La qualitat de l’aire a UE: On...
Transcript of La qualitat de l’aire a UE: On...
Xavier Querol Institut de Diagnosi Ambiental i Estudis de l’
Aigua, IDAEA‐CSIC
Diputació
de Barcelona i Generalitat de Catalunya, 20 de Maig de 2014
La qualitat de l’aire a UE: On som?
• Contaminació
i qualitat de l’aire
• Paràmetres crítics
• El problema de l’NO2
• El problema de PM
• Els problemes de l’O3
i Benzo[a]pirè
• Consideracions finals
Contingut
LIFE 11/ ENV/ES/584 (www.airuse.eu)
ESTRATÈGIA TEMÀTICA EUROPEA
Emissions levels
emission sources (natural,
anthropogenic..)
primary pollutants (SO2
, NOx
, HC, PM,…)
standardsControl measures
1996‐1999
minimization
strategies
new standards
target levels
new standards
2005‐2010
2013‐2014 (2020)
Local and global effectsImpact on receptors,
epidemiology
measuring (concentration and meteorology)
Levels in ambient air
meteorology
, dispersion,
transport,...
chemical
transformation (secondary pollutants: O3
, PAN, HNO3
, H2
SO4
)
Modelling
and
integrated assessment
Contaminació atmosfèrica
Contaminació atmosfèrica
ENVIRONMENTAL STRANDARDS FOR AIR QUALITY
Directive 1999/30/EC
� SO2
, NO2
, NOx, PM10
, Pb
(PM2.5
??)Directive 2000/69/EC
� benzene, CO
Directive 2002/03/EC
� O3
Directive 2004/107/EC
� PAH, Cd, As, Ni, Hg
(PM2.5) Directive Clean Air for Europe and Air Quality, 2008/50/EC & 2004/107/ECDeadlines: 2005‐2010, 2015, 2020
MATHER DIRECTIVE1996/62/CE
Emission
Ambient air
RD, 102/2011 (Spanish legisltaion)
t IPPC Integrated Prevention and Pollution ControlDIRECTIVES1996/61/EC, 2010/75/EC2002/51/EC, 2006/120/EC1998/69/EC, 2002/80/EC, 2007/715/EC2001/80/CE2001/81/CE2014/??/CE
t EURO standards for vehicles
tLarge Combustion Plants tNational Emission CeilingstMedium scale combustion plants
REVISION IN 2013 & 2014
REVISION OF AQ DIRECTIVE DELAYED UNTIL 2020EVEN WHEN WHO (REVIHAAP+HRAPIE
PROJECTS)
RECOMMENDED CHANGING PM2.5 AND SOME TARGET VALUES TO LIMIT VALUES
Paràmetres
crítics
(superacions)
293 °K
, 101,3 kPa,
Directive
2008/50/EC, RD 102/2011
except
PM and
metals, Evriron. Cond.
Hourly
350 µg/m3
SO2
24 times per yearDaily
125 µg/m3
SO2
3 times per yearAnnual prot. ecos.
20 µg/m3
SO2
not exceeding annual and mean 1 Oct‐31 MarHourly
200 µg/m3
NO2
8 times per yearAnnual
40 µg/m3
NO2
not exceedingAnnual prot. vegetation
30 µg/m3
NOx
(reported as NO2
) not exceedingAnnual
5 µg/m3
Benzene
not exceedingMean 8‐h max. in a day
10 mg/m3
CO
not exceedingAnnual
500 ng/m3
Pb
not exceedingAnnual
40 µg/m3
PM10
not exceedingDaily
50 µg/m3
PM10
n<35 per yearAnnual
(25 and 20 (18) µg/m3
PM2.5
) not exceeding2010‐2020
(reducing 20% PM2.5
triennial for mean of urban background)
VALORS NORMATIUS EN QUALITAT DE L’AIRE
2004/107/EC, RD 102/2011
Annual
6 ng/m3
As
not exceedingAnnual
20 ng/m3
Ni
not exceedingAnnual
5 ng/m3
Cd
not exceedingAnnual
1 ng/m3
Benzo[]pirene
not exceeding
Paràmetres crítics
AOT40 [expressed in (µg/m3∙h] = as sum of the difference between hourly levels exceeding 80
µg/m3
and 80 µg/m3
along a given
period using only hourly values measured between 8.00 and 20.00 h, Central Europe Time (CET), for every day.
