 70 %;

• the seedlings do not exhibit visible phytotoxic effects (e.g. chlorosis, necrosis,

wilting, leaf and stem deformations) and the plants exhibit only normal variation in

growth and morphology for that particular species;

• the mean survival of emerged control seedlings is at least 90 % for the duration of

the study; and

• environmental conditions for a particular species are identical and growing media

contain the same amount of soil matrix, support media, or substrate from the

same source.

CMC 10: Other polymers than nutrient polymers

(c) In the earthworm acute toxicity test, the observed mortality and the biomass of

surviving earthworms in a soil exposed to the test material shall not differ by more

than 10 % compared to those from the corresponding blank soil not exposed to

the test material. The results shall be considered to be valid, if

• the percentage mortality observed in the control (i.e. blank soil) is < 10 %,

and

• the average loss of biomass (mean weight) of the worms in the blank soil

does not exceed 20 %.

(d) In the nitrification inhibition test with soil micro-organisms, the nitrite formation in

soil exposed to the test material shall be more than 90 % of those from the

corresponding blank soil not exposed to the test material. The results shall be

considered to be valid, if the variation between replicate control samples (blank

soil) and test samples is less than ± 20 %.

CMC 11: Certain animal by-products

A CE marked fertilising product may contain animal by-products within the meaning

of Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009 having reached the end point in the manufacturing

chain as determined in accordance with that Regulation.

04 BIOFERTILISERS projects by BIOMASA PENINSULAR

CDTI NNTT ABIOAGRIN (2011-2014) http://www.nnttabioagrin.com/

- Selection and screening of 30 bacterial strains with biofertilisers properties

- Inoculated green compost with ABIOAGRIN Coktails (in 6 crops in Andalucía)

REFERTIL VII FP (2011-2014) http://www.refertil.info/

- Inoculated green compost (Mycorrhizae + ABIOAGRIN cocktails)

- Inoculated PBC and ABC (plant and bone biochar) substrates

- Inoculated substrates with Pseudomonas clororaphis for induced

resistance against Phytium

- AMF and ERMF mycorhizae in P nutrition in different compost

and biochar amended subtrates

- Biostimulant effect of biochar at low doses

REFERTIL. Courtesy of AGROINNOVA - University of Torino (2013)

CLAMBER (2015) http://clamber.castillalamancha.es/

- Municipal solid waste valorisation project with development of biofertilisers

- Green compost inoculated with selected PGPR strains, corn, pepper

- Liquid biofertiliser inoculated with selected PGPRs strain, corn, pepper

LIFE ENV TL BIOFER (2014-2018) http://life-tlbiofer.eu

- Development of organic / biofertilisers from microalgae

H2020 URBIOFIN (2017-2021) http://urbiofin.eu

FROM URBAN WASTE TO

BIOPRODUCTS THROUGH

BIOREFINERY

Is it possible to produce Solid based biofertilisers?

• ¿Are there solid organic products and mixes (compost/biochar suitable

for inoculation and carrying selected microorganisms/cocktails? …

• Formulation and commercial presentation is a challenge

- Micro-granulation

- Microencapsulation - Coated biofertilisers

• Dynamic of selected strains / population in the substrate along the time

and agronomic efficacy

• After a revision of future Fertilisers Regulation, the legal classification and

registering of these products seems also to be challenging

• The reality goes much beyond the legal development (as I think it is also

in biostimulants in general

• NOTE.- In the 80´s INAGROSA produced BIORGAN/AMINORGAN

claiming 520 billion concentration of viable microorganisms/gr

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

jmgomez@bpeninsular.com