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[u thpb `i eohtis supbgi ek hgtirvigmhg `is`i ie Prkfkdb ]bmhke ig ismigkrhbs i `ispekzkohigtb

abrzk`b y mbgaehmtb krok`b2

Zbr4 Gktlkehk Hvbggi Okrtgiz Kakgk`br'

Zkrk lkfekr sbfri ebs eohtis `i ek hgtirvigmhg `is`i ie pugtb `i vhstk `i ebs `hairigtis ismigkrhbs `ie trkfkdb

sbmhke% is `i suok hopbrtkgmhk riohthrsi k ebs brnigis `i ek hgtirvigmhg sbmhke' Ieeb% mbg ie ghob `i prisigtkr

ug frivi mbgtixtb sbfri ek tiothmk qui gbs bmupk y `i pigskr guistrb quilkmir `is`i mktinbrks lhstrhmksqui gbs pirohtkg mboprig`ir pbr qu y pkrk qu hgtirvighobs ig eks `hgohmks sbmhkeis `i ek kmtukeh`k`'

]ing eb pekgtik`b pbr ie trkfkdk`br sbmhke krnigthgb% Keari`b Mkrfkeei`k% ek hgtirvigmhg ig eb sbmhke `is`i ugk

pirspimthvk ahebsahmk `ie pigskohigtb ob`irgb% riohti k kutbris mbob Plboks Lbffis% quhig gbs prisigtk

ugk vhshg mbgtrkmtukehstk `i ek sbmhi`k` mbg ie Eivhktg% qui mbgshsti ig ek ob`hahmkmhg y prbtimmhg ig

shtukmhbgis `i nuirrk% pbr ek vk `ie pb`ir btbrnk`b ke sbfirkgb mbg ie ahg `i ebnrkr ek pkz' ]hg iofkrnb% `hmlb

mbgtrktb gb pu`b `kr trohti tbtke k kquieeks shtukmhbgis qui pritig`k ob`hahmkr% mkofhkr b oidbrkr3 kgti

ieeb% si nigirkg rispuistks ahekgtrphmks qui trktkg `i mbrrinhr ebs kspimtbs qui ie pkmtb sbmhke gb pu`b

sbeumhbgkr' ,Mkrfkeei`k% 6::64;9/6;(

K`ios% ek hgtirvigmhg sbmhke thigi ugk prbaug`k riekmhg mbg ek mhigmhk pbethmk% ig ek oi`h`k ig qui stk%

`is`i eks sbmhi`k`is nrhinks% pkskg`b pbr ek Vivbeumhg Arkgmisk y ek Heustrkmhg% oi`hkgti ugk oitb`bebnk

pi`knnhmk hgtigtk prisigtkr ug guivb pkgbrkok qui hopehmk trksmig`ir eb istkfeimh`b% pkrk hgnriskr k ek

ob`irgh`k` y kprilig`irek' Isti kgehshs% pbgi `i prisigti ugk guivk riekmhg mbgtrkmtuke qui supbgi qui ie

os mkpkmhtk`b ,ie heustrk`b b ie sbfirkgb( is kque qui si pribmupk pbr istu`hkr y trkfkdkr mbg ohrks k ebnrkr

ug kofhigti prbohsbrhb pkrk su sbmhi`k`' ,Mkrfkeei`k% 6::6466/61(

Mbgtiopekg`b eb kgtirhbr% mkfi `imhr qui ig ie mbgtixtb `i kuni mhigthahmhstk% ek hgtirvigmhg sbmhke si

mbgvhirti ig ugk prmthmk qui pritig`i prb`umhr vir`k % y `i ek okgb `i `hairigtis `hsmhpehgks `ie ofhtb

sbmhke% ixpbgi ugk ghmk abrok `i mbgbmir y mboprig`ir% qui is ispimahmk% y qui prbouivi `hsmursbs

tbtkehzkgtis' Pkeis `hsmursbs% si virg vbemk`bs ig ek hgtirvigmhg% pirb sirg iokgk`bs pbr kquieebs suditbsigmkrnk`bs `i prb`umhr mbgbmhohigtb' Ks% `is`i ek mbgstrummhg kmk`ohmk `i ek vir`k` ie suditb `i ek

hgtirvigmhg yk ist prmthmkoigti mbgstruh`b% hgvigtk`b y `is`i isk .pribmupkmhg. si `krg sikeis k tb`k

ek sbmhi`k` ,Mkrfkeei`k% 6::646>(' @i isk okgirk% `is`i ie ]hneb \H\ si mbgstruyi ug skfir kmirmk `ie sir

luokgb% qui `hmtkohgk ek gbrokeh`k`% eb pktbenhmb y eb hg`hvh`uke' Ig iaimtb% isi luokgb hgtirpritk`b y

mbgahnurk`b `i okgirks ispimahmks sir hgtirvigh`b mbg ie bfdithvb `i hopbgir ug br`ig `is`i eks

mbgmipmhbgis qui mbgstruyig ie skfir `i ek hgtirvigmhg `i ek pbmk'