Target valueProtection human healthMaximum of 8 h means of a day
120 µg/m3
O3
not exceeding 25 day/yearmean for 3 years
Target ValueProtection of vegetationAOT40, hourly values from Mayo to July
18.000 µg/m3∙h O3
not exceeding
as a mean of 5 years (c)
Information threshold value: hourly
180 µg/m3 O3Alert threshold value : hourly
240 µg/m3 O3
Es superen valors objectius en entorns rurals i suburbans
VALORS NORMATIUS EN QUALITAT DE L’AIRE
Paràmetres crítics
2008/50/EC
WHO (2006) guidelinesRD 102/2011
Hourly
350 µg/m3
SO2
‐‐
24 times per yearDaily
125 µg/m3
SO2
‐‐
3 times per yearHourly
200 µg/m3
NO2
EC‐WHO coincide
18 times per yearAnnual
40 µg/m3
NO2
EC‐WHO coincide
not
exceedingAnnual
5 µg/m3
C6
H6
EC‐WHO coincide
not
exceedingMean 8‐h max. in a day
10 mg/m3
CO
EC‐WHO coincide
not
exceedingAnnual
500 ng/m3
Pb
EC‐WHO coincide
not
exceedingAnnual
40 µg/m3
PM10
20 µg/m3
PM10
not
exceedingAnnual
25 µg/m3
PM2.5
10 µg/m3
PM2.5
not
exceedingMax
8 h means
of
a day
120 µg/m3
O3
100 µg/m3
O3
not
exceeding
25 day/yearmean for
3 yearsBaP
annual
1 ng/m3
BaP
0.12 1 ng/m3
BaP
not
exceeding
VALORS GUÍA OMS (2006)
Paràmetres crítics
NO2
Octubre de 2013Air
Quality
in Europe‐
2013 report
2011
El problema de l‘NO2
Causas de superación del VLA de NO2:promedio 2001-2009 (53 estaciones)
63%
29%
3% 2%2% 1%
Heavy trafficProximity to a major roadLocal industryQuarrying/miningDomestic heatingIndustrial accidentNon-industrial accidentNatural sourceWinter sandingAfrican dustLocal petrol stationParking facilityBenzene storageIndustry
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
FONERSBARCELONA
CORNELLA
STA PERPETUAL'HOSPITALE
TMONTCADA
STA COLO
MAST ANDREU
EL PRAT
BADALONABARCELONAST ADRIÀ B.BARCELONA
TERRASSA
MOLLET
SABADELLBARCELO
NABARCELONA
BADALONA
NO
2 (µ
g/m
3)
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010CATALUNYA
Valor límite desde 2010
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
ALCOBENDAS
MADRID
GETAFE
MADRID
MADRID
COSLADA
MADRID
MADRID
MADRID
MADRID
ALCORCÓN
COSLADA
GETAFE
MADRID
NO2
(µg/
m3)
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010COMUNIDAD DE MADRID
Valor límite desde 2010
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
CASTELLÓ
VALENCIA
VALENCIA
VALENCIA
VALENCIA
LEON
SALAMANCA
SEGOVIA
PALENCIA
SEVILLA
GRANADAGRANADA
ZARAGOZAZARAGOZA
AVILES
OVIEDOLAS PALMAS
A CORUÑA
NO
2 (µ
g/m
3)
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010CC AA: VALENCIA, CASTILLA Y LEÓNANDALUCÍA, ARAGÓN, ASTURIAS, GALICIA
Valor límite desde 2010
•MADRID, COSLADA, GETAFE, LEGANÉS•BARCELONA, BARBERÀ
DEL V., MARTORELL, MONTCADA I R., ST. ANDREU DE LA B., MOLLET DEL VALLÈS, ST ADRIÀ
DE BESÒS,SABADELL, STA. COLOMA G., TERRASSA•PALMA DE MALLORCA•GRANADA, SEVILLA
2011
http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/calidad‐y‐evaluacion‐ambiental/temas/atmosfera‐y‐calidad‐del‐aire/Informe_evaluaci%C3%B3n_calidad_aire_Espa%C3%B1a_2012_final_v2_tcm7‐299046.pdf
2012: ZONES AMB SUPERACIÓ
VALOR LIMIT ANUAL
El problema de l‘NO2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
EU 0 EU 1 EU 2 EU 3 EU 4 EU 5
NO
x [g
/km
]
NONO2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
EU 0 EU 1 EU 2 EU 3 EU 4 EU 5
NO
x [g
/km
]
NONO2
