La WWW en la frontera norte mexicanaHacia el descubrimiento

de una dimension desconocida

EI creciente uso de la World Wide Web genera un nuevo campo de almacena-

miento y de ci.rculacion para una produccion discursiva de acto res localizados

con la pretension de un largo alcance espacial. Mas alla de las logicas de desa.rro-

llo de las tecnologias de informacion y su papel en la conformacion de la nueva

sociedad de la informacion, se pregunta sobre la pertinencia territorial y la fiabi-

lidad de las ventajas de localizacion frente a la tesis de la disolucion espacial de la

corriente posmodernista. EI desarrollo de un dispositivo empirico para el anili-

sis de los contenidos en red de Ia frontera norte mexicana nos arroja resultados

con capacidad de sustentar un campo de investigacion multidisciplinario y cum-

plir conel proposito de fomentaruna nueva reflexion ajustada a Ia observacion.

The rising use of the World Wide Web, generates a new storage and ci.rculation

field for a discursive production of located actors with a long range spatial aim.

Beyond the development logic of information technology and its part in the con-

formation of a new information society, it is asked about a territorial ownership

and the reliability of the location advantages in front of the spatial dissolution

thesis of the postmodern flow. The development of an empiric device for the

analysis of the web contents of the northern Mexican border gives throws out re-

sults with the ability of sustaining a multidisciplinary research field and carry out

with the intention of promoting a new thought adjusted to observation.

*Investigador del Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales de la Universidad Autono-ma de Baja California. DireccirJn electronica: toudert@faro.ens.uabc.mx.

Articulo recibido el 19 de abril del 2000.

EI usa de las computadoras enlazadas como vinculo de comunicacion y de distrac-cion toma en la actualidad un aspecto cada vez mas masificado con la apertura y eldesarrollo de redes globales como la Internet publica y la Intranet corporativa. Laque llama la atencion, en el desarrollo de estos nuevos modos de comunicacion, esla facilidad con la que los promotores, a traves de una estrategia construida alrede-dor de los supuestos del "ciberatraso" y de la "ultima oportunidad", lIegan a con-vencer a los consumidores de la necesidad absoluta de adquirir sus productos.

Frente al bombardeo publicitario empresarial, la investigacion academicaapenas esta volteando su mirada racional hacia el uso de la telematica y sus pro-babies impactos sociales y espaciales. Las barreras impuestas por las empresas detelefonia nacidas de la restructuracion para tener acceso a los datos han generadoen el pasado reciente un distanciamiento de los academicos de este campo de in-vestigacion, y los muy pocos que se quedaron abundaron en topicos global menteteorizados, sin gran posibilidad de someterlos al arbitraje empirico. La relativatransparencia de los flujos informativos en la Internet, el desarrollo de tecnolo-gias de busqueda y de tratamiento basados en algoritmos inteligentes, lleva en laactualidad nuevas esperanzas hacia la comunidad academica y promete un futurodesenvolvimiento multidisciplinario.

Por 10 antes dicho, la Internet, a traves de una de sus redes conocida como laWEB, pone a nuestra disposicion una fuente de datos muy fertil, elaborada alrede-dor de un discurso localizado para la investigacion del contenido generado por eluso activo de los componentes de la misma (Alderman, 1998). Aqui se analiza alcontenido discursivo de la WEB desde una perspectiva geografica aplicada al casode la frontera norte mexicana. EI interes de esta contribucion, mas alia de sus al-cances metodologicos, es plantear el analisis de la relacion de los nombres identifi-cadores de los estados que constituyen fisica y legalmente la base del dominio de lafrontera norte mexicana con los conceptos tematicos siguientes:

a) telefonia, telematica y medios de comunicacion;b) ciudades, estados e insercion territorial;c) empresas, negocios y comercio, yd) organizacion e integracion territorial.

La eleccion de estos cuatro temas no obedece a una logica de integracion liga-da forzosamente a un razonamiento global; sin embargo, admitimos que los mis-mos pueden ser materiales de reflexion para el desarrollo de una investigacion endiversas direcciones.

Antes de dar paso a los aspectos metodologicos que han permitido llevar a cabo. el presente estudio, sena interesante pasar revista a algunos terminos del debate,vistos desde la perspectiva de los usos telemiticos y su interaccion con el espacio.En este sentido, contrariamente a 10sustentado por el discurso del determinismotecnologico posmodernista referente a la disolucion territorial, 10que logra aclararun poco esta investigacion consiste en que las ventajas de localizacion no son men-guadas con el uso telematico, y 10 que es mas, se sospecha su consolidacion.

La entrada en funcionamiento de la red mundial, 0 W\I.IW (por sus siglas en ingles:World Wide Web), a principios de 1991, como nueva red de informacion global,fue el punto de partida para la configuracion de la Internet tal como la conoce-mos hoy en dia. Actualmente, para casi la mayona de los usuarios de la telemati-ca21a W\I.IW es una red emblematica que hagenerando un discurso estigmatizantede una "nueva cultura" de informacion y conectividad.

Como parte integrante de esta incursion en las comunicaciones globales, Mexi-co, como otros paises, llego bastante tarde, pero avanza a pasos agigantados. Laaventura de la W\I.IW mexicana se inicio en 1994 con la homepage del Instituto Tec-nologico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM) y la presentacion en 1710-

sale de la seccion de arte y cultura mexicana de la Universidad de Guadalajara.3 Delas 150 direcciones Ip4 que habia en Me-xicoen 1994, la Internet crecio de manera talque el acceso por conducto de Telmex alcanzo a finales de 1999 el numero de 402 754cuentas en solo 117 ciudades del pais, 10que represento un crecimiento de 175 porciento anual (Telme.,,,,2000). De la misma manera en que se dio el desarrollo de la reden otros paises (Graham y Marvin, 1996, y Moss y Townsend, 1998), en Me-"ico,tam-bien, la Internet sigue siendo un fenomeno metro politano. Los proveedores de acceso

2 La convergencia entre Lascomunicaciones y la informatica.3 La informacion "historic a" del desarrollo de I. Internet esta disponible en I. pagin. electronic. de la

sociedad mexicana de Internet.

4 Direcciones que identifican cada maquina conectada a la red.

a la red responden a una implantacion preferencial, relacionada, por una parte, alas"masas criticas" urbanas y, por la otra, ala disponibilidad de una infraestructura lo-cal capaz de asegurar un alcance economicamente diciente hacia el resto de las en-tidades del pais (vease la lamina 1).

Durante el periodo de enero de 1996 a enero del 2000, el incremento medioanual del numero nacional de hostsS fue del orden del 46.7 por ciento (NetworkInformation Center, NIC-Mexico, 2000). Lo anterior muestra de una maneramagistral la expansion de la red y su significativa apertura a otros dominios deuso, como el educativo (.edu), el organizacional (.org) y el gubemamental (.gob).La creciente importancia del uso comercial (.com) en Mexic06 confirma la ten-dencia universal que esta haciendo de la Internet un medio empresarial suma-mente mercantil, en oposicion a sus origenes en el medio educativo.

Frente al extraordinario desarrollo de la Internet mexicana, la Comision Federalde Telecomunicaciones indico que en 1998 habia en el pais 10 millones de ciudada-nos que contaban con acceso a las lineas telefonicas y que de ellos solamente 1.3millones eran usuarios de la InternetJ Estas declaraciones y otras semejantes, quedan cuenta del estado de la implantacion de la red fisica de comunicacion y su in-cursion en la sociedad, proporcionan tambien un material explosivo para plantearalgunas tesis "pOp"8 sobre el "ciberretraso" y la "cibermarginalizacion", partiendomuchas veces desde un determinismo tecnologico sustitucionista que ignora la in-teraccion de las diferentes formas de comunicacion humana.

Muchos trabajos en el campo geografico de la telefonia muestran una implica-cion de las telecomunicaciones en el desarrollo actual (Claval, 1995, y Moatty,1998), pero estamos frente a una relaci6n muy compleja en donde las variablesvan mas alla del sentido comun y de la l6gica del momento. El empirismo en estecampo de investigaci6n destaca de una manera clara el papel de la telefonia comomedio de integraci6n social, pero estamos muy lejos de tener las mismas eviden-

5 En este caso, las computadoras conectadas a Ia Internet.

6 SegUn datos del NIC-Mexico, durante enero del 2000 eI domi.n.io comercial (com) representaba el89.5 por ciento de la totalidad de los dominios bajo la bandera .mx.

7 750 mil en eI sector empresarial, 298 mil en uso domest..ico, 238 mil en eI dominio educat..ivo y 31 milusuarios en eI area reservada alas organizaciones gubernamentales. Es muy importante destacar que estosnumeros son a1tamente hipoteticos, partiendo del principio de que no existe actu:Umente n.i.ngunametodo-logia robusta para censar a los usuarios de los diferentes servicios de la red en general y mucho menos a losusuarios territorialmente localizados.

8 Con esta expresion queremos poner en evidencia la proliferacion de un discurso del determinismoposmodernista a traves de una retorica a1tamente mediat..izada que encuentra generalmente un buen ecopopular.

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