Ke rispimtb `i ek mbgtixtukehzkmhg rikehzk`k pbr Mkrfkeei`k% y ke h`igthahmkr qui ig ek kmtukeh`k` pri`bohgkg

ebs prbmisbs sbmhkeis y kmk`ohmbs oigmhbgk`bs% risuetk hgtiriskgti pigskr qui ig ie shneb \\H mbgthgukobs

augmhbgkg`b fkdb ug thpb `i mbgtrktb shohekr ke `ie Eivhktg qui brhigtk mbgmipmhbgis y okgirks `i hgtirvighr3

y ebs suditbs `i mbgbmhohigtb ,ebs mhigtahmbs b istu`hbsbs sbmhkeis `i lby( igmkrgkg ug pkpie einhthok`b pbr ek

sbmhi`k`% qui eis btbrnk ug istktus y ugk pbtistk` qui eis pbshfhehtk iohthr kprimhkmhbgis y okgirks `i kmtukr

arigti k eks prbfeiothmks qui mkrkmtirhzkg k eks `hgohmks sbmhkeis' Ig isi sigth`b% si lkmi ivh`igti ugk

tiothmk qui aug`koigtkeoigti thigi qui vir mbg ie pb`ir y ie eunkr qui si ei btbrnk k ugks akmmhbgis `i ek

sbmhi`k` pkrk ob`hahmkrek y bmupkrsi `i eks prbfeiothmks qui ek kquidkg'

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Zbr istk vk% is isigmhke riohthrgbs k ug frivi rimbrrh`b mbgmiptuke qui pirohtk lkmirgbs ugk h`ik `i ek

riekmhg ixhstigti igtri eks mbgmipmhbgis `i ek hgtirvigmhg prbaishbgke y sus hgtigmhbgkeh`k`is' Zkrk ieeb% ek

trkfkdk`brk sbmhke ]bghk Kykek% prisigtk ugk mbopeitk riaeixhg qui thigi qui vir mbg ebs kspimtbs

oigmhbgk`bs'

Kykek pekgtik qui ek gbmhg `i hgtirvigmhg mbth`hkgkoigti ist ksbmhk`k k eks pkekfrks4 kmmhg% `hrhnhr%

ixkohgkr% hgtirmi`ir b oi`hkr% tbokr pkrti `i ug ksugtb% idirmhmhb `i ek pbshfheh`k` `i lkmir% `i prbobvir ugprbmisb3 tkofhg shnghahmk hgtirpbgirsi% ehohtkr% migsurkr y mbgtrbekr% si mbgsh`irk qui pkrk hgtirvighr si thigi

kutbrh`k` pkrk eks kmmhbgis' Nigirkeoigti% si pkrti `ie supuistb qui si hgtirvhigi mbg ug prbpshtb `i

figiahmhb mbog ,Kykek% 6::84 1;(' Ks% ieek oigmhbgk ,`i okgirk shohekr k Mkrfkeei`k(% qui ugk hgtirvigmhg

`i mkrmtir prbaishbgke riohti k ebs aug`koigtbs y otb`bs `ie mbgbmhohigtb mhigtahmb'

Zbr isk vk% kmu`hig`b ke @hmmhbgkrhb Ispimhkehzk`b `i Prkfkdb ]bmhke% ek hgtirvigmhg si `iahgi mbob ug4

Zrbmisb shstiothmb y mblirigti qui si brhigtk aug`koigtkeoigti k ek ob`hahmkmhg"trkgsabrokmhg `i

kenugk prbfeiothmk sbmhke qui pui`i sir `i br`ig hg`hvh`uke% hgsthtumhbgke b mbeimthvk' Is ugk kmmhg ispimahmk

`ie trkfkdk`br"k sbmhke mbg riekmhg k ebs shstioks b ebs prbmisbs luokgbs% pkrk prb`umhr mkofhbs qui

`iskrrbeeig ek mkpkmh`k` `i rikmmhg i hghmhkthvk `ie usukrhb% pkrk isthouekreb k rimupirkr su prbphk mkpkmh`k`

`i eeivkr k mkfb kmmhbgis% `i ioprig`ir kmthvh`k`is qui shrvkg pkrk iehohgkr eks mkusks `i su shtukmhg `iokeistkr' Ek hgtirvigmhg si riekmhbgk mbg ug quirir kmtukr' Is ie quilkmir pirb tkofhg mob lkmireb `i

ugk oidbr abrok pbshfei' ,Kykek mhtkg`b ke @hmmhbgkrhb Ispimhkehzk`b `i Prkfkdb ]bmhke% 6::841;('

Ke rispimtb% ek kutbrk mboigtk qui ie mbgmiptb si brhnhgk ig ek kgtrbpbebnk kpehmk`k% tighig`b ig muigtk qui

eks `hgohmks sbmhkeis y mueturkeis sbg hgtirpritk`ks `is`i ek pirspimthvk `ie hgvisthnk`br qui ksuoi

pbshmhbgis `i mbgbmhohigtb kfsbeutb qui einhthokg sus kmmhbgis mbob arutb `i supuistbs qui okthzkg ek

bfsirvkmhg `is`i ie mbgtrbe `i sus mbg`hmhbgis' Ks% ie mbgmiptb ufhmk ek hgtirvigmhg prbaishbgke mbob ug

prbmisb shstiothmb mblirigti qui kfbr`k prbfeiothmks sbmhkeis y qui prbouivi ek mbgstrummhg `i skfiris

qui aug`koigtkg kmmhbgis qui `i pbr s% eeivkg hopemhtks ugk h`ibebnk% ug sustigtb tirhmb y oitb`benhmb

brhigtk`b k ob`hahmkr y trkgsabrokr rikeh`k`is'

Zbr btrb ek`b% ksuohr ek hgtirvigmhg prbaishbgke ig riekmhg mbg ug quirir kmtukr hopehmk pigskr ig ek

hgtigmhbgkeh`k` qui stk mbgeeivk% y qui surni `i ebs `isibs% mbgmipmhbgis% h`ibebnks% shstioks `i vkebris% y

aug`koigtbs tirhmbs y oitb`benhmbs `ie prbaishbgke' Ks% is aug`koigtke rimbgbmir qui ek hgtirvigmhg ig

trkfkdb sbmhke pui`i sir tkg vkrhk`k mbob eks pirsbgkeh`k`is ohsoks `i sus prbaishbgkeis' Zbr ieeb% pigskr ig

ie brhnig `i ek hgtirvigmhg sbmhke y ig eks mbgmipmhbgis iphstiobenhmks `i ek hgtirvigmhg prbaishbgke is

aug`koigtke pkrk brhigtkr ugk hgtirvigmhg prbaishbgke ispimahmk'

Arigti k ek tibrk% ie trohgb hgtirvigmhg mboprig`i oethpeis kmipmhbgis qui igmuigtrkg imb ig ek

lhstbrhmh`k` `i ek prb`ummhg kmk`ohmk y pbr tkgtb ig eks `hgohmks sbmhkeis y okrmbs obrkeis qui

mkrkmtirhzkg mk`k pbmk' Zbr ieeb% ek hgtirvigmhg riohti k istk`hbs riairh`bs k kyu`k% trktkohigtb%hgtirvigmhg% kmtukmhg prbaishbgke% prmthmk prbaishbgke% igtri btrbs' Mk`k ugb `i ieebs pbsii mbggbtkmhbgis

h`ibenhmks y pbethmks% ke hnuke qui hgtigmhbgkeh`k`is y okgirks `i pigskr y lkmir% qui ritrbkehoigtkg su

shnghahmk`b' Prohgbs qui ixpriskg `hsthgtks okgirks `i mbgsh`irkr k ek pirsbgk ig shtukmhg ,Kykek% 6::84

16(' Zkrk mbgmeuhr mbg eb riairigti k ek mbgmiptukehzkmhg% is `i risketkr ie kpbrti `i Meioigmhk Nkhtg% quhig

rismktk ek ithobebnk `i ek pkekfrk% riohthg`bsi ke ektg hgtirvigthb qui shnghahmk vighr igtri%

hgtirpbgirsi ,Kykek mhtkg`b k Nkhtg% 6::8416(' @i isk okgirk% siogthmkoigti pb`iobs mbrrbfbrkr mob

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ek hgtirvigmhg riohti k ugk hgstkgmhk `i pb`ir qui einhthok ug kmmhbgkr% ugk hgtirpbshmhg k eks rikeh`k`is

sbmhkeis qui sbg hgtirpritk`ks mbob istk`bs ginkthvbs qui `ifig sir ob`hahmk`bs'

@is`i ebs pekgtikohigtbs oigmhbgk`bs% mbgsh`irb qui is pbshfei pigskr ig `bs thpbs `i eohtis rispimtb k ek

hgtirvigmhg prbaishbgke% k skfir4 ;' @i thpb iphstiobenhmb y 6' @i thpb thmb/pbethmb'

Ebs prhoirbs% lkmig riairigmhk k ek hopbshfheh`k` `i hgtirvighr ig `hgohmks qui sbfripksig b ismkpig k ek

hgtirpritkmhg qui supbgi ugk mbgmipmhg brhigtk`k `is`i eks okgirks `i kmmi`ir ke mbgbmhohigtb `i eks

rikeh`k`is sbmhkeis% ispimahmkoigti istkrkobs lkfekg`b `i abroks `i mbgmifhr ebs brnigis `i ek

hgtirvigmhg sbmhke% ek okgirk `i pigskr ie trohgb hgtirvigmhg sbmhke y sus hopehmkmhbgis3 y ebs

aug`koigtbs tirhmbs y oitb`benhmbs qui shtkg tke b muke hgtirvigmhg `is`i trkfkdb sbmhke' Ebs sinug`bs%

riahirig k ek hopbshfheh`k` `i `iskrrbeekr `itirohgk`k hgtirvigmhg rispbg`hig`b k kprbphkmhbgis hg`hvh`ukeis

sbfri mbgmipmhbgis obrkeis y pbethmks qui iokgkg `i ek sufdithvh`k`% `i ek vh`k y ek lhstbrhk pirsbgke `ie

prbaishbgke% qui kgtis `i igmkrgkr ug pkpie einhthok`b pbr ek sbmhi`k`% is pirsbgk% is ug sir shgthigti y

pigskgti; qui k eb ekrnb `i su vh`k lk abrtkeimh`b y `hrimmhbgk`b sus okgirks `i pigskr% sir y lkmir ig ie

oug`b sbmhke% lkmhk mktinbrks thmks y pbethmks qui `hmtkohgkg eb fuigb y eb okeb `i ek hgvisth`urk y ie

quilkmir prbaishbgke ig ek hgtirvigmhg'

]h fhig prbpbgnb ugk mktinbrhzkmhg `i thpbs `i eohtis ig ek hgtirvigmhg% gb shnghahmk qui ugb ist ismhg`h b

`ie btrb% pbr isb `hmlk mktinbrhzkmhg si sustigtk ig ahgis hgtirpritkthvbs y bpirkthvbs pkrk mboprig`ir ie

tiok qui si trktk `i kfbr`kr' Ig isi sigth`b% is isigmhke risketkr ek hopbrtkgmhk `i mbgsh`irkr ek hgtirriekmhg

ixhstigti igtri iphstiobebnk y thmk' Zbr ieeb% is pbshfei pigskr ek iphstiobebnk `is`i ek thmk% tighig`b ig

muigtk qui ek iphstiobebnk `irhvk `i mbgmipmhbgis obrkeis i lhstrhmks `i pbmk y mueturk3 ks mbob is

pbshfei pigskr ek thmk `is`i ek iphstiobebnk% mbgsh`irkg`b qui kenugks brhigtkmhbgis i hgmehgkmhbgis

iphstiobenhmks okrmkg ek pkutk `i eb qui si mbgsh`irk mbrrimtb b hgmbrrimtb `igtrb `i `itirohgk`bs

supuistbs tirhmbs% ig iaimtb% tkeis brhigtkmhbgis iphstiobenhmks `hrimmhbgkg ie quilkmir prbaishbgke `is`i ek

thmk `i ebs supuistbs tirhmbs mbg ebs qui si shopkthmi'

Ig riekmhg k ebs thpbs `i eohtis qui pekgtik ek hgtirvigmhg prbaishbgke% pb`rkobs riohthrgbs k ebs mksbs

ixpuistbs pbr ie prbaisbr I`nkr Okekng% riairh`bs k ek tibrk `i ek hgtirvigmhg ig trkfkdb sbmhke `is`i `bs

pirspimthvks4 ;' Zrbaishg y 6' @hsmhpehgk'

]h pkrthobs `is`i ek prhoirk pirspimthvk% igmbgtrkobs qui ek prbaishg is ugk riekmhg sbmhke mkrkmtirhzk`k

pbr brhigtkr su hgtirvigmhg `is`i ugk rkzg thmk3 ig iaimtb% tke rkzg obvhehzk okgirks `i kmmhbgkr arigti k

eks shtukmhbgis sbmhkeis' Ispimahmkoigti ig trkfkdb sbmhke% ie kutbr sikek qui sbg eks shtukmhbgis `i mkrigmhk ,b

hgskthsakmmhg `i gimish`k`is luokgks( y suarhohigtb luokgb eks qui mbgvbmkg ke idirmhmhb prbaishbgke `is`i

ugk pbsturk qui mbgmhfi mbob hg`hngks b hgakois `hmlks shtukmhbgis' ,Okekng3 6:;:4==6/=0:(

Ig mukgtb k ek sinug`k pirspimthvk% kahrok ie kutbr qui ig ek `hsmhpehgk pri`bohgk ek rkzg mhigtahmk mbob

mbgstrummhg tirhmk' ]i fksk ig ek hgvisthnkmhg y si brhigtk pbr ebs `ifktis qui si lkeekg ig ek tigshg skfir/

hngbrkgmhk rispimtb k ek hgtirpritkmhg% eekok`bs prbfeioks `i hgvisthnkmhg' Pkeis prbfeioks `i hgvisthnkmhg

riohtig k ugk mbgmipmhg ugh`hsmhpehgkrhk% ispimahmk `i trkfkdb sbmhke% qui risuetkg `i riekmhbgis qui gb lkg

sh`b mkfkeoigti hgtirpritk`ks pbr btrks `hsmhpehgks `ie ofhtb sbmhke% ig isti pugtb% ie kutbr oigmhbgk

guivkoigti qui ke `ispeinkr ie idirmhmhb hgvisthnkthvb `igtrb `i ebs prbfeioks sbmhkeis% gbs igmbgtrkobs mbg

;;Mbob yk eb `imk Brekg`b Akes Fbr`k sigthpigskgti'

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ek gbmhg `i mkrigmhk mbob pugtb `i hgtirs `ie trkfkdb sbmhke% klbrk% ig trohgbs `hsmhpehgkris' Ahgkeoigti%

Okekng pekgtik qui ixhstig `hairigtis ismigkrhbs `i hgvisthnkmhg ig trkfkdb sbmhke% riairh`bs k ebs prbfeioks

sbmhkeis% ke hopirkthvb obrke `i mkofhb qui supbgi tb`b prbfeiok sbmhke% k ebs `hspbshthvbs `i kyu`k b

riekmhbgis `i fhigistkr y k ek mbgsbeh`kmhg `i ugk tibrk `i ek hgtirvigmhg' ,Okekng% 6:;:4 =00/=08(

]h fhig ie prbaisbr Okekng lkmi ug kopehb isauirzb pbr mekshahmkr ek hgtirvigmhg ig trkfkdb sbmhke%

igmbgtrkobs qui su hgtirpritkmhg pbgi `i prisigti eohtis qui si virg riaeidk`bs ig ek okgirk `i prbmi`ir`is`i ugk u btrk pirspimthvk' Ks% si lkmig ivh`igtis eohtis `i thpb iphstiobenhmb ke trktkr `i `iahghr ie pkpie

`i ek prbaishg mbob prb`umtb `i ugk thmk riairh`k ke mbgmiptb `i mkrigmhk% ke rispimtb pb`rkobs kahrokr

qui mbth`hkgkoigti ig ek prmthmk% sbg oethpeis ebs ovheis thmbs `i ebs prbaishbgkeis% sbg tkg `hvirsbs qui

pui`ig migtrkrsi ig ug h`ike `i trkgsabrokmhg% ig ugk pbsturk pbethmk% ig ugk pbsturk riehnhbsk% ig ugk

mbsobvhshg mueturke% igtri btrks3 k`ios `i riairhrgbs k ebs aug`koigtbs pirsbgkeis y mbgtixtukeis qui

obvhehzkg tkeis pbsturks thmks'

Zbr btrb ek`b% kahrokr qui ebs mkopbs `i hgvisthnkmhg `i ek pirspimthvk mhigtahmk b `hsmhpehgkr pkrtig `i ugk

mbgmipmhg ugh`hsmhpehgkrhk sisnk ebs brnigis y ie mbgtigh`b oueth% hgtir y trkgs`hsmhpehgkr `i ek prbaishg% ek

okrnhgkehzk y prbouivi tkofhg ugk hgvisthnkmhg migtrk`k ig kspimtbs ,pri(`itirohgk`bs% shg `kr pbshfheh`k`

k ek mboprigshg `ie `hgkohsob `i eks rikeh`k`is sbmhkeis y k ek kopehtu` `i ebs ismigkrhbs `i hgtirvigmhg `i

ek prbaishg y su riekmhg mbg btrks `hsmhpehgks' K`ios% k eb ekrnb `i ek hgtirpritkmhg `ie prbaisbr Okekng%

ixhsti ug eohti `i abg`b qui thigi qui vir mbg ek `hoigshg thmb/pbethmk% pbrqui sh si ismhg`i ek rkzg thmk

`i ek mhigtahmk% pb`rkobs pigskr qui ek `hsmhpehgk gb mboprig`i ug mbopbgigti thmb% y qui mbob

brhigtk`brk `i ek hgtirvigmhg b `ie idirmhmhb prbaishbgke% `idkrk tb`b ie krokzg thmb k ghmb duhmhb `i quhig

idirzk'

Klbrk fhig% pkrthig`b `ie pkgbrkok pekgtik`b' Kfbr`kr ispimahmkoigti eb qui thigi qui vir mbg ek

hgtirvigmhg `i trkfkdb sbmhke ig ismigkrhbs `i `ispekzkohigtb abrzk`b y mbgaehmtb krok`b' Zkrk ieeb% is

gimiskrhb risketkr ie isauirzb rikehzk`b pbr eks prmthmks `ie @ipkrtkoigtb `i Prkfkdb ]bmhke `i ek Yghvirsh`k`

Gkmhbgke `i Mbebofhk4 ;' @irimlbs Luokgbs y @ispekzkohigtb Abrzk`b y 6'Oiobrhk Lhstrhmk y @irimlbs

Luokgbs% `hrhnh`ks pbr ek prbaisbrks y trkfkdk`brks sbmhkeis Qheok Nhrke`b y Okrtlk Gufhk Fieeb%

rispimthvkoigti' Ek hopbrtkgmhk `i rimbgbmir `hmlb isauirzb rk`hmk ig qui sbg tkeis prmthmks% eks qui si lkg

pribmupk`b pbr kfbr`kr ek muisthg `ie quilkmir prbaishbgke ig trohgbs hgvisthnkthvbs y prmthmbs ig

ismigkrhbs `i mbgaehmtb sbmhbpbethmb% y `i ek okgb `i `hsthgtks hgsthtumhbgis% nrupbs istu`hkgtheis y

prbaishbgkeis `i `hsthgtks riks `ie mbgbmhohigtb lkg ebnrk`b prb`umhr `hairigtis pufehmkmhbgis% ixpbshmhbgis%

mbgairigmhks y mbgvirsktbrhbs `i`hmk`bs k vhshfhehzkr eks shtukmhbgis `i vhbeigmhk qui lkg mkrkmtirhzk`b k

guistrb pks y ebs hopkmtbs qui stks lkg nigirk`b ig eks pbfekmhbgis y sus tirrhtbrhbs'

@i isk okgirk% igmbgtrkobs qui kofks prmthmks si bmupkg `i pigskr y prbpbgir okgirks `i kmmhbgkr pkrk

ri`umhr ebs hopkmtbs qui ie `ispekzkohigtb abrzk`b lk `idk`b ig eks pbfekmhbgis' Ig tke sigth`b% ek prmthmk`hrhnh`k pbr ek prbaisbrk Qheok% si migtrk ig ie trkfkdb mboughtkrhb `i keakfithzkmhg pbpuekr mbg pbfekmhg ig

shtukmhg `i `ispekzkohigtb qui rish`i ig ie oughmhphb `i ]bkmlk3 y ek prmthmk `i ek prbaisbrk Okrtlk% si

igabmk ig kfbr`kr eks muisthbgis tirhmks% mbgmiptukeis y dur`hmks qui thigig qui vir mbg ie ismigkrhb

oigmhbgk`b% mbg ohrks k prbpbgir okgirks `i rimbgstruhr ek oiobrhk lhstrhmk `i eks pbfekmhbgis ig

shtukmhg `i `ispekzkohigtb% mbob ugk okgirk `i trkohtkr mbgaehmtbs% shtukmhbgis `bebsks% ri`umhr ie hopkmtb

nigirk`b pbr ebs ivigtbs trkuothmbs% riistrumturkr ebs ekzbs sbmhkeis qui si lkg arknoigtk`b y `igugmhkr ek

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hopugh`k` ig ek qui pirokgimig oumlbs `i ebs mksbs' Ig tke sigth`b% kofks prmthmks bptkg pbr ugk

prbpuistk i hgvisthnkmhg i hgtirvigmhg tkgtb sbmhbpbethmk mbob pshmbsbmhke'

@i isk okgirk% igmbgtrkobs qui kugqui ek ekfbr `i trkfkdb sbmhke ig ismigkrhbs `i `ispekzkohigtb abrzk`b

supbgnk ugk mbggbtkmhg oirhtbrhk y ebkfei% hopehmk prbaug`bs `ifktis y tigshbgis qui `ifig sir kfbr`k`bs

kmk`ohmkoigti y pbr mk`k prbaishbgke' Ig isi sigth`b% risuetk pirthgigti h`igthahmkr qu thpb `i ehohtkmhbgis

hopehmk ek hgtirvigmhg `i trkfkdb sbmhke ig tkeis ismigkrhbs'

Ig mbgsimuigmhk% pkrthig`b `i ek rivhshg `bmuoigtke iekfbrk`k ig ie trkgsmursb `i ek kshngkturk% is pbshfei

h`igthahmkr ug nrkg ehohtkgti `i thpb thmb/pbethmb% y thigi qui vir mbg ek hgvisthnkmhg mbgtrktk`k ig mbgtixtbs

`i vhbeigmhk sbmhbpbethmk% pbrqui sh si thigi ig muigtk qui ek okybrk `i eks vimis eks shtukmhbgis qui ioirnig

ig `hmlbs mbgtixtbs sbg ktig`h`ks pbr `hairigtis brnkghsobs hgsthtumhbgkeis ,tkgtb istktkeis mbob gb

istktkeis(% arimuigtioigti ek hgvisthnkmhg rispbg`i k ebs hgtirisis qui igmkrgk tke b muke hgsthtumhg y k eks

oitb`bebnks qui istkfeimi% `idkg`b `i ek`b ie mboprbohsb qui si thigi mbg ek pbfekmhg kaimtk`k% sus

hgtirisis% sus tirrhtbrhbs y sus `hgohmks' Zbr ieeb% ie quilkmir hgvisthnkthvb `i trkfkdb sbmhke% igmuigtrk eohtis

qui `irhvkg `i eks pbshmhbgis thmks prbphks `ie prbaishbgke y trbphizkg mbg ebs bfdithvbs hgsthtumhbgkeis' Ks

`is`i ek ixpirhigmhk `i ek prbaisbrk Okrtlk Fieeb% igmbgtrkobs ugk `iokg`k hopbrtkgti `i hgvisthnkmhg

pbr pkrti `i brnkghsobs luokghtkrhbs% knigmhks `i `iskrrbeeb y igth`k`is istktkeis% qui riquhirig

`hoigshbgkr ebs prbfeioks% mkrkmtirhzkrebs y istkfeimir eks rispimthvks egiks `i fksi pkrk prhbrhzkr rimursbs%

abmkehzkr kmmhbgis% mbgstruhr ehgikohigtbs y ivkeukr hopkmtbs' Ig ek enhmk kmtuke `ie quilkmir hgsthtumhbgke%

`hoigshbgkr y mkrkmtirhzkr prbfeioks gb mboprboiti ug idirmhmhb rhnurbsb qui ` muigtk `i kspimtbs

mbopeidbs% mbob ek enhmk qui sufykmi ig ie thpb `i rispuistks `i eks pirsbgks kgti `itirohgk`ks prinugtks3

ks mbob mbsobvhshbgis y mbgstrummhbgis mueturkeis qui pirohtig mhirtks prmthmks sbmhkeis',Fieeb% 6::140>(

Zbr btrk pkrti% h`igthahmkobs btrb ehohtkgti `i thpb thmb/pbethmb% qui thigi qui vir mbg ek kpehmkmhg ispimahmk

`i prbyimtbs y pbethmks qui gb rispbg`ig k ek mbopeidh`k` `i eks shtukmhbgis y si mbgmigtrkg ig ek

mbgsbgkgmhk `i ebs bfdithvbs istktkeis b `ie prbyimtb pbethmb `ie nbfhirgb `i turgb4 S_eb prbyimtbs si

mbgmigtrkg ig ek ktigmhg hg`hvh`ukehzk`k `i eks vmthoks k trkvs `i prbmi`hohigtbs istkg`krhzk`bs qui thigig

mbob bfdithvb su hgsirmhg ig ug ob`b `i vh`k `iahgh`b k prhbrh y ixnigb y phir`i `i vhstk k ebs vhmthokrhbs% k

eks enhmks% k ebs hgtirisis y k eks `hgohmks k qui stbs rispbg`ig y si krthmuekg'

Eks pbethmks `i ktigmhg hngbrkg b sbsekykg istk rikeh`k`% `i tke suirti qui gb mbgsh`irkg ebs `irimlbs `i eks

vmthoks b ebs mbstbs imbgohmbs y sbmhkeis qui nigirkg tb`ks eks `hgohmks qui kmbopkkg ke

`ispekzkohigtb' ,Fieeb% 6::94=10(

K`ios% is mekrb qui ie idirmhmhb prbaishbgke ig isti ismigkrhb mbgstkgtioigti si igmuigtrk mbg ehohtkgtis `i

thpb iphstiobenhmb qui thigig qui vir mbg ek hgtirpritkmhg `i eks mbgmipmhbgis qui brhigtkg ek kmmhg

prbaishbgke' Zbr oigmhbgkr ugk `i ieeks% lknb ispimhke riairigmhk ke mbgmiptb `i vmthok ig ie idirmhmhb `itrkfkdk`bris"ks sbmhkeis ig istbs ismigkrhbs3 puis sh fhig ie okrmb einke pekgtik ugk `iahghmhg qui okrmk ek

pkutk pkrk ie prbmisb `i ripkrkmhg% eks vhvks vbmis `i eks mbough`k`is kaimtk`ks pekgtikg `iahghmhbgis

ketirgks ,b hgmeusb gb eks rimbgbmig(% y ek kmk`iohk prbpbgi btrks tkgtks' @i kl% si nigirkg eohtis ig ie

oboigtb `i idirmir% ek k`lirigmhk k ugk u btrk `iahghmhg `iahghthvkoigti nigirk iaimtbs ig ie prbmisb `i

ripkrkmhg y kutb/rimbgbmhohigtb `i eks vmthoks% ks mbob `i ebs duhmhbs i hgtirpritkmhbgis peksok`ks ig eks

prb`ummhbgis mhigtahmks `i ek prbaishg' Pkofhg% si thigig ig muigtk ebs iaimtbs pshmbsbmhkeis qui ek gbmhg

`i vmthok pui`i nigirkr ig ek pbfekmhg% puistb qui si pui`i mkir ig ugk vhmthohzkmhg qui okrqui ek

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h`igth`k` `i eks pirsbgks hopkmtkg`b sus sigthohigtbs y iobmhbgis rispimtb k ebs sumisbs vhvh`bs y ie

prbyimtb `i vh`k qui si phigsi mbgstruhr' ,Fieeb% 6:;:(

Zb`rkg sir oumlbs os ebs mksbs qui riohtkg k eohtis ig ek hgtirvigmhg ig trkfkdb sbmhke ig mbgtixtbs `i

`ispekzkohigtb abrzk`b y mbgaehmtb krok`b% rkzg pbr ek qui kfbr`krebs `i okgirk ispimahmk hopehmkrk ug

trkfkdb rhnurbsb migtrk`b ig su kgehshs' ]hg iofkrnb% ebs mksbs kqu oigmhbgk`bs `kg muigtk `ie thpb `i

eohtis mbg ebs qui si mruzk ie idirmhmhb prbaishbgke ig `hmlbs mbgtixtbs% y si lkmi ivh`igti qui tkgtb eohtis `ithpb thmb/pbethmb mbob ebs `i thpb iphstiobenhmb istg ig mbgstkgti riekmhg% y oumlks vimis% ktig`hig`b k

eks pkrthmuekrh`k`is `i eks shtukmhbgis y ebs mbgtixtbs% ug thpb `i eohti pui`i `irhvkr `ie btrb% b vhmivirsk'

Obthvb qui pbgi `i prisigti ek hopbrtkgmhk `i tigir mekrh`k` arigti k qu mbgshsti mk`k ugb `i ieebs mbg ie

ghob `i pigskr ig istrktinhks pkrk supirkrebs'

Ahgkeoigti% is gimiskrhb pigskr ig ugk prbpuistk qui obvhehmi ie kmmhbgkr prbaishbgke ktig`hig`b ke

rimbgbmhohigtb `i ebs eohtis qui supbgig ebs ismigkrhbs `i `ispekzkohigtb abrzk`b y mbgaehmtb krok`b' Ig tke

sigth`b% tighig`b ig muigtk qui eks shtukmhbgis `i `hmlbs ismigkrhbs `iokg`kg ug mrhtirhb prbaishbgke seh`b y

prbaug`b% is pirthgigti kfbr`kr mk`k shtukmhg hghmhkeoigti `is`i ugk pbsturk thmk pirsbgke qui aug`k`k ig

eks ixpirhigmhks `i vh k y ig ebs kprig`hzkdis `ie trkfkdk`br"k sbmhke mbob pirsbgk% brhigtig su idirmhmhb

prbaishbgke `i okgirk krthmuek`k k ugk pbshmhg tirhmb/iphstiobenhmk y gb ke mbgtrkrhb' Zbrqui sh si thigi ig

muigtk qui kmtukr `is`i ugk pbshmhg tirhmb/iphstiobenhmk mbg ugk thmk `irhvk`k `i ek ohsok% pui`i

sisnkr ek prmthmk `i kmuir`b ke pkrk`hnok mbg ie qui si ist trkfkdkg`b y pui`i nigirkr tigshbgis igtri ie

prbaishbgke y ek ohsok% risuetk hg`hspigskfei vhsukehzkr ugk pbsturk qui pirohtk eeivkr k mkfb ug idirmhmhb

prbaishbgke hgtinrke' Ke gb sir suahmhigti ugk thmk kgmek`k ig tke b muke pirspimthvk tirhmb/iphstiobenhmk% is

gimiskrhb kpehmkr ie mbopbgigti thmb pirsbgke% mbg ie ghob `i igrhquimir y gutrhr ie idirmhmhb