Actual emissions: type approval vs. real world for PCDiesel NEDC Diesel CADC (hot start)
Courtesy: Prof. Dr. S. Hausberger
T.U. Graz
0
0 .0 5
0 .1
0 .1 5
0 .2
0 .2 5
1 9 9 0 1 9 9 5 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 5 2 0 1 0 2 0 15 2 0 2 0Y e a r
Pass
enge
r car
s N
O2
[g/k
m]
0
0 .5
1
1 .5
2
2 .5
HD
V N
O2
[g/k
m]
P a s s e n g e r c a r s g a s o lin e
P a s s e n g e r c a r s d ie s e lH D V
NO2 Total effect of NOx
and NO2
fleet emission
reduction may not be sufficient to reach NO2
air
quality targets near roads with high traffic
volumes until 2015:
NO2
fleet emission factors in urban traffic (share in mileage for AUT)
ES NECESSARI APLICAR MESURES NO TECNOLÒGIQUES:
REDUIR N. VEHICLES EN ZONES URBANES
(2015!!!!!!)
EU 6
El problema de l‘NO2
El Problema de NO2
Euro4 (2005)
NOx mg/km
PM m
g/km
Euro5 (2009)
Euro6 (2015)
Euro2 (1996)Euro3 (2000)
Euro1 (1992)
(7)(8)
(10)(10)
(36)(16) (NOx/PM rates for each specific Euro standard)
Euro standards for Diesel Passenger Cars
(NOx+HC/PM rates for each specific Euro standard)1
10
100
1000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
7 810 10
36
16
5
9
17
30
180
50
1
10
100
1000
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Euro4(2005)
Euro5(2009)
Euro6(2015)Euro2
(1996)
Euro3(2000)Euro1
(1992)
NOx/
PM
Ratio of NOx/PM emissions from Euro standards for Diesel Passenger Cars
Ratio of real life NOx/PM emissions for Diesel Passenger Cars
98
Ratio of (NOx+HC)/PM emissions from Euro standards for Diesel Passenger Cars
Why so high NOWhy so high NO22
??
El problema de l‘NO2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg/m
3
SO2
Traffic Urban backgraound Industrial
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg/m
3
Mean Sav, Nie, Peñ Bar, CdC, Viz, Cam, Tor, Zar
Regional Background(EMEP)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg/m
3
NO2
Traffic Urban backgraound Industrial
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg/m
3
Media CdC, Viz,Tor, Sav, Nie Bar, Cam, Zar, Peñ
Regional Background(EMEP)
0.0E+0
2.0E+5
4.0E+5
6.0E+5
8.0E+5
1.0E+6
1.2E+6
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
SO2 (Mg)
Industrial processes with combustion
Power generation and transformation
Other transport and mobile machinery
Mg
SO2 National Emissions
Mg
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg/m
3
NOx
Traffic Urban backgraound Industrial
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg/m
3
NOx
Media CdC, Viz,Tor, Sav, Nie Bar, Cam, Zar, Peñ
0E+0
1E+5
2E+5
3E+5
4E+5
5E+5
6E+5
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
NOx (Mg)
Industrial processes with combustionPower generation and transformationOther transport and mobile machineryRoad transport
NOx National Emissions
El problema de l‘NO2
Querol
et al., 2014. Science
of
Total Environment
TENDÈNCIES DE NIVELLS I EMISSIONS DE CONTAMINANTS A L’ESTAT
El material particulat atmosfèric (PM): Material heterogeni sòlit
i/o
líquid present en suspensió l'atmosfera
• Impacte en salut• Ecosistemes• Clima•Materials de construcció• Visibilitat
El problema de les PM
PM10
2011
Octubre de 2013Air
Quality
in Europe‐
2013 report
El problema de les PM
Barcelona (2003‐2010)
Vehicle Exhaust; 4.4; 30%
Nitrate; 2.8; 19%
