Symposium on Public

Transportation in Indian Cities with Special focus on

Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) System

New Delhi

20-21 Jan 2010

Lessons learnt from Latin America.

Jorge Minteguiaga

Content of this presentation

•Diagnosis of PT in the region

•BRT in Latin America

•Transantiago: a study case

•Lessons learnt

Public Transport in Latin America:

120 million trips/day

Facts & Figures

•Free market

•Low regulation and supervision of authorities

•Highly competitive between “peers” and modes

•Over-supply of Fleets

•Congestion & Pollution increases

•Modal split of PT decreases

•Not an Integrated Public Transport Network

Diagnosis of PT in Latin America

Diagnosis of PT in Latin America

Traditional Operation Improved OperationPrivate agents (Affiliating Associations) with State authorization to operate.

Private agents (Transport Operator Companies), operating under contracts.

Operators compete at the streets (for passengers) even between "peers"

Companies compete bidding for a concession of routes.

Alternative Model: Conversion of traditional operators w/o bidding.

Atomized activity (1,5 buses per Owner): Real Operational Costs are unknown

Transparent & manageable Costs

Low supervision Strong supervision (creation of new government agencies)

Diagnosis of PT in Latin America

Traditional Operation Improved Operation

Low Cost – Wide Coverage Services Less coverage, same Fares

“Door to Door” Offer for most users Trunk & Feeder Networks

Over-supply FleetsOffer adapted to DemandLarge amount of buses at peak &

valley

Congestion & pollution increase Reduction of pollution & congestion

Long routes, long travel time, low operating speed

Shorter routes & travel time, better operating speed

Diagnosis of PT in Latin America

Traditional Operation Improved Operation

Driver's salary strongly depends on amount of tickets sold (“penny war” or “guerra del centavo")

Fixed salary + productivity bonus

Speeding & accidents Safety increaseLow level of maintenance (buses & infrastructure) Strong investment at infrastructure

Old Fleet Fleet renewalNo Public Transport SYSTEM, no Network

Integration of different modes, Network building

•Increase participation of PT

•Dis-incentivate use of private car

•Reduce congestion & pollution

•Optimize use of energy and urban space

•Diminish travel time

•Increase safety

Goals

BRTs have proved to be a catalyst and trigger for modernization and development of Public

Transport industry in Latin American cities.

BRT in Latin America

C u r i t ib a 1 9 7 4C u r i t ib a 1 9 7 4

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B u e n o s A ir e s B u e n o s A ir e s 2 0 1 02 0 1 0

BRT-LA

Blue: in operation

Red: on implementation

Green: projected

Metrobús – México

TransMilenio - Bogotá

Metrovía - Guayaquil

Quito (Trole, Ecovía, North)

Transantiago

Interligado – Sao PauloMegabús - Pereira

RIT - Curitiba

Non

Inte

grat

edIn

tegr

ated

One Corridor Trunk & Feeder Whole Redesign

Different Projects- Different Scopes

Operating BRT

City Country Population (Millions)

Start of Operation

Nº of Corridors

Corridor Length (Km)

Curitiba Brasil 3,1 1974 6 65

Goiania Brasil 1,9 1976 2 35

Porto Alegre * Brasil 4 1977 8 27

Sao Paulo * Brasil 20 1979 8 142Belo Horizonte * Brasil 5,4 1981 1 6

Recife * Brasil 3,7 1982 3 16

Campinas * Brasil 2,6 1985 1 5

Quito Ecuador 1,6 1995 3 33

Bogotá Colombia 8,1 2000 5 53

León México 1,4 2003 3 26

México DF México 22,3 2005 1 20

Pereira Colombia 0,7 2006 2 16

Guayaquil Ecuador 2,2 2006 3 45

* Refers to segregated bus systems that doesn’t include all characteristis of BRT.

BRT on implementation

City Country Population (Millions)

Start of Operation

(estimated)

Nº of Corridors

Corridor Length (Km)

Medellín Colombia 3,4 2010 1 13

Lima Perú 8,3 2010 2 32

Cali Colombia 2,6 2009 5 49

Cartagena Colombia 1,1 2010 1 12

Barranquilla Colombia 1,9 2010 1 13

Bucaramanga Colombia 1 2010 1 8

Guatemala Guatemala 2 2010 1 11

Existing Systems

Trunk &

Feeder

Passing or over-taking lanes

in stations

2 + 2 lanes in

corridors

Express Services

Articulated buses

High-floor buses

Left Entrance

Prepaid fare

Curitiba yes no no no (1) yes (2) yes no yes

Goiania yes no no no yes (3) yes (3) yes (3) yes (3)

