"Leer imágenes: poética, secuencia y narrativa en la fotografía" Tesis de Jochen Vivallo

8/19/2019 "Leer imágenes: poética, secuencia y narrativa en la fotografía" Tesis de Jochen Vivallo

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/leer-imagenes-poetica-secuencia-y-narrativa-en-la-fotografia-tesis-de 1/106

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BHH[ JNÀEHCH_9Tgêtjo`, shouhcoj` y c`rr`tjv` hc b` lgtger`lî`

Trgyhotg p`r` gpt`r `b Er`mg @o`mênjog mh Bjohcoj`mg hc @rths \jsu`bhsy `b ]îtubg Trglhsjgc`b mh @rtjst` \jsu`b

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Tgêtjo`, shouhcoj` y c`rr`tjv` hc b` lgtger`lî`

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B` prhshcth nhngrj` tr`t` sgkrh b` hxpbgròjÿc hc tgrcg ` oÿng b` oubtur` vjsu`b

ogcthnpgràch` cgs aòh rhpb`cth`r b` ljeur` mhb lgtÿer`lg g `rtjst` vjsu`b. _h kuso`,

nhmj`cth ogcohptgs ogng pgêtjo`, rhtÿrjo`, shouhcoj` y hmjojÿc, rhjvjcmjo`r uc` p`rth

hxobujm` mh b` c`tur`bhz` mh b` jnèhc lgtgeràljo`. T`r` hstgs ljchs sh `c`bjz`c lrènhctgs

mh b` ajstgrj` mh b` lgtger`lî`, ogng ojhrtgs lgtgbjkrgs, quh cgs aòhc rhp`r`r hc `beucgs

`sphotgs pgêtjogs mh b` jnèhc y mjbuojm`r `beuc`s ou`bjm`mhs mh b` jnèhc lgtgeràljo`.

T@B@K[@_ OB@\H9

Lgtger`lî`, Tgêtjo`, C`rr`tjv`, [hb`tg, Hmjojÿc, Ngctìh, _houhcoj`, Nhtàlgr`.



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Mh tgm`s b`s mhljcjojgchs mh b` p`b`kr` lgtger`lî` quh a`c sjmg hsorjt`s y prgpuhst`s mur`cth

o`sj mgs sjebgs mh ajstgrj`, sgkrhs`bh b` mh Bhwjs K`btz9 ‒uc hspòjg `cegstg y prglucmg

hctrh b` cgvhb` y hb ljbn„ (ojt`mg pgr A`wgrta-Kggta, 0:1<, p. <?). Hst` mhljcjojÿc mhstò`

pgrquh, hc ojhrt` nhmjm`, sh rhaùs` ` mhljcjr o`theÿrjo`nhcth `b nhmjg lgtgeràljog. Hs uc`

`ctj-mhljcjojÿc. G, `b nhcgs, uc` mhljcjojÿc k`st`cth jcmhthrnjc`m`.

Hst` nhngrj` sh ogcstruyh kìg hs` prhnjs`9 quh b` lgtger`lî` hs uc nhmjg `nkjeug,

hxtr`ðg h ajkrjmg. _h ogchot` ogc b` cgvhb` pgr su pubsjÿc c`rr`tjv`6 ogc b` pghsî` pgr su

`nkjeòhm`m y prglucmjm`m6 ogc hb ojch pgr su vjsu`bjm`m y ngctìh. Z, ` phs`r mh hstg,

tjhch sus p`rtjoub`rjm`mhs quh b` aòhc mjlhrhcoj`rsh mh hstgs nhmjgs.

Bgs ogcthcjmgs mhb prhshcth thxtg sh a`c mhs`rrgbb`mg, prjcojp`bnhcth, hc trhs o`pîtubgs,

`mhnàs mh uc` jctrgmuoojÿc y uc` ogcobusjÿc. Hc hb prjnhr y sheucmg o`pîtubg mh hst`

nhngrj` sh cgs jctrgmuoh `b ogcthxtg vjsu`b ogcthnpgràchg y `b p`phb mh b` jnèhc

lgtgeràljo` hc êsth. Cgs prheuct`ngs, ·ouàb hs hb p`phb mhb lgtÿer`lg hc b` sgojhm`m y

oubtur` ogcthnpgràch`7 Hx`njc`ngs `beuc`s pgsjkbhs rhspuhst`s y prhshct`ngs

`cthohmhcths ajstÿrjogs mh b` ehch`bgeî` mh b` lgtger`lî` y su rhbòjÿc ogc gtrgs nhmjgs. Hc

hb throhr o`pîtubg sh `c`bjz` `b lgtgbjkrg ogng lgrn`tg prgpjojg p`r` b` lgtger`lî`9 b`

rhbòjÿc hctrh jnèhc y c`rròjÿc, b` pgêtjo` mh b`s jnàehchs hc bgs lgtgbjkrgs, b` rhtÿrjo`

mh b` shouhcoj` y b` hmjojÿc, y b` ogcstruoojÿc mhb shctjmg vjsu`b hc b` lgtger`lî`. Hc hb

ou`rtg o`pîtubg sh prhshct` hb tr`kìg `rtîstjog phrsgc`b, uc ogrpus hc hb quh sh puhmhc

mjstjceujr hbhnhctgs y rhlhrhcoj`s quh tjhchc ogng puctg mh p`rtjm` b`s jcvhstjeòjgchs



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nhcojgc`m`s prhvj`nhcth. _gc hihrojojgs quh mj`bge`c y sh `sgoj`c hctrh sî, njhctr`s

hxpbgr`c àrh`s mjvhrs`s mh b` pràotjo` y thgrî` lgtgeràljo`9 b` rh`bjm`m y b` ljoojÿc, b`

prheuct` sgkrh oÿng gphr`c b`s jnàehchs, b` kùsquhm` mh uc bhceuìh vjsu`b y b`

c`rr`tjvjm`m mh uc nhmjg `p`rhcthnhcth jc`mhou`mg p`r` ogct`r ajstgrj`s.

Hst` nhngrj` prhthcmh shr uc` jcmèòjÿc mh hsh hspòjg `cegstg y prglucmg quh

nhcojgc` K`btz6 hco`psub`cmg `beuc`s `cêomgt`s h ajstgrj`s prhshcths hc bgs nàrehchs mh

b` ajstgrj` mh b` lgtger`lî`, ` b` vhz quh tr`z` hb rhogrrjmg phrsgc`b, `rtîstjog y ogcohptu`b

quh sh a` ours`mg hc hstgs ojcog `ðgs mh hstumjg, ogcstjtuyêcmgsh `sî hc uc` suhrth mh

krhvh ajstgrj` phrsgc`b mh b` lgtger`lî`.



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;. B@ EXH[[@ MH JNÀEHCH_

]ahrh `rh tgg n`cy jnèhs, tgg n`cy o`nhr`s cgw.

Uh‚rh `bb khjce w`toahm. Jt ehts sjbbjhr `cm sjbbjhr.

@s jl `bb òtjgc js nh`cjcelub.

Cgtajce js rh`bby `bb ta`t sphoj`b. Jt‚s iust bjlh.

Jl `bb ngnhcts `rh rhogrmhm, tahc cgtajce js khùtjlub `cm

n`ykh pagtger`pay jsc‚t `c `rt ̀ cyngrh. N`ykh jt chvhr w`s.

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Mur`cth hb jcvjhrcg krjtàcjog mh 0:5;, hb ajstgrj`mgr H.A. Egnkrjoa hsorjkî` uc krhvh

hcs`yg tjtub`mg ]ah vjsu`b jnèh, hc hb quh c`rr`k`, mhsmh uc puctg mh vjst` ogtjmj`cg, b`

hxphrjhcoj` vjsu`b mj`rj` hc b` vjm` mh uc ojum`m`cg prgnhmjg. Mhsorjkî`9

B` cuhstr` hs uc` êpgo` vjsu`b. _gngs kgnk`rmh`mgs ogc jnàehchs mhb mî`

` b` cgoah. @b `krjr cuhstrgs mj`rjgs mur`cth hb mhs`yucg, vhngs lgtger`lî`s

mh agnkrhs y nuihrhs hc b`s cgtjoj`s, y `b bhv`ct`r cuhstr` njr`m` pgr uc

ngnhctg hcogctr`ngs uc` jnèhc hc b` oì` mhb ohrh`b. B` ogrrhspgcmhcoj`

bbhe` y, o`rt` tr`s o`rt`, v`ngs mhsoukrjhcmg p`phbhs krjbb`cths ogc

lgtger`lî`s mh p`jsìhs oùtjv`cths y nuihrhs tgn`cmg hb sgb, quh cgs jcvjt`c

` tgn`r uc oruohrg hc b`s vòòjgchs, g mh hbhe`cth rgp` mh agnkrh quh cgs

tjhct` ` hco`re`r uc trìh ahoag ` b` nhmjm`. @b s`bjr mh b` o`s` p`s`ngs pgr

b` o`rrhthr` ogc v`bb`s pukbjojt`rj`s quh `tr`p`c cuhstr` njr`m` h jclbuyhc hc



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cuhstrg mhshg mh lun`r, tgn`r g ognhr. Hc hb tr`kìg hs nuy prgk`kbh quh

thce`ngs quh bjmj`r ogc `beùc tjpg mh jclgrnòjÿc pjotÿrjo`9 lgtger`lî`s,

kgohtgs, o`tàbgegs, pb`cgs, n`p`s g, `b nhcgs, eràljogs. @b rhbì`rcgs hc b`

t`rmh, cgs shct`ngs lrhcth ` b` thbhvjsjÿc, b` cuhv` vhct`c` `b nucmg, y

vhngs jnàehchs hc ngvjnjhctg mh pbòhrhs u agrrgrhs rhvgbgth`cmg

(Egnkrjoa, 0:1;, p. 0?5).

_j hstg quh `mvjhrth Egnkrjoa hc 0:5; ‟`ðg hc quh `p`rhojÿ grjejc`bnhcth hb thxtg, quh

shrî` pukbjo`mg hc lgrn` mh bjkrg mjhz `ðgs mhspuês‟ hr` vhrgsînjb, hctgcohs agy p`rhoh

nàs ojhrtg y gkvjg quh cuco`. Jcobusg, hc bgs =4 `ðgs quh a`c tr`csourrjmg mhsmh b`

hsorjtur` mh hsth hcs`yg, a` a`kjmg uc o`nkjg sust`coj`b quh H.A. Egnkrjoa cg bbhe` `

rhejstr`r hc su thxtg. _j rhvjs`ngs oujm`mgs`nhcth b` ojt`, vhrhngs quh hc su mhsorjpojÿc hb

ùtgr a`kb` mhsmh hb puctg mh vjst` mh uc hsphot`mgr p`sjvg, quh rhojkh b`s jnàehchs

jcnÿvjb9 ogng sj luhr` uc er`c gig quh, sjc p`rp`mh`r, `ksgrkh jclgrnòjÿc vjsu`b quh bg

ogcmjojgc` (psjogbÿejo`nhcth, vjsu`bnhcth, sgoj`bnhcth) ` jr mh vòòjgchs hc uc oruohrg,

ognpr`r uc hbhe`cth trìh ` b` nhmjm`, lun`r, tgn`r g ognhr. Bg quh a` o`nkj`mg hc bgs

ùbtjngs =4 `ðgs, y quh Egnkrjoa cg `ctjojp` hc su thxtg, hs prhojs`nhcth hb o`nkjg mh

p`r`mjen` ‟mh rêejnhc hsoÿpjog (Krh`, ;445)‟ mh uc hsphot`mgr (hxobusjv`nhcth rhohptgr)

` uc hsphot`mgr-prgmuotgr (rhohptgr y hnjsgr `b njsng tjhnpg).

_j mh òuhrmg ` Egnkrjoa, hc bgs `ðgs 54 hstàk`ngs hc uc` êpgo` vjsu`b , àgr` hst`ngs

hc uc` oubtur` vjsu`b , quh sh o`ròthrjz` pgr b` prgmuoojÿc ehchr`bjz`m` mh jnàehchs pgr

p`rth mh bgs quh, `cths, hr`c ùcjo`nhcth rhohptgrhs. Bg quh a` o`nkj`mg cg sgc t`ctg b`s

jnàehchs hc sî (sheujngs vjhcmg b`s v`bb`s pukbjojt`rj`s, b`s jnàehchs hc hb ohrh`b y b`



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thbhvjsjÿc `cths mh mgrnjr), sjcg b` thcmhcoj` oubtur`b mh vjsu`bjz`r bg hxjsthcth (Njrzghll,

0::1).

Hs chohs`rjg rho`bo`r `beg quh hs k`st`cth `xjgnàtjog9 ou`cmg Egnkrjoa mhsorjkjÿ hs`

hsohc`, cg a`kî` cj Lòhkggf, cj ]wjtthr, cj Jcstèr`n. B` o`ctjm`m mh sn`rtpagchs cg

suphr`k` ` b` o`ctjm`m mh phrsgc`s hc hb pb`cht`, y b` ehcth ogc b` quh êb vjì`k` hc hb nhtrg

mh Bgcmrhs cg thcî` hc su kgbsjbbg uc` oàn`r` mh sjhth nhe`pîxhbhs. @otu`bnhcth sî. T`r`

hnpbh`r b` nhtàlgr` mhb prgpjg Egnkrjoa9 bg quh `cths hr` uc kgnk`rmhg mh jnàehchs, agy

hs uc` euhrr` mh jnàehchs, ogc luheg vjcjhcmg mh tgm`s b`s mjrhoojgchs pgsjkbhs.

O`kh òb`r`r quh b` jcthcojÿc `b hsorjkjr sgkrh hstg cg hs aòhr uc iujojg mh v`bgr lrhcth `

b` oubtur`b vjsu`b ogcthnpgràch`. Cg sh hsorjkh mhsmh b` njbjt`coj` nhb`coÿbjo` hc ogctr`

mh b` nubtjpbjojm`m mh jnàehchs, cj sh orjtjo` puctu`bnhcth b` bb`n`m` mhngor`tjzòjÿc mh

b` lgtger`lî`6 hc o`nkjg, sh `puct` ` hxpbgr`r hc tgrcg ` b` puhst` hc orjsjs mh b` ljeur` mhb

prgmuotgr mh jnàehchs (ogcvhcojgc`bnhcth hst`np`m` hc hb lgtÿer`lg), hc uc ngnhctg

ajstÿrjog hc hb quh tgmgs sgngs prgmuotgrhs mh jnàehchs. O`kh prheuct`rcgs9 sj a`y t`ct`s

jnàehchs, ·ouàb hs hb p`phb mhb lgtÿer`lg g `rtjst` hc b` oubtur` vjsu`b7

;.0 B@ _XTBHCOJ@ MH LXCOJGCH_

Jnèjchngs mur`cth uc sheucmg uc` sjtuòjÿc jnpgsjkbh y ljoojgc`b9 uc lgtgphrjgmjst`

rhtjr`mg, êtjo`nhcth ognprgnhtjmg, vjhig, mh phbg erjs y n`cgs eruhs`s, quh tr`kìÿ ogng

ogrrhspgcs`b hc `beuc`s mh b`s sjtuòjgchs nàs tràejo`s mh b` prjnhr` njt`m mhb sjebg QQ6 b`

Euhrr` Ojvjb Hsp`ðgb`, hb mhshnk`rog hc Cgrn`cmî`, b` Euhrr` mh Jcmgoajc`. Jnèjchngs



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` hsth lgtgphrjgmjst` vjvg, vjhcmg hc jcthrcht uc` mh b`s lgtger`lî`s nàs rhbhv`cths ‟uc` mh

b`s nàs vjst`s, nàs ognhct`m`s‟ mhb er`c jcohcmjg mh \`bp`r`îsg ` jcjojgs mhb ;40=. B`

lgtger`lî` nuhstr` uc` nuihr pgs`cmg hc uc sjtjg hrj`zg, ogc uc` n`cg hc b` o`mhr` y gtr`

hc hb nusbg, njhctr`s `b lgcmg sh vh hb jcohcmjg ogcsunjhcmg bgs ohrrgs. ·Puê phcs`rà hsth

`ctjeug lgtgphrjgmjst`7 ·Tgmrà vhr b` jnèhc sjc `n`reur`7 ·_hctjrà `ceustj` lrhcth ` b`

utjbjzòjÿc mh b` lgtger`lî` p`r` ljchs t`c pgog cgkbhs, ogng rhegmh`rsh lrhcth ` uc`

o`tàstrglh c`tur`b7 ·_hctjrà quh hstà phrmjhcmg su hspòjg sjnkÿbjog hc hb nucmg7 ]gm`s

b`s rhspuhst`s pgsjkbhs sgc, hvjmhcthnhcth, hsphoubòjgchs k`s`m`s hc prhiujojgs prgpjgs,

phrg pgmhngs `vhctur`r uc` rhspuhst`. Cg hxtr`ð`rî` sj hsth lgtÿer`lg (rhogrmhngs9

êtjo`nhcth ognprgnhtjmg) sjctjhr` `beg mh rhshctjnjhctg y `lbjoojÿc pgrquh, mhspuês mh

tgmg, êb a` `rrjhse`mg su vjm` pgr tgn`r lgtger`lî`s hc sjtuòjgchs mh orjsjs y bh pgmrî`

p`rhohr suphrlbug quh sh bh prhsth `thcojÿc ` hst` lgtger`lî` hc mhsnhmrg mh gtr`s jnàehchs,

quh mgounhct`c b` hxphrjhcoj` mhb jcohcmjg hc \`bp`r`îsg ogc nàs prglhsjgc`bjsng y

ljmhbjm`m. Trgk`kbhnhcth phcs`rî` `beg p`rhojmg ` bg quh phcs`rgc njbhs mh phrsgc`s

hcl`m`m`s, jcmjec`m`s y ngbhst`s hc ]wjtthr, hb njsng mî` quh b` jnèhc luh hsp`rojm` hc

jcthrcht.

Hb rhtr`tg mh b` nuihr hc \`bp`r`îsg cgs rhnjth ` b` lgtger`lî` mh ]agn`s Aghpfhr

(y sus ogcshouhcoj`s ognucjoòjgc`bhs) mur`cth bgs `t`quhs mhb 00 mh _hptjhnkrh, hc

Cuhv` Zgrf. Aghpfhr, uc lgtÿer`lg vhthr`cg mh b` èhcoj` Nècun, o`pturÿ b` jnèhc hc

uc p`rquh mh Krggfbyc9 hc hb prjnhr pb`cg sh vhc ojcog iÿvhchs rhbì`mgs, `beucgs ogc

bhcths mh sgb, uc` kjojobht` rgi` y ucgs àrkgbhs mh pjcg6 hc hb sheucmg pb`cg sh vh,

`cthohmjm` pgr hb rîg, uc` mhcs` cukh cher` s`bjhcmg mhb Ugrbm ]r`mh Ohcthr. @ hst`

jnèhc vgbvhrhngs mhspuês, p`r` `c`bjz`rb` hc uc sheucmg cjvhb mh prglucmjm`m, phrg pgr



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àgr` bg quh jcthrhs` hs quh b` rhòojÿc mhb pùkbjog lrhcth ` `nk`s jnàehchs luh `càbge`,

y` quh bg quh ngstr`k`c hc uc` prjnhr` bhotur`, hr` hqujv`bhcth, hc p`b`kr`s mh _us`c

_gctè (;44?), ` b` jcmjlhrhcoj` lrhcth `b mgbgr mh bgs mhnàs.

Jnèhc 09 @cÿcjn`. (;40=) Tùbjc` T`bn` Egczàbhz. Luhcth9 www.rhmkjgkjg.ogn

Jnèhc ;9 Aghpfhr, ]. (;440) Krggfbyc, Chw Zgrf, _hpthnkhr 00, ;440. Luhcth9 www.sb`th.ogn

Hst`s mgs jnàehchs luhrgc o`ptur`m`s ogc ljchs nuy mjstjctgs, pgr suihtgs mh mgs pgbgsehgeràljogs gpuhstgs y mh ob`shs sgoj`bhs mjlhrhcths. Trgvjhchc mh mjlhrhcths ogcthxtgs, quh

aòhc quh cuhstr` bhotur` mh hbb`s sh` ljbtr`m` (_hfubb`, 0:1<) pgr b` jclgrnòjÿc oubtur`b

mhb hsphot`mgr9 s`khngs quh b` mh b` jzqujhrm` luh o`ptur`m` ogc uc ohbub`r, njhctr`s quh b`

mh b` mhrhoa` ogc uc` oàn`r` rêlbhx6 quh uc` luh mjstrjkujm` hc sgpgrth whk y b` gtr`

jnprhs` hc nhmjgs6 quh uc` luh tgn`m` pgr uc `n`thur y b` gtr` pgr uc lgtgphrjgmjst`

prglhsjgc`b.

@ phs`r mh tgm`s hst`s mjlhrhcoj`s, cg mhi` mh jnprhsjgc`r bg sjnjb`rhs quh sgc `nk`s

jnàehchs, hc t`ctg quh hvgo`c sjtuòjgchs y phrohpojgchs `ljchs9 bgs hsthrhgtjpgs mh



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

*"

`beuc`s ob`shs sgoj`bhs (hc b` jzqujhrm` sgc bgs lb`jths, hc b` mhrhoa` bgs yuppjhs), b`

jcmjlhrhcoj` `cth hb mgbgr, b` jnphrtjchcoj`, b` jecgr`coj`, b` jchqujm`m y b` lutjbjm`m quh

puhmh `p`rhohr lrhcth `beg ‟ogcshcsu`bnhcth, p`r` b` gpjcjÿc pùkbjo`‟ rhbhv`cth. Lrhcth `

hst` sjnjbjtum hctrh b`s jnàehchs, y hb shctjmg quh prgvgo`c hc hb hsphot`mgr, nh eust`rî`

quh ouhstjgcàr`ngs9 ·A`st` quê puctg b` jnèhc mh \`bp`r`îsg ounpbjÿ b` lucojÿc quh

ounpbjÿ b` mh ]agn`s Aghpfhr hc Cuhv` Zgrf7 ·_upbjÿ êst` jnèhc `n`thur, ` b` jnèhc

mh uc lgtÿer`lg prglhsjgc`b7

Nj jnprhsjÿc hs quh sî6 y bg nàs jcthrhs`cth mh hstg hs quh pgmhngs ogcobujr quh, hc

hsth o`sg, uc` jnèhc `n`thur, tgn`m` ogc uc thbêlgcg, supbjÿ b` lucojÿc oubtur`b y vjsu`b

mh uc` jnèhc quh, t`c sgbg 0? `ðgs `cths, luh o`ptur`m` pgr uc lgtgphrjgmjst` mh b` èhcoj`

Nècun. Orhg quh hst` phquhð` p`ràkgb` eràljo` cgs phrnjth `c`bjz`r ogc prhojsjÿc hb

o`nkjg mh hsphot`mgr-hsphot`mgr ` hsphot`mgr-prgmuotgr6 mh b` hr` mh jnàehchs joÿcjo`s `

b` mh nùbtjpbhs jnàehchs sjnubtàch`s6 mh êpgo` vjsu`b ` oubtur` vjsu`b.

!"! $ % &'$()*$)+),%, ,- )&./-4-0

B` nubtjpbjojm`m mh jnàehchs sjnubtàch`s sgc, ogng mjoh hb thÿrjog @bkhrtg N`mrjm

Bhthbjhr (;400), hb puctg hc hb quh r`mjo` b` ogcthnpgr`chjm`m vjsu`b9 nùbtjpbhs pb`cgs mh

bhotur` hc sjsthn`s ogcstruotjvgs mh rhb`tgs. Hc uc` `cêomgt` quh hb `rtjst` hst`mgucjmhcsh

@bho _gta (;404) nhcojgc` mur`cth uc` hxthcs` hctrhvjst` ogc hb our`mgr mhb U`bfhr @rt

Ohcthr, K`rtagbgnhw [y`c, sh rhvhb` b` ogcohpojÿc quh a`y lrhcth ` b`s jnàehchs joÿcjo`s.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

*#

@bho _gta, uc `rtjst` quh tr`kì` ogc oàn`r`s mh er`c lgrn`tg y quh cg tjhch cjceùc

pumgr hc aòhr pgs`r y mjrjejr ` sus rhtr`t`mgs, rhb`t` quh `b jcthct`r hctr`r ` b` @ehcoj`

Nècun, hc hb ;44=, prgmuig uc` rhvgbuojÿc mhctrg mh b` oggphr`tjv`. Tgr hb ngmhbg quh

utjbjz` Nècun, p`r` hctr`r lgrn`bnhcth ` b` gre`cjzòjÿc sh mhkh p`s`r pgr tgmg uc

prgohsg hbhotgr`b y mh chegojòjÿc (mh bgkky), p`r` `sî ogcqujst`r bgs vgtgs mh bgs

njhnkrgs mhb erhnjg, quh sgc bgs quh `pruhk`c g mhrge`c b`s pgstubòjgchs.

Lrhcth ` b` pgstubòjÿc mh _gta sh ajojhrgc k`cmgs ` l`vgr y hc ogctr`6 sh pgb`rjzÿ b`

gre`cjzòjÿc pgrquh, hc hb lgcmg, bg quh sh mjsoutî` hr` nuoag nàs quh hb jcerhsg mh uc

cuhvg njhnkrg, hr` b` `phrtur` lrhcth ` uc` cuhv` ogcohpojÿc mh b` jnèhc pgr p`rth mh

uc` gre`cjzòjÿc quh a`kî` bbhe`mg ` rhprhshct`r uc ljeur` mh ùtgrjm`m ogcshrv`mgr` hc hb

nucmg mh b` lgtger`lî`. Ouhct` _gta, quh `b hcshð`rbh ucg mh sus bjkrgs mh `rtjst` ( Krgfhc

N`cu`b, ;404) ` Mhccjs _tgof, uc` ljeur` bhehcm`rj` mh Nècun, êsth9

_h bhv`ctÿ lrhcth ` tgmgs bgs njhnkrgs y mjig9 !Xc` l`bt` tgt`b mh `rths`cî`‚.

Xc` mh b`s ogs`s mh b`s quh êb VMhccjs _tgof^ sjhnprh a`kb`k` hr` mh quh

Nècun hstà hc hb chegojg mh orh`r îogcgs. _u lgtger`lî` mh I`nhs Mh`c

o`njc`cmg pgr ]jnhs _qu`rh9 tgmgs b` ogcgohngs. V…^ Zg hstgy nuoag

nhcgs jcthrhs`mg hc b` gkr` n`hstr` g hb îogcg (_gta, ;404 , p. 0?1).

Bg quh `rtjoub` hb prgohsg mh hctr`m` ` Nècun pgr p`rth mh @bho _gta (quh pgr ojhrtg

luh òhpt`mg) hs hb hcouhctrg mh mgs êpgo`s6 uc o`nkjg quh a` sjmg hnpui`mg pgr b`

thocgbgeî` y quh pgr hsg njsng hs, ljc`bnhcth, uc o`nkjg ehchròjgc`b y oubtur`b. Tgr uc

b`mg, b` jnèhc joÿcjo` quh, nht`lÿrjo`nhcth, `spjr`k` ` hcebgk`r b` rh`bjm`m tgt`b mh uc`



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

*$

sjtuòjÿc, mh hctrhe`r uc` vhrm`m ùcjo` (pgr hsg cg sgrprhcmh quh egkjhrcgs mjot`tgrj`bhs

ogng hb mh Khcjtg Nussgbjcj hc Jt`bj` luhr`c pjgchrgs hc b` n`cjpubòjÿc mh b`s jnàehchs

ogc ljchs mh ogctrgb sgoj`b)6 pgr hb gtrg b`mg, b`s ou`ctjgs`s jnàehchs quh p`rhohc hxjstjr

ogng p`rth mh uc` hsohc` vjsu`b nùbtjpbh, hc b` quh a`y t`ct`s vhrm`mhs ogng jnàehchs. @

phs`r mh hstg, ogcsjmhr`ngs rjhsegsg hst`kbhohr uc` suphrjgrjm`m ngr`b mh b` nubtjpbjojm`m

mh jnàehchs lrhcth ` b` jnèhc joÿcjo`, y` quh, ogng vhrhngs nàs `mhb`cth, `nk`s tjhchc

b` njsn` o`pòjm`m mh hce`ð`r. _gc nhr`nhcth mgs ngmhbgs mjstjctgs, ogctr`st`cths, ogc

mjlhrhcoj`s prglucm`s.

!!!

[hogrmhngs hb gig quh utjbjz`ngs, uc`s pàejc`s `tràs, ogng `bhegrî` mhb hsphot`mgr quh

mhsorjkh Egnkrjoa hc ]ah vjsu`b jnèh (0:5;)9 hb gig eje`cth quh `ksgrkh tgmg ogng uc`

hspgci`. @agr` ogctr`stêngsbg ogc hb gig quh mhsorjkh Igsê Bujs Krh` (;404), hb gig

ogcthnpgràchg9

Xc gig hs, `sî, uc` nàqujc` prgmuotjv`6 cg uc nhrg hsohc`rjg mh

ognp`rhohcoj`, sjcg uc ùtêctjog mjspgsjtjvg quh, ogng pgog, hcou`mr`,

hclgo`, shbhoojgc`, mhspbjhe`9 prgmuoh uc o`npg vjsu`b V…^ hc hb ou`b uc`s

u gtr`s jnàehchs V…^ ogkr`c ouhrpg (p. <:).

_j sh a`c tr`cslgrn`mg, oubtur`bnhcth a`kb`cmg, bgs gigs, b`s jnàehchs y (us`cmg b`

lr`sh mh Igac Khrehr) bgs ngmgs mh vhr , ·quê t`ctg a`c o`nkj`mg b`s gphròjgchs mh bgs

prgmuotgrhs mh jnàehchs7



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

*%

!"; $?0 *?0(=?(8/<%=?0

@beucgs `rtjst`s, ogng Hrjf Fhssbhs y Thchbgph Xnkrjog, a`c tr`kì`mg ` p`rtjr mh b`

oubtur` vjsu`b, jcogrpgr`cmg hc su tr`kìg uc` rhlbhxjÿc hc tgrcg ` b` sgkrhpgkbòjÿc mh

jnàehchs. Hb lgtÿer`lg y thÿrjog hsp`ðgb Ig`c Lgcotukhrt` (;40=) a` kùtjz`mg ` hstgs mgs

`rtjst`s ogng p`rth mh bgs pgstlgtÿer`lgs, ukjoàcmgsh ` sî njsng ogng uc` suhrth mh

rhlhrhcth prjcojp`b mh hsh tjpg mh lgtger`lî`6 phrg nàs `bbà mh b` ehchròjÿc mh lgtÿer`lgs

quh hbbgs rhprhshct`c, p`rhoh phrtjchcth `c`bjz`r b`s gphròjgchs quh bbhv`c ` o`kg.

Hc su tr`kìg _ucs, quh luh prhshct`mg pgr prjnhr`

vhz hc hb ;44<, b` chgygrqujc` Thchbgph Xnkrjog

rh`bjz` uc` jcmèòjÿc hc b` whk, nàs prhojs`nhcth hc

hb ngtgr mh kùsquhm` mh jnàehchs Lbjofr. Jcerhs`cmg b`

p`b`kr` sucsht (`t`rmhohr) ogng orjthrjg mh kùsquhm`,

mhso`re` b` tgt`bjm`m mh b`s jnàehchs quh `p`rhohc hsh

mî`. B` prjnhr` vhz quh bg ajzg, hc ;44<, hcogctrÿ

8=0,5:8 jnàehchs, quh prgohmjÿ ` jnprjnjr hc uc

lgrn`tg mh =x< pube`m`s.

Hb prgyhotg, `b hst`r bje`mg jctrîcsho`nhcth ` uc

`roajvg hc ogcst`cth o`nkjg y òtu`bjzòjÿc ‟ogng bg

hs b` whk‟ hstà, t`nkjêc, hc ogcst`cth rhgrmhcòjÿc9

hs uc wgrf jc prgerhss, y o`m` vhz quh sh nuhstr`, sh

òtu`bjz`, sh rhhmjt`. B` o`ctjm`m mh jnàehchs quh sh

Jnèhc ?9 Xnkrjog, T. (;44<) _ucs. Luhcth9

attp9//www.phchbgphunkrjog.cht

Jnèhc =9 Xnkrjog, T. (;44:) Jcst`bòjÿc mh

_ucs. hc hb _LNgN@. Luhcth9

attp9//www.phchbgphunkrjog.cht



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

*&

hxpgchc v` orhojhcmg prgpgrojgc`bnhcth ` b` o`ctjm`m mh b`s jnàehchs htjquht`m`s ogc b`

p`b`kr` sucsht , quh sgc o`re`m`s y `bnòhc`m`s hc Lbjofr. Hc shptjhnkrh mhb ;445, ou`cmg

prhshctÿ su tr`kìg hc b` E`bhrî` mh @rth Ngmhrcg mh @ustr`bj`, b` o`ctjm`m mh jnàehchs

bbhe`k` ` ;.?4?.4856 y hc lhkrhrg mhb ;400, a`st` àgr` b` ùbtjn` vhz quh sh prhshctÿ hb

tr`kìg hc pùkbjog, _ucs ogcsjstî` mh 1.5?4.;;0 jnàehchs9 o`sj cuhvh njbbgchs mh

lgtger`lî`s mh sgbhs y `t`rmhohrhs. [hsubt` p`r`mÿijog quh uc` mh b`s ogs`s nàs mjlîojbhs mh

lgtger`lj`r, pgr `sphotgs têocjogs ogng hb hlhotg mhb ogctr`buz thce`, hc uc sgbg ngtgr mh

kùsquhm`, o`sj cuhvh njbbgchs mh rhsubt`mgs.

K`sàcmgsh, t`nkjêc, hc b` whk y hc Lbjofr, hb agb`cmês Hrjf Fhsshbs hihout` uc`

gphròjÿc sjnjb`r ` b` mh Xnkrjog, utjbjz`cmg y` cg sgbg b` o`ctjm`m, sjcg b` mhcsjm`m lîsjo`

mh êst`s, p`r` tr`csnjtjr su rhlbhxjÿc sgkrh b` vjsu`bjm`m ogcthnpgràch`. Hc ;= A[_ jc

Tagtgs, Fhsshbs kuso` tgm`s b`s jnàehchs o`re`m`s ` Lbjofr hc uc r`ceg thnpgr`b mh ;=

agr`s6 b`s mhso`re`, jnprjnh h jcst`b` hc uc hspòjg lîsjog, ogng b` e`bhrî` LG@N, hc

Ànsthrm`n, bue`r hc hb quh sh ngstrÿ pgr prjnhr` vhz hsth prgyhotg.

Hb `rtjst` p`rhoh `puct`r ` m`rbh uc ouhrpg, uc ergsgr ‟`b p`rhohr‟ y` phrmjmg. Xc bjnkg

(Krh`, ;404), hc hb ou`b b` jnèhc puhm` k`b`coh`rsh hctrh hb nucmg lîsjog y hb

l`ct`snèÿrjog. @b vhr b`s jnàehchs mh b` jcst`bòjÿc, hs jnpgsjkbh cg sgrprhcmhrsh ogc b`

o`ctjm`m mh lgtger`lî`s prhshcths9 hb hspòjg `shnhi` uc k`sur`b, uc vhrthmhrg jbhe`b. ·Xc`

nhtàlgr`7 Tgsjkbhnhcth.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

*'

Jnèhc 89 Fhsshbs, H. (;400) Jcst`bòjÿc mh ;=A[_ jc Tagtgs hc hb Nushg LG@N, Ànsthrm`n. Luhcth9 www.orh`tjvhrhvjhw.og.uf

Hst`s jnàehchs, ·mhkhngs jcthct`r ognprhcmhrb`s, `prhahcmhrb`s7 ·Oÿng m`rbh shctjmg

` t`ct`s jnàehchs7 ·Oÿng `kgrm`r b` lgtger`lî` hst`cmg t`c s`tur`mgs vjsu`bnhcth7 Ahngs

bbhe`mg ` uc cjvhb mh s`turòjÿc ÿptjo` ‟mh ajphrvjsjÿc `mnjcjstr`m` (Krh`, ;404)‟ hc hb

quh b`s jnàehchs y` cg tjhchc, oubtur`bnhcth, uc shctjmg jcmjvjsjkbh9 hstàc mhspgi`m`s mh

ou`bqujhr ogcthxtg y tr`n` pgsjkbh. ]gmg hstg jnpbjo` cg sÿbg uc rhtg, sjcg uc` pgsjkjbjm`m9

`lrgct`r b` mjsojpbjc` lgtgeràljo` mhsmh uc cuhvg bue`r mh hxpbgròjÿc, ogng bg a`c ahoag

Thchbgph Xnkrjog y Hrjf Fhsshbs.

B` bhotur` mh b`s lgtger`lî`s, p`r` hstgs `rtjst`s, sh m` mhsmh hb bue`r nàs suphrljoj`b

(hc hb nhigr shctjmg mhb têrnjcg)9 p`r` bgs ljchs mh Fhsshbs y Xnkrjog, cg jnpgrt` sj b` lgtg

hstà hclgo`m` g cg6 sj hs têocjo`nhcth ogrrhot` g cg6 sj hs mjejt`b g `c`bÿejo`6 sj luh

o`ptur`m` pgr uc prglhsjgc`b g uc `n`thur. T`r` hbbgs b` lgtger`lî` p`rhoh jnpgrt`r hc su

o`bjm`m mh rhprhshctòjÿc vjsu`b quh hvgo` `beg quh sh hcouhctr` hc hb hxthrjgr mh bgs

bînjths mh b` jnèhc. B` n`chr` hc b` quh hstgs ùtgrhs `kgrm`r`c hb ogcthxtg vjsu`b

ogcthnpgràchg hs nuy jcthrhs`cth9 hb aòhr rhojroub`r `beuc`s jnàehchs hc gtrgs ogcthxtgs



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

*(

cgs mgt`, ` bgs hsphot`mgrhs, mh uc` ogcsojhcoj` orîtjo` lrhcth ` êst`s6 cgs aòhc, us`cmg hb

ogcohptg mh A`ruc L`rgofj (;40?), mhsogclj`r mh b`s jnàehchs. ]`nkjêc hs hsphoj`bnhcth

rhbhv`cth bg quh su gphròjÿc p`rhoh mhojr9 bg quh jnpgrt` hc uc `rtjst` y` cg sgc ‟t`ctg

ogng prhvj`nhcth‟ b`s lgtger`lî`s quh o`ptur` g b`s jnàehchs quh utjbjz` hc sî, sjcg hb

bhceuìh rhtÿrjog ogc hb quh hst`s jnàehchs sgc `lrgct`m`s. Hc gtr`s p`b`kr`s9 y` cg

jnpgrt` hb quê, sjcg hb oÿng6 rhjvjcmjo`cmg hs` vjhi` prhthcsjÿc mh `beuc`s v`ceu`rmj`s mh

tr`sb`m`r b` gphròjÿc mh bg lgrn`b ` bg ogcohptu`b.

Ig`c Lgctoukhrt` (;404) a` bb`n`mg `b hihrojojg mh hstgs `rtjst`s hogbgeî` vjsu`b .

Trgpgch, lrhcth `b a`rt`zeg vjsu`b, quh ‒cg sh mhkh ogctrjkujr ` su sgkrhs`turòjÿc, sjcg quh

pgr hb ogctr`rjg sh jnpgch uc` b`kgr mh rhojobìh, mh rhouphròjÿc hctrh bgs mhshoags, mh

ohm`zg orîtjog, ` ljc mh quh hb kgsquh cgs mhih vgbvhr ` vhr bgs àrkgbhs„ (p. 05;). B` ojt`

`cthrjgr pgmrî` shr phrlhot`nhcth p`rth mh uc n`cjljhstg v`ceu`rmjst`. Mh ahoag, b`

hogbgeî` vjsu`b pgmrî` shr phcs`m` ogng uc tjpg mh v`ceu`rmj` g pgst-v`ceu`rmj`,

ogn`cm`m` pgr Lgctoukhrt`, mhctrg mh b` mjsojpbjc` lgtgeràljo`. Thrg p`r` hlhotgs mhb

prhshcth thxtg hs nàs phrtjchcth b` gphròjÿc quh utjbjz`c hstgs `rtjst`s, quh b` gkr` hc sî.

Mjoag mh gtr` n`chr`, jcthrhs` `c`bjz`r b`s gphròjgchs hogbÿejo`s sjc bbhe`r ` shr

hogbgejst`s. Hst` nhngrj` mh thsjs cg `spjr` ` jcsorjkjr b` gkr` mh tîtubg mhctrg mh b`

hogbgeî` vjsu`b, cg gkst`cth ogcsjmhr`ngs ` b` hogbgeî` vjsu`b ogng uc sîctgn` h

jnpgrt`ctîsjng `cthohmhcth mh rhspuhst` ` b` sgkrhs`turòjÿc vjsu`b.

Thrsgc`bnhcth ogcsjmhrg quh b` bb`n`m` hogbgeî` vjsu`b bbhe` ` shr tùtgbÿejo` hc su

prgpuhst`. B` hogbgeî` vjsu`b hs `rtjljojgs`. Z ` bg quh nh rhljhrg ogc hstg, hs quh hb

hihrojojg ogcohptu`b mh Fhsshbs g Xnkrjog hs uc rhoursg quh sh ègt` ràpjmg6 quh, ` nj



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

*)

p`rhohr, cg rjcmh ogng p`r` shr utjbjz`mg mur`cth nuoag tjhnpg. O`sj sh puhmh rhsunjr hc

uc` lr`sh9 a`y nuoa`s jnàehchs. ·Ouàct`s vhohs pgmhngs sheujr vjhcmg bgs _ucs mh

Thchbgph Xnkrjog sjc quh p`rhzo` rhmucm`cth7 Mhspuês mh `mjvjc`r hb truog, sh pjhrmh b`

nèj` y cgs mhi`ngs mh sgrprhcmhr.

B` hogbgeî` vjsu`b hs, hc mhljcjtjv`, uc` rhspuhst` ‟mhsmh hb nucmg mhb `rth‟ vàbjm` `

uc` sjtuòjÿc oubtur`b y vjsu`b6 phrg hc hst` nhngrj` mh thsjs nh eust`rî` prgpgchr gtr`

rhspuhst`, mh b`s nuoa`s pgsjkbhs. A`y cunhrgs`s gkr`s `rtîstjo`s, orh`m`s hc mjvhrs`s

êpgo`s y hspòjgs ehgeràljogs, quh a`c nht`kgbjz`mg y ognprhcmjmg mhctrg mh su prgohsg

b` gphròjÿc mh b` hogbgeî` vjsu`b ‟mhb quê `b oÿng ‟ mhctrg mh uc` prgpuhst` `rtîstjo` nàs

`npbj`, quh cg sh bjnjt` ` hihout`r uc` gphròjÿc (quh pgmrî` hcthcmhrsh ogng uc` orîtjo` `

b` s`turòjÿc vjsu`b)6 gkr`s quh hnpbh`c uc prgohsg sjnjb`r `b mh hogbgeî` vjsu`b p`r` ljchs

mjstjctgs. Nh jcthrhs`c, hsphoîljo`nhcth, gkr`s hxprhs`m`s hc uc lgrn`tg nuy ogcorhtg9 hb

lgtgbjkrg. Jcobusg prhvjg ` b` thgrjzòjÿc sgkrh b` s`turòjÿc vjsu`b, `beucgs `rtjst`s ogng

[gkhrt Lr`cf, Tùb Erà`n g @bho _gta, quh a`c tr`kì`mg hc hsth lgrn`tg, prjgrjz`c bgs

prgohsgs mh shbhoojÿc y hmjojÿc pgr sgkrh b`s jnàehchs hc sî njsn`s, glrhojhcmg `sî uc`

rhspuhst` t`cehcoj`b ‟nàs jcmjrhot`‟ `b prgkbhn` hst`kbhojmg hc b`s pàejc`s `cthrjgrhs.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

"+

;.= HB NJ]G TBJCJ@CG

@ pagtger`pa js ` shorht `kgut ` shorht.

]ah ngrh jt thbbs ygu tah bhss ygu fcgw.

MJ@CH @[KX_

@b jcjojg mh su bjkrg \jsjÿc y pjctur` (0::0), Cgrn`c Krysgc ojt` hb njtg quh rhb`t` Tbjcjg

hb \jhig hc hb thxtg C`tur`bjs Ajstgrj`, quh m`t` mhb `ðg 55 mhb _jebg J.

Tbjcjg hb \jhig ouhct` quh Yhuxjs y T`rr`sjgs sh hclrhct`rgc hc uc` ognphthcoj` p`r`

mhojmjr qujhc hr` hb nàs er`cmh `rtjst` mh su êpgo`. @nkgs mhkî`c pjct`r, `b njsng tjhnpg,

sgkrh mgs thb`s mjstjct`s. @b ljc`bjz`r b` ognphthcoj` y mhsoukrjrsh b` ogrtjc` quh t`p`k` b`

thb` mh Yhuxjs, sh mhvhbÿ b` pjctur` mh uc`s suoubhct`s uv`s, t`c phrlhot`s quh prgvgo`rgc

quh cunhrgsgs pài`rgs kì`r`c mhb ojhbg ` `tò`r b` thb`, jcthct`cmg ognêrshb`s. Ou`cmg

bbhe` hb ngnhctg mh quh T`rr`sjgs nuhstrh su pjctur`, Yhuxjs sh m` ouhct` mh quh bg quh êb

orhî` quh hr` b` ogrtjc` quh oukrî` b` pjctur` hs, hc rh`bjm`m, b` pjctur` njsn`9 T`rr`sjgs

a`kî` pjct`mg uc` ogrtjc` mjrhot`nhcth sgkrh b` thb`. @sî hs ogng Yhuxjs, ogc su rh`bjsng,

bger` hce`ð`r ` bgs pài`rgs, phrg T`rr`sjgs ` Yhuxjs.

B` lgtger`lî` a` sjmg ajstÿrjo`nhcth ognprhcmjm` mh hst` n`chr`9 hc têrnjcgs pbjcj`cgs6

ogng uc ogcoursg têocjog mh rhprhshctòjÿc mh rh`bjm`m, ogc uc` rhbòjÿc jcmjsgbukbh hctrh

rh`bjsng y o`bjm`m. Thcshngs krhvhnhcth hc bgs `v`coh thocgbÿejogs mh bgs hqujpgs

lgtgeràljogs9 o`m` `ðg sh prgmuohc ngmhbgs ogc nàs nhe`pîxhbhs, nàs lucojgchs (ogng

er`k`mg mh vjmhg), n`chig mh ogbgr nàs rh`bjst`, gkturòjgchs nàs ràpjm`s, n`ygr



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

"*

o`pòjm`m mh nhngrj`, n`ygr o`ctjm`m mh tgn`s hc ràlè`. @v`cohs quh `puct`c, tgmgs, `

mjsnjcujr b` krhoa` hctrh hxphrjhcoj` h jnèhc, ` hctrhe`r nàs rh`bjm`m ` b`s lgtgs. Hc b`

cgvhb` B` Ognhmj` mhb @rth (0::8), mh @mgblg Oguvh, a`y uc` uc sjtuòjÿc quh lucojgc`

ogng nhtàlgr` mh hstg9 uc` nuihr `k`cmgc` ` su p`rhi`, uc pjctgr rh`bjst`, pgr uc lgtÿer`lg.

Hlhotjv`nhcth, mhsmh sus jcjojgs, b` lgtger`lî` ogng nhmjg a` `sunjmg `b rh`bjsng ogng

ucg mh sus njtgs lucm`cths. Thrg ljc`bnhcth hs sgbg hsg9 uc njtg.

!!!

Hr` hb 01 mh gotukrh mh 01=4, pgog tjhnpg mhspuês mh b` prhshctòjÿc gljoj`b mhb

mèuhrrgtjpg hc T`rîs, ou`cmg Ayppgbyth K`y`rm, uc lucojgc`rjg mhb Njcjsthrjg mh

Aòjhcm` lr`coês, ognhczÿ ` mhrrjk`r hb njtg. K`y`rm hst`k` hclurhojmg pgrquh hb Hst`mg

lr`coês sh a`kî` che`mg ` `mqujrjr g ljc`coj`r su prgohmjnjhctg lgtgeràljog, quh ogcsjstî`

hc uc nêtgmg mh ljiòjÿc mh jnàehchs hc p`phb nhmj`cth pgsjtjvgs mjrhotgs, sjnjb`r `b

mèuhrrgtjpg ‟hxjsth uc mhk`th hc tgrcg ` sj hb jcvhctg mh K`y`rm (mjkuigs lgtgeêcjogs,

oÿng hb bgs bb`n`k`) hs `cthrjgr g pgsthrjgr `b mh Mèuhrrh‟. Mhspuês mh b` prhshctòjÿc mhb

mèuhrrgtjpg, ` ngmg mh prgthst`, K`y`rm ajzg uc ùtgrrhtr`tg hc hb quh sh pgmî` vhr su

ouhrpg sjc vjm`, àge`mg hc uc` tjc`6 sjnjb`r ` b` pjctur` B` ngrt mh N`r`t (05:?) mh

Iòquhs-Bgujs M`vjm. Hc hb mgrsg mh b` lgtger`lî` hsorjkjÿ uc thxtg mh uc supuhstg thstjeg

mh b` hsohc`, quh m`k` ouhct` mh b` nuhrth mh Ayppgbyth K`y`rm. Hc hb thxtg sh pgmî` bhhr9

Hb o`màvhr mhb o`k`bbhrg quh `p`rhoh `b gtrg b`mg hs hb mh Ngcsjhur K`y`rm,

hb jcvhctgr mhb prgohsg ouygs n`r`vjbbgsgs rhsubt`mgs hstàc usthmhs vjhcmg g

v`c ` vhr. Ogng sh s`kh, hsth jcehcjgsg h jcl`tje`kbh jcvhstje`mgr a` hst`mg



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

""

mhcgm`m`nhcth goup`mg mur`cth trhs `ðgs hc pgchr ` puctg su jcvhcojÿc. B`

@o`mhnj`, hb rhy y tgmgs ou`ctgs a`c vjstg sus mjkuigs, quh êb

phrsgc`bnhcth ogcsjmhr`k` `ùc jnphrlhotgs, bgs a`c `mnjr`mg ogng usthm bg

hstà aòjhcmg hc hsth ngnhctg. Hbbg bh agcrÿ hcgrnhnhcth phrg cg bh

rhpgrtÿ cj uc oêctjng. Hb Egkjhrcg, quh t`ctg ogcohmjÿ ` Ngcsjhur

Mèuhrrh, mhojmjÿ mhshcthcmhrsh mh Ngcsjhur K`y`rm y hb pgkrh agnkrh sh

àgeÿ V…^ (K`y`rm, 01=4).0

Mh hst` n`chr`, Ngcsjhur K`y`rm ognhcz`k` ` èrjht`r hb njtg mhb rh`bjsng lgtgeràljog,

` b` vhz quh m`k` ouhct` mh gphròjgchs quh vjcoub`c ` b` jnèhc ogc gtrgs nhmjgs ogng b`

pjctur` (uc` lgtger`lî` quh rhnjth ` uc` pjctur` chgobàsjo`) y b` bjthr`tur` (ogctjhch uc thxtg

ogc uc c`rr`mgr ljoojgc`b). Ogng mjoh Ehr`rmg Ngctjhb Fbjct (;44<), hsh mî` còjÿ ‒b`

rhbòjÿc sjnkjÿtjo` hctrh lgtger`lî`, pjctur` y bjthr`tur`„ (p. <;).

·_jecjljo` hstg quh hctgcohs b` lgtger`lî` cg hstà bje`m` ogc b` rh`bjm`m, sjcg ogc b`

ljoojÿc7 Hc cjceùc o`sg. Bg ùcjog quh nuhstr` hs quh b` lgtger`lî` hstà t`c bje`m` ` b`

ljoojÿc ogng bg hstà ` b` rh`bjm`m6 hs uc n`thrj`b vgbukbh, pgr bg quh b` ogcohpojÿc pbjcj`c`

cg puhmh cg shr t`c jc`ngvjkbh. Ogng mhnuhstr` K`y`rm9 b` lgtger`lî` tr`t` sgkrh b`

hsphoubòjÿc.

0 Ojt`mg hc9 Lgctoukhrt`, I. (;44=). B` lgtger`lî` shrà c`rr`tjv` g cg shrà. Hcattp9//www.hboubtur`b.hs/vhrsjgcWp`phb/@[]H/:<:0/B`Wlgtger`lj`Wshr`Wc`rr`tjv`WgWcgWshr`WpgrWIg`cWLgctoukhrt` Gkthcjmg hb 0< mh Iucjg mhb ;40=.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

"#

]hchngs ogc K`y`rm uc `cthohmhcth rjquîsjng p`r` mjnhcsjgc`r b` o`pòjm`m rhtÿrjo`

mh b` lgtger`lî`. Ogng uc mjrhotgr mh ojch g uc hsorjtgr mh ljoojÿc, K`y`rm pgch ` b`

jnèhc ` tr`kì`r hc lucojÿc mh su mjsoursg prgpjg, phrsgc`b y `rtîstjog. Hnpui` bgs bînjths

y b`s ogcohpojgchs mh uc nhmjg6 aòh prgpè`cm` (¡ognprhc nj jcvhctg!)6 ognucjo` ` b`

lgtger`lî` ogc gtr`s mjsojpbjc`s6 `krh, cgt`kbhnhcth, erjht`s pgr b`s quh ojroub`ràc gtrgs

`rtjst`s, hc gtr`s êpgo`s.

;.8 HB @[]H MH H_THOXB@[

Ogc hst` shcthcoj` sh rhljhrh Ehgrehs Mjmj-Aukhrn`c (;40?) ` b` n`cjpubòjÿc mh b`s

jnàehchs9

]gm`s b`s jnàehchs mhb nucmg sgc hb rhsubt`mg mh uc` n`cjpubòjÿc, mh uc

hsluhrzg vgbuct`rjg hc hb quh jcthrvjhch b` n`cg mhb agnkrh (jcobusg ou`cmg

hst` sh` uc `rthlòtg nhoàcjog). _ÿbg bgs thÿbgegs suhð`c ogc jnàehchs quh

cg a`y`c sjmg prgmuojm`s pgr b` n`cg mhb agnkrh V…^ (pp. 0?-0=).

]hcjhcmg hstg hc ouhct`, vgbv`ngs ` b` jnèhc mh ]agn`s Aghpfhr6 b` mhb 00 mh

shptjhnkrh hc Cuhv` Zgrf, hc quh `p`rhohc ucgs iÿvhchs `p`rhcthnhcth

(jcsjstg9 `p`rhcthnhcth ) rhbì`mgs, t`c sgbg uc`s agr`s mhspuês mh b` o`tàstrglh quh,

jcmhphcmjhcthnhcth mh cuhstr`s ogcsjmhròjgchs pgbîtjo`s, tuvg nàs mh ?.444 vîotjn`s

ngrt`bhs.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

"$

Êst` jnèhc susojtÿ uc mhk`th pùkbjog hc tgrcg ` b` o`bjm`m ngr`b mh bgs phrsgcìhs quh

`p`rhohc hc hbb`. ]r`s uc p`r mh ogbunc`s hsorjt`s hc hb Chw Zgrf ]jnhs hc b`s quh sh

rhprgoa`k` b` òtjtum mh bgs iÿvhchs, U`bthr _jpshr, ucg mh bgs quh `p`rhohc hc b` jnèhc,

s`bjÿ ` mhlhcmhrsh mh b`s orîtjo`s. Mjig quh, hc bgs ahoags, sh hcogctr`k`c hc uc prglucmg

hst`mg mh sagof y quh, `mhnàs, hb lgtÿer`lg ]agn`s Aghpfhr cj sjqujhr` sh a`kî` òhro`mg

` a`kb`r ogc hbbgs p`r` ohrojgr`rsh mh b` òtjtum mh bgs rhtr`t`mgs lrhcth ` b` sjtuòjÿc. ‒Hc

o`nkjg, êb hbjejÿ pukbjo`r b` lgtger`lî` quh bh lòjbjtÿ bbhe`r ` b`s ogcobusjgchs ` b`s quh êb

quhrî` bbhe`r„, hsorjkjÿ hc uc `rtîoubg. (_jpshr, ;44<);. Thrg, ·aukjhsh shrvjmg quh Aghpfhr

sh òhro`r` ` a`kb`r ogc hbbgs7 ·_h puhmh lgtger`lj`r uc` òtjtum7

B` lgtger`lî` hs uc` ouhstjÿc mh `p`rjhcoj`s, y mhctrg mhb o`npg mh b`s `p`rjhcoj`s cg

hxjsth cj b` vhrm`m, cj b` nhctjr`9 hxjsthc, sgb`nhcth, ogs`s quh p`rhohc vhrm`m y ogs`s quh

p`rhohc nhctjr`. Mh b` njsn` n`chr` hc b` quh uc` lgtg mh uc erjtg puhmh shr jcthrprht`m`

ogng uc` lgtg mh uc kgsthzg (y vjohvhrs`), hb shctjmg mh b`s jnàehchs hs, sjhnprh,

hsphoub`tjvg9 b`s lgtger`lî`s mjohc nhcgs mh bg quh cgsgtrgs orhhngs quh mjohc. _heùc Ig`c

Lgctoukhrt`9 ‒]gm` lgtger`lî` hs, `cths quh hsphig, hsphoubòjÿc„ (;404, p. 8=).

Ljc`bnhcth, b`s lgtger`lî`s sgc uc` suphrljojh ‟n`têrjo` g mjejt`b‟ mh rhejstrg vjsu`b quh cg

hstà sukyue`m` ognpbht`nhcth ` bgs ogcohptgs mh rh`bjm`m y l`bshm`m (Ngrrjs, ;400).

!!!

Bh`ngs b`s p`b`kr`s mhb pght` Khrtgbt Krhoat sgkrh hb lgtgphrjgmjsng, quh m`t`c mh 0:?09

; _b`th.ogn (;44<) Jt's Nh jc ]a`t :/00 Tagtg. Hcattp9//www.sb`th.ogn/`rtjobhs/chwsW`cmWpgbjtjos/oubturhkgx/;44</4:/jtsWnhWjcWta`tW:00Wpagtg.atnbGkthcjmg hb 0= mh n`yg mhb ;40=.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

"%

Hb trhnhcmg mhs`rrgbbg mhb lgtgphrjgmjsng a` ogctrjkujmg pràotjo`nhcth hc

c`m` ` b` rhvhbòjÿc mh b` vhrm`m sgkrh b`s ogcmjojgchs mh hsth nucmg. @b

ogctr`rjg, b` lgtger`lî`, hc n`cgs mh b` kureuhsî`, sh a` ogcvhrtjmg hc uc`

thrrjkbh `rn` ogctr` b` vhrm`m. B` v`st` o`ctjm`m mh n`thrj`b lgtger`lj`mg

quh hs mjserhe`mg mî` ` mî` pgr b` prhcs` y quh p`rhoh thchr o`ràothr mh

vhrm`m sjrvh sgbg p`r` gsourhohr bgs ahoags. B` oàn`r` hs t`c o`p`z mh

nhctjr ogng b` nàqujc` mh hsorjkjr (Krhoat, 0:?0).?

B`s p`b`kr`s mh Krhoat, sjhnprh t`njz`m`s pgr uc` bÿejo` n`rxjst` lrhcth ` bgs nhmjgs

mh prgmuoojÿc kureuhshs, sgc prhojs`s `b mhsoukrjr hb o`ràothr `nkjeug mh b` lgtger`lî`9 b`

oàn`r` hs t`c o`p`z mh nhctjr ogng b` nàqujc` mh hsorjkjr. Mh òuhrmg ` Ig`c Lgctoukhrt`

(;404)9 ‒hb usg hstrjot`nhcth mgounhct`b mh b` oàn`r` lrò`s` hc su jcthctg pgr o`pt`r b`

rh`bjm`m vjvjm`6 hs sgbg hce`ð`cmg ogng pgmhngs `bo`cz`r uc` ojhrt` vhrm`m, hs sgbg ogc

uc` sjnubòjÿc ogcsojhcth ogng cgs òhro`ngs ` uc` rhprhshctòjÿc hpjsthngbÿejo`

s`tjslòtgrj`„ (p. 045). Bg quh suohmh hs quh, pgr sus mjsoutjkbhs o`ròthrîstjo` jcmjoj`bhs

(Ugbbhc, 0:18), b` rhbòjÿc hctrh lgtger`lî` y rh`bjm`m hs ognpbhi` y p`r`mÿijo`. Cg sh

puhmh rhmuojr su lucojÿc ` b` mh rhprhshct`r b` rh`bjm`m, phrg t`npgog sh puhmh rhmuojr ` shr

sjhnprh uc nhmjg l`b`z.

? Ojt`mg hc9 Erjnn, [hjcagbm. (0:58) N`rxjst hnkbhns9 Khrtgbt Krhtoat‚s U`r Trjnhr. Ognp`r`tjvh Bjthr`turh _tumjhs. 0; (;), p. ;<<.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

"&

T`r` shr houàcjnhs, b` ogcohpojÿc pbjcj`c` mh b` lgtger`lî` (p`r` cgsgtrgs mumgs` h

jchxòt`) cg hs ognpbht`nhcth `rkjtr`rj`. ]jhch su r`zÿc mh shr. Ogng tgmg nhmjg, b`

lgtger`lî` tjhch sus bjnjtòjgchs, sus pjhs lgrz`mgs, y b` jcmjsphcs`kbh prhshcoj` mh b` buz

‟mh uc hxthrjgr rh`b, lîsjog, ogcorhtg‟ p`r` b` o`ptur` lgtgeràljo`, y` sh` sgkrh uc sgpgrth

lîbnjog g uc sgpgrth mjejt`b, hs ucg hbbgs. @ùc ou`cmg cgs hcogctr`ngs jcshrtgs hc uc`

sgojhm`m pgstngmhrc`, hc b` quh a`y uc mhk`th `kjhrtg sgkrh b` v`bjmhz mhb ogcohptg mh

rh`bjm`m, y thchngs ojhrt` ogcsojhcoj` lrhcth ` b` n`bh`kjbjm`m mhb shctjmg mh b`s jnàehchs,

b`s lgtger`lî`s sjeuhc sjhcmg ogcsjmhr`m`s ‟jcobusg bhe`bnhcth- ogng uc` pruhk` mh

vhròjm`m. @cth hst` mjogtgnî`, prgpgchngs quh hb njtg lucm`cth mhb nhmjg, nàs quh b`

rhprhshctòjÿc mh b` rh`bjm`m, hs b` p`r`mgi`9 b` lgtger`lî` sjhnprh hst`rà hc ogcst`cth

ogctr`mjoojÿc. Hb lgtÿer`lg y ò`mênjog Igreh Ergchnhyhr (;441) mhstò` quh b` lgtger`lî`

sh hcouhctr` hctrh b` ojhcoj` y hb `rth, b` rh`bjm`m y b` ljoojÿc.

Hc uc` ogbunc`, hb orgcjst` [gkhrtg Nhrjcg aòî` uc` gkshrvòjÿc sgkrh b` pghsî` quh

hs phrlhot`nhcth hxtr`pgb`kbh ` b` lgtger`lî`9 ‒]hcmrî` quh èrhe`r quh hc hb hihrojojg mh b`

pghsî` bgs ! pjhs lgrz`mgs‚ ‟b`s rhstrjoojgchs lgrn`bhs‟ tjhchc b` n`ygr p`rth mh b`s vhohs

uc` òojÿc khcêljo`, ehchr`cmg uc` hsphojh mh bjkhròjÿc mh ogcsojhcoj`„ (;40=)=.

Orhhngs quh `sî hs9 ucg mh b`s n`ygrhs jcstrunhctgs rhtÿrjogs mh b` lgtger`lî` hs

iust`nhcth b` prgkbhnàtjo` rhbòjÿc quh tjhch ogc b` rh`bjm`m ‟hsh pjh lgrz`mg‟, quh bh

gtgre` ` b`s jnàehchs gkthcjm`s pgr prgohsgs lgtgeràljogs uc ùr` mh vhrgsjnjbjtum jmÿch`

p`r` ogct`r ajstgrj`s, p`r` c`rr`r ljoojgchs, p`r` quh sh puhm`c bhhr b`s jnàehchs mhctrg mh

= Nhrjcg, [. (01 mh n`yg mhb ;40=). Tgpub`rhs. Hb Nhrourjg, p. H-0=.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

"'

uc mjsoursg `rtîstjog. Hs hc su `p`rhcth mhkjbjm`m ‟hst` jco`pòjm`m quh hxjsth p`r` pgmhr

mhljcjr b` c`tur`bhz` mhb nhmjg‟ hc mgcmh r`mjo` su n`ygr lgrt`bhz` hxprhsjv`.

;.< B@ @[_ TGÊ]JO@

Hxjsthc t`ctgs tjpgs mh lgtger`lî`s9 b`s a`y oàcmjm`s, jcst`cths mhojsjvgs, rhlhrhcoj`bhs,

k`c`bhs, ngrtugrj`s, thrrgrîljo`s, mgounhct`bhs, prgpè`cmîstjo`s, jcmjoj`bhs, phrlgrnàtjo`s,

trjsths, pukbjojt`rj`s, pgs`m`s, ogcstrujm`s, nhtÿmjo`s, òojmhct`bhs, phrjgmîstjo`s, lgrn`bhs,

`kstròt`s, pjxhb`m`s, jbusgrj`s, hxpbjo`kbhs h jchxpbjo`kbhs. Mur`cth cuhstr` vjm` sgngs

prgtègcjst`s y ùtgrhs mh tgmgs hstgs tjpgs mh jnàehchs.

!!!

Xt pjotur` pgjhsjs (ogng b` pjctur` `sî hs b` pghsî`), mhob`n` uc bhn` mh Agròjg, quh

`p`rhoh hc hb bjkrg Hpîstgb` `m pjsgchs, tr`muojmg `b hsp`ðgb pgr prjnhr` vhz hc 08:;. Hst`

`c`bgeî` hctrh pjctur` ‟hb `rth rhprhshctòjgc`b mh b` êpgo`‟ y pghsî`, hs uc` ob`vh p`r`

`kgrm`r b` lgtger`lî` agy. _heùc Chus E`bî (0:::), Agròjg tgn` hsth bhn` mhb erjheg

_jnÿcjmhs mh Ohgs, quh mhoî` quh b` pghsî` hr` pjctur` quh a`kb`k`, njhctr`s b` pjctur` hr`

ogng b` pghsî` sjbhcojgs`.

@ phs`r mhb jcthctg mh Agròjg pgr ahrn`c`r pghsî` y pjctur`, ` Bhgc`rmg m` \jcoj bh

ngbhst`k` b` lr`sh quh gtgre`k` numhz ` b` pjctur`. Bhgc`rmg hsorjkh, sheùc E`bî

(0:::, p. 0<5), hc su ]r`t`mg ` b` pjctur` (0<14), quh sj b` pjctur` hs num` hctgcohs ‒hb



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

"(

pjctgr pgmrî` mhojr quh b` pghsî` hs pjctur` ojhe`„. Z hs pgsjkbh quh Bhgc`rmg thce` `beg mh

r`zÿc9 b`s `rths `phb`c ` bgs shctjmgs hc mjstjct`s jcthcsjm`mhs6 ogcvhcojgc`bnhcth

pgmrî`ngs mhojr quh b` pghsî` hs nhcgs vjsu`b quh b` lgtger`lî`. Thrg, ·cg cgs ahngs

hcogctr`mg `beuc` vhz ogc jnàehchs ‟hc su shctjmg nàs `npbjg‟ hc uc pghn`7 G hc

o`nkjg, ·cg ahngs vjstg uc` jnèhc quh cgs p`rhoh, pgr `beuc` r`zÿc, pgêtjo`7 Ou`cmg `b

hsorjtgr \b`mjnjr C`kgfgv bh prheuct`rgc, hc 0:<;, sgkrh su jmjgn` prhmjbhotg hctrh hb rusg

y hb jcebês, rhspgcmjÿ9 ‒Cg pjhcsg hc cjceùc jmjgn`. Tjhcsg hc jnàehchs„.8 Ogc hstgs

`cthohmhcths, nàs quh jcthct`r z`ci`r hsth lgrohihg njbhc`rjg hctrh pjctur` y pghsî`, jcthrhs`

vhr b` ogrrhspgcmhcoj` quh a`y9 b`s `rths rhprhshctòjgc`bhs (pjctur`, lgtger`lî`) hstàc

vjcoub`m`s, ajstÿrjo`nhcth, ` b` pghsî`.

Hb hsorjtgr `rehctjcg Oês`r @jr`, hc uc `càbjsjs mh b` gkr` mh Igac Oèh, hsorjkh9 ‒Z cg

mhig mh a`kb`r mh bjthr`tur` pgrquh Igac Oèh sh` uc nùsjog. @b ogctr`rjg. Puh ‑b` pghsî`

sh` ahoa` pgr tgmgs, cg pgr ucg‚ Vojt`cmg ` Bùtrê`ngct^, sjecjljo` t`nkjêc quh hsh ‑ucg‚,

ou`cmg sh pgce` hc òojÿc, a`rà tgm`s b`s `rths, cg uc`.„< _heùc @jr`, b` gkr` mh Igac Oèh

pgmrî` jcsorjkjrsh cg sÿbg mhctrg mh b` mjsojpbjc` nusjo`b, sjcg t`nkjêc hc b` bjthr`tur`. Hsth

`cthohmhcth hs jcthrhs`cth `b ogcsjmhr`r quh hc hst` nhngrj` sh `pbjo`c ogcohptgs bjthr`rjgs

y pgêtjogs sgkrh jnàehchs vjsu`bhs9 pgmhngs a`kb`r mh pghsî` sjc mhi`r mh a`kb`r mh

lgtger`lî` y vjohvhrs`. [hjthrhngs b` prheuct`9 ·puhmh uc` lgtger`lî`, hctrh tgmgs bgs

`mihtjvgs nhcojgc`mgs `b jcjojg mh hsth o`pîtubg, shr pgêtjo`7

8 Muv`b-_njta, T. & Kurst`bb, O. (Trgmuotgrhs). (_hptjhnkrh, 0:<;). KKO ]hbhvjsjgc Jcthrvjhw. VTrger`n` mhthbhvjsjÿc^. [hjcg Xcjmg9 Krjtjsa Krg`mo`stjce Ogrpgr`tjgc.

< @jr`, O. (0::1, `krjb). B` cuhv` hsorjtur`. B` Igrc`m`, 0<;.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

")

\gbv`ngs, krhvhnhcth ` Agròjg. Hpîstgb` `m pjsgchs hs ucg mh bgs thxtgs nàs

jnpgrt`cths mhb ob`sjojsng, y hs ogcgojmg, t`nkjêc, ogng @rs pgætjo`. Cg pgmhngs

`vhctur`rcgs ` `sheur`r quh bgs pghn`s quh rhlbhxjgc`c sgkrh b` pghsî` (cgrn`bnhcth

tjtub`m`s `rths pgêtjo`s, quh a`c hsorjtg nuoags pght`s mh mjstjct` îcmgbh) mhsojhcm`c

mjrhot`nhcth mhb bjkrg mh Agròjg, y` quh p`r` hsg sh chohsjt`rî` aòhr uc `càbjsjs

hpjsthngbÿejog y `ctrgpgbÿejog quh mjljhrh mh bgs gkihtjvgs mh hst` nhngrj`. _jc hnk`reg,

ojhrt`nhcth a`y uc` sjnjbjtum quh bgs hnp`rhct`, `b nhcgs, htjngbÿejo`nhcth.

Bh`ngs uc lrènhctg mh b` @rs pgætjo` mh Agròjg, hc b` quh sh rhljhrh, prhojs`nhcth, `

b` rhbòjÿc pjctur`-pghsî`9

_jc quh sh`c bgs pjhs cj b` o`khz`

T`rths quh ` uc njsng ouhrpg phrthchohc

Thrg mjràc ogc jeu`b lr`cquhz`

_jhnprh pumjhrgc `trhvhrsh ` tgmg

Tjctgrhs y pght`s V…^ (Agròjg, s.l., p. ?<:).5

@agr`, bh`ngs uc` p`rth mhb pghn` tjtub`mg @rth pgêtjo`, hsorjtg pgr hb oajbhcg \johcth

Aujmgkrg9

Puh hb vhrsg sh` ogng uc` bb`vh

Puh `kr` njb puhrt`s.

5 Hst` tr`muoojÿc phrthchoh b` hmjojÿc hsp`ðgb` mhb ;40;, tr`muojm` y prhp`r`m` pgr Iu`c @ctgcjg EgczàbhzJebhsj`s9 Agròjg (;40;). @rth Tgêtjo`. N`mrjm9 Oàthmr`.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

#+

Xc` agi` o`h6 `beg p`s` vgb`cmg6

Ou`ctg njrhc bgs gigs orh`mg sh`,

Z hb `bn` mhb gyhcth quhmh thnkb`cmg V…^ (Aujmgkrg, 0:0<, p.0?).

Hc `nkgs b` prhthcsjÿc prjcojp`b hs n`cjlhst`r su pgsjojÿc sukihtjv` lrhcth ` b` pghsî`

‟su pghsî` y b` mh bgs gtrgs‟, us`cmg, iust`nhcth, hb nhmjg pgêtjog ogng vhaîoubg p`r`

aòhrbg9 sgc pghn`s sgkrh pghsî`. [htgn`cmg b`s prheuct`s quh cgs ahngs ahoag hc b`s

pàejc`s `cthrjgrhs, t`b vhz sh` phrtjchcth phcs`r hc hb ogrpus mh gkr` mh uc lgtÿer`lg ogng

b` kùsquhm` mh b` hsorjtur` mh uc `rth pgêtjo`. Mjoag mh gtr` n`chr`6 b` phsqujs` mh cuhstr`

ogcohpojÿc mh b` lgtger`lî`, nhmj`cth b` lgtger`lî` njsn`. ]`b vhz sh` hstg bg quh sh

hxprhs` hc b`s jnàehchs mh uc `rtjst`9 nàs quh uc` pgêtjo`, b` orhòjÿc mh uc `rth pgêtjo`.

Hxprhs`r t`x`tjv`nhcth hb quê hs bg pgêtjog mh b` lgtger`lî` hs uc` òojÿc ùtgrjt`rj`

(y` quh bg pgêtjog hs, sjhnprh, prglucm`nhcth `nkjeug) h jcsgsthcjkbh. Ogng hxpbjo`

rgnàctjo`nhcth Iga`cchs Tlhjllhr hc su obàsjog hcs`yg B` pghsî`9

Ogcohctròjÿc, jbunjcòjÿc mhb shr y vhrm`m mhb shctjnjhctg Vv`bgrhs quh

Tlhjllhr gtgre` ` b` pghsî`^ sgc ogcohptgs cg hxhctgs mh `nkjeòhm`m.

Tgrquh, hvjmhcthnhcth, bg quh jnpgrt` hs hb rjegr mh b` ogcohctròjÿc, bg

prglucmg mh b` jbunjcòjÿc, bg hbhv`mg mh b` vhrm`m shctjm`. Hs mhojr, quh bg

pgêtjog, ogc su ùtgcgnî` hstêtjo`, sh sgnhth ` uc` cgrn` supr`hstêtjo`, ` b`

tgt`bjm`m êtjog-nht`lîsjo` mh bg aun`cg„ (0:<4 p. :0).



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

#*

Kuso`r uc` pgêtjo` prgpj`, ` p`rtjr mh cuhstr` hxphrjhcoj` ogc hb nhmjg, hs uc` n`chr`

mh ukjo`r cuhstr` lgtger`lî` mhctrg mh bgs t`ctgs tjpgs mh lgtger`lî` quh nhcojgc`ngs

`cthrjgrnhcth. Hs, `b jeu`b quh oÿng ajojhrgc Agròjg, Aujmgkrg y nuoags nàs, kuso`r bgs

`mihtjvgs (hc hsth o`sg vjsu`bhs) quh mhljchc cuhstrgs vhrsgs g prgs` lgtgeràljo`.

?. HB LG]GBJK[G MH LGQ ]@BKG]

A`kjhcmg hst`kbhojmg hstgs `cthohmhcths ajstÿrjogs y ogcohptgs ob`vh, cgs ogcohctr`rhngs

hc hb lgrn`tg hsphoîljog ` hstumj`r hc hst` nhngrj`9 bgs lgtgbjkrgs. Z` ahngs hsorjtg sgkrh

mgs mh b`s ljeur`s quh a`c sjmg o`cgcjz`m`s ajstÿrjo`nhcth ogng bgs pjgchrgs mh b`

lgtger`lî`9 Bgujs Mèuhrrh h Ajppgbyth K`y`rm. @agr` prglucmjz`rhngs hc uc throhrg9

Ujbbj`n Ahcry Lgx ]`bkgt.

Hb jcvhctgr h jcthbhotu`b jcebês p`thctÿ, hc 01=;, hb o`bgtjpg9 uc prgohsg lgtgeràljog quh

ehchr`k` uc che`tjvg quh pgmî` shr pgsjtjv`mg y rhprgmuojmg pgsthrjgrnhcth. @ mjlhrhcoj`

mh bgs mèuhrrgtjpgs mh Mèuhrrh y bgs mjkuigs lgtgeêcjogs mh K`y`rm, quh ehchr`k`c

ogpj`s ùcjo`s, hb o`bgtjpg luh uc prhoursgr `ro`jog mh bgs che`tjvgs mh ?8nn quh

ogcgohngs. Thrg hb ajtg nàs jnpgrt`cth mh b` o`rrhr` lgtgeràljo` mh Lgx ]`bkgt cg r`mjo`

hc hb jcvhctg mhb o`bgtjpg, sjcg hc `beg nuoag nhcgs ognpbhig quînjo`nhcth9 uc` shrjh

pgr suksorjpojÿc mh shjs bjkrgs pukbjo`mgs hctrh 01== y 01=<.

]jtub`mgs ]ah Thcojb gl C`turh, Lgx ]`bkgt ogcojkjÿ hstgs bjkrgs ogng hb vhaîoubg

phrlhotg p`r` ognhroj`bjz`r sus o`bgtjpgs. O`m` bjkrg ogcsjstî` hc v`rjgs o`bgtjpgs

pgsjtjv`mgs (mhsmh trhs a`st` sjhth jnàehchs pgr bjkrg) mh hsohc`s `rqujthotÿcjo`s,



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

#"

c`tur`bhz`s nuhrt`s, e`kjchths h jcobusg uc rhtr`tg. O`m` jnèhc hr` ògnp`ð`m` pgr uc

thxtg, hc hb quh Lgx ]`bkgt mhsorjkî` hb prgohsg p`r` b` gkthcojÿc mh b`s jnàehchs y sus

khchljojgs pràotjogs. _h puhmh bhhr, `b b`mg mh b` jnèhc mh uc e`kjchth ogc phquhðgs

gkihtgs mh pgrohb`c`9 ‒Bgs erupgs mh ljeur`s cg bbhv`c nàs tjhnpg mh gkthchr quh b`s

ljeur`s ùcjo`s V` mjlhrhcoj` mhb er`k`mg^, y` quh b` oàn`r` bgs pb`sn` ` tgmgs `b njsng

tjhnpg„ (Lgx ]`bkgt, 01==).1

Jnèhc <9 Lgx ]`bkgt, A. (01==-01=<) Bànjc` cùnhrg trhs mh ]ah Thcojb gl C`turh. Luhcth9 www.nhmjhcfucstchtz.mh

B` jcoursjÿc mh Lgx ]`bkgt hc hb lgrn`tg mh bjkrg luh tgt`bnhcth prènàtjo`9 hr`,

prjcojp`bnhcth, uc o`tàbgeg quh prhthcmî` ngstr`r b`s ou`bjm`mhs mh uc prgmuotg p`r` su

vhct`. Mh b` njsn` n`chr` hc b` quh, òtu`bnhcth, bgs vhcmhmgrhs mh `beuc`s n`ro`s mh

1 Ojt`mg hc9 T`rr, N y K`mehr, E. (;44=) ]ah Tagtgkggf9 @ Ajstgry. \gbunh J. Bgcmrhs9 Ta`jmgc.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

##

ogsnêtjogs nuhstr`c sus orhn`s y phrlunhs, Lgx ]`bkgt ngstr`k` sus o`bgtjpgs. Thrg ogng

nuoags hnprhcmjnjhctgs vjotgrj`cgs, hst` hnprhs` mh ]`bkgt thcî` jcojmhct`bnhcth ojhrt`s

o`ròthrîstjo`s mh jcche`kbh v`bgr `rtîstjog. Hc hsth o`sg, hb lgrn`tg mh bjkrg ogng vhaîoubg

p`r` b` lgtger`lî`. Hctrh bgs ajstgrj`mgrhs mhb `rth hxjsth ojhrtg ogcshcsg hc ukjo`r ` ]ah

Thcojb gl C`turh ogng hb prjnhr lgtgbjkrg mh b` ajstgrj`6 o`re`cmg ogc b` lr`sh hcucoj`m`

pgr _us`c _gctè, nuoags `ðgs mhspuês mh b` `p`rjojÿc mhb bjkrg mh Lgx ]`bkgt9 ‒hb bjkrg a`

sjmg hb lgrn`tg nàs jclbuyhcth hc b` n`chr` mh grmhc`r lgtger`lî`s, e`r`ctjzàcmgbhs `sî

bgcehvjm`m h jcobusg jcngrt`bjm`m„ (0:55, p. 8). Hb er`c nêrjtg mh ]`bkgt hs tr`hr ` b`

houòjÿc, nàs quh uc nêtgmg g uc` gkr`, uc lgrn`tg. Hb ngmhbg mh lgtgbjkrg jnpuhstg pgr

]ah Thcojb gl C`turh ‒n`cthcmrî` b` lgrn` nàs kàsjo` mhb lgtgbjkrg, ogc `beuc`s

hxohpojgchs, a`st` kjhc hctr`mg hb _jebg QQ. B` lgtger`lî` hc hb _jebg QJQ, p`rtjoub`rnhcth

b` pukbjo`m` hc bjkrgs g hc àbkunhs, luh hshcoj`bnhcth uc` nhtgmgbgeî` p`r` `bnòhc`r

ahoags, p`rth mh b` jcmustrj` mhb ogcgojnjhctg.„ (T`rr y K`mehr, ;44=, p. 0<).

K`st` rhvjs`r bgs bjkrgs mhojngcÿcjogs jcobujmgs hc bgs mgs vgbùnhchs mh ]ah

Tagtgkggf9 @ Ajstgry mh bgs thÿrjogs, lgtÿer`lgs y ogbhoojgcjst`s krjtàcjogs N`rtjc T`rr y

Ehrry K`mehr ‟ hb n`ygr y nhigr bger`mg jcthctg pgr hst`kbhohr uc` ajstgrj` mh b` lgtger`lî`

jnprhs`‟, p`r` ognprgk`r quh hlhotjv`nhcth bgs lgtgbjkrgs sh n`ctuvjhrgc, s`bvg uc`s

phquhðîsjn`s hxohpojgchs, sjc o`nkjg `beucg mur`cth hb _jebg QJQ.

Ogng kjhc shð`b`c T`rr y K`mehr, ` ognjhczgs mh b` sheucm` njt`m mhb _jebg QQ, hc

er`c p`rth eròj`s `b ùeh mh b`s rhvjst`s quh ogcthcî`c lgtghcs`ygs mgounhct`bhs ogng

Bjlh, hb ngmhbg mh lgtgbjkrg ognjhcz` ` mjc`njz`rsh. A`st` quh hc 0:8:, ogc b` bbhe`m` mh

]ah @nhrjo`cs mh [gkhrt Lr`cf sh rhvgbuojgc` hb lgrn`tg y ` b` vhz sh ‒p`vjnhct` hb



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

#$

o`njcg p`r` trhs mêo`m`s mh lgtger`lî`s quh hxpbgr`c pgêtjo`s phrsgc`bhs y hxphrjhcoj`s mh

vjm`„ (;44=, p. ;=5).

_j ]ah Thcojb gl C`turh luh hb ngmhbg mh lgtgbjkrg mh er`c p`rth mhb _jebg QJQ, ]ah

@nhrjo`cs shrî` hb ngmhbg mhb _jebg QQ. B` cuhv` v`rj`cth quh sh jcther` ` b` pràotjo`

lgtgeràljo` hs iust`nhcth bg quh bgs ùtgrhs mh ]ah Tagtgkggf9 @ Ajstgry bb`n`c pgêtjo`

phrsgc`b. Ogng hsphot`mgrhs, mhsmh b` `p`rjojÿc mh ]ah @nhrjo`cs, pgmhngs jmhctjljo`r `

bgs lgtgbjkrgs ogng ogcthchmgrhs mh uc` pgêtjo` quh sh hxprhs`, `b jeu`b quh hc b`

bjthr`tur`, hctrh mgs pgrt`m`s quh n`ro`c uc jcjojg y uc ljc`b.

?.0 [ GKH[] L[@CF HC @NÊ[JO@

Hc n`rzg mh 0:=5 bbhe`k` ` Hst`mgs Xcjmgs, ` kgrmg mhb kuquh _._. I`nhs Khcchtt Nggrh,

uc lgtÿer`lg prgvhcjhcth mh _ujz`9 uc iumîg bb`n`mg [gkhrt Lr`cf, mh ;? `ðgs. Lr`cf

bbhe`k` ` Hst`mgs Xcjmgs, ogng nuoags gtrgs hurgphgs, hso`p`cmg mh bgs mhs`strhs quh

a`kî`c mhi`mg b`s mgs euhrr`s nucmj`bhs hc hb vjhig ogctjchcth.

Trhojs`nhcth hc hsh nhs, n`rzg mh 0:=5, Hst`mgs Xcjmgs, b` suphrpgthcoj`, ognhcz`k`

uc bhctg mhsohcsg mhsmh b` ojn` quh a`kî` `bo`cz`mg mhspuês mh b` _heucm` Euhrr`

Nucmj`b9 hb prhsjmhcth ]run`c a`kî` `cucoj`mg pùkbjo`nhcth quh b` hxp`csjÿc mhb

ognucjsng hr` uc` `nhc`z` mjrhot` ` b` sheurjm`m mh bgs Hst`mgs Xcjmgs. Hc bgs `ðgs

pgsthrjgrhs, hb nò`rtjsng y b` Euhrr` Lrî` shouhstr`rî`c hb shctjmg ognùc6 b`s vjgbòjgchs `

bgs mhrhoags ojvjbhs mh b` pgkbòjÿc cher` bbhe`rî`c ` su bînjth6 hb thngr pgr b` hxpbgsjÿc mh



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

#%

b` kgnk` `tÿnjo` sh tgn`rî` b` sukurkjgs6 b` vjsu`bjm`m ogcqujst`rî` ` bgs Hst`mgs Xcjmgs,

ogc ?; njbbgchs mh thbhvjsgrhs vhcmjmgs hctrh 0:84 y 0:8?.

Hsorjkh Igac Krunljhbm, hc 0:149 ‒[gkhrt Lr`cf mjig quh ou`cmg bbheÿ `b ‑cuhvg

nucmg‚ phcsÿ quh hr` uc agnkrh `lgrtuc`mg. Goag `ðgs mhspuês ognhcz`rî` uc bjkrg. Z bg

bb`n`rî` ]ah @nhrjo`cs„ (p. 04). ·Puê suohmjÿ hc hsgs `ðgs7 [gkhrt Lr`cf prhshcojÿ hb

jcjojg mhb ljc mhb suhðg `nhrjo`cg.

!!!

Hc 0:88 [gkhrt Lr`cf, ùspjoj`mg pgr U`bfhr Hv`cs, e`c`rî` uc` kho` Eueehcahjn, quh bh

phrnjtjrî` pè`r b` e`sgbjc` mhb ùtg ogc hb quh vjì`rî` mur`cth bgs prÿxjngs mgs `ðgs pgr

b`s o`rrhthr`s hst`mgucjmhcshs. Mh njbhs mh lgtger`lî`s o`ptur`m`s mur`cth hsgs `ðgs shrî`c

pukbjo`m`s hc uc bjkrg 1? jnàehchs.

Lrhcth ` b` mjljoubt`m p`r` hcogctr`r ` `beujhc quh pukbjo`r` hb bjkrg hc Hst`mgs Xcjmgs,

Lr`cf òohmjÿ ` pukbjo`rbg prjnhrg hc Lr`coj`, ogc b` `yum` mh [gkhrt Mhbpjrh hc 0:819 Bhs

@nêrjo`jcs. Hst` prjnhr` hmjojÿc jcobuî` hcs`ygs mh ùtgrhs mh b` t`bb` mh _jngch mh

Khùvgjr, Hrsfjch O`bmwhbb, Ujbbj`n Lùbfchr, Ahcry Njbbhr y Igac _thjckhof, quh

ukjo`k`c ` b`s lgtger`lî`s mh Lr`cf mhctrg mhb ànkjtg mhb mgounhctg sgoj`b y pgbîtjog

hxpbîojtg6 rhstàcmgbh ojhrt` luhrz` hxprhsjv` ` b`s jnàehchs.

_ÿbg ogc b` bbhe`m` mh b` hmjojÿc hst`mgucjmhcsh, uc `ðg mhspuês, ]ah @nhrjo`cs

bbhe`rî` ` hxpbgt`r tgm` su luhrz` hxprhsjv`, a`st` ogcvhrtjrsh hc hb lgtgbjkrg nàs jnpgrt`cth



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

#&

mhb _jebg QQ. B` cuhv` hmjojÿc, pukbjo`m` pgr Erggvh Trhss, suprjnî` tgmgs bgs thxtgs

(`beg ognpbjo`mg, sj thchngs hc ouhct` hb cjvhb mh bgs ùtgrhs prhshcths hc b` prjnhr`

hmjojÿc) hxohptg ucg, mh Iòf Fhrguò. Hc hs` jctrgmuoojÿc, Fhrguò, ùtgr mh b` cgvhb`

Gc tah rg`m (0:85) y ljeur` mhb ngvjnjhctg Kh`tcjf, ukjo`k` ` b`s jnàehchs, y` cg hc uc

pb`cg mgounhct`b, sjcg hc uc pb`cg pgêtjog9 hc su jctrgmuoojÿc ` b` hmjojÿc mh 0:8< mh ]ah

@nhrjo`cs hxprhs`k` quh hb bjkrg hr` ‒uc trjsth pghn` suoojgc`mg mhsmh hb lgcmg mh

@nêrjo`„ (0:8:, p. 8).

Hs jcthrhs`cth vhr ogng sh rhpjthc bgs ogcohptgs quh ahngs jmg tr`z`cmg ` tr`vês mh hst`

nhngrj`, ogng pgr hihnpbg b` `pbjoòjÿc mhb thrnjcg pgêtjog ` b`s lgtger`lî`s y, nàs

hsphoîljo`nhcth, ` bgs lgtgbjkrgs. Hsorjkh Fhrguò9 ‒@b quh cg bh eusthc hst`s lgtgs, cg bh

eust` b` pghsî`, ·hctjhcmhc7„ (0:8:, p. 1). Bg quh Fhrguò prgpgch hs quh, p`r` `ksgrkhr

hc pbhcjtum b` prgpuhst` vjsu`b mh Lr`cf, hs chohs`rjg thchr ojhrt` shcsjkjbjm`m pgêtjo`. Z hs

quh, hlhotjv`nhcth, b`s rhbòjgchs quh prgpgch [gkhrt Lr`cf hc su bjkrg sgc nàs pgêtjo`s

quh ogcohptu`bhs6 nàs nhtgcînjo`s quh têocjo`s.

Hs hc hsth puctg hc hb quh r`mjo` b` jnpgrt`coj` mh ]ah @nhrjo`cs6 bg quh aòh quh, `ùc

nàs mh nhmjg sjebg mhspuês mh su pukbjoòjÿc, sje` sjhcmg uc` luhcth jcègt`kbh mh

jcspjròjÿc p`r` tr`kìgs lgtgeràljogs, n`thrj`bhs jcvhstje`tjvgs y pgsjkbhs `càbjsjs

shnjÿtjogs:9 su hstruotur` hs uc ognpbhig sjsthn` mh rhbòjgchs rhtÿrjo`s quh ognpgchc uc`

sjct`xjs ùtgr`b.

: \hr, pgr hihnpbg, b` hmjojÿc orîtjo` mh nàs mh 844 pàejc`s, pukbjo`m` hc ogcnhngròjÿc mhb `cjvhrs`rjgcùnhrg 84 mh b` prjnhr` hmjojÿc `nhrjo`c`9 Erhhcguea, _`rà (Hm.) (;44:). Bggfjce Jc - [gkhrt Lr`cf‚s ]ah @nhrjo`cs. Egttjcehc9 _thjmb.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

#'

·Puê aòh quh hsth bjkrg sh` t`c jclbuyhcth7 ·Tgr quê hs uc ajtg t`c jnpgrt`cth mhctrg mh

b` lgtger`lî` mhb _jebg QQ7 Igac Krunljhbm hxpgch, prgvgo`tjv`nhcth9

Hx`njc`m`s jcmjvjmu`bnhcth ·ouàct`s mh hst`s lgtger`lî`s sgc

ehcujc`nhcth jcthrhs`cths7 ·Z ouàct`s puhmhc shr iuze`m`s pgr sus

jcche`kbhs bgergs vjsu`bhs7 Xc sukgljoj`b oruz`cmg b` o`bbh, uc` nuihr mh

uc` khbbhz` ognùc, mh pjh, `b b`mg mh uc` kgbhthrî` mhb ojch, `beuc` ehcth

p`s`cmg hc uc ùtg y uc igvhc murnjhcmg ohro` mh uc àrkgb, ·hc quê sgc

v`bjgs`s hst`s lgtger`lî`s7 Xc` vhz vjst`s, ·quê ahngs vjstg7 V…^ Er`c p`rth

mh hst`s ogs`s y` a`kî`c sjmg lgtger`lj`m`s a`st` b` nuhrth9 v`quhrgs

sgbjt`rjgs, ehcth vjhi` aòjhcmg c`m`, ngtgojobjst`s agstjbhs, sjrvjhcths trjsths

y iÿvhchs `bjhc`mgs V…^ ahoag uc` y gtr` vhz, jnèhc tr`s jnèhc (0:14, p.

:).

Mhctrg mh b` prgpj` prheuct`, sh hcouhctr` b` rhspuhst`. Krunljhbm, `b hsphojljo`r quh sh

hstà rhljrjhcmg ` b`s jnàehchs jcmjvjmu`bhs mhb bjkrg y cg `b bjkrg hc sî, hstà mhvhb`cmg `beg

jnpgrt`cth9 ]ah @nhrjo`cs hs nàs quh b` sun` mh sus p`rths. Hs uc` pjhz` ogc

jcmhphcmhcoj` `rtîstjo`, quh sgkrhp`s` ` b`s lgtger`lî`s jcmjvjmu`bhs. Hs pgr hsg quh bg quh

bb`n` b` `thcojÿc mh hsth bjkrg cg sgc ‟ùcjo`nhcth‟ sus jnàehchs, sjcg `beg nàs sutjb y

`nkjeug9 hb tgcg, hb rjtng, b` shouhcoj`, b` pgêtjo`.

Thrg bgs ouhstjgc`njhctgs mh Krunljhbm (uc er`c hctusj`st` mh ]ah @nhrjo`cs) sgc `beg

nàs quh uc` prheuct` rhtÿrjo`9 hsogcmhc hc su jcthrjgr uc` ouhstjÿc trjvj`b, phrg mh hcgrnh

ognpbhijm`m ‟uc` prheuct` sjnjb`r ` b` quh hst` nhngrj` `spjr` ` rhspgcmhr‟. B` prheuct`



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

#(

vhrm`mhr` mh Krunljhbm hs9 ·Tgr quê, sj b`s jnàehchs jcmjvjmu`bhs sgc t`c pgog `tròtjv`s,

nh jcthrhs` ogng ogciuctg7 ·Oÿng sh bb`n` bg quh nh eust` mh ]ah @nhrjo`cs7 ·Oÿng

aòh Lr`cf t`ctg, ogc `p`rhcthnhcth t`c pgog7

B` rhspuhst` ` hst`s jcthrrge`cths hs, hc er`c p`rth, quh cgs jcthrhs` nàs hb bjkrg quh b`s

lgtger`lî`s hc sî, mhkjmg `b tr`kìg mh hmjojÿc y shouhcoj` bbhv`mg ` o`kg pgr Lr`cf6 b`

ognucjoòjÿc hctrh uc` jnèhc y gtr`. _hnjÿtjo`nhcth, mur`cth tgmg hb bjkrg b`s

`sgojòjgchs hctrh b`s jnàehchs sh v`c òunub`cmg y mhs`rrgbb`cmg mh n`chr` yuxt`puhst`.

_j bg pgchngs hc têrnjcgs sjnpbhs, b`s jnàehchs mh ]ah @nhrjo`cs gphr`c hc ogciuctg. Hb

bjkrg hs nàs quh b` sun` mh sus lòtgrhs, ÿ nhigr mjoag, nàs quh b` sun` mh sus jnàehchs.

Mhkjmg ` b` shouhcoj` y b` hmjojÿc mh b`s lgtger`lî`s hc hb bjkrg, hst`s gphr`c orh`cmg, `

p`rtjr mh b` `mjojÿc mh mgs hbhnhctgs, uc throhr sjecjljo`mg jnprhvjsjkbh, jcmhphcmjhcth mh

êstgs.

Ogctjcu`cmg ogc b` `c`bgeî` hctrh lgtger`lî` y pghsî` o`kh ojt`r mh cuhvg ` Igac

Krunljhbm9

Ogng tgm` b` kuhc` pghsî`, hb bjkrg ognpbhtg hs nhigr quh b`s lgrt`bhz`s

jcmjvjmu`bhs mh o`m` uc` mh sus p`rths. Ogng tgm` b` kuhc` pghsî`,

tr`sojhcmh b` prhojsjÿc mh sus nho`cjsngs y b` p`rtjoub`rjm`m mh su

jnèjc`rjg. Tgr vjrtum mh b` ogahrhcoj` jcthrc` mh su mhs`rrgbbg thnàtjog, su

ngvjnjhctg mr`nàtjog -su `ljcòjÿc y rjtng- y pgr sgkrh tgmg, b` jctherjm`m

mh su tgcg, hb bjkrg sh ogcvjhrth hc uc` pjhz` hstêtjo`nhcth ùtÿcgn`. Z hs



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

#)

prhojs`nhcth hc hb njsng shctjmg mhb thrnjcg quh hs us`mg pgr bgs pght`s,

hs hb tgcg mh b` pjhz` b` quh tr`snjth su sjecjljo`mg (0:14, p. 1).

?.; H_][XO]X[@ @NH[JO@C@

@ phs`r mh su lgrn` ogcshrv`mgr` hc b` mjèr`nòjÿc, pgsjojgc`cmg sjhnprh sÿbg uc`

jnèhc hc b` pàejc` mhrhoa`, ogc uc` bhyhcm` hc b` pàejc` jzqujhrm`, b` hstruotur` mh ]ah

@nhrjo`cs hs nàs ognpbhi` mh bg quh p`rhoh.

@c`bjohngs `beuc`s mh b`s jnàehchs quh orh`c b` tr`n` mh ]ah @nhrjo`cs. Hc b`

prjnhr` jnèhc mhb bjkrg vhngs bg quh hs, pgsjkbhnhcth, uc hmjljojg mh `p`rt`nhctgs. Xc

nurg mh b`mrjbbgs shp`r` mgs vhct`c`s mhsmh b`s ou`bhs mgs nuihrhs n`ygrhs gkshrv`c aòj`

`luhr`. ·Puê gkshrv`c7 Xc mhsljbh. Bg s`khngs pgr b` hsouht` bhyhcm` mh b` lgtger`lî`, hc

b` pàejc` jzqujhrm`9 T`r`mh‟Agkgfhc, Chw Ihrshy. Thrg b` lgtger`lî` cg hs mhb mhsljbh g hb

o`rc`v`b quh suohmh hc b` o`bbh9 hs mh b` ehcth quh bg njr`. B` o`r` mh b`s mgs nuihrhs hstà

p`roj`bnhcth gsourhojm`. B` mh b` jzqujhrm` pgr uc` bhvh sgnkr` y b` mh b` mhrhoa`

ognpbht`nhcth oukjhrt` pgr uc` k`cmhr` mh Hst`mgs Xcjmgs. B` rgp` mh b`s nuihrhs, b`

sgsphoa` ogc b` quh njr`c y hb erjs mh bgs b`mrjbbgs mh b` jnèhc, prgmuohc uc `nkjhcth

mhsbuojmg quh ogctr`st` ob`r`nhcth ogc b` cgojÿc lhstjv` mh bgs mhsljbhs p`trjÿtjogs. Mhsmh

hst` prjnhr` jnèhc, Lr`cf hst`kbhoh hb tgcg c`rr`tjvg mhb bjkrg9 cuhstrgs phrsgcìhs cg sgc

bgs quh mhsljb`c, sgc bgs quh vhc hb mhsljbh6 sgc bgs phrsgcìhs shoucm`rjgs.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

$+

Jnèhc 59 Lr`cf, [. (0:88) T`r`mh-Agkgfhc, Chw Ihrshy. Luhcth9 www.`rtsy.cht

·Oÿng hs quh cgsgtrgs s`khngs, a`kjhcmg vjstg hst`s jnàehchs, bg quh sh`

quh orhhngs s`khr sgkrh hbb`s7 B` rhspuhst`, orhg, sh mhrjv` mh cuhstr`

ognprhcsjÿc mh b` jcthròojÿc mjcànjo` hctrh bgs ngmgs mh sjecjljoòjÿc

mhcgt`tjvgs y ogccgt`tjvgs -hctrh hb rhogcgojnjhctg bjthr`b mh hsgs b`mrjbbgs y

b`s suehstjgchs nàs sutjbhs quh prgmuoh su p`rtjojpòjÿc hc v`rj`s

ogcvhcojgchs mh `sgojòjgchs sjnkÿbjo`s. Ogng gkihtgs mhogr`tjvgs bgs

b`mrjbbgs sgb`nhcth jmhctjljo`c b` tgpger`lî` mh b` hsohc`. _gc uc` p`rth

jcther`b mhb p`jsìh. Jcobusg, pgr hb ahoag mh quh p`rhohc phrthchohr `quî, hs

quh pgmrî`ngs mhojr quh sgc gsthcsjkbhnhcth jcsjecjljo`cths,

sjnkÿbjo`nhcth jcgougs. _gc orhîkbhs6 phrg ogng tgmgs hsgs gkihtgs

thrrjkbhnhcth orhîkbhs hc hb rhtr`tg mh Ejgv`ccj @rcgbljcj y su hspgs`, hs quh



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

$*

t`nkjêc tjhchc n`ygrhs `sgojòjgchs. ]jhch pgthcoj`b ogccgt`tjvg

(Krunljhbm, 0:14, p. 04).

B` bhotur` mhcgt`tjv` mh bgs hbhnhctgs prhshcths hc b` prjnhr` jnèhc rhljhrhc ` uc

hspòjg lîsjog ogcorhtg9 bgs b`mrjbbgs mh b`s vjvjhcm`s mh b` ob`sh nhmj` mh Chw Ihrshy6 b`

k`cmhr` quh ogcljrn` b` c`tur`bhz` p`trjÿtjo` mhb mhsljbh6 b`s nuihrhs n`ygrhs mh r`z`

kb`co`. Hstg hs, sjc mum`, Hst`mgs Xcjmgs. Thrg pgr gtrg b`mg, tgmgs hstgs hbhnhctgs

mhcgt`tjvgs hstàc suihtgs ` bhotur`s ogccgt`tjv`s, quh `npbî`c pgsjkjbjm`mhs jcthrprht`tjv`s9

b`s nuihrhs hstàc `tr`p`m`s hctrh b`mrjbbgs, quh tjhchc uc `sphotg phcjthcoj`rjg6 b` k`cmhr`

cg hs pubor` cj kb`co`, lb`nh` sjc êpjo`6 hbb`s vhc hb mhsljbh, phrg cg p`rhohc mjslrut`rbg. Hc

hst` prjnhrîsjn` jnèhc, sh ognjhcz` ` mhspbhe`r uc sjsthn` mh sînkgbgs jcthrprht`kbhs.

Lr`cf p`rhoh suehrjr uc` mjsorhp`coj` hctrh b` sjtuòjÿc hc b` ou`b sh m`c bgs ahoags mh b`

jnèhc (hb mhsljbh, hb p`trjgtjsng, b` ohbhkròjÿc) y bg quh jctujngs `b vhrb` (k`c`bjm`m,

mhsjcthrês, sgrmjmhz)6 pgr bg t`ctg, b` hstruotur` mh hst` lgtger`lî` hs, hshcoj`bnhcth,

nht`lÿrjo`.

Ogng sh a` jcmjo`mg `cthrjgrnhcth, hc b`s jnàehchs mh Lr`cf a`y uc` ogcst`cth puec`

mh sjecjljoòjÿc mhcgt`tjv` y ogccgt`tjv`, quh hcrjquhoh y mhcsjljo` b`s pgsjkbhs bhotur`s

mhb bjkrg. Trgyhothngs hsth `càbjsjs ` b` mhojngthrohr` lgtger`lî` hc hb bjkrg, ]rgbbhy‟Chw

Grbh`cs9 uc` lgtger`lî` pb`c`, ogc uc hcou`mrh ohrr`mg, mh uc trgbhkùs y sus p`sìhrg. Hc hb

hcou`mrh vhngs ojcog vhct`c`s. Hc b` prjnhr`, mh jzqujhrm` ` mhrhoa`, n`tjz`mg pgr hb

vjmrjg, sh mjstjceuh uc agnkrh kb`cog ogc bhcths mh p`st` eruhs`. Hc b` sheucm`, ogc b`

vhct`c` `kjhrt`, sh vh ` uc` nuihr kb`co` quh njr` ogc sgsphoa` mjrhot`nhcth ` b` oàn`r`.

Hc b` throhr`, uc p`r mh cjðgs kb`cogs, kjhc vhstjmgs. Hc b` ou`rt`, uc agnkrh



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

$"

`lrg`nhrjo`cg, ogc bgs gigs hctrhohrr`mgs. Tgr ùbtjng, hc b` qujct`, uc` nuihr, t`nkjêc

`lrg`nhrjo`c`, quh njr` aòj` `tràs, jecgr`cmg b` oàn`r` mh Lr`cf.

Hc hst` jnèhc b` hstr`tjljoòjÿc sgoj`b hstà jbustr`m` mh n`chr` o`sj bjthr`b. Bg

nht`lÿrjog cg gphr` mhctrg mh b` jnèhc, sjcg quh hc hb hxthrjgr9 p`r` Lr`cf hstgs

phrsgcìhs cg sgc jcmjvjmugs ogc uc` jmhctjm`m prgpj`6 sgc, hc o`nkjg, rhprhshct`cths mh

uc erupg sgoj`b. Hb trgbhkùs, gprhsjvg pgr su hcou`mrh, pgmrî` shr Hst`mgs Xcjmgs y bgs

p`sìhrgs, grmhc`mgs ihràrqujo`nhcth, pgmrî`c shr sus ojum`m`cgs. Hc hst` y gtr`s jnàehchs

p`rhoh quh bgs rhtr`t`mgs mh Lr`cf cg sgc phrsgc`s. _gc gkihtgs mh utjbhrî`, quh,

pgsjojgc`mgs oujm`mgs`nhcth, lucojgc`c ogng sînkgbgs, sukstjtutgs g ljeur`s bjthr`rj`s mh

thn`s nàs er`cmhs9 b` rhbjejÿc, b` hspjrjtu`bjm`m, b` r`z`, b` kurgoròj`. ]gmgs bgs hbhnhctgs

quh ogcljeur`c uc` còjÿc.

_heùc Ih`c Tùb _`rtrh (0:=4) b` nùsjo` cg tjhch sjecjljo`mg (y` quh cg rhnjth ` gtrg

gkihtg6 su sjecg ‟hb sgcjmg‟ ogcstjtuyh uc gkihtg hc sî njsng) ` mjlhrhcoj` mh b`s p`b`kr`s,

quh gre`cjz`m`s sjctàotjo`nhcth, sj bg tjhchc. B`s jnàehchs, pgr su p`rth, ou`cmg gphr`c

mhctrg mh b`s ogcvhcojgchs rhtÿrjo`s mh b` tr`mjojÿc vjsu`b, t`nkjêc tjhchc sjecjljo`mg nàs

`bbà mh b` shbhoojÿc jogcgeràljo`. Hs, ` nj p`rhohr, hc hsth `sphotg hc quh ]ah @nhrjo`cs

sgkrhs`bh mhctrg mh b` ajstgrj` mh bgs lgtgbjkrgs. B` prgs` vjsu`b mh Lr`cf sh mhspbjhe` `

tr`vês mhb bjkrg, aòjhcmg ` b`s jnàehchs gphr`r ogng hbhnhctgs quh rhnjthc ` gkihtgs

hxthrjgrhs quh prgmuohc sjecjljo`mg6 b` sjct`xjs mh b`s lgtger`lî`s ognpgchc uc hstruotur`

mr`nàtjo` hc b` quh sh mhspbjhe`c phrsgcìhs ucjvhrs`bhs hc uc `rog c`rr`tjvg.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

$#

Eròj`s ` hst` sjct`xjs vjsu`b hs quh hb shctjmg mh uc` lgtger`lî` ogng ]rgbbhy‟Chw

Grbh`cs, puhmh shr hxtr`pgb`mg ` sjecjljo`r (` nht`lgrjz`r) b` hstruotur` sgoj`b mh Hst`mgs

Xcjmgs ` nhmj`mgs mhb _jebg QQ9 b` p`rth gsour` mhb suhðg `nhrjo`cg.

Jnèhc 19 Lr`cf, [. (0:8<) ]rgbbhy‟Chw Grbh`cs. Luhcth9 www.umhb.hmu

A`y tr`ngs mh b` shouhcoj` quh sgc hsphoj`bnhcth jcthrhs`cths p`r` shr `c`bjz`mgs kìg

b` bÿejo` nht`lÿrjo` quh prgpgch ]ah @nhrjo`cs. Lr`cf sh tgn` b` bjohcoj` pgêtjo` p`r`,

nhmj`cth b` shouhcoj` lgtgeràljo`, tr`cslgrn`r uc ùtg hc uc o`màvhr, uc o`màvhr hc uc`

o`rrhthr`, y uc` o`rrhthr` hc b` ajstgrj` mh uc p`îs.

T`r` prglucmjz`r nàs hc hb `càbjsjs mh b` hstruotur` mhb bjkrg, y p`r` quh hb bhotgr mh hst`

nhngrj` hxphrjnhcth b` bhotur` mh b`s jnàehchs nhcojgc`m`s `cthrjgrnhcth, hc b`s



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

$$

prÿxjn`s ojcog pàejc`s sh jcshrt`c lgtger`lî`s quh nuhstr`c b` shouhcoj` mhb bjkrg hc hb

grmhc grjejc`b. _h a` ogbgo`mg sÿbg uc` lgtger`lî` pgr pàejc` p`r` quh b̀ hxphrjhcoj` mh

bhotur` y hb p`sg mh pàejc` sh` bg nàs sjnjb`r pgsjkbh ` b` hmjojÿc grjejc`b mh ]ah

@nhrjo`cs.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

$%

Jnèhc :9 Lr`cf, [. (0:8:) X._. :0, bh``vjce Kbòflggt, Jmàg. Bànjc` ?; mh ]ah @nhrjo`cs.

Luhcth9 attp9//a`vh`cjohkggf.ogn/kggf/tah-`nhrjo`cs/



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

$&

Jn`ehc 049 Lr`cf, [. (0:8:) _t. Ththrskure, Lbgrjm`. Bànjc` ?? mh ]ah @nhrjo`cs.




B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

$'

Jn`ehc 009 Lr`cf, [. (0:8:) Ogvhrhm o`r‟Bgce Kh`oa, O`bjlgrcj`. Bànjc` ?= mh ]ah @nhrjo`cs.




B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

$(

Jnèhc 0;9 Lr`cf, [. (0:8:) O`r òojmhct-X._. <<, khtwhhc Ujcsbgw `cm Lbèst`ll, @rjzgc`. Bànjc` ?8 mh ]ah @nhrjo`cs.




B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

$)

Jn`ehc 0?9 Lr`cf, [. (0:8:) X._. ;18, Chw Nhxjog. Bànjc` ?< mh ]ah @nhrjo`cs.




B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

%+

Jn`ehc 0=9 Lr`cf, [. (0:8:) K`r-Mhtrgjt. Bànjc` ?5 mh ]ah @nhrjo`cs.




B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

%*

Hc hsth lrènhctg mh ]ah @nhrjo`cs pgmhngs mjstjceujr oÿng gphr` b` bhotur` mh

b`s jnàehchs, nhmj`cth b` shouhcoj` y b` hmjojÿc. Hc b` prjnhr` lgtger`lî` gkshrv`ngs ` mgs

agnkrhs iÿvhchs hc uc ùtgnÿvjb6 hb ogcmuotgr, hc sheucmg pb`cg, y su ogpjbgtg,

mhshclgo`mg, hc hb prjnhr pb`cg. B` jnèhc hstà o`ptur`m` mhsmh `mhctrg mhb ùtg, pgr bg

quh, ogng hsphot`mgrhs, thchngs b` jnprhsjÿc mh quh v`ngs iuctg ` hbbgs hc `sjhctg

mhb`cthrg.

Hc b` sjeujhcth lgtger`lî`, vhngs ` uc erupg mh phrsgc`s n`ygrhs shct`m`s hc uc`

k`cquht`, `beucgs vhc aòj` b` mhrhoa` y gtrgs ` b` jzqujhrm`6 hc hb sheucmg pb`cg sh vh b`

o`bbh, hc b` quh tr`csjt` uc ùtg ràpjm`nhcth. B` jcngvjbjm`m mh bgs `coj`cgs ogctr`st` ogc

b` vhbgojm`m mhb ùtg. @b p`s`r mh uc` jnèhc ` gtr`, cuhstr` phrsphotjv` a` o`nkj`mg mhb

jcthrjgr `b hxthrjgr mhb ùtg9 y` cg v`ngs hc hb `sjhctg mhb`cthrg, àgr` sgngs uc tr`cshùcth

quh vh hb ùtg p`s`r.

Hc b` throhr` jnèhc mh hsth lrènhctg sh nuhstr` uc ùtg oukjhrtg pgr uc` n`ct`

mh bgc`, lrhcth ` uc` o`s` ogc p`bnhr`s6 hb sgb luhrth jcojmh lrgct`bnhcth sgkrh b` hsohc`,

pgmhngs vhr b`s `rrue`s y b` thxtur` mh b` thb`. Hst` jnèhc lucojgc` ogng uc puhcth

lgrn`b hctrh b`s mgs jnàehchs `cthrjgrhs y b` sjeujhcth.

A`y ou`trg suihtgs quh gkshrv`c lji`nhcth hb suhbg erjs. Hc êb a`y uc ouhrpg sjc

vjm` ‟nuhrtg pgr uc `trgphbbg, prgk`kbhnhcth‟, oukjhrtg pgr uc` thb` sjnjb`r ` b` quh

oukrî` hb ùtg hc b` jnèhc prhvj`. Bg quh hb `rtjst` p`rhoh suehrjr nhmj`cth b` shouhcoj` hs

mhsgb`mgr9 t`ctg mhctrg ogng luhr` mhb ùtg, hb ljc`b shrà jeu`b6 `nkgs thrnjc`ràc oukjhrtgs

pgr uc` thb`.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

%"

Hc b` jnèhc suohsjv` sh vh hb `sl`btg jcljcjtg mh b` o`rrhthr`, k`ð`mg pgr uc sgb

orhpusoub`r. Trhohmjm` pgr uc` jnèhc hxpbîojt`nhcth sgkrh b` nuhrth, êst` o`rrhthr` tgn`

tgcgs phrvhrsgs9 hb rhogrrjmg mh b` vjm` quh sh ò`k`, b` jcmjlhrhcoj` mhb `sl`btg lrhcth ` b`

nuhrth, g b` ogctjcuòjÿc y phrsjsthcoj` mh uc` vjm` erjs.

Hc b` ùbtjn` jnèhc mh hsth lrènhctg y` ahngs `k`cmgc`mg b` o`rrhthr`. Hc hb

nurg mh uc k`r sh `mvjhrth uc` phquhð` k`cmhr` mh Hst`mgs Xcjmgs. @ b` mhrhoa` mh êst`,

uc rhtr`tg mh Ehgreh U`sajcetgc9 hb prjnhr prhsjmhcth mhb p`îs y ogcsjmhr`mg hb p`mrh mh b`

p`trj` `nhrjo`c`. @ b` jzqujhrm` mh b` k`cmhr`, gtrg rhtr`tg, hst` vhz mh @krà`n Bjcogbc9

prhsjmhcth mur`cth b` Euhrr` Ojvjb y quh shrî` `shsjc`mg hc pbhcg n`cm`tg. Luh hb prjnhr

prhsjmhcth `shsjc`mg hc b` ajstgrj` mh bgs Hst`mgs Xcjmgs. B` prhshcoj` mh hstgs trhs

hbhnhctgs hc b` lgtger`lî` ojhrr` hsth lrènhctg mh b` shouhcoj` hxprhs`cmg9 hstg, quh

ò`k`ngs mh vhr, hs Hst`mgs Xcjmgs, y ]ah @nhrjo`cs hs uc bjkrg mh ajstgrj`.

!!!

O`kh `c`bjz`r t`nkjêc b` têocjo` mh ngctìh mh Lr`cf hc b`s bànjc`s =5, =1, y =:, hc b`s

quh b` rhbjejgsjm`m, b` o`rrhthr`, b` phcjthcoj` y b` nuhrth sh uchc pgr b` sjnpbh rhphtjojÿc

lgrn`b mh bgs hbhnhctgs hc uc ngctìh pgr suohsjÿc. @b jeu`b quh hc hb lrènhctg `cthrjgr,

b`s jnàehchs sh hco`mhc`c hctrh sî vjsu`bnhcth. Hs nuy jcthrhs`cth bg quh aòh Lr`cf9

oÿng ` p`rtjr mh uc njsng sînkgbg rhphtjmg sh prgyhot`c mjvhrsgs sjecjljo`mgs.



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Jn`ehc 089 Lr`cf, [. (0:8:) Njssjssjppj [jvhr, K`tgc [gueh, Bgujsj`c`. Bànjc` =5 mh ]ah @nhrjo`cs.




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Jn`ehc 0<9 Lr`cf, [. (0:8:) _t. Lr`cojs, e`s st`tjgc `cm Ojty A`bb-Bgs @cehbhs. Bànjc` =1 mh ]ah @nhrjo`cs.




B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

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Jn`ehc 059 Lr`cf, [. (0:8:) Orgsshs gc sohch gl ajeaw`y `oojmhct. Bànjc` =: mh ]ah @nhrjo`cs.




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Hs ùcjo`nhcth hc bgs jcthrstjojgs kb`cogs quh glrhohc bgs o`nkjgs mh pàejc`, quh puhmhc

m`rsh hst`s `p`rhcths nutòjgchs. Lr`cf aòh quh hb bjkrg lucojgch ogng uc prgyhotgr, quh

hxajkh uc` jnèhc hc uc hspòjg mhthrnjc`mg mh b` pàejc`. Lrhcth ` cuhstrgs gigs, `b p`s`r

b`s pàejc`s, vhngs `b phrherjcg quh sh tr`cslgrn` hc _`c Lr`cojsog, quh ` su vhz sh

tr`cslgrn` hc uc` oruz `b b`mg mh b` o`rrhthr`. Ogng vhngs, bgs sjecjljo`mgs mh hstgs

sînkgbgs sh v`c òunub`cmg, sgkrhpgcjhcmg, ogctr`st`cmg y thcsjgc`cmg, a`st` orh`r uc`

tr`n` mh hstruotur`s mh sjecjljo`mgs.

Bgs hihnpbgs nhcojgc`mgs `cthrjgrnhcth sgc t`c sgbg lrènhctgs mh ]ah @nhrjo`cs,

phrg cgs m`c uc` jmh` mh b` cgojÿc quh thcî` Lr`cf `b orh`r hb bjkrg9 nàs quh uc` ogbhoojÿc

mh jnàehchs (ogng sh a`kî` ògstunkr`mg mhsmh ]ah Thcojb gl C`turh mh Lgx ]`bkgt), hr`

uc` pjhz` ùtÿcgn`, ogc uc shctjmg mr`nàtjog ogcsojhcth y mjrjejmg pgr hb ùtgr. Mhsmh su

`p`rhcth ogcvhcojgc`bjm`m mh lgrn`tg, b` gkr` ogchot` `b `rth lgtgeràljog ogc gtr`s `rths,

ogng b` nùsjo` (b` hstruotur` mhb bjkrg hvgo` `b i`zz ngmhrcg), b` bjthr`tur` (hb ngvjnjhctg

Kh`tcjf) y hb ojch (b`s rg`m ngvjhs `nhrjo`c`s).

_h prheuct`k`, uc`s pàejc`s `tràs, Igac Krunljhbm sgkrh sj b`s lgtger`lî`s mh [gkhrt

Lr`cf hr`c kuhc`s. Jcmhphcmjhcthnhcth mh b` rhspuhst` quh o`m` hsphot`mgr puhm` thchr `

hs` prheuct`, p`rhoh quh quhm` ob`rg quh b` hmjojÿc mh ]ah @nhrjo`cs hs hxohpojgc`b hc su

o`pòjm`m mh sukvhrtjr uc lgrn`tg obàsjog, ogng hb lgtgbjkrg, us`cmg ahrr`njhct`s mh b`

rhtÿrjo` pgêtjo` y vjsu`b. Lr`cf p`rhoh a`khr hcthcmjmg ` o`k`bjm`m b` hstruotur` shnàctjo`

quh nhcojgc` Ththr Ugbbhc9



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B` hstruotur` shnàctjo` mh b`s jnàehchs lji`s y b`s quh sh nuhvhc puhmh shr

b`s njsn`, g, `b nhcgs, nuy sjnjb`rhs, hc ouyg o`sg shrî` cg hb ngvjnjhctg

phrg b` shouhcoj` (hmjojÿc, mêogupèh) hs b` quh aòh b` mjlhrhcoj` `b

mhthrnjc`r mjstjct`s muròjgchs. B`s lgtger`lî`s lji`s, hctgcohs, cg puhmhc

shr vjst`s ogng c`rr`tjv`s hc sj njsn`s, sjcg ogng hbhnhctgs c`rr`tjvgs.

Mjlhrhcths tjpgs mh jnàehchs lji`s ogrrhspgcmhc ` mjlhrhcths tjpgs mh

hbhnhctgs c`rr`tjvgs (0:18, p. 51).

!!!

Hc b` ùbtjn` lgtger`lî` mhb bjkrg, tjtub`m` X._. :4, hc rguth tg Mhb [jg, ]hx`s, sh vh uc

ùtgnÿvjb mhthcjmg ` b` grjbb` mh b` o`rrhthr`. @mhctrg a`y uc` nuihr y uc` cjð`, mgrnjm`s

hc su jcthrjgr9 sgc b` hspgs` h aji` mh Lr`cf. Hst` ùbtjn` jnèhc lucojgc` ogng uc ljc`b

`kjhrtg y `mhou`mg p`r` hb bjkrg. Thrg hs, t`nkjêc, uc`

phquhð` bjohcoj` ùtgkjgeràljo` tgn`m` pgr [gkhrt

Lr`cf.

Tgog tjhnpg mhspuês mh b` pukbjoòjÿc mh ]ah

@nhrjo`cs, su ajig T`kbg luh mjècgstjo`mg mh

hsqujzglrhcj`, njhctr`s su aji`, @cmrh`, nurjÿ hc uc

òojmhcth `êrhg. Lr`cf `k`cmgcÿ, o`sj pgr ognpbhtg, b`

lgtger`lî` lji` y sh mhmjoÿ `b vjmhg, ` b` jnèhc hc

ngvjnjhctg.Jnèhc 019 Lr`cf, [. (0:8:)

X._. :4 hc rguth tg Mhb [jg, ]hx`s. Luhcth9

www.ò`mhnjo.hvhrerhhc.hmu



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?.? HB KJFJCJ MH @BL[HM AJ]OAOGOF

Mh òuhrmg `b mjrhotgr mh ojch mh thrrgr @blrhm Ajtoagof (0:<=), hb ngctìh hs uc rhoursg

hstrjot`nhcth vjsu`b, y pgr bg t`ctg hs uc` mh b`s ahrr`njhct`s rhtÿrjo`s lucm`nhct`bhs mh

b`s `rths vjsu`bhs. C`rr`tjv`nhcth, b` ogcstruoojÿc mh shctjmg vjsu`b sh m` pgr nhmjg mhb

ngctìh y b` hmjojÿc. Z` sh` `b vhr uc ljbn g `b p`s`r b`s pàejc`s mh uc lgtgbjkrg, vhngs

jnàehchs suohmhrsh, orh`cmg uc` tr`n` mh ògcthojnjhctgs (Ugbbhc, 0:18). Hs pgr hsg quh

cg hxtr`ð` hb ahoag quh [gkhrt Lr`cf a`y` `k`cmgc`mg b` jnèhc lji` pgr b` jnèhc hc

ngvjnjhctg9 hc `nkgs nhmjgs bgs jcthrhshs mh Lr`cf ‟b` c`rr`tjv` y hb ngctìh‟ tjhchc

hspòjg p`r` hxprhs`rsh.

Ajtoaogf hs hsphoj`bnhcth bùojmg `b hxpbjo`r b` jnpgrt`coj` mhb ngctìh hc b`

ogcstruoojÿc mh shctjmg c`rr`tjvg. Hc uc` nîtjo` hctrhvjst`04 tr`csnjtjm` pgr b` OK_ hc

0:<=, y bbhv`m` ` o`kg pgr Lbhtoahr N`rfbh p`r` hb prger`n` ]hbhsogph, @blrhm Ajtoaogof

hxpbjo`, hc sus prgpjgs têrnjcgs, b` jnpgrt`coj` mhb ngctìh hc hb `rth9 oÿng, ` p`rtjr mhb

hcs`nkbìh mh jnàehchs, hs pgsjkbh ‒orh`r jmh`s mjsînjbhs.„00 (O`kh hcl`tjz`r b` p`b`kr`

us`m` pgr hb mjrhotgr9 mjsînjbhs. Nàs hsphoub`tjv`s, quh l`bòhs g vhrm`mhr`s).

Ajtoaogof prhshct` uc prjnhr hihnpbg, òtu`cmg ogng òtgr prjcojp`b. B` hsohc`

ogcsjsth hc uc prjnhr pb`cg mh Ajtoaogof vjhcmg aòj` hb agrjzgcth, luhr` mhb ou`mrg. Hc b`

sheucm` hsohc` nuhstr` bg quh hst`k` vjhcmg9 uc cjðg, iuctg ` su n`mrh, iue`cmg hc hb

04 T`rth mh b` hctrhvjst` puhmh shr vjst` hc Zgu]ukh9 attps9//www.ygutukh.ogn/w`toa7v>aO@H4t<FwIZ

00 Khcsgc, ]., Fhbby, T., NoBh`c, [ (Trgmuotgrhs), & N`rfbh L. (Mjrhotgr) (0:<=) ]hbhsogph9 @ ]`bf wjta Ajtoaogof Vprger`n` mh thbhvjsjÿc^ Hst`mgs Xcjmgs9 Ogbunkj` Krg`mo`stjce _ysthn.



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p`stg. B` throhr` hsohc` vuhbvh aòj` hb prjnhr pb`cg mh b` o`r` mh Ajtoaogf, quh sgcrîh.

‒·Puê s`khngs mh hsth phrsgcìh pgr hst`s tgn`s7„0;, prheuct` b` vgz hc gll mhb mjrhotgr.

‒_`khngs quh hs uc kuhc agnkrh, sjnpàtjog„, sh rhspgcmh ` sî njsng.

Jnèhc 0:9 Ogbunkj` Krg`mo`stjce _ysthn (0:<=). Lr`nhs mhb hihnpbg prhshct`mg hc b` hctrhvjst` @ ]`bf wjta @blrhm Ajtoaogof

Luhcth9 www.ygutukh.ogn/ushr/ajppghfj/vjmhgs

Hc hb sheucmg hihnpbg sh nuhstr`c hxòt`nhcth bgs njsngs pb`cgs jctrgmuotgrjgs y

ljc`bhs (hb prjnhrg9 êb vjhcmg6 hb sheucmg9 êb sgcrjhcmg), phrg sh sustjtuyh hb pb`cg mhb

nhmjg, hc hb quh sh vhî` ` b` n`mrh iue`r ogc su cjðg, pgr hb mh uc` nuihr hc kjfjcj

tgn`cmg hb sgb. ‒·Pujêc hs hsth phrsgcìh àgr`7„, sh prheuct` b` vgz. Z b` rhspuhst` hs

hvjmhcth9 ‒Xc vjhig vhrmh„.

Jnèhc ;49 Ogbunkj` Krg`mo`stjce _ysthn (0:<=). Lr`nhs mhb hihnpbg prhshct`mg hc b` hctrhvjst` @ ]`bf wjta @blrhm Ajtoaogof

Luhcth9 www.ygutukh.ogn/ushr/ajppghfj/vjmhgs

0; ]gmgs bgs mjàbgegs ojt`mgs hc hst` pàejc` ogrrhspgcmhc ` b` hctrhvjst` mh @blrhm Ajtoaogof hc ]hbhsogph (0:<=)9 Khcsgc, ]., Fhbby, T., NoBh`c, [ (Trgmuotgrhs), & N`rfbh L. (Mjrhotgr) (0:<=) ]hbhsogph9 @ ]`bfwjta Ajtoaogof Vprger`n` mh thbhvjsjÿc^ Hst`mgs Xcjmgs9 Ogbunkj` Krg`mo`stjce _ysthn.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

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Hb hihrojojg hs o`theÿrjog9 ogc b` sjnpbh sustjtuojÿc mh uc` hsohc`, b` cgojÿc ognpbht`

mhb ljbn a` o`nkj`mg. Ogc hb rhhnpb`zg mh uc lrènhctg ‟mh uc` jnèhc‟, hb `coj`cg a`

p`s`mg mh shr kuhcg y sjnpàtjog, ` shr phrvhrtjmg. @blrhm Ajtoaogof n`cjljhst` su

phrspjoòj` c`rr`tjv`, `b mhngstr`r quh, p`r` c`rr`r ajstgrj`s ‟ stgrythbbjce ‟, hs nàs

jnpgrt`cth hb oÿng sh utjbjz`c b`s jnàehchs, quh b` ou`bjm`m têocjo` g vjsu`b mh êst`s. Ogc

hsth sjnpbh iuheg ajtoaogofj`cg, sh bger` jbunjc`r uc` p`rth gsourhojm` mh b` ajstgrj` mh b`s

lgtger`lî`9 hb `sphotg sukihtjvg mh b`s jnàehchs.

Hsth hihrojojg cg hs cgvhmgsg (rhnjth `b hlhotg mh ngctìh hxphrjnhct`b us`mg pgr Bhv

Fubhsagv hc b` [usj` mh bgs `ðgs ;4), phrg hs jcthrhs`cth b` lòjbjm`m ogc b` quh `kgrm` hb

thn`. Ogthi`cmg b`s lgtger`lî`s mh Lr`cf iuctg ` hst` hxpbjoòjÿc mh Ajtoaogf, cg o`kh mum`

mh quh êst` cgojÿc c`rr`tjv` mhb ngctìh y b` shouhcoj` hstà jcogrpgr`m` `b tr`kìg mh

[gkhrt Lr`cf. Hstg p`rhoh ounpbjr b` nàxjn` pb`cth`m` pgr Bhwjs K`btz (0:1<), quh

prgpgcî` quh ‒shrî` nàs ùtjb, sjcg chohs`rj`nhcth uc ahoag, hb phcs`r ` b` lgtger`lî` ogng

uc hspòjg `cegstg y prglucmg hctrh b` cgvhb` y hb ljbn„ (0:1<, p. <?).

_h aòh hvjmhcth, ogc hstgs hihnpbgs, quh uc` mh b`s ljeur`s rhtÿrjo`s nàs jnpgrt`cths

mh b` vjsu`bjm`m hs b` nhtgcjnj`. B`s lgtger`lî`s `mqujhrhc shctjmg nhtgcînjo`nhcth, y`

quh sh phrnh`c mh shctjmg hctrh sî6 sh rhbòjgc`c ogc b`s jnàehchs quh b`s `cthohmhc y

suohmhc. B` sgcrjs` mh Ajtoaogof hs phrvhrs` pgrquh hstà `cthohmjm` pgr b` jnèhc mh b`

nuihr hc kjfjcj. B` rhbòjÿc p`rth-tgmg ogcmjojgc` cuhstr` bhotur` vjsu`b, y` quh cuhstr`

ognprhcsjÿc vjsu`b cg sh m` hc hb vòîg9 hcthcmhngs b`s ogs`s ogcthxtu`bnhcth.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

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]hcjhcmg hb hihnpbg mh Ajtoaogof hc ouhct`, p`rhoh phrtjchcth èrhe`r uc` phquhð` vjðht`

sgkrh ucg mh bgs lgtgbjkrgs mh @bho _gta. Cjè`r` (;44<) hs uc lgtgbjkrg quh lrhouhct` bgs

thn`s mhb `ngr, mhs`ngr y b` nuhrth. Hb bjkrg hs uc` hsphojh mh mjshoojÿc mh b`s ojum`mhs y

p`rhi`s `brhmhmgr mh b`s o`t`r`t`s mhb Cjàe`r`9 phquhðgs puhkbgs, bbhcgs mh ngthbhs, quh

tuvjhrgc su kggn aòh uc`s mêo`m`s, ou`cmg b` ob`sh nhmj` hst`mgucjmhcsh ògstunkr`k`

jr ` b` zgc` ` o`s`rsh y p`s`r b` buc` mh njhb. @agr` b` zgc` hs uc puctg n`rejc`b mhb cgrth

hst`mgucjmhcsh, hc hb quh a`c thcjmg quh ohro`r b`s vjst`s aòj` b`s o`t`r`t`s pgr b` `bt`

o`ctjm`m mh sujojmjgs. _gta prgpgch, nhmj`cth su bjkrg, uc` `c`bgeî` hctrh b` mho`mhcoj` mh

b` zgc` y b` mho`mhcoj` mhb `ngr. Hb ogctr`sth hctrh p`rhi`s rhojêc o`s`m`s y sujojm`s sjc

s`bvòjÿc, sgc hb tr`slgcmg mh hsth tr`kìg lgtgeràljog.

Hctrh bgs ngtjvgs lgtger`lj`mgs hc hb bjkrg hcogctr`ngs vhstjmgs mh cgvj`, ngthbhs

pjct`mgs hc tgcgs p`sthbhs, mhsphmjm`s mh sgbthr`, p`rhi`s mhscum`s, ojhbgs kuoÿbjogs, o`îm`s

mh èu`, o`rt`s mh `ngr y sgrtji`s mh n`trjngcjg hnphð`m`s. Hctrh tgm`s b`s jnàehchs, a`y

uc` mh uc cgvjg, quh vh mjrhotg aòj` hb bhcth mh b` oàn`r`, vhstjmg mh cherg y ogc uc` rgs`

hb gi`b.

Hst` lgtger`lî` sh hnp`rhi`, vjsu`bnhcth, ogc gtr` prhshcth hc hb bjkrg, mh uc` nuihr ogc

su vhstjmg mh cgvj`, kb`cog. @b vhr b`s mgs jnàehchs ognprhcmhngs hb iuheg quh prgpgch

_gta9 êst` hs b` cgvj`, êsth hs hb cgvjg. Cgs bgs nuhstr` shp`r`mgs, t`b vhz, ogng uc`

n`chr` mh hst`kbhohr uc` mjst`coj` hctrh `nkgs, mh orh`r uc tgcg mh njsthrjg hc hb bjkrg `b

aòhrcgs ouhstjgc`r hst` shp`ròjÿc. Cgs aòh ouhstjgc`rcgs9 ·shrà quh hb mhstjcg mh hbbgs



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hs hst`r shp`r`mgs7 ·Hs uc eujðg aòj` b` sgbhm`m quh hxjsth, ` phs`r mh quh sh`c rhojêc

o`s`mgs7

Jnèhc ;09 _gta, @ (;448). Cjoagb`s. Luhcth9 www.`bhosgta.ogn

Jnèhc ;;9 _gta, @ (;448). Nhbjss`. Luhcth9 www.`bhosgta.ogn

Thrg hb shctjmg quh b` lgtger`lî` tjhch hc hb bjkrg hs nuy mjstjct` ` bg làotjog. Hc uc`

hctrhvjst` ogc hb thÿrjog Lr`cohsog Y`cgt (;40?), _gta rhvhb` quh9 ‒a`y nuoa`s nhctjr`s hc

hst` lgtger`lî`. Luh tgn`m` hc Kull`bg, quh hs ohro`, phrg cg sgc b`s o`t`r`t`s mhb Cjàe`r`

V…^ sh `sunh quh hsth hs hb cgvjg. Thrg mh ahoag hs uc er`mu`mg mh shoucm`rj`„ (p. 50).

Eròj`s ` b` prhojs` shouhcoj` pgr p`rth mh @bho _gta, `pgyàcmgsh hc b` ognucjoòjÿc

hctrh jnàehchs mhctrg mhb bjkrg, quh `cob`c b` jclgrnòjÿc mh b`s lgtger`lî`s, `sunjngs quh

hsth rhtr`tg hs mh uc cgvjg. B` phquhð` nhctjr` mh _gta hs lucojgc`b p`r` sus jcthrhshs y



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`ljrn` `beg quh ahngs jmg hst`kbhojhcmg hc hsth thxtg9 b`s jnàehchs sgc hsphoub`tjv`s y

puhmhc shrvjr ` mjstjctgs jcthrhshs mh òuhrmg `b ngctìh, b` hmjojÿc y b` shouhcoj`. @ucquh

bg quh cgsgtrgs phcsàk`ngs quh hr` uc cgvjg hs, hc rh`bjm`m, uc er`mu`mg. B` c`rr`tjv` cg

sh hxtjceuh9 p`r` bgs hlhotgs mhb bjkrg êb hs uc cgvjg. _j hc ucgs `ðgs, njhctr`s gih`ngs mh

cuhvg hb bjkrg, y ahngs gbvjm`mg quh bhîngs hs` hctrhvjst` mh @bho _gta hc b` quh

ogclhs`k` su `rtjljojg, pgsjkbhnhcth phcshngs, mh cuhvg, quh hs uc cgvjg.

Hsth hsohc` mh _gta sjrvh ogng uc p`r`bhbg ` b` mh Ajtoaogof. Hc uc` a`y uc cgvjg

igvhc pgr ogcshouhcoj` mh b` prhshcoj` mh uc` cgvj`6 hc b` gtr` uc` a`y uc vjhig vhrmh, pgr

ogcshouhcoj` mh b` prhshcoj` mh uc` nuihr hc kjfjcj9 hb ogcthxtg vjsu`b hs hb quh ou`bjljo` `

b`s jnàehchs.

?.8 BG_ CXH\G_ @NH[JO@CG_

T`r` ljc`bjz`r hsth o`pîtubg nh eust`rî` nhcojgc`r uc tr`kìg mh Mgue [jof`rm quh, hc hb

ogcthxtg ehch`bÿejog prgpuhstg hc hst` nhngrj`, puhmh lucojgc`r ogng uc` oubnjcòjÿc

mh b`s gkr`s nhcojgc`m`s hc b`s pàejc`s `cthrjgrhs.

Hc @ Chw @nhrjo`c Tjoturh (;404), Mgue [jof`rm ogcmhcs` nuoags mh bgs thn`s

`kgrm`mgs pgr bgs `rtjst`s `c`bjz`mgs hc hst` nhngrj`9 ogcsjsth hc uc lgtgbjkrg orh`mg ogc

jnàehchs o`ptur`m`s ùtgnàtjo`nhcth pgr b` ahrr`njhct` mh Eggebh _trhht \jhw. Bg quh

pb`cth` [jof`rm ogc hb tîtubg mh su bjkrg hs nuy jcthrhs`cth, y` quh jcobuyh uc mjècÿstjog9

uc` cuhv` lgtger`lî` `nhrjo`c` sjecjljo`rî` hb ègt`njhctg mh b` lgtger`lî` `nhrjo`c`

prhvj` ‟b` mh Lr`cf‟, y b` chohsjm`m mh uc` rhcgvòjÿc mh êst`. B` rhspuhst` mh Mgue



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

&$

[jof`rm ` hsth lhcÿnhcg sh hctrhe` us`cmg nhmjgs nuy sjnjb`rhs y p`r`bhbgs ` bgs mh

Lr`cf9 hb rg`mrtjp, b` o`rrhthr`, hb vjìh hc ùtg, hb lgtgbjkrg, b` hmjojÿc y b` shouhcoj`.

_j ` ljc`bhs mh 0:84 [gkhrt Lr`cf vjì`k` hc ùtg pgr b`s o`rrhthr`s hst`mgucjmhcshs, hc

hb ;404 Mgue [jof`rm vjì` pgr b`s njsn`s o`rrhthr`s, phrg vjrtu`bnhcth, mhsmh b`

ogngmjm`m mh su ognput`mgr, us`cmg Eggebh N`ps. _h jcsorjkh hc b` obàsjo` tr`mjojÿc mh b`

rg`m pagtger`pay hst`mgucjmhcsh, phrg m`cmg uc p`sg aòj` mhb`cth, `b us`r, ogng n`thrj`

prjn`, uc `roajvg mh jnàehchs vjrtu`bhs. @ Chw @nhrjo`c Tjoturh puhmh shr hb prjnhr

lgtgbjkrg mh rg`m pagtger`pay orh`mg sjc s`bjr ` b` o`rrhthr`, sjc ogcthchr b` hxphrjhcoj`

lîsjo` mhb vjìh. Thrg p`r` hb ùtgr, hb prgohsg mh gkthcojÿc mh b`s jnàehchs hs

ognpbht`nhcth lgtgeràljog, jcobusg hc su shctjmg nàs tr`mjojgc`b. @b c`vhe`r pgr nhmjg mh

Eggebh _trhht \jhw, hb prgohsg mh kùsquhm` mh b` jnèhc lgtgeràljo` hs sjnjb`r ` b` mh jr

n`chi`cmg hc uc ùtg, vjhcmg pgr b` vhct`c` y kuso`cmg ngtjvgs p`r` lgtger`lj`r6

mhsoukrjhcmg b`s ojum`mhs, bgs sukurkjgs y sus phquhð`s njtgbgeî`s. _j [gkhrt Lr`cf y

U`bfhr Hv`cs vhî`c ` tr`vês mhb p`r`krjs`s, Mgue [jof`rm vh ` tr`vês mh b` p`ct`bb`.

Jnèhc ;?9 [jof`rm, M (;404). Bjkrg @ Chw @nhrjo`c Tjoturh. Luhcth9 www.`phrturh.gre



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

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Hb prgyhotg mh Mgue [jof`rm sgkrhs`bh, mh bgs cunhrgsgs prgyhotgs lgtgeràljogs quh

us`c b` ahrr`njhct` mh Eggebh N`ps, pgr su ou`bjm`m vjsu`b9 a`y, hc b`s jnàehchs mh

[jof`rm, o`ròthrîstjo`s trhnhcm`nhcth `nhrjo`c`s quh b`s hnp`rhct`c ogc b`s jnàehchs mh

Ujbbj`n Heebhstgc (bgs tgcgs), _thpahc _agrh (bgs ogbgrhs), U`bfhr Hv`cs (bgs ngtjvgs) y

@ctagcy Ahrc`cmhz (bgs hcou`mrhs). Z tgmg hstg us`cmg jnàehchs prh-hxjsthcths, ` n`chr`

mh gkihtgs hcogctr`mgs g rh`my-n`mhs vjrtu`bhs. Hs p`bp`kbh, t`ctg pgr hb tîtubg mhb prgyhotg

ogng pgr b` vjsu`bjm`m mh b`s jnàehchs, b` jcthcojÿc mh [jof`rm9 hxthcmhr b` pràotjo` mh b`

lgtger`lî` `nhrjo`c` aòj` b` whk, sjc jecgr`r su prgohmhcoj` y bjcìh.

Jnèhc ;=9 [jof`rm, M (;404). Bjkrg @ Chw @nhrjo`c Tjoturh. Luhcth9 www.`phrturh.gre

Hs `tròtjvg phcs`r hc @ Chw @nhrjo`c Tjoturh ogng uc` nhzob` mh bgs prgohsgs mh

[gkhrt Lr`cf y @bho _gta, ogc b`s têocjo`s mh Thchbgph Xnkrjog y Hrjf Fhsshbs9 b`s

jnàehchs sgc gkthcjm`s pgr nhmjgs vjrtu`bhs phrg, pgsthrjgrnhcth ` uc tr`kìg mh hmjojÿc y

shouhcoj`, hb tr`kìg hs pukbjo`mg hc lgrn`tg mh lgtgbjkrg.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

&&

=. K[H\H @X]GKJGE[@LÎ@ LG]GE[ÀLJO@

_j agy pumjhr` ogct`r uc` ajstgrj` ogc p`b`kr`s,

cg thcmrî` quh o`re`r ogc uc` oàn`r`

BHUJ_ AJCH

B` lgtger`lî` hs uc nhmjg hshcoj`bnhcth mùotjb9 puhmh shr b` n`thrj` prjn` mh uc `rtjst`

ogcohptu`b g mh uc lgtgrrhpgrthrg mh euhrr`. Orhg quh, hc uc jcjojg, tgmgs bgs quh cgs

jcthrhs`ngs hc hb nhmjg lgtgeràljog cgs shctjngs uc pgog `krun`mgs pgr hstg. @ùc nàs sj

thchngs hc ouhct` quh hxjsthc htjquht`s rhkuso`m`s, pgr ouhstjgchs mh nhro`mg, ogng ljch

`rt , mgounhct`b g `rtjst`s quh us`c lgtger`lî`. ·Z ouàb sgy yg7, cgs prheuct`ngs. Hb

o`njcg aòj` hcogctr`r bg quh cgs jcthrhs` hs b`reg y hso`krgsg, phrg `p`rhoh buheg mh

nuoag tr`kìg ÿptjog9 mhspuês mh vhr nuoaîsjn`s jnàehchs.

Mhsmh hb ;400, ogng ogcshouhcoj` mh uc hcouhctrg jnprhvjstg ogc uc lgtgbjkrg

‟ @nhrjo`c Trgsphots (0:15) mh Ighb _thrclhbm‟, nh ah jcthrhs`mg hc b` ojroubòjÿc mh

lgtger`lî`s hc hsth lgrn`tg. B`s pgsjkjbjm`mhs quh glrhoh hb sgpgrth sgc, ogng ahngs vjstg

`cthrjgrnhcth, mh er`c prgvhoag p`r` hb ogrpus mh gkr` mh `beucgs `rtjst`s, hsphoj`bnhcth

bgs quh tjhchc jcthrhshs hc b` c`rr`tjv` vjsu`b.

Hc nhmjg mh b` ogclusjÿc y `csjhm`m quh nh prgvgo`k` b` jchst`kjbjm`m n`thrj`b mh b`s

lgtger`lî`s ‟·Ouàbhs sgc njs lgtger`lî`s7 ·Bgs `roajvgs hc nj ognput`mgr7 ·Bgs .ipe7

·B`s jnprhsjgchs quh aòî`7‟ hb lgtgbjkrg surejÿ ogng uc` rhspuhst` `pbò`mgr`, quh

p`rhoî` shr hb nhmjg c`tur`b p`r` njs jnàehchs. @mhnàs mh hstg, hb prgohsg mh shbhoojÿc y



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

&'

hmjojÿc mh jnàehchs nh p`rhoh nuy bb`n`tjvg9 p`r` pgmhr tgn`r mhojsjgchs mh hmjojÿc hs

chohs`rjg njr`r b`s jnàehchs mh nuoa`s n`chr`s mjstjct`s, jcobusg ogc mjst`coj`

‟hngojgc`b y vjsu`b‟, pgr bg quh hb prgohsg sh tgrc` hc `beg sjnjb`r ` tr`kì`r ogc jnàehchs

hxtr`ð`s, mh uc throhrg (`beucgs lgtÿer`lgs hmjt`c sus jnàehchs vjêcmgb`s `b rhvês, p`r`

iuze`rb`s ùcjo`nhcth hc têrnjcgs lgrn`bhs). Ogng sj luhr`, sj sh nh phrnjth uc gxîngrgc,

rh`my-n`mhs g `roajvgs hcogctr`mgs, phrg ahoags pgr ucg njsng.

Hst`s rhlbhxjgchs quh hst`k` thcjhcmg hc tgrcg `b bjkrg ogng lgrn`tg prgpjojg p`r` b`

lgtger`lî` sh bje`c ogc gtrg ahoag, t`nkjêc lgrtujtg9 mhspuês mh uc vjìh mh _`ctjèg `

Cuhv` Zgrf, hc hb ;400, nh rgk`rgc nj oàn`r` rêlbhx. Hsth m`tg turîstjog, kjgeràljog y

`chomÿtjog, pgmrî` p`rhohr jrrhbhv`cth, phrg mhshco`mhcÿ uc` shrjh mh ahoags quh

oubnjc`rgc hc uc o`nkjg hc nj rhbòjÿc ogc b` lgtger`lî`. Hc uc` prglucmjzòjÿc y

sgljstjoòjÿc mh nj ogcohpojÿc mhb nhmjg lgtgeràljog. Hstg pgrquh hc hsh ngnhctg nh

hcogctrê ogc b` sjtuòjÿc mh shr uc lgtÿer`lg sjc oàn`r`, hn`soub`mg. @ogstunkr`mg, a`st`

hctgcohs, ` bbhc`r t`riht`s mh nhngrj` mh v`rjgs eje`kyths pgr shn`c`, nh vj hclrhct`mg `

ouhstjgc`r hsh nêtgmg mh tr`kìg. ·T`r` quê t`ct`s lgtger`lî`s7 Njhctr`s vhî` njs agi`s mh

ogctòtg mjejt`bhs, hc b`s quh a`kî`c ngtjvgs lgtger`lj`mgs mhsmh o`m` àceubg pgsjkbh, nh

prheuct`k`9 ·Oÿng hbjig uc` sgkrh gtr`7 ·Ouàb hs hb puctg mh thchr tgm`s hst`s jnàehchs7

Jnpubsjv`nhcth, hnpgmhr`mg pgr b` o`pòjm`m ou`sj jcljcjt` mh b`s nhngrj`s mjejt`bhs,

lgtger`lj`k` tgmg sjc mhthchrnh ` vhr, cj phcs`r.

Hstg, quh p`rtjÿ ogc b` ognpr` mh uc lgtgbjkrg us`mg y hb rgkg mh uc` oàn`r` rêlbhx,

oubnjcÿ ogc b` `mqujsjojÿc mh uc` oàn`r` `ctjeu`, er`cmh y phs`m`, quh us` phbîoub` mh

lgrn`tg nhmjg. Nh ajoh mh uc` N`njy` [K<5, quh p`r` shr n`cjpub`m` mhkh hst`r, o`sj



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

&(

hxobusjv`nhcth, sgkrh uc trîpgmh. Hst` oàn`r` nh ogcmjojgc`k` ` shr bhctg, ` vhr

oùthbgs`nhcth ` tr`vês mhb vjmrjg hsnhrjb`mg y ` rhstrjcejrnh hc b` o`ctjm`m mh lgtger`lî`s

o`ptur`m`s ‟o`m` rgbbg mh ljbn tjhch o`pòjm`m p`r` mh mjhz jnàehchs‟.

B` cuhv` oàn`r` nh gkbje`k` ` ngmjljo`r, o`sj pgr ognpbhtg, hb prgohsg mh o`ptur`

lgtgeràljo`6 y pgr hcmh b` n`chr` mh ngvhrnh hc hb hspòjg lîsjog. @cths mh hstgs hvhctgs

nj hcthcmjnjhctg mhb lgtÿer`lg hr` mh o`ràothr krhssgcj`cg. Bgs v`bgrhs mh hsth ngmhbg

rhsjmî`c hc thchr sjhnprh b` oàn`r` ` n`cg, mh shr ràpjmg, v`bjhcth, jctujtjvg, mh lgtger`lj`r

y hso`p`r. Thrg hsh p`r`mjen` tuvg quh shr sustjtujmg9 àgr` yg hr` uc lgtÿer`lg bhctg. Z,

phrsgc`bnhcth, bg v`bjgsg mh hsth cuhvg ngmhbg hr` b` ljeur` mh Ighb _thrclhbm9 vjì`cmg

bhct`nhcth hc ùtg pgr b`s o`rrhthr`s, a`kb`cmg ogc mhsogcgojmgs, prheuctàcmgbhs sj bgs

pgmî` rhtr`t`r, o`re`cmg b` oàn`r` phs`m` hc hb agnkrg, tgnàcmgsh su tjhnpg p`r` nhmjr b`

buz.

Hc uc `ðg sh ob`rjljoÿ, hc ojhrt` nhmjm`, nj ogcohpojÿc sukihtjv` mh b` lgtger`lî`6

hcogctrê cuhvgs lgrn`tgs, cuhv`s n`thrj`bjm`mhs, cuhvgs ùtgrhs, cuhvgs rhlhrhcths,

cuhvgs nucmgs y cuhvgs oàcgchs.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

&)

=.0 MH_HNK@[OG

Xcg mh bgs prjnhrgs hihrojojgs bbhv`mg ` o`kg us`cmg hb bjkrg ogng lgrn`tg luh

Mhshnk`rog, orh`mg hc hb ;400. T`r` b` prgmuoojÿc mh hsth bjkrg a`kî`c mgs

ogcmjojgc`cths9 uc` lhoa` hst`kbhojm` mh hctrhe` y hb ahoag mh quh hb tr`kìg luhr`

prgmuojmg hc b` ojum`m mh \`bp`r`îsg.

B` jmh` ohctr`b mh hsth bjkrg còh mh uc hbhnhctg nuy prhshcth hc b` ojum`m9 b`s

hso`bhr`s. Cg hs pgog ognùc quh ` uc hxtr`cihrg, ogng yg, bh bb`nhc b` `thcojÿc êst`s6

mhspuês mh tgmg sgc p`rth mh b` sjceub`rjm`m pgst`b y `rquhtîpjo` mh b` ojum`m. Thrg hctrh

t`ct`s hso`bhr`s nh p`rhoî` quh sh hsogcmî` uc` ljeur` o`sj sjchomÿtjo`9 b` cgojÿc mh

\`bp`r`îsg, b` ojum`m-puhrtg, ogng uc` hso`bhr`. Xc bue`r quh tjhch ogng lucojÿc prjcojp`b

ogchot`r thrrjtgrjgs mjstjctgs. Thrg \`bp`r`îsg cg hs sÿbg uc` hso`bhr`6 hs uc` hso`bhr`

vhcjm` ` nhcgs, hc mho`mhcoj` mhsmh b` ogcstruoojÿc mhb O`c`b mh T`c`nà. Hst` jmh` mh

\`bp`r`îsg aòî` phcs`r hc uc` ojt` mhb hsorjtgr lr`coês Ehgrehs Thrho, quh lucojgc` oÿng

hpîer`lh hc hb bjkrg9

Cg phcs`ngs mhn`sj`mg hc b`s hso`bhr`s. Bg nàs kgcjtg mh b`s o`s`s

`ctjeu`s hr`c b`s hso`bhr`s. Z sgc bg nàs lrîg, bg nàs lhg, bg nàs agstjb, bg

nàs nhzqujcg mh bgs hmjljojgs mh agy hc mî`. Mhkhrî`ngs `prhcmhr ` vjvjr

nuoag nàs hc b`s hso`bhr`s. Thrg ·oÿng7 (Thrho, 0:::, p. <5).

\`bp`r`îsg hs uc` hso`bhr` y mhkhrî`ngs `prhcmhr ` vjvjr hc hbb`. Thrg ·oÿng7 Kìg hst`

prhnjs` vjìê uc mî` ` b` ojum`m. Hc ;= agr`s mhkî` tgn`r tgm`s b`s lgtger`lî`s p`r`



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

'+

pgsthrjgrnhcth rhvhb`rb`s, mjejt`bjz`rb`s, ogrrhejrb`s, shouhcoj`rb`s h jnprjnjrb`s hc uc

bjkrg. Ogng nj ogcgojnjhctg mh b` ojum`m hr` nîcjng, ajoh uc` bjst` mh bue`rhs quh nh

jcthrhs`k` vhr, g quh rhnjtî`c mh `beuc` n`chr` ` b` cgojÿc mh \`bp`r`îsg ogng hso`bhr`.

Hst` bjst` lucojgcÿ ogng uc tjpg mh n`p` p`r` hcogctr`r hb thsgrg, h jcobuî` bue`rhs ogng hb

`bnòêc mh `mu`c`s, hb ngthb Tuhrtg Ujbbj`ns y b` tjhcm` B` Cuhv` N`rjc`.

Hc hb bjkrg sh jcobuyhc jnàehchs mh mjstjct`s luhcths9 uc er`k`mg `ctjeug hc hb quh sh vh

b` ogst` mhb puhrtg ‟hcogctr`mg `b jcthrjgr mh uc bjkrg mh ajstgrj`‟, uc lgtger`n` hxtr`îmg

mhb ljbnh @ \`bp`r`îsg (0:<?), mjrjejmg pgr Igrjs Jvhcs, hc hb quh sh nuhstr` ` uc agnkrh

p`r`mg hc uc` hso`bhr` quh m` `b vòîg, y uc` t`riht` pgst`b, mh b` vjst` mhsmh bgs ohrrgs,

hcogctr`m` mur`cth hb vjìh. ]gmgs hstgs hbhnhctgs sh nhzob`c ogc jnàehchs prgpj`s, `

ogbgr y hc kb`cog y cherg, mh n`rjcgs, hstumj`cths, rgo`s, `cjnjt`s y gkihtgs hcogctr`mgs hc

b` gljojc` mh b` `mu`c`.

Jnèhc ;89 \jv`bbg, I (;400). O`ptur` mh p`ct`bb` mh n`p` us`mg hc b` orhòjÿc mh Mhshnk`rog. Luhcth9 Trgpj`.

Hc b`s prjnhr`s jnàehchs sh prhshct` uc iuheg mh njr`m`s9 qujêc gkshrv` y qujêc hs

gkshrv`mg. Hc hb er`k`mg (quh sh mhspbjhe`, oÿng uc` hso`bhr`) sh vh hb puhrtg mh



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

'*

\`bp`r`îsg mhsmh uc k`rog6 mhsmh hb puctg mh vjst` mh hb hxtr`cihrg quh bbhe`. Buheg a`y

uc` jnèhc mh uc` o`sht` mh sheurjm`m, mhsmh b` ouàb sh vh hb agrjzgcth. Êst` lgtger`lî`

lucojgc` oÿng hb rhvhrsg mhb er`k`mg9 hb quh bbhe` (hb vjìhrg) y hb quh vh bbhe`r (hb

a`kjt`cth). Mhspuês mh êst` vjhch b` jnèhc mh uc` t`riht` pgst`b, quh nuhstr` ` bgs ohrrgs

hc uc prjnhr pb`cg, y ` b` ogst` ogc `beucgs k`rogs hc hb sheucmg pb`cg. B` sjeujhcth hs

uc` lgtger`lî`, ` ogbgr, mh bgs ohrrgs. Mh hst` n`chr` sh v` hst`kbhojhcmg uc` rhbòjÿc mh

njr`m`s quh rhnjthc ` b` ogcohptu`bjzòjÿc mh b`s hso`bhr`s ogng bue`r mh hcbòh.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

'"

Jn`ehc ;<9 \jv`bbg, I (;400). Bànjc`s mh Mhshnk`rog. Luhcth9 Trgpj`.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

'#

Hc su o`bjm`m mh hihrojojg prjnhrjzg, b` mjvhrsjm`m mh lgrn`tgs mh b`s jnàehchs prhshcths

hc Mhshnk`rog rhspgcmh ` uc` hxpbgròjÿc sjctàotjo`, quh gptjnjz`rî` pgsthrjgrnhcth, hc

gtrgs hihrojojgs g prgyhotgs. Hc hsth o`sg nh prheuct`k`9 ·sh puhmhc jcobujr hc uc` njsn`

c`rr`tjv` jnàehchs mh mjvhrs`s n`thrj`bjm`mhs y prgohmhcoj`s7 Hb rhsubt`mg hs uc tr`kìg

hobêotjog, quh sh susthct` cg t`ctg sgkrh b`s jnàehchs, ogng sgkrh hb hsquhbhtg ogcohptu`b

quh b`s sgstjhch. B` ojt` mh Ehgrehs Thrho lucojgc` ogng uc ohm`zg pgr hb quh p`s`c tgm`s

b`s jnàehchs9 b`s hso`bhr`s, nhcojgc`m`s hc hb hpîer`lh `p`rhohc jcsjsthcth phrg sutjbnhcth

hc b`s lgtger`lî`s, jcobusg hc bgs rhtr`tgs.

Jnèhc ;5 y ;19 \jv`bbg, I (;400). Lgtger`lî` phrthchojhcth `b prgyhotg Mhshnk`rog. Luhcth9 Trgpj`.

=.; H[J@B

Hb lgtgbjkrg Hrj`b (;40;) ognpbhijz` `beucgs mh bgs hbhnhctgs prhshcths hc Mhshnk`rog.

Hnhreh mh b`s rhlbhxjgchs prgmuojm`s pgr uc` lgtger`lî` l`bt`cth, phrmjm`. Mur`cth nuoags

`ðgs ah rhogbhot`mg, hc nj `roajvg phrsgc`b, jnàehchs l`njbj`rhs. Trjcojp`bnhcth mh b`s



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

'$

mêo`m`s mh bgs 54, 14 y :4. Jnàehchs o`ptur`m`s hc Oajbh, prjnhrg, y mhspuês mhb Egbph mh

Hst`mg, hc Ogst` [jo`, bue`r hc mgcmh sh hxjbjÿ nj l`njbj` p`thrc` y hc mgcmh còî.

Hc nj `roajvg a`y uc mgounhctg nuy suehstjvg9 uc` agi` mh ou`mhrcg ogc uc krhvh

àrkgb ehch`bÿejog quh nuhstr` b` l`njbj` cuobh`r9 p`pà, n`nà, ahrn`cgs, ahrn`c`. B`

lòtur` hsogb`r h jcgohcth mhb mgounhctg ‟quh prgk`kbhnhcth luh uc` t`rh` mh jcebês mh nj

p`mrh g nj tîg‟ ogctr`st` ogc b`s jnàehchs, quh p`rhohc mh prgctu`rjgs g ljoa`s pgbjoj`bhs9

sgc lrgct`bhs g b`thr`bhs, hc kb`cog y cherg, sjc sgcrjs`s, ogc b` k`rkjbb` hc `btg, o`sj

ojhctîljo`s g ljsjgcÿnjo`s.

Jnèhc ;:9 \jv`bbg, I (;40;). Mgounhctg phrthchojhcth `b prgyhotg Hrj`b. Luhcth9 Trgpj`.

_jc hnk`reg, hc hsth mgounhctg l`bt` uc` lgtger`lî`. B` mh b` hsqujc` jclhrjgr jzqujhrm`,

quh ogrrhspgcmh ` T`trjojg, ucg mh bgs ahrn`cgs. @ p`rtjr mhb hxtr`vîg mh hst` jnèhc hs



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

'%

quh nh prgpgceg jcvhstje`r, g nhigr mjoag, hsphoub`r, quê p`sÿ ogc hsth cjðg. Hc hsth

hihrojojg, b` mhs`p`rjojÿc mh b` jnèhc hs hxtr`pgb`m` ` b` mhs`p`rjojÿc mhb suihtg.

B`s pgshs mh bgs rhtr`t`mgs hc b`s lgtger`lî`s mhb mgounhctg aòhc hog mh uc` êpgo`

pgbîtjo`nhcth rhprhsjv`. Z b` ùshcoj` mh b` lgtger`lî` mh T`trjojg aòh rhogrm`r hb bb`n`mg

O`sg @clrucs, hc hb quh uc cjðg mh shjs `ðgs, [gmrjeg @clrucs, luh shouhstr`mg y

`shsjc`mg pgr mhsogcgojmgs, prhsunjkbhnhcth èhcths mh b` Mjot`mur` Njbjt`r. Hstgs

`cthohmhcths aòî`c pb`cth`r uc` jcthrrge`cth, quh hs, ` su vhz, uc` `bhegrî` mh b` pràotjo`

lgtgeràljo`9 ·Oÿng sh lgtger`lî` b` mhs`p`rjojÿc7 B` lgtger`lî`, ogng nhmjg, hs ogcgojmg

pgr su o`pòjm`m p`r` rhprhshct`r bg hxpbîojtg, bg hxjsthcth, bg ogcorhtg. ·Thrg oÿng sh

lgtger`lî` hb vòîg g b` c`m`7

Ogc hstgs ouhstjgc`njhctgs, y hb n`thrj`b mh `roajvg ogng n`thrj` prjn`, ehrnjc` b`

jmh` mh orh`r uc lgtgbjkrg quh prhshcth jnàehchs hc tgrcg ` hsth mgounhctg y ` hst` ajstgrj`

‟b` vjm` (y t`b vhz nuhrth) mh hsth igvhc‟. Puh mê ouhct` mh b` `tngslhr` `brhmhmgr mh b`

ajstgrj` mh T`trjojg. @ mjlhrhcoj` mh gtrgs lgtgbjkrgs quh ahngs `c`bjz`mg hc hst` nhngrj`,

b` jcthcojÿc mh Hrj`b cg hs ogcthchr g c`rr`r hxpbîojt`nhcth uc` làkub`, sjcg ogcstrujrsh

sgkrh bgs ojnjhctgs mh uc` ajstgrj` hxjsthcth (ogng b` mhb O`sg @clrucs), quh ùcquh cg sh

nhcojgch `kjhrt`nhcth, hstà prhshcth, `b nhcgs p`r` uc tjpg mh bhotgr jmh`b.

B` `spjròjÿc ogcohptu`b mh hsth lgtgbjkrg hs `beg nàs sutjb quh b` mh uc` pjoturh stgry

g uc lgtghcs`yg. Hshcoj`bnhcth, bgs gkihtjvgs mh uc lgtgbjkrg y uc lgtghcs`yg sgc mjstjctgs9

hb lgtghcs`yg prhthcmh, hc su nàxjn`, m`r ouhct` mh uc hvhctg hc uc hspòjg y tjhnpg

mhthrnjc`mg. Mhkh `thstjeu`r h jclgrn`r mh bgs ahoags (qujêc, mÿcmh, oÿng, hto.)6 njhctr`s



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

'&

quh uc lgtgbjkrg tjhch `nkjojgchs nàs pgêtjo`s, hc hb shctjmg mh quh b`s jnàehchs cg

hxjsthc ogng hb rhejstrg mh uc ahoag, sjcg ogng uc hxprhsjÿc ùtgr`b mh uc` prhgoupòjÿc

phrsgc`b. Kìg hst` bÿejo` Hrj`b hstà hc b`s `ctîpgm`s mh uc lgtghcs`yg9 pb`cth` nàs

jcthrrge`cths mh b`s quh rhspgcmh.

!!!

Hrj`b lucojgc` ogng uc puzzbh hc hb quh s`khngs quh l`bt` uc` pjhz`. \hr uc` shouhcoj` mh

jnàehchs hs uc` hxphrjhcoj` hspòjg-thnpgr`b, mjlhrhcth ` b` mh vhr uc` jnèhc ùcjo`, pgr

hsg hs quh m` b` jnprhsjÿc mh quh bg quh vhngs, njhctr`s p`s`ngs b`s pàejc`s mhb bjkrg, hs

uc` lròojÿc mh b` jcl`coj` mh hsth phrsgcìh9 ognjhcz` ogc b` prhshcoj` mhb suihtg

prgtègcjst` y pgog ` pgog v` mhsa`kjt`cmg b` jnèhc. H.A. Egnkrjoa mjoh quh ‒b` jnèhc

jcognpbht` h jchsphr`m` orh` hc b` nhcth uc rgnpho`khz`s quh cgs aòh nhrgmh`r,

mjslrut`r y rhogrm`r b` sgbuojÿc, njhctr`s b` prgs` mh b`s jnàehchs pur`nhcth jclgrn`tjv`s

hs mjlîojbnhcth rhthcjm` g rhogrm`m`„ (0:1;, p. 088). Z b`s jnàehchs mh hsth tr`kìg kuso`c

hsg9 shr jnàehchs jcognpbht`s, t`ctg hc bg lgrn`b (jnàehchs vòî`s) ogng hc bg ogcohptu`b

(`muohc ` uc` pêrmjm`). Êst`s, hc hb ogcthxtg prgpuhstg pgr hb bjkrg, sgc bhîm`s hc ob`vhs

pgbjoj`bhs9 hb hsphot`mgr jcthct` rhogcstrujr b` hxjsthcoj` mh hsth cjðg ogc b`s phquhð`s

p`rths mh jclgrnòjÿc quh hctrhe` hb lgtÿer`lg9 phquhð`s pjhz`s quh, ` phs`r mh shr

mjsînjbhs, hcoì`c.

B` utjbjzòjÿc mh mjstjctgs lgrn`tgs mh lgtger`lî`s sgc hshcoj`bhs p`r` bger`r hc hb

hsphot`mgr uc shctjnjhctg mh vhrgsjnjbjtum. B`s jnàehchs gphr`c ogyuctur`bnhcth p`r`

prgmuojr b` susphcsjÿc mh rh`bjm`m6 b` jcnhrsjÿc mhb bhotgr mhctrg mh b` ajstgrj`. Hs pgr hsg



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

''

quh hc Hrj`b a`y jnàehchs quh p`rhohc hvjmhcoj` lgrhcsh, mgounhctgs hso`ch`mgs,

jnàehchs mh bgs 14, rhvhrsgs mh lgtger`lî`s jnprhs`s, jnàehchs hc kb`cog y cherg, ` ogbgr,

h jcobusg jnàehchs n`cjpub`m`s mjejt`bnhcth.

@ b` agr` mh lgtger`lj`r, b` hbhoojÿc mhb lgrn`tg y b` phbîoub` sh aòh phcs`cmg hc hb

ogcthxtg mhb bjkrg. Hs `sî ogng uc` lgtger`lî` mhb ;40;, quh nuhstr` uc` o`s` `k`cmgc`m`,

p`rhoh uc` mh b`s jnàehchs hcogctr`m`s hc bgs `roajvgs. G oÿng b` jnèhc ‟mjejt`b, tgn`m`

hc uc hstumjg lgtgeràljog‟ mh uc kgbsg suojg, sh bhh ogng uc` jnèhc mh hvjmhcoj` lgrhcsh

hc uc` hsohc` mhb orjnhc.

Jnèhc ?49 \jv`bbg, I (;40;). Lgtger`lî`s phrthchojhcths `b prgyhotg Hrj`b. Luhcth9 Trgpj`.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

'(

@b `c`bjz`r hb lgtgbjkrg, uc hbhnhctg thxtu`b ` thchr hc ouhct` hs hb vhrsg mhb pghn` B`

pjhz` gsour` (0:<?) mh Hcrjquh Bjac, quh sh jcobuyh. ‒·Puê shrà mh bgs cjðgs quh lujngs7„

(p. ;=), `puct` hb hpîer`lh, quh ogchot` hb thn` mh b` pêrmjm` mh b` jcgohcoj` ogc b`

mhs`p`rjojÿc mhb cjðg.

Jnèhc ?09 \jv`bbg, I (;40;). Bànjc` mhb bjkrg Hrj`b. Luhcth9 Trgpj`.

B` `p`rjojÿc mhb rhtr`tg mhb cjðg hxtr`vj`mg `b jcjojg mh b` shouhcoj` rhspgcmh ` b`

chohsjm`m mh orh`r hnp`tî` ogc hb bhotgr6 mh puctu`bjz`r b` ljeur` prjcojp`b mh b` c`rròjÿc9

êsth hs qujêc l`bt`, y tjhch ucgs gigs, uc` c`rjz y uc` kgo` ogcorht`. Mh hst` n`chr`, hb

hsphot`mgr tjhch b` pgsjkjbjm`m mh ognpbht`r, vjsu`bnhcth, hb mgounhctg ehch`bÿejog, quh

sh nuhstr` pgsthrjgr hc b` shouhcoj`. _h jcobuyhc, t`nkjêc, jnàehchs mh sjtjgs hrj`zgs ‟mh

àî hb tîtubg mhb bjkrg‟, quh jnpbjo`c uc` kùsquhm`, t`ctg pgbjoj`b ogng vjsu`b. _h prhshct`c

gkihtgs oukjhrtgs hc ÿxjmg suejhrhc hb p`sg mhb tjhnpg6 `vhs quh y` cg vuhb`c6 ajhmr`s quh

orhohc pòjhcthnhcth sgkrh b`s nur`bb`s.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

')

]gmgs hstgs hbhnhctgs vjsu`bhs, `tr`vhs`mgs pgr b` jcl`coj` mh uc phrsgcìh

mhthrnjc`mg, aòhc mh hsth prgyhotg uc hihrojojg c`rr`tjvg nhcgs bjch`b quh hb `cthrjgr.

Hrj`b sh ohctr` hc uc phrsgcìh y nuhstr` sjtuòjgchs, p`jsìhs y gkihtgs quh ejr`c `brhmhmgr

mh b` kjger`lî` mh hsth cjðg. Cg c`rr` b` ajstgrj` mh uc bue`r, cj b`s o`ròthrîstjo`s y

ogcshouhcoj`s mh uc shouhstrg jcl`ctjb hc uc` êpgo` mjot`tgrj`b6 nàs kjhc hs uc ogrpus

c`rr`tjvg mh hbhnhctgs phrjlêrjogs y `chxgs ` hst` ajstgrj`.

Hb pgthcoj`b hxprhsjvg mh b` shouhcoj` ogcsjsth hc quh hb bhotgr sh vh hclrhct`mg `

jnàehchs quh rhnjthc `b vòîg. Hst` ùshcoj` sh ogcvjhrth, hc b` rhtjc` mhb hsphot`mgr, hc b`

ùshcoj` mhb cjðg.

Jnèhc ?;9 \jv`bbg, I (;40;). Bànjc` mhb bjkrg Hrj`b. Luhcth9 Trgpj`.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

(+

Jnèhc ??9 \jv`bbg, I (;40;). Bànjc` mhb bjkrg Hrj`b. Luhcth9 Trgpj`.

Xcg mh bgs lòtgrhs quh, phrsgc`bnhcth, nh ngtjv`k`c ` rh`bjz`r hsth hihrojojg hr`

kuso`r uc` ogrrhspgcmhcoj` vjsu`b ` b` bîch` quh a`c tr`kì`mg `beucgs ùtgrhs bjthr`rjgs

oajbhcgs, ogng @bhi`cmrg Y`nkr`, Cgc` Lhrcàcmhz g @bhi`cmr` Ogst`nèc`6 quh `kgrm`c

b` Mjot`mur` Njbjt`r mhsmh hb tr`csoursg mh b` jcl`coj`. Ogjcojmî`, hc hsh ngnhctg, b`

ajstgrj` mh nj l`njbj` ogc b`s c`rròjgchs mh hstgs ùtgrhs.

!!!

Ogng hc ou`bqujhr gkr` mh ognucjoòjÿc vjsu`b, bgs hbhnhctgs quh b` ogclgrn`c sgc

sukihtjvgs ‟‒hb nhcsìh mh uc` jnèhc mhphcmh sjhnprh mh cuhstrg ogcgojnjhctg prhvjg mh

sus pgsjkjbjm`mhs„, mhoî` hb ojt`mg Egnkrjoa (0:1;, p. 0=4)‟ pgr bg quh b`s bhotur`s



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

(*

c`rr`tjv`s quh sh aòhc hstàc luhr` mhb ogctrgb mhb ùtgr mh b`s jnàehchs. Mhsmh hsth puctg

mh vjst`, b` èumhz` mhb ùtgr, `b ngnhctg mh mhojmjr uc` shouhcoj`, rhsjmh hc n`chi`r b`s

jcthrprhtòjgchs pgthcoj`bhs6 `b njsng tjhnpg quh gtgre` uc hspòjg p`r` b` mjvèòjÿc mhb

bhotgr. Hc hsg ogcsjsth uc` kuhc` shouhcoj`9 `rn`r uc o`njcg bg suljojhcthnhcth `coag

ogng p`r` quh hb vjìh sh` mjslrut`kbh, quh cg sh` gprhsjvg, phrg quh cg phrnjt` quh hb ùtg

sh s`be` mhb o`njcg. Puh sh `sheurh mh quh bbheuh ` mhstjcg.

Trhojs`nhcth pgr hsg hsth tr`kìg tjhch mgs vhrsjgchs mjstjct`s, hc b`s quh sh hxprhs`c

mjlhrhcths lgrn`s mh ngctìh. B` prjnhr` vhrsjÿc hc hsp`ðgb, mhb ;40;, hs nuoag nàs thcuh

y `nkjeu` quh b` vhrsjÿc mhb ;40?, prgmuojm` hc jcebês, y ogc uc` ogccgtòjÿc pgbîtjo` nàs

hxpbîojt`. Hs ourjgsg utjbjz`r b` p`b`kr`s hsp`ðgb h jcebês `b a`kb`r mh uc lgtgbjkrg quh o`sj

cg ogctjhch thxtg. @ bg quh nh rhljhrg ogc hst`s htjquht`s hs, nàs quh ` uc` tr`muoojÿc, `

uc` `m`ptòjÿc. Tjhcsg quh hc b` lgtger`lî` ‟`b jeu`b quh hc b` nùsjo`, pgr hihnpbg‟

puhmhc a`khr rhnjxhs, vhrsjgchs y `m`ptòjgchs. _j tr`kì`ngs ogc uc erupg mh jnàehchs

pgmhngs nhzob`rb`s, shouhcoj`rb`s y rhhmjt`rb`s. Ogc jcthrês mh hxpbgr`r hstg, y ` n`chr`

mh hcs`yg, rh`bjoê b` sheucm` vhrsjÿc mur`cth uc` rhsjmhcoj` hc Hst`mgs Xcjmgs, phcs`cmg

hc uc pùkbjog `cebgsìÿc, quh cg tjhch jcogrpgr`mg ` su jnèjc`rjg hb O`sg @clrucs.

B` vhrsjÿc hc jcebês `mgpt` b` lgrn` mh uc` o`rpht` t`n`ðg hstàcm`r. Hs ogbgr o`rtÿc y

hc su jcthrjgr prhshct`, `mhnàs mh b`s jnàehchs grjejc`bhs mh Hrj`b, `beuc`s ogpj`s

lòsînjbhs mh bgs mgounhctgs mhsob`sjljo`mgs pgr b` OJ@ quh nhcojgc`c hb Egbph mh Hst`mg

hc Oajbh. Hc `beucgs mh hstgs mgounhctgs sh puhmh bhhr hb cgnkrh mh @ueustg Tjcgoaht,

pgr bg quh sh `bunkr` b` ogchxjÿc mh b`s jnàehchs ogc bgs ahoags pgbîtjogs. Êst` vhrsjÿc hs,

ognp`r`tjv`nhcth, nuoag nhcgs `nkjeu` y hvgo`tjv` quh b` prjnhr` vhrsjÿc hc hsp`ðgb.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

("

B` prjnhr` vhrsjÿc ogcsjsth hc uc phquhðg bjkrg cherg mh thb` y cg jcobuyh n`thrj`b thxtu`b,

s`bvg hb hpîer`lh. Hs nàs suehrhcth y htêrhg quh b` sheucm` vhrsjÿc, ` phs`r mh quh `nkgs

tjhchc, o`sj hc su tgt`bjm`m, b`s njsn`s jnàehchs.

Jnèhc ?=9 \jv`bbg, I (;40?). Mîptjog mh b` hmjojÿc hc jcebês mhb bjkrg Hrj`b. Luhcth9 Trgpj`.

Jnèhc ?89 \jv`bbg, I (;40;). Mîptjog mh b` hmjojÿc hc hsp`ðgb mhb bjkrg Hrj`b. Luhcth9 Trgpj`.

Hc hsth tr`kìg jrrunph pgr prjnhr` vhz hb hbhnhctg ljoojgc`b6 hs uc bjkrg quh sh nuhvh

hc hb bjnjth hctrh b` rh`bjm`m y b` ljoojÿc. B`s jnàehchs sgc mh hvhctgs quh suohmjhrgc9 hb

cjðg prgtègcjst`, T`trjojg, vjvjÿ. Hb O`sg @clrucs hs làotjog. Thrg `ùc `sî, b` c`rr`tjv` hs

n`chi`m` sukihtjv`nhcth pgr nî.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

(#

=.? @K[XT]G_

Hsth òhro`njhctg ` b` c`rròjÿc nàs hxprhs`nhcth ljoojgc`b sh hxtrhn` hc @krupt` (;40;),

uc` shrjh mh hihrojojgs mh ngctìh y shouhcoj`.

Jnèhc ?<9 ]hbb`mg, O (s.l. ). Tgrt`m` mh _gy tu jcvjt`m`, lgtgcgvhb` mh Ogrîc ]hbb`mg. Luhcth9 Trgpj`.

B` lgtgcgvhb` ogng eêchrg tjhch tgmgs bgs hbhnhctgs rhtÿrjogs quh nh jcthrhs`c ogng

`rtjst`9 a`y c`rr`tjvjm`m, a`y rhbòjÿc jnèhc-thxtg, a`y lgtger`lî`s. Ehchr`bnhcth, bg quhnh aòh, ogng bhotgr, phrmhr jcthrês hc hst`s rhvjst`s hs quh, hc prjnhr bue`r b`s jnàehchs

sgc hxpbjojt`s, cg mhi`c hspòjg ` jcthrprhtòjgchs. Hc sheucmg bue`r, bgs thxtgs sgc

sgkrh-hxpbjo`tjvgs y rhmucm`cths, hctrhe`c b` njsn` jclgrnòjÿc quh b`s jnàehchs, pgr bg



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

($

quh sus pgthcoj`bhs mjsoursgs c`rr`tjvgs sh vhc mjsnjcujmgs ` uc sjnpbhs mhob`ròjgchs

jnphr`tjv`s.

Hst`s rhvjst`s ‟àgr` o`sj mhs`p`rhojm`s mh bgs fjgsogs‟ sgc p`rth mh bg quh sh ogcgoh

hbjtjst`nhcth ogng kì` oubtur`. Mh b` njsn` n`chr` hc quh, òtu`bnhcth, khstshbbhrs ogng

b` trjbgeî` mh Ojcouhct` sgnkr`s mh Erhy (;400) oùtjv`c ` uc pùkbjog n`sjvg, hc su

n`ygrî` lhnhcjcg, b`s lgtgcgvhb`s hc Oajbh vjvjhrgc su ùeh hc b`s mêo`m`s mhb <4 y 54.

B`s ajstgrj`s mh Ogrîc ]hbb`mg, pgpub`r hsorjtgr` `sturj`c` mh cgvhb`s rgnàctjo`s, luhrgc hb

n`thrj`b phrlhotg p`r` shr `m`pt`m`s `b lgrn`tg mh lgtgcgvhb`s.

B`s c`rròjgchs shctjnhct`bhs mh hsth tjpg mh cgvhb`s, hsphoj`bnhcth hc su lgrn`tg

jbustr`mg, tjhchc uc `sphotg phrvhrsg, jcobusg shxu`bnhcth vjgbhctg, ou`cmg b`s

hx`njc`ngs mhsmh hb puctg mh vjst` mhb rgb mh eêchrg. Ig`c Lgctoukhrt` ogcsjmhr` quh9

B` lgtgcgvhb` tr`mjojgc`b hxpbgt`k` b` nîstjo` mher`m`cth mh uc ngmhbg

kureuês quh `sjec`k` ` b` nuihr ucgs rhstrjcejmgs p`phbhs mh ogcmuot` (…)

mjrjejm`s ` uc` ùmjhcoj` n`ygrjt`rj`nhcth lhnhcjc`, jcoubo`k`c, kìg b`

nàso`r` mh uc` bjthr`tur` mh hv`sjÿc, ucgs p`trgchs mh shctjnhct`bjsng, mh

lhnjchjm`m, mh rhbòjgchs phrsgc`bhs, hto. sheùc ucgs oÿmjegs a`kjtu`bnhcth

rhòojgc`rjgs y `bjhc`cths. (0::4, p.051)

Ogc hst` prhnjs` nh prgpgceg uc hihrojojg mh ngctìh9 us`r b`s jnàehchs mh b`

lgtgcgvhb` _gy tu jcvjt`m` mh Ogrîc ]hbb`mg, p`r` `bthr`r b` c`rr`tjv` y orh`r gtr` ajstgrj`.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

(%

B` bÿejo` utjbjz`m` p`r` hb hsth hihrojojg hs9 sj sh puhmh ogct`r uc` ajstgrj` mh `ngr ogc

êst`s jnàehchs, sh puhmh ogct`r, t`nkjêc, uc` ajstgrj` vjgbhct`.

]gn`cmg jcspjròjÿc mh bgs nêtgmgs mh b` cgvhb` cher` y mh ùtgrhs ogng [`yngcm

Oa`cmbhr (hc b`s quh a`y mhthotjvhs, hspî`s, lhnnh l`t`bhs, e`b`chs, `ngr y nuhrth) sh

ognjhcz` ` ajb`r uc` ajstgrj`. _jhcmg hb hihrojojg mh ngctìh bg prjcojp`b, nh jcthrhs`k`

tr`kì`r ràpjmg y lgrn`bnhcth, jnpgcjêcmgnh uc tjhnpg bînjth p`r` rh-shouhcoj`rbg.

Xtjbjz`cmg bgs p`r`mjen`s mh b` hsorjtur` ùtgnàtjo`, pròtjo`m` hsphoj`bnhcth pgr bgs

surrh`bjst`s h jcobusg pgr hsorjtgrhs ogcthnpgràchgs oÿng Oês`r @jr`9 sjc ogrrhejr y sjc

njr`r `tràs. Hs pgr hst`s r`zgchs quh sh tjtub`, `b prgyhotg hc su ogciuctg, ogng [hvjst`

@krupt`.

B` ogcohptu`bjzòjÿc mh hstgs hihrojojgs ogng [hvjst` @krupt`, rhspgcmh hlhotjv`nhcth

` uc tjpg mh lgtgcgvhb`, phrg t`nkjêc hs `beg nàs9 hs uc nêtgmg. Xc sjsthn` mh tr`kìg

`pbjo`kbh ` b`s jnàehchs hcogctr`m`s. Kìg b`s mjstjct`s hmjojgchs mh b` [hvjst` @krupt` sh

puhmhc hsoum`r nuoags tr`kìgs mjlhrhcths. B` hmjojÿc cùnhrg ucg, tjtub`m` Ogng tgmg

ngcstrug, sgrprhcmî` (;40;), y k`s`m` hc b` lgtgcgvhb` _gy tu jcvjt`m` mh Ogrîc ]hbb`mg,

ogrrhspgcmh ` hst`s rhlbhxjgchs.

T`r` bbhv`r ` o`kg Ogng tgmg ngcstrug, sgrprhcmî`, prjnhrg sh hso`ch`rgc b`s jnàehchs

mh b` rhvjst` grjejc`b, buheg sh rh-hcou`mr`rgc, hmjt`rgc, shouhcoj`rgc y pukbjo`rgc hc gtrg

lgrn`tg. Mhojmî hbjnjc`r pgr ognpbhtg hb thxtg y b`s cukhs mh mjàbgeg, y` quh hb jcthrês

prjcojp`b mhb hihrojojg hs hxphrjnhct`r b` c`rr`tjv` pgr nhmjgs hxobusjv`nhcth vjsu`bhs. Mh



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

(&

hst` n`chr` b`s jnàehchs mh Ogrîc ]hbb`mg sgc sukvhrtjm`s y puhst`s `b shrvjojg mh uc`

mjsoursjvjm`m lgtgeràljo` hst`kbhojm` pgr nî, hc hb p`phb mh hmjtgr.

Jnèhc ?59 \jv`bbg, I (;40; ). Tgrt`m` mh rhvjst` @krupt` Cùnhrg 09 Ogng tgmg ngcstrug, sgrprhcmî`. Luhcth9 Trgpj`.

Hc b` pgrt`m` `p`rhoh, ogng uc` jnèhc prhngcjtgrj`, uc agnkrh quh jnjt`, ogc su

n`cg, b` lgrn` mh uc` pjstgb`. Tgsthrjgrnhcth sh jctrgmuohc bgs mgs phrsgcìhs9 uc agnkrh

y uc` nuihr. Hb `rog c`rr`tjvg cgs nuhstr` ` b` nuihr lràejb y `b agnkrh ognprhcsjvg.

Buheg hstg o`nkj`, y hb phrsgcìh n`soubjcg sh tgrc` ògs`mgr y `kusjvg.

Jnèhc ?19 \jv`bbg, I (;40; ). Tàejc`s jcthrjgrhs mh @krupt` Cùnhrg 09 Ogng tgmg ngcstrug, sgrprhcmî`. Luhcth9 Trgpj`.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

('

Jn`ehc ?: y =49 \jv`bbg, I (;40; ). Tàejc`s jcthrjgrhs mh @krupt` Cùnhrg 09 Ogng tgmg ngcstrug, sgrprhcmî`. Luhcth9 Trgpj`.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

((

_h hcl`tjz`c, nhmj`cth hb rh-hcou`mrh, bgs ehstgs lîsjogs mh `nkgs. Nhmj`cth b`

shouhcoj`, b` tr`cslgrnòjÿc mh hsth phrsgcìh. Nhmj`cth b` hmjojÿc y puhst` hc pàejc`, hb

orhsohcmg mh b` tr`n`. Hs `sî oÿng b`s njsn`s jnàehchs quh rhb`t`c uc` ajstgrj`

supuhst`nhcth rgnàctjo`, tjhchc b` o`pòjm`m mh shr phrvhrtjm`s y rhb`t`r uc ajstgrj`

vjgbhct`.

!!!

Hc hsth o`sg, hb lgog sh pgch ognpbht`nhcth hc hb hihrojojg mh shouhcoj`. Hsth hs `beg

sjnjb`r ` uc rh`my n`mh mhs`rn`mg y vuhbtg ` `rn`r, phrg ogc b`s pjhz`s puhst`s hc bue`rhs

mjstjctgs.

Orhg quh hs ùtjb phcs`r hc `beucgs lgtgbjkrgs ‟y hc sus ahrr`njhct`s rhtÿrjo`s‟ ogng uc

lgtgngctìh mhsngct`mg. Mh hst` n`chr`9 jnèjchngs uc l`ngsg lgtgngctìh mh B`zbg

Ngagby-Cèy. @agr` shp`rhngs b`s pjhz`s quh bg ognpgchc, sus p`rths jcmjvjmu`bhs6 a`st`

thchr `jsb`mgs bgs hbhnhctgs quh ogcstjtuî`c hb lgtgngctìh. ]hcmrî`ngs, pgr shp`r`mg, hb

lgcmg, b`s ljeur`s, b`s bîch`s, b`s lgrn`s ehgnêtrjo`s y bgs hbhnhctgs thxtu`bhs. @agr`

ogbgquhngs hstgs hbhnhctgs jcmjvjmu`bnhcth sgkrh pàejc`s kb`co`s y shouhcojhngs hst`s

pàejc`s. Tgmhngs pgchr prjnhrg b` pàejc` quh ogctjhch uc oîroubg cherg6 buheg b` quh tjhch

uc thxtg. Mhspuês mh êst`s, b` prjnhr` ljeur`. Tgsthrjgrnhcth, uc` pàejc` ogc uc`s bîch`s,

sheujm` pgr b` pàejc` ogc b` sheucm` ljeur`. @sî thcmrî`ngs cg uc lgtgngctìh ùcjog, sjcg

uc bjkrg ahoag ogc b`s p`rths quh ogcstjtuyhc hsh lgtgngctìh. Hb shctjmg, sheur`nhcth, cg

shrî` hb njsng mhb lgtgngctìh grjejc`b. Thrg hsth hihrojojg jnèjc`rjg hs jcthrhs`cth p`r`

phcs`r hb oÿng o`nkj` cuhstr` phrohpojÿc hctrh b`s jnàehchs ùcjo`s y b`s jnàehchs hc

erupg.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

()

=.= T [G\JMHCOH TB@C]@]JGC_

@bb b`ceuèh nust l`bb sagrt

gl ogcvhyjce `cy iust jmh` gl tah truta.

HME@[ @BB@C TGH

A`y uc bjkrg mh M`vjm Lgsthr U`bbòh tjtub`mg @ _uppgshmby Luc ]ajce J‚bb Chvhr Mg

@e`jc (0::5). Hsh bjkrg ogctjhch uc` orÿcjo` hc b` quh Lgsthr U`bbòh ouhct` b`

ogctr`mjotgrj` hxphrjhcoj` mh hst`r mh vòòjgchs hc uc oruohrg pgr hb o`rjkh, y ogng hs`

sjtuòjÿc bh p`rhoh agrrgrgs` y hxtr`ð`9 b` l`bs` `n`kjbjm`m mh bgs tr`kì`mgrhs mhb oruohrg,

b` prhsjÿc sgoj`b pgr mjvhrtjrsh ` tgm` ogst`, b` ùtg jcmubehcoj` mh sus ognp`ðhrgs mh vjìh.

Lgsthr U`bbòh sh prheuct`, ·oÿng puhmg shr orîtjog mhb p`r`îsg7

@beg sjnjb`r shctî yg `b bbhe`r ` Hst`mgs Xcjmgs, hc hb jcvjhrcg mhb ;40;, p`r` p`s`r uc

shnhstrh ò`mênjog. Hsh bue`r, quh `prhcmjngs ` vhchr`r, `mnjr`r y mhsh`r, p`rhoî` mh

rhphcth uc pgog k`c`b. _h p`rhoî` mhn`sj`mg `b throhr nucmg, mhb quh sh supgcî` quh

thcî`ngs quh hso`p`r sj quhrî`ngs bbhe`r ` shr jnpgrt`cths hc hb nucmg mhb `rth. Tgr

supuhstg quh hst`s phrohpojgchs sgc phrsgc`bhs y mhphcmhc, hc er`c nhmjm`, mh cuhstr`s

hxphot`tjv`s y ogcstruoojgchs mh bg quh bb`n`ngs rh`bjm`m. Thrg hxprhsg hstg `quî, pgrquh

hsh shctjnjhctg luh hb puctg mh p`rtjm` mhb prgyhotg Trgvjmhcoh Tb`ct`tjgcs (;40;-;40=).

Nj bue`r mh rhsjmhcoj` hc Hst`mgs Xcjmgs hst`k` hc Trgvjmhcoh, [agmh Jsb`cm6 hb hst`mg

nàs phquhðg mh Cgrth`nêrjo`. Hst`cmg àî, nh prheuct`k`9 ·oÿng hclrhct`rnh ` hsh bue`r,

quh cg ogctjhch njtgs phrsgc`bhs cj hxphrjhcoj`s mh hxjbjgs cj rhtgrcgs6 quê cg tjhch b`



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

)+

o`re` quh sî tjhchc bue`rhs ogng Ogst` [jo` g Oajbh7 B` ùcjo` rhspuhst` quh hcogctrê `

hst` jcthrrge`cth hr` ` tr`vês mh b` ajstgrj` mh Trgvjmhcoh, y ogng êst` sh hxprhs`k` hc bgs

ahoags trjvj`bhs mh b` ogtjmj`cjm`m.

Hc b` kjkbjgtho` mh b` ojum`m a`kî` uc n`p` quh sh rhlhrî` ` [agmh Jsb`cm ogng [agmh

Jsb`cm `cm Trgvjmhcoh Tb`ct`tjgcs. Nh hxtr`ðÿ, y mhspuês mh uc` krhvh jcvhstjeòjÿc nh

hcogctrê ogc quh hsh hr` hb cgnkrh gljoj`b mhb hst`mg, ` phs`r mh quh c`mjh bg hnpbh` hc hb

mî` ` mî`. ·B` r`zÿc7 Tb`ct`tjgcs tjhch uc` ogccgtòjÿc hsob`vjst`6 rhljhrh ` b`s

pb`ctòjgchs hc b`s quh tr`kì`k`c bgs hsob`vgs chergs. Hc hb _jebg Q\JJ [agmh Jsb`cm hr`

ucg mh bgs bue`rhs nàs jnpgrt`cths p`r` hb jcthro`nkjg mh hsob`vgs hc Cgrth`nêrjo`.

@ phs`r mh hstg, hb ; mh Cgvjhnkrh mhb ;404 sh rh`bjzÿ uc pbhkjsojtg p`r` rhtjr`r b` p`rth

mh Trgvjmhcoh Tb`ct`tjgcs mhb cgnkrh gljoj`b, hb 51% mh bgs hbhotgrhs vgt`rgc pgr n`cthchr

hb cgnkrh, ` phs`r mh su ogccgtòjÿc ròjst`.

Gtrgs ahoags ajstÿrjogs mh b` ojum`m, hc hsth o`sg mh b` ajstgrj` mh b` bjthr`tur`,

`sgn`k`c ogng uc hspòjg p`r` `kgrm`rb` `rtîstjo`nhcth. [agmh Jsb`cm thcî` hc su p`cthÿc

mh ljeur`s cgt`kbhs ` mgs mh bgs hsorjtgrhs mh thrrgr nàs jnpgrt`cths mh b` ajstgrj`9 Hme`r

@bb`c Tgh y A.T. Bgvhor`lt. ·Puê tjhch hsth bue`r quh ogshoa` ` hst`s mgs ljeur`s7, nh

prheuct`k`. Thrg cg hs o`su`b quh hstgs hsorjtgrhs mh thrrgr a`y`c hst`mg rhbòjgc`mgs ogc

Trgvjmhcoh, y` quh hs ogcgojm` ogng uc` mh b`s ojum`mhs ogc nàs v`npjrgs hc Hst`mgs

Xcjmgs ‟pgr nàs l`ctàstjog quh sh` hb m`tg‟. Hb jcojmhcth mh Nhroy Krgwc hs ucg mh bgs

ùbtjngs o`sgs mgounhct`mgs hc Cgrth`nêrjo`, y su tunk` sh a` ogcvhrtjmg hc uc bue`r mh

phrherjcòjÿc p`r` ojhctgs mh iÿvhchs hc A`bbgwhhc.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

)*

Hstgs ogcohptgs ‟ròjsng, thrrgr, Bgvhor`lt, v`npjrgs, Hme`r @bb`c Tgh y goê`cg‟ sh

nhzob`k`c ogc b` rh`bjm`m y b` ljoojÿc, y orh`k`c uc ljbtrg vjsu`b p`r` `prgxjn`rnh ` b`

ojum`m. ·Oÿng sh n`cjljhst`c hstgs ahoags ajstÿrjogs hc hb mî` ` mî`7 ·Oÿng sh

lgtger`lî`c7 _jeuhc sjhcmg prheuct`s quh cg tjhchc uc` rhspuhst` mhljcjtjv`, phrg hsth

prgyhotg hs uc` rêpbjo` thct`tjv`.

Hc hb lgtgbjkrg Trgvjmhcoh Tb`ct`tjgcs sh tgn`c tgmgs hstgs hbhnhctgs p`r` orh`r uc

mgounhctg vjsu`b quh c`rr` uc` ajstgrj` sukihtjv` mh [agmh Jsb`cm, mhsmh nj prhshcoj` hc

hb bue`r9 uc bue`r ogc uc p`s`mg jnphrj`bjst`, uc hspòjg lêrtjb p`r` b` bjthr`tur` mh thrrgr mhb

_jebg QJQ, hb Hst`mg nàs phquhðg mh Hst`mgs Xcjmgs, hto.

Jnèhc =0 y =;9 \jv`bbg, I (;40; ) Nuihr vhstjm` mh cherg mh Trgvjmhcoh Tb`ct`tjgcs. Luhcth9 Trgpj`.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

)"

@ mjlhrhcoj` mh gtr`s gkr`s quh prhshct`c uc` nîcjn` o`ctjm`m mh thxtg hc su jcthrjgr, hc

Trgvjmhcoh Tb`ct`tjgcs hb thxtg hs p`rth hshcoj`b mhb bjkrg. A`y mjstjctgs tjpgs mh thxtg

prhshcths, y hc mjlhrhcths ob`vhs tjpgeràljo`s9 `beucgs, rhstrjcehc b`s pgsjkjbjm`mhs

jcthrprht`tjv`s mh b`s jnàehchs ‟b`s `cob`c (K`rtahs, 0:<=) `b shctjmg hstrjotg mhb thxtg‟,

ogng hc b` jn`ehc mh bgs oje`rrjbbgs @nhrjo`c _pjrjt .

Jn`ehc =?9 \jv`bbg, I (;40; ). @nhrjo`c _pjrjt mh Trgvjmhcoh Tb`ct`tjgcs. Luhcth9 Trgpj`.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

)#

@beuc`s vhohs, hb thxtg hs t`c `nkjeug ogng b` jnèhc, njhctr`s quh hc gtr`s

gpgrtucjm`mhs hb thxtg hs mhsorjptjvg y hclàtjo`nhcth vjsu`b, pgr bg quh lucojgc` mh n`chr`

sjnjb`r ` uc` jnèhc b`thcth9 hc bue`r mh ngstr`r b` jnèhc, sh nuhstr` b` mhsorjpojÿc g

c`rròjÿc mh b` jnèhc.

Jnèhc ==9 \jv`bbg, I (;40; ). @ pgog mh jcjoj`mg Mjojhnkrh mh Trgvjmhcoh Tb`ct`tjgcs. Luhcth9 Trgpj`.

]`nkjêc sh jcobuyhc ojt`s mh phrsgcìhs quh `p`rhohc hc hb bjkrg, ogng Hme`r @bb`c Tgh

y A.T. Bgvhor`lt, quh nhmj`cth êst`s bger`c m`r vgz ` bgs phrsgcìhs6 `pgy`cmg `sî b`

ogcstruoojÿc c`rr`tjv`. @sî sh nhzob`c thxtgs ogc jnàehchs hcogctr`m`s, n`p`s, lgtger`lî`s

òtu`bhs y gkihtgs hso`ch`mgs, quh rhljhrhc ` b`s bîch`s c`rr`tjv`s ajstÿrjo`s quh sh

shð`b`rgc `b jcjojg mh hsth o`pîtubg. Tgr hihnpbg, sh jcst`b` b` jnèhc mh uc ouhrvg (quh

rhnjth ` b` prhshcoj` mh Hme`r @bb`c Tgh) `b b`mg mh b` jnèhc mh bgs oje`rrjbbgs @nhrjo`c

_pjrjt (quh hs uc gkshrvòjÿc sgkrh b` sherheòjÿc ròj`b).



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

)$

Jnèhc =89 \jv`bbg, I (;40; ). Ouhrvg ; mh Trgvjmhcoh Tb`ct`tjgcs. Luhcth9 Trgpj`.

Êst`s jnàehchs sgc puctgs quh, `b ogchot`rsh hctrh sî, tr`z`c uc` bîch` c`rr`tjv`9 ‒O`m`

jnèhc shð`b` uc puctg mh `thcojÿc, phrg bg quh jcthrhs` sgkrh tgmg hs hb b`psus, hb aj`tg mh

òojÿc quh shp`r` mgs jnàehchs„ (Lgctoukhrt`, 0::4, p. 05<). Hs, hc hsh b`psus, hc hb quh

gphr` b` hbjpsjs y hb bhotgr p`rtjojp` ` p`rtjr mh b`s suehstjgchs vjsu`bhs prgpuhst`s pgr b`s

jnàehchs. Hb hsphot`mgr hs qujêc rhbbhc` bgs jcthrstjojgs hctrh jnàehchs. Hs pgr hsg quh b`s

lgtger`lî`s quh sh prhshct`c hc Trgvjmhcoh Tb`ct`tjgcs puhmhc p`rhohr, ` vhohs,

ahrnêtjo`s9 sh k`s`c nàs hc b` suehstjÿc quh hc b` hxpbjoòjÿc. Thrg ljc`bnhcth hb bhotgr hs

qujêc tjhch b` gpgrtucjm`m mh hcb`z`r vjsu`bnhcth b` tunk` mh Nhroy Krgwc ogc b` ajstgrj`

thxtu`b mh êst` ‟jcobujm` hc hb bjkrg‟ y hb rhtr`tg mh uc` igvhc vhstjm` mh cherg, ogc r`segs

mh v`npjrg. G mh vjcoub`r b` rgo` nusegs`, quh hs lgrn`bnhcth sjnjb`r ` b̀ jnèhc mh uc`

n`coa` mh òhjth, quh cgs thrnjc` hxpjmjhcmg aòj` b` lgtger`lî` mh uc` kgnk` mh khcojc`.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

)%

Jn`ehc =<9 \jv`bbg, I (;40; ). Lgtger`lî`s phrthchojhcths `b lgtgbjkrg Trgvjmhcoh Tb`ct`tjgcs. Luhcth9 Trgpj`.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

)&

8. OGCOBX_JßC

Ogng ahngs pgmjmg gkshrv`r hc hst` nhngrj`, sh vuhbvh hshcoj`b tr`hr ` b` p`bhstr` mgs

àrh`s tr`sohcmhct`bhs quh a`c sjmg mhs`thcmjm`s9 pgr uc b`mg b` lgtger`lî` ogng

ogcstjtuojÿc ajstÿrjo` mh b` jnèhc6 y, pgr gtrg, bgs nêtgmgs c`rr`tjvgs y pgêtjogs mh êst`.

Hc hst`s pàejc`s sh a` jcthct`mg mhngstr`r quh b` lgtger`lî` hs nuoag nàs `npbj` mh bg quh

orhhngs. Hs uc o`npg quh sh hxp`cmh aòj` hb bhceuìh vjsu`b, aòj` b` bjthr`tur`, aòj` b`

pghsî`, aòj` hb phrjgmjsng, aòj` b` jnèhc hc ngvjnjhctg h jcobusg, sjc pumgr, aòj` b`

ljoojÿc. Bg quh orhhngs quh sgc bgs njtgs lucm`cths mh b` lgtger`lî` sgc sÿbg hsg9 njtgs6

quh puhmhc shr mhrrjk`mgs sj `kgrm`ngs b` jnèhc lgtgeràljo` mhsmh gtrg bue`r. Hc hb o`sg

mh hst` nhngrj`, hb bue`r mh b` c`rr`tjv` y b` hsphoubòjÿc.

O`kh rho`bo`r quh b`s lgtger`lî`s sh nuhvhc hc uc sp`tjun mjstjctg `b kjcgnjg quh

shp`r` ` b` rh`bjm`m mh b` ljoojÿc. Hb nhmjg lgtgeràljog cg hstà suphmjt`mg ` hst`s o`thegrî`s6

tr`kì`, hc o`nkjg, hc b` mjsrupojÿc mh hsth kjcgnjg. Tgr hst`s pàejc`s a`c mhsljb`mg

nuoags hihnpbgs mh hst` hxpbgròjÿc, ogng p`r` aòhrcgs hcthcmhr quh hsth sî hs uc

hspòjg vàbjmg p`r` b` lgtger`lî`. Puh sî sh puhmhc bhhr jnàehchs, pgr uc` sjnpbh r`zÿc9 sh

puhmh c`rr`r ogc jnàehchs.

Cgs prheuctàk`ngs, `b jcjojg mh hst` nhngrj`9 ·Tgr quê ogct`r ajstgrj`s ogc uc nhmjg

o`t`bge`mg oÿng sgrmg y numg, ogng b` lgtger`lî`7 ·Tgr quê cg `thchrcgs ` b`s jnàehchs

hc ngvjnjhctg y ` b`s p`b`kr`s, quh sgc nhmjgs nàs `ptgs p`r` b` c`rròjÿc7 Z b` rhspuhst`

quh hcogctr`ngs hs quh b` lgtger`lî`, p`r`mÿijo`nhcth, pgr sus prjvòjgchs, hs uc` lgrn`

mh ogct`r ajstgrj`s hc vgz kì`, mh orh`r `tngslhr`s, mh aòhr sîcthsjs, mh prgyhot`r làkub`s,



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

)'

mh `rn`r mjsoursgs `kjhrtgs, mh shr vhrgsînjb, mh shr sjcorÿcjo`, mh shr hvgo`tjv`, mh shr

o`p`z mh ogcstjtujr uc` prgs` vjsu`b. Ogc hst` vjsjÿc mh b` lgtger`lî` `sjnjb`ngs quh b`

ognucjoòjÿc hxjsth, sust`coj`bnhcth, hc bgs jcthrstjojgs, hc bgs hspòjgs kb`cogs6 quh

hcthcmhngs b`s ogs`s rhbòjgc`bnhcth.

T`r` hstg hs jnpgrt`cth hb ahoag mh ognprhcmhr y `c`bjz`r ` b` lgtger`lî`, y` cg ogng

jnèhc ùcjo`, sjcg ogng uc ogciuctg nùbtjpbh. Mh b` njsn` n`chr` quh bg aòhngs ogc b`

bjthr`tur`, `b cg `c`bjz`r bhtr`s, sjcg p`b`kr`s. T`r` hstg hs chohs`rjg jcogrpgr`r ` cuhstr`

rhtÿrjo` ogcohptgs jctrîcshogs ` b` lgtger`lî` ogng hmjojÿc, shouhcoj`, pgêtjo` y c`rr`tjv`.

B` lgtger`lî` hs uc `bl`khtg jcljcjtg, mgcmh b` jnkrjoòjÿc, suihojÿc, `bthrcòjÿc g

hbjnjcòjÿc mh uc` mh hbb`s, `bthr` hb grmhc hc hb quh b`s rhojkjngs. Hc nj p`phb mh

prgmuotgr, nh hcouhctrg lrhcth ` uc ucjvhrsg jcsgcm`kbh, `b quh puhmg `pgrt`r ogc b`

ehchròjÿc mh cuhv`s jnàehchs. Mh hbbg, `mhnàs mh uc tr`kìg mh rhutjbjzòjÿc g

jcthrvhcojÿc mh b`s y` hxjsthcths, sh mhsprhcmhrî` uc tr`kìg prgmuotjvg ̀ utgr`b.

Hst` pgsjojÿc lrhcth `b nucmg mh b` vjsu`bjm`m nh hctrhe` b` pgsjkjbjm`m, hc nj o`bjm`m

mh `rtjst`, mh thchr uc v`bgr cg cht`nhcth orh`tjvg, sjcg quh rhbòjgc`b, `b ogcstrujr rhb`tgs

ogclhoojgc`mgs mhsmh ohrg, g ogc rht`zgs y` tr`n`mgs. _h hxp`cmhc `sî b`s pgsjkjbjm`mhs mh

hst` pràotjo`.

Nh eust` phcs`r quh hc hstgs ojcog `ðgs mh hstumjg ah hxthcmjmg, nhmj`cth bgs hihrojojgs

ngstr`mgs hc hb o`pîtubg ou`trg mh hst` nhngrj`, hb o`npg mh òojÿc mh nj mjsojpbjc`

lgtgeràljo`.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

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@b hsorjkjr sgkrh cuhstr` prgpj` gkr`, sh ogrrh hb rjhseg mh m`r mhob`ròjgchs jnphr`tjv`s

y thrnjc`r hsorjkjhcmg n`cjljhstgs pgog lucm`nhct`mgs. Hs pgr hsg quh uc` y gtr` vhz

vuhbvg ` b` mhljcjojÿc mh lgtger`lî` mh Bhwjs K`btz0?6 hs` suhrth mh `ctj n`cjljhstg. Tjhcsg

quh hb rhogrrjmg mh hstgs `ðgs mh lgrnòjÿc `rtîstjo` hs p`rth mh hsh hspòjg `cegstg y

prglucmg quh, sheùc K`btz, hs b` lgtger`lî`.

Hs `sî ogng sh ogcstjtuyh hst` nhngrj`. _u `spjròjÿc nàxjn` hs shr uc` rhjvjcmjoòjÿc

mh b` `nkjeòhm`m y b` c`tur`bhz` hsphoub`tjv` mh b`s jnàehchs.

0? \ê`csh pàejc`s 8 y <4.



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JNÀEHCH_9

Jnèhc 09 @cÿcjn`. (;40=) Tùbjc` T`bn` Egczàbhz.Luhcth9 attp9//www.rhmkjgkjg.ogn/wp-ogcthct/upbg`ms/;40=/4=/shbljhWjcohcmjg.ipe

Jnèhc ;9 Aghpfhr, ]. (;440) Krggfbyc, Chw Zgrf, _hpthnkhr 00, ;440.Luhcth9 attp9//www.sb`th.ogn/`rtjobhs/`rts/oubturhkgx/;44</4:/jWtggfWta`tW:00Wpagtg.atnb

Jnèhc ?9 Xnkrjog, T. (;44<) _ucs. Luhcth9 attp9//phchbgphunkrjog.cht/_ucs/_ucsWJcmhx.atnb

Jnèhc =9 Xnkrjog, T. (;44:) Jcst`bòjÿc mh _ucs hc hb [email protected] attp9//phchbgphunkrjog.cht/_ucs/_ucsWcypl.atnb

Jnèhc 89 9 Fhsshbs, H. (;400) Jcst`bòjÿc mh ;=A[_ jc Tagtgs hc hb Nushg LG@N, Ànsthrm`n.Luhcth9 attp9//www.orh`tjvhrhvjhw.og.uf/jnèhs/upbg`ms/;400/00/;=arsW4.ipe

Jnèhc <9 Lgx ]`bkgt, A. (01==-01=<) Bànjc` cùnhrg trhs mh ]ah Thcojb gl C`turh.Luhcth9 attp9//www.nhmjhcfucstchtz.mh/`sshts/jne/m`t`/?1?4/kjbm.ipe

Jnèhc 59 Lr`cf, [. (0:88) T`r`mh-Agkgfhc, Chw Ihrshy.Luhcth9 attps9//`rtsy.cht/`rtwgrf/rgkhrt-lr`cf-p`r`mh-agkgfhc-chw-ihrshy/zggn

Jnèhc 19 Lr`cf, [. (0:8<) ]rgbbhy‟Chw Grbh`cs.Luhcth9 attp9//www.umhb.hmu/Ajstgry/sujsn`c/;4<W4<_/Jnèhs-;4</rgktlr`cf-be.ipe

Jnèhc 019 Lr`cf, [. (0:8:) X._. :4 hc rguth tg Mhb [jg, ]hx`s.Luhcth9 attp9//www.ò`mhnjo.hvhrerhhc.hmu/ourrjoub`r/sunnhrwgrf/jnèhs/Lr`cf,%;4[gkhrt/

Jnèhc ;09 _gta, @ (;448). Cjoagb`s. Luhcth9 attp9//`bhosgta.ogn/pagtger`pay/wp-ogcthct/e`bbhry/cjèr`/;448W48zB445?WL.ipe

Jnèhc ;;9 _gta, @ (;448). Nhbjss`. Luhcth9 attp9//`bhosgta.ogn/pagtger`pay/wp-ogcthct/e`bbhry/cjèr`/;448W48zB44:4WL.ipe

Jnèhc ;?9 [jof`rm, M (;404). Bjkrg @ Chw @nhrjo`c Tjoturh.

Luhcth9 attp9//`phrturh.gre/sagp/`-chw-`nhrjo`c-pjoturh

Jnèhc ;=.9 [jof`rm, M (;404). Bjkrg @ Chw @nhrjo`c Tjoturh.Luhcth9 attp9//`phrturh.gre/sagp/`-chw-`nhrjo`c-pjoturh

Jnèhc ;89 \jv`bbg, I (;400). O`ptur` mh p`ct`bb` mh n`p` us`mg hc b` orhòjÿc mh Mhshnk`rog.Luhcth9 attps9//www.eggebh.ob/n`ps/ns7nsjm>;404?048=10108805?<::.444=k01`54m=khmm5;<lk&ns`>4



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

*++

Jnèhc ;59 \jv`bbg, I (;400). Lgtger`lî` phrthchojhcth `b prgyhotg Mhshnk`rog. Luhcth9 Trgpj`.

Jnèhc ;19 \jv`bbg, I (;400). Lgtger`lî` phrthchojhcth `b prgyhotg Mhshnk`rog. Luhcth9 Trgpj`.

Jnèhc ;:9 \jv`bbg, I (;40;). Mgounhctg phrthchojhcth `b prgyhotg Hrj`b.Luhcth9 Trgpj`.

Jnèhc ?49 \jv`bbg, I (;40;). Lgtger`lî`s phrthchojhcths `b prgyhotg Hrj`b. Luhcth9 Trgpj`.

Jnèhc ?09 \jv`bbg, I (;40;). Bànjc` mhb bjkrg Hrj`b. Luhcth9 Trgpj`.

Jnèhc ?;9 \jv`bbg, I (;40;). Bànjc` mhb bjkrg Hrj`b.Luhcth9 Trgpj`.

Jnèhc ??9 \jv`bbg, I (;40;). Bànjc` mhb bjkrg Hrj`b. Luhcth9 Trgpj`.

Jnèhc ?=9 \jv`bbg, I (;40?). Mîptjog mh b` hmjojÿc hc jcebês mhb bjkrg Hrj`b. Luhcth9 Trgpj`.

Jnèhc ?89 \jv`bbg, I (;40;). Mîptjog mh b` hmjojÿc hc hsp`ðgb mhb bjkrg Hrj`b. Luhcth9 Trgpj`.

Jnèhc ?<9 ]hbb`mg, O (s.l. ). Tgrt`m` mh _gy tu jcvjt`m`, lgtgcgvhb` mh Ogrîc ]hbb`mg.Luhcth9 Trgpj`.

Jnèhc ?59 \jv`bbg, I (;40; ). Tgrt`m` mh rhvjst` @krupt` Cùnhrg 09 Ogng tgmg ngcstrug, sgrprhcmî` .Luhcth9 Trgpj`.

Jnèhc ?19 \jv`bbg, I (;40; ). Tàejc`s jcthrjgrhs mh @krupt` Cùnhrg 09 Ogng tgmg ngcstrug, sgrprhcmî` .Luhcth9 Trgpj`.

Jnèhc ?:9 \jv`bbg, I (;40; ). Tàejc`s jcthrjgrhs mh @krupt` Cùnhrg 09 Ogng tgmg ngcstrug, sgrprhcmî` .Luhcth9 Trgpj`.

Jnèhc =49 \jv`bbg, I (;40; ). Tàejc`s jcthrjgrhs mh @krupt` Cùnhrg 09 Ogng tgmg ngcstrug, sgrprhcmî` .Luhcth9 Trgpj`.

Jnèhc =09 \jv`bbg, I (;40; ) Nuihr vhstjm` mh cherg mh Trgvjmhcoh Tb`ct`tjgcs.Luhcth9 Trgpj`.

Jnèhc =;9 \jv`bbg, I (;40; ). ]unk` mh Nhroy Krgwc mh Trgvjmhcoh Tb`ct`tjgcs.Luhcth9 Trgpj`.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

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Jnèhc =?9 \jv`bbg, I (;40; ). @nhrjo`c _pjrjt mh Trgvjmhcoh Tb`ct`tjgcs.Luhcth9 Trgpj`.

Jnèhc ==9 \jv`bbg, I (;40; ). @ pgog mh jcjoj`mg Mjojhnkrh mh Trgvjmhcoh Tb`ct`tjgcs.Luhcth9 Trgpj`.

Jnèhc =89 \jv`bbg, I (;40; ). Ouhrvg ; mh Trgvjmhcoh Tb`ct`tjgcs.Luhcth9 Trgpj`.

Jnèhc =<9 \jv`bbg, I (;40; ). Lgtger`lî`s phrthchojhcths `b lgtgbjkrg Trgvjmhcoh Tb`ct`tjgcs.Luhcth9 Trgpj`.

\JMHG_9

Jnèhc :9 X._. :0, bh``vjce Kbòflggt, Jmàg. Bànjc` ?; mh ]ah @nhrjo`cs.Luhcth9 attp9//a`vh`cjohkggf.ogn/kggf/tah-`nhrjo`cs/

Jnèhc 049 Lr`cf, [. (0:8:) _t. Ththrskure, Lbgrjm`. Bànjc` ?? mh ]ah @nhrjo`cs.Luhcth9 attp9//a`vh`cjohkggf.ogn/kggf/tah-`nhrjo`cs/

Jnèhc 009 Lr`cf, [. (0:8:) Ogvhrhm o`r‟Bgce Khòa, O`bjlgrcj`. Bànjc` ?= mh ]ah @nhrjo`cs.Luhcth9 attp9//a`vh`cjohkggf.ogn/kggf/tah-`nhrjo`cs/

Jnèhc 0;9 Lr`cf, [. (0:8:) O`r ̀ oojmhct-X._. <<, khtwhhc Ujcsbgw ̀ cm Lbèst`ll, @rjzgc`. Bànjc` ?8 mh]ah @nhrjo`cs.Luhcth9 attp9//a`vh`cjohkggf.ogn/kggf/tah-`nhrjo`cs/

Jnèhc 0?9 Lr`cf, [. (0:8:) X._. ;18, Chw Nhxjog. Bànjc` ?< mh ]ah @nhrjo`cs.Luhcth9 attp9//a`vh`cjohkggf.ogn/kggf/tah-`nhrjo`cs/

Jnèhc 0=9 Lr`cf, [. (0:8:) K`r-Mhtrgjt. Bànjc` ?5 mh ]ah @nhrjo`cs.Luhcth9 attp9//a`vh`cjohkggf.ogn/kggf/tah-`nhrjo`cs/

Jnèhc 089 Lr`cf, [. (0:8:) Njssjssjppj [jvhr, K`tgc [gueh, Bgujsj`c`. Bànjc` =5 mh ]ah @nhrjo`cs.Luhcth9 attp9//a`vh`cjohkggf.ogn/kggf/tah-`nhrjo`cs/

Jnèhc 0<9 Lr`cf, [. (0:8:) _t. Lr`cojs, e`s st`tjgc `cm Ojty A`bb-Bgs @cehbhs. Bànjc` =1 mh ]ah @nhrjo`cs.Luhcth9 attp9//a`vh`cjohkggf.ogn/kggf/tah-`nhrjo`cs/

Jnèhc 059 Lr`cf, [. (0:8:) Orgsshs gc sohch gl ajeaw`y òojmhct. Bànjc` =: mh ]ah @nhrjo`cs.Luhcth9 attp9//a`vh`cjohkggf.ogn/kggf/tah-`nhrjo`cs/

Jnèhc 0:9 Ogbunkj` Krg`mo`stjce _ysthn (0:<=). Lr`nhs mhb hihnpbg prhshct`mg hc b` hctrhvjst` @ ]`bfwjta @blrhm Ajtoaogof. Luhcth9 attps9//www.ygutukh.ogn/w`toa7v>aO@H4t<FwIZ



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

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Jn`ehc ;49 Ogbunkj` Krg`mo`stjce _ysthn (0:<=). Lr`nhs mhb hihnpbg prhshct`mg hc b` hctrhvjst` @ ]`bfwjta @blrhm Ajtoaogof .Luhcth9 attps9//www.ygutukh.ogn/w`toa7v>aO@H4t<FwIZ

Jn`ehc ;<9 \jv`bbg, I (;400). Bànjc`s mh Mhshnk`rog.

Luhcth9 attp9//vjnhg.ogn/???;0:45



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

*+#

KJKBJGE[@LÎ@

- @jr`, O. (0::1, `krjb). B` cuhv` hsorjtur`. B` Igrc`m`, 0<;.

- @rkus, M. (0:50) Ljvh pagtger`pas ky Mj`ch @rkus. @rtlgrun :, <=-<:.

- K`btz, Bhwjs. (0:1<) _`c Puhctjc Tgjct . Cuhv` Zgrf9 @phrturh.

- K`rtahs, [gb`cm. (0:<=) [ahtgrjo gl tah jnèh. Bgcmrhs9 Lgct`c`.

- Ngctjhb, Fbjct hc Khbb`tjc, N`rjg (Hm.). (;44<). Hb `rth mh hcshð`r ` hsorjkjr . Nêxjog M.L.9 Lgcmg mh

Oubtur` Hogcÿnjo`.

- Khcsgc, ]., Fhbby, T., NoBh`c, [ (Trgmuotgrhs), & N`rfbh L. (Mjrhotgr) (0:<=) ]hbhsogph9 @ ]`bf wjta

Ajtoaogof Vprger`n` mh thbhvjsjÿc^ Hst`mgs Xcjmgs9 Ogbunkj` Krg`mo`stjce _ysthn.

- Khrehr, Igac (0:5;). U`ys gl _hhjce . Bgcmrhs9 Krjtjsa Krg`mo`stjce Ogrpgr`tjgc `cm Thceujc Kggfs.

- Krh`, Igsê Bujs (;445). Oubtur` [`n. N`mrjm9 Ehmjs`.

- Krh`, Igsê Bujs (;404). B`s trhs hr`s mh b` jnèhc. N`mrjm9 @f`b.

- Krunljhbm, I. (0:14, _unnhr). ]ah @nhrjo`cs `cm ]ah @nhrjo`cs. @lthrjnèh . 1-08.

- Krysgc, Cgrn`c. (0::0). \jsjÿc y pjctur`9 b` bÿejo` mh b` njr`m`. N`mrjm9 @bj`cz`.

- Oguvh, @mgblg. (0::8) B` Ognhmj` mhb @rth. _`ctjèg9 Tb`cht`.

- Mjmj-Aukhrn`c, Ehgrehs. (;40?) Jctrgmuoojÿc ` Mhsogclj`r mh b`s jnàehchs. Kuhcgs @jrhs9 Oì` Cher`.- L`rgofj, A`ruc. (;40?) Mhsogclj`r mh b`s jnàehchs. Kuhcgs @jrhs9 Oì` Cher`.

- Lgctoukhrt`, I. (;44=). B` lgtger`lî` shrà c`rr`tjv` g cg shrà. Hc

attp9//www.hboubtur`b.hs/vhrsjgcWp`phb/@[]H/:<:0/B`Wlgtger`lj`Wshr`Wc`rr`tjv`WgWcgWshr`WpgrWIg`cWLgct

oukhrt` Gkthcjmg hb 0< mh Iucjg mhb ;40=.

- Lgctoukhrt`, Ig`c. (0::4). Lgtger`lî`9 ogcohptgs y prgohmjnjhctgs. K`rohbgc`9 Eust`vg Ejbj.

- Lgctoukhrt`, Ig`c. (;404). B` oàn`r` mh T`cmgr`. K`rohbgc`9 Eust`vg Ejbj.

- Lgctoukhrt`, Ig`c. (;400). Hb khsg mh Ium`s9 Lgtger`lî` y vhrm`m. K`rohbgc`9 Eust`vg Ejbj.

- Lgsthr U`bbòh, M`vjm. (0::5). @ suppgshmby luc tajce J‚bb chvhr mg è`jc. Cuhv` Zgrf9 Bjttbh, Krgwc `cm

Og.

- Lgx ]`bkgt, Ujbbj`n Ahcry. (01==-01=<). ]ah Thcojb gl C`turh. Bgcmrhs9 Bgcen`c, Krgwc, Erhhc &

Bgcen`cs.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

*+$

- Lr`cf, [gkhrt (0:8:). ]ah @nhrjo`cs. Egttjcehc9 _thjmb.

- E`bî, Chus (0:::). Tghsî` sjbhcojgs`, pjctur` quh a`kb`. K`rohbgc`9 @o`ctjb`mg.

- Ebgvhr, N. (;40;). Ehcjus jc ogbgur9 Uay Ujbbj`n Heebhstgc js tah wgrbm‚s erh`thst pagtger`pahr. Hc

attp9//www.jcmhphcmhct.og.uf/`rts-hcthrt`jcnhct/`rt/lh`turhs/ehcjus-jc-ogbgur-way-wjbbj`n-heebhstgc-js-tah-

wgrbms-erh`thst-pagtger`pahr-1855;4;.atnb Gkthcjmg hb 0< mh iucjg mhb ;40=.

- Egnkrjoa, H.A. (0:1;). ]ah jnèh `cm tah hyh. Bgcmrhs9 Ta`jmgc.

- Erhhcguea, _`rà (Hm.) (;44:). Bggfjce Jc - [gkhrt Lr`cf‚s ]ah @nhrjo`cs . Egttjcehc9 _thjmb.

- Erjnn, [hjcagbm. (0:58) N`rxjst hnkbhns9 Khrtgbt Krhtoat‚s U`r Trjnhr. Ognp`r`tjvh Bjthr`turh _tumjhs.

0; (;), ;<<.

- Ergchnhyhr, I. (;441) Lgtger`lî`9 Hctrh b` ojhcoj` y hb `rth, hctrh b` rh`bjm`m y b` ljoojÿc. Hc

attp9//jssuu.ogn/herhs`mgsh`l;40?/mgos/lgtger`lWW`WWhctrhWb`Wojhcoj`WyWhbW Gkthcjmg hb 04 mh Iucjg mhb

;40=.

- Agròjg. (;40;). @rth Tgêtjo`. Trhp`r`m` pgr Iu`c @ctgcjg Egczàbhz Jebhsj`s. N`mrjm9 Oàthmr`.

- Aujmgkrg, \johcth. (0:0<). Hb hsphig mh èu`. Kuhcgs @jrhs9 Grjÿc.

- Jvhcs, I. (Mjrhotgr) (0:<?). @ \`bp`r`îsg Vmgounhct`b^ _`ctjèg9 @regs Ljbn y Xcjvhrsjm`m mh Oajbh.

- Iga`cchs Tlhjllhr (;40?). B` pghsî`. Nêxjog M.L.9 Lgcmg mh Oubtur` Hogcÿnjo`.

- Igchs, I. (;400). ]ah nh`cjce gl :/00's ngst ogctrgvhrsj`b pagtg. Hc

attp9//www.taheu`rmj`c.ogn/ognnhctjslrhh/;400/shp/4;/:00-pagtg-tagn`s-aghpfhr-nh`cjce Gkthcjmg hb 0?

mh n`yg mhb ;40=.

- Igukhrt, Igshpa (;445). _gkrh `rth y bjthr`tur`. K`rohbgc`9 Thrjlêrjo`.

- Fhrgùo, Iòf. (0:8:). Jctrgmuoojÿc ` ]ah @nhrjo`cs. Egttjcehc9 _thjmb.

- Fhrguò, Iòf. (0:85). Gc tah rg`m. Cuhv` Zgrf9 \jfjce Trhss.

- Bjac, Hcrjquh. (0:<?). B` pjhz` gsour`. _`ctjèg9 Hmjtgrj`b Xcjvhrsjt`rj`.

- N`mrjm Bhthbjhr, @bkhrtg (;400). E`kjchth mh bhotur`9 Tghsî` vjsu`b oajbhc`. _`ctjèg9 Hmjojgchs Nht`bhs

Ths`mgs.

- Nhrjcg, [. (;40=, n`yg). Tgpub`rhs. Hb Nhrourjg, H0=.

- Njrzghll, Cjoagb`s. (0::1). @c jctrgmuotjgc tg \jsu`b Oubturh. Cuhv` Zgrf9 [gutbhmeh.



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- Ngrrjs, Hrrgb. (;400) Khbjhvjce js shhjce9 Gkshrv`tjgcs jc tah Nysthrjhs gl Tagtger`pay. Cuhv` Zgrf9

Thceujc.

- T`rr, N`rtjc & K`mehr, Ehrry. (;44=). ]ah Tagtgkggf9 @ Ajstgry \gbunh J. Bgcmrhs9 Ta`jmgc.

- T`rr, N`rtjc & K`mehr, Ehrry. (;44<). ]ah Tagtgkggf9 @ Ajstgry \gbunh JJ. Bgcmrhs9 Ta`jmgc.

- Thrho, Ehgrehs. (0:::). Hsphojhs mh hspòjgs. K`rohbgc`9 Ngcthsjcgs.

- [jof`rm, Mgue. (;404). @ Chw @nhrjo`c Tjoturh. Cuhv` Zgrf9 @phrturh.

- _`rtrh, Ih`c-Tùb. (0:=4). ]ah Tsyoagbgey gl Jnèjc`tjgc. Cuhv` Zgrf9 [gutbhmeh.

- _hfubb`, @bb`c. (0:1<) [h`mjce `c `roajvh9 pagtger`pay khtwhhc b`kgur `cm o`pjt`b. Cuhv` Zgrf9

Ognhmj`.

- _b`th.ogn (;44<) Jt's Nh jc ]a`t :/00 Tagtg. Hc

attp9//www.sb`th.ogn/`rtjobhs/chwsW`cmWpgbjtjos/oubturhkgx/;44</4:/jtsWnhWjcWta`tW:00Wpagtg.atnb

Gkthcjmg hb 0= mh n`yg mhb ;40=.

- _gctè, _us`c (0:55). Gc pagtger`pay. Cuhv` Zgrf9 L`rr`r, _trùs `cm Ejrgux.

- _gctè, _us`c. (;44?). @cth hb mgbgr mh bgs mhnàs. N`mrjm9 @blèu`r`.

- _gta, @bho. (;44<). CJ@E@[@. Egttjcehc9 _thjmb.

- _gta, @bho. (;404). Krgfhc N`cu`b . Egttjcehrc9 _thjmb.

- _gta, @bho. (;404). Lrgn Ahrh tg ]ahrh9 @bho _gta‚s @nhrjo`. Njcchsgt`9 U`bfhr @rt Ohcthr.

- _thrclhbm, Ighb. (0:15). @nhrjo`c Trgsphots. Egttjcehc9 _thjmb.

- \`bmês, O. (;40=). Ig`c Lgctoukhrt` y b` pgslgtger`lî` . Hc

attp9//jnèhs.hbnhrourjg.ogn/Nhr_hrvhrOgcthcts/ChwsT`phrTèhs/;40=/n`y/00/NH[_]@]40<GG0048W14

4.swl Gkthcjmg hb ;: mh Iucjg mhb ;40=.

- Uhbbs, Bjz (Hm.) (;44?). ]ah pagtger`pay rh`mhr. Cuhv` Zgrf9 [gutbhmeh.

- Ugbbhc, Ththr. (0:1:) Ljrh `cm Joh. Bgcmrhs9 Ogrchragush.

- Y`cgt, Lr`cohsog. (;40?). Tjce Tgce Ogcvhrs`tjgcs wjta @bho _gta. [gn`9 Ogctr`stg.



B HH[ JNÀEHCH_

T[G]GOGBG MH @X]G[JY@OJßC

Hb g bgs `buncgs `kìg ljrn`cths, lòubt`c ` Xcjvhrsjm`m XCJ@OO, p`rùtjbjz`r hb tr`kìg mh tîtubg, ogc ljchs mh mjlusjÿc y/g `prhcmjzìh.

Cgnkrhs mh bgs Jcther`cths Ljrn`s

0.-

;.-

?.-

=.-

8.-

"Leer imágenes: poética, secuencia y narrativa en la fotografía" Tesis de Jochen Vivallo

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