Road dust; 0.3; 2%Heavy oil; 0.6; 4%Industrial; 0.5; 3%
Sulfate; 5.6; 38%
Mineral; 0.2; 1%
Sea salt; 0.2; 1%
African dust; 0.3; 2%
Vehicle Exhaust; 6.6; 25%
Nitrate; 4.0; 16%
Road dust; 2.9; 11%Heavy oil; 0.8; 3%
Industrial; 0.9; 3%
Sulfate; 7.0; 28%
Mineral; 1.9; 7%Sea salt; 1.0; 4%
African dust; 0.9; 3%
Vehicle Exhaust; 7.5; 18%
Nitrate; 4.5; 11%
Road dust; 8.8; 22%Heavy oil; 1.0; 2%
Industrial; 1.0; 2%
Sulfate; 6.7; 17%
Mineral; 5.6; 14%
Sea salt; 4.1; 10%
African dust; 1.5; 4%
PM10PM10 PM2.5PM2.5
PM1PM1
Trànsit: 49%Trànsit: 47%
Trànsit: 50%
Max.Vaixells: 2% Max. Vaixells: 3%
Max. Vaixells: 4%
Construcció: 7%
Construcció: 1%
Construcción: 14%
Contribució mitjana als nivells mitjans de PMx
El problema de les PM
Pey
J., et al. 2009. Atmospheric Environment
Source contribution to the mean annual N10‐800
Fuel‐Oil comb.; 0.1%
Traffic; 67%
Crustal; 1%
Marine; 2%
Photochem.; 3%
Siderurgy; 2%
Regional / Urban Back.; 25%
Receptor modelling for UFP Barcelona, 2004
El problema de les PM
0
5
10
15
20
25
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg/m
3
Media Bar, CdC, Viz,Tor, Zar, Nie Cam, Sav, Peñ
Regional Background(EMEP)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg/m
3
Media Bar, CdC,Viz, Tor Cam, Sav, Nie, Zar, Peñ
Regional Background(EMEP)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg/m
3PM10
Traffic Urban background Industrial
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg/m
3
PM2.5
Mean
0.0E+0
5.0E+3
1.0E+4
1.5E+4
2.0E+4
2.5E+4
3.0E+4
3.5E+4
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
PM10 (Mg)
Industrial processes with combustionAgriculture and farmingOther transport and mobile machineryRoad transportNon industrial combustion
0.0E+0
5.0E+3
1.0E+4
1.5E+4
2.0E+4
2.5E+4
3.0E+4
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
PM2.5 (Mg)
Industrial processes with combustionOther transport and mobile machineryRoad transportNon industrial combustion
Mg
Mg
PM10 National Emissions PM2.5 National Emissions
Querol
et al., 2014. Science
of
Total Environment
TENDÈNCIES DE NIVELLS I EMISSIONS DE CONTAMINANTS A L’ESTAT
El problema de les PM
year
Pb
[ng
m3
]
2
4
6
8
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
-7.68 [-8.4, -6.82] %/year ***
year
Cu
[ng
m3
]
0
2
4
6
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
-6.49 [-7.84, -4.9] %/year ***
M[
3]
Pb
year
As
[ng
m3
]
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
-6.59 [-7.35, -5.07] %/year ***
year
Cd
[ng
m3
]
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
-8.34 [-9.6, -6.81] %/year ***
Cu
year
Mn
[ng
m3
]
0
2
4
6
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
-5.47 [-6.35, -4.53] %/year ***
Cd As
year
Ni [
ng m
3]
1
2
3
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
-4.89 [-6.73, -2.36] %/year ** year
Zn [n
g m
3]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
-4.93 [-6.29, -2.9] %/year ***
Mn Zn
year
Sb
[ng
m]
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
-10.03 [-11.35, -8.43] %/year ***
Ni Sb
year
Cru
stal
[µg/
m3]
0
1
2
3
4
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
-5.03 [-6.6, -2.75] %/year **
year
Sea
sal
t [µg
/m3]
0.0
0.5
1.0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
-0.13 [-2.65, 3.82] %/year
Crustal Sea salt
year
NO
3- [µ
g/m
3]
0
2
4
6
8
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
-5.04 [-8.1, -1.56] %/year **
NO3‐
year O
C [µ
g/m
3]
1
2
3
4
5
6
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
-4.55 [-6, -2.68] %/year ***
NO3‐ OC
year
SO
42- [
µg/m
3]
1
2
3
4
5
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
-4.92 [-6.06, -3.36] %/year ***
SO42‐
year
EC
[µg/
m3]
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
0 [-2.05, 2.47] %/year
SO42‐
EC
Querol
et al., 2014. Science
of
Total Environment
TENDÈNCIES DE CONTAMINANTS EN PM2.5 AL MONTSENY
El problema de les PM
2011Benzo(a)pirè
Octubre de 2013Air
Quality
in Europe‐
2013 report
El problema del benzo[a]pirè
El problema del benzo[a]pirè
O3
Octubre de 2013Air
Quality
in Europe‐
2013 report
2011
El problema
de l’ozó
El problema
de l’ozó
Querol
et al., 2014. Science
of
Total Environment
Perqué
puja l’O3????
1. NO+O3
-->---NO2
+O2
Si NO baixa, O3
puja
2. NOx+COV-->---O3
NOx+COV-->---
O3Manca linearitat
entre NOx
+COV
i O3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg/m
3
O3
Traffic Urban Background Industrial
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg/m
3
O3
Media CdC, Viz, Cam, Zar, Peñ Bar, Tor, Sav, Nie
Regional Background(EMEP)
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
mg/m
3
CO
Traffic Urban background Industrial0.0E+0
2.0E+5
4.0E+5
6.0E+5
8.0E+5
1.0E+6
1.2E+6
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
CO (Mg)Industrial processes with combustionAgriculture and farmingIndustrial processes without combustionRoad transportNon industrial combustion
National Emissions
Mg
• OMS–DG MEDI AMBIENT CE: REVIHAAP + HRAPIE: Informen al 2013 de la necessitat de reduir valors límit de PM2.5 i O3 , així com de convertir alguns valors objectiu en límit, i del fet que a concentracions d’NO2 > 20 µg/m3 hi ha impacte en la mortalitat diària.
• Desembre de 2013: La CE llança un paquet de mesures com a conseqüència de la revisió 2013 dintre de l’Any de l’Aire: • No canvia les directives actuals de qualitat de l’aire (2008/50/CE i 2004/107/CE). Reconeix
que s'incompleixen els valors normatius actuals i es posa com a meta el 2020 per assolir compliment generalitzat
• Revisa la Directiva de Sostres Nacionals d’Emissió (NECD) posant objectius a 2020 i 2030• Elabora una nova Directiva de Instal·lacions de Combustió Mitjanes (actualment sense
legislació EU) • La DG Medi Ambient de la CE aplaça revisió Directiva de Qualitat de l’Aire fins 2020
Consideracions finals
• Opinió pròpia:1. En base a evidencies es necessari revisar l els valors límit/objectiu de PM2.5 i convertir
alguns valors objectiu (O3 i BaP) en límit.2. S’ha trencat la cohesió en política de qualitat de l’aire: Els països del centre i nord’ d’Europa
ja no lluiten tant per endurir la legislació de la CE en matèria de qualitat de l’aire sinó que fan aquest esforç a nivell de la política ambiental nacional: Ells han fet moltes mesures, mentre que no ha segut així al sud d’Europa. Per continuar millorant la seva qualitat de l’aire han deixat anar el llast!!!!!
Gràcies per la seva atenció [email protected]
Agraïments:
Generalitat de Catalunya i Ajuntament de Barcelona, MAGRAMA, MINECO, AIRUSE LIFE+