Sao Paulo partial partial no yes yes (4) no yes no

Quito Trole yes no no no yes yes no yes

Quito Ecovía yes no no no yes yes yes yes

Quito Central-Norte yes yes no yes yes yes no yes

Bogotá yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes

León yes no no no yes yes yes yes

México DF yes no no no yes yes yes yes

Pereira yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes

Guayaquil yes no yes (5) yes yes yes yes yes

Santiago yes (6) no yes no yes (7) no no no

Main characteristics of implemented BRT

Projected Systems

Trunk & Feeder

Passing lane in stations

2 + 2 lanes in corridors

Express Services

Articulated buses

High-floor buses

Left Entrance

Prepaid fare

Medellín yes no no no no yes yes yes

Lima yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes

Cali yes yes no yes yes yes yes yes

Cartagena yes (6) yes no ? yes (7) yes yes yes

Barranquilla yes yes no yes yes (7) yes yes yes

Bucaramanga yes (6) yes no ? yes (7) yes yes yes

Main characteristics of BRT

Notes

(1) Curitiba operates with express systems in mixed traffic but separate from bus corridors streets

(2) Bi-articulated buses

(3) Only on Corridor of Anhangueira

(4) Bi-articulated, simple-articulated and standard buses

(5) 2+2 lanes in 7 km of segregated corridor. Remaining 38 km. are 1+1

(6) Some buses of trunk-lines take passengers in mixed traffic streets

(7) Planned for standard and articulated buses operating in the corridor

Curitiba, Brazil

Curitiba, Brazil

Curitiba, Brazil

Transmilenio, Bogotá, Colombia

Transmilenio, Bogotá, Colombia

Transmilenio, Bogotá, Colombia

Megabús, Pereira, Colombia

Megabús, Pereira, Colombia

MetroVía, Guayaquil, Ecuador

MetroVía, Guayaquil, Ecuador

Macrobús, Guadalajara, México

Transantiago, Santiago, Chile

Transantiago, Santiago, Chile

In order to revert the trends on PT, the government has developed an urban transport policy, based on three basic pillars:

• Priority for Public Transport

• Rational use of the car

• Development of non-motorized transport

Transantiago, Santiago, Chile

Transantiago, Santiago, Chile

Transantiago is a State policy that will modernize the capital’s public transport through an integrated, efficient, secure and modern system, which is environmentally, economically and socially sustainable.

Trunk & Feeder

Fundamental Attribute : Physical, operational and fare integration and complementarity of public transport services

Subway

Transantiago, Santiago, Chile

Transantiago, Santiago, Chile

Infrastructure

Financial Admin

User Information

New TP Operators

•New TP Operators

•Financial Administrator

•No need for funding, financially auto-sustainable system

•Same fare (US$ 0,70) than before TS

Transantiago, Santiago, Chile

Infrastructure:

•Dedicated Lanes

•Bus Stops

•Intermodal Stations

•New Buses

•Optimized Fleet

Transantiago, Santiago, Chile

Technologies:•Communications •On Board Equipment•Depot Equipment•Contactless Card issuing & re-charge network•Clearing•PAX Info

Transantiago, Santiago, Chile

On board equipment

•Fleet Monitoring and Management (GPS)

•Electronic Ticketing (Contactless Only)

•PAX counting

•Cameras & Video recording

•Panic Button

•Bus-Base Commms

•Passenger Information Panels

Sounds good?Everybody agree?

Transantiago, Santiago, Chile

The Big Bang Effect:February 10, 2007

Transantiago start-up

•New payment method (contactless card only)

•New Routes

•New Stops

•More transfers

Transantiago, Santiago, Chile

• Bus Fleet reduction from 8.000 units to 4.500

but the REAL amount of operating fleet was 2.900

• GPS Fleet Management System is not working

• Operators have a “Minimum Garanteed Revenue”

• So, Buses are kept in Depots, and some operators saves fuel, salaries…

What happened? DAY 1

• No coordination between trunk & feeders

• Timetable is uncertain

• Lack of information about new routes

• Waiting and travel time increases

•Passengers prefer subway instead of buses

What happened? DAY 1

PAX increase from1,2 milliones/day to2,3 million/day

6,4 Pax/m2

Metro Stations had to be closed

What happened?

No dedicated corridors for buses

(300 km projected,only 90 km implementedby september 2009)

What happened?

Alternative means of transport

“Taxis-colectivos” (like “taxi-bus”, cars operating like buses-predefined routes )

Alternative means of transport

Illegal or “pirate”Mini-vans

Alternative means of transport

“Illegal, but NECESSARY”

•High Fare Evasion (up to 50%), “Service is too bad, so I don’t pay”.

•System costs › System Revenues

•Transantiago’s Deficit 2007-2009:

US$ 1.489.000.000

(average US$ 1,38 Million a day)

What happened?

Open-heart Surgery

• Radio-based comms to manage fleet of buses

• New HW & SW (oct 2009, operational by 2011)

• Bus fleet increased to 6.500 (old buses were rented and put into operation)

• Re-design of routes (again!)

• Paid zones

• Government Subsidy: US$ 3,6 Billion up to 2014

What should be done?

What should be done?

Paid Zones

Paid Zones

•Increase of boarding speed

•Diminish fare evasion

Chile’s Loss of Reputation

Chile’s Loss of Reputation

Chile’s Loss of Reputation

United Nations Global Report on Human Settlements-October 2009

Transantiago: a bad example of World Class

“Transantiago System provides an example of failed implementation of a BRT scheme, as a consecuence of a lack of an integrated plan of transport, a poor liaison with urban planning and the failure to understand the complex ways in which people uses space and transport in the city”

United Nations Global Report on Human Settlements-October 2009

Chile’s Loss of Reputation

Political Crisis

“Transantiago makes Bachelet to nominatethird cabinet in one year”

BRTs have proved to be a catalyst and trigger for modernization and

development of Public Transport in Latin American cities.

Lessons Learnt

It is not a discussion about taxis, trains, buses, corridors, stations, technologies or

integration,

It is not a “war” between PT authorities, technicians and operators,

Lessons Learnt

IT IS ABOUT PEOPLE AND MOBILITY,

Shift the focus to PEOPLE NEEDS, Keep PEOPLE in MIND

Lessons Learnt

TP Proyects need and “adequate environment”

•Budget & Funding

•Reasonable Development and Implementation period(often different from “authority’s anxiety”)

•Infrastructure.

•Legal & Institucional framework.

•Include to all the stakeholders(inhabitants, authorities, operators,etc)

Lessons Learnt

TP Proyects need and “adequate environment”

•Urban Planning, Land Use & Urban Sprawl Policies•Infrastructure for private car?•Adequate communication & education•Balance and bonding between:

Customers’ Mobility Needs, Political WILL &

Technical Knowledge

Lessons Learnt

The “Social and Cultural Factor”

Project impact on people is not 100% predictable.

People behaviour changes from country to country, from one city to another and also among different

socioeconomic sectors.

To “Import” or “Copy & Paste” a successful model is not a guarantee for success.

Lessons Learnt

There is no Universal “recipe” or “prescription”

Think Global,

Act Local !!

Lessons Learnt

The paradigm is changing, the users became CLIENTS

It isn’t about providing services to a “simple” or “captive” user; it is about satisfying the MOBILITY NEEDS of a CLIENT who has the capacity of choosing: they choose comfort, better prices, better quality of service, etc.

What can we do to win a client's preference, to keep his loyalty to our service and to retain him?

Lessons Learnt

"Big-Bang”

or “Step by Step Implementation”?

Change is usually “caothic”, even more in sensible sectors as PT.

Step by Step implementation lets you to react faster and solve problems,

but you must carry out ALL THE STEPS

Lessons Learnt

Sources:

•“Visión Latinoamericana del Transporte Masivo”, by Claudio Varano, former Vice-President of UITP-DAL. CLATPU XIV, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, November 2007.

•“Reporte Curitiba: Contacto con un proceso de urbanismo y transporte”, by Dr. César Lama, Profesor Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima, Perú, Febrero 2008

•“Sistemas de Buses en América Latina y Asia: Estudios de Caso de Problemas y Áreas de Mejoramiento; Síntesis de Lecciones Aprendidas”, by Dario Hidalgo, New Projects Director, EMBARQ, the WRI Center for Sustainable Transport, & Pierre Graftieaux, Senior Specialist in Transport, World Bank. CLATPU XIV, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, November 2007.

•“Latin American experience with Bus Rapid Transit”, by Gerhard Menckhoff, Urban Transport Consultant, World Bank. Annual Meeting, Institute of Transportation Engineers, Melbourne, August 10, 2005.

•Newspapers: La Tercera, Santiago, Chile, www.latercera.cl El Mercurio , Santiago, Chile, www.emol.cl

•Transantiago’s website:www.transantiago.cl

Thank you very much!

Jorge Minteguiagajminte@tecnoaccion.cl

What are WE doing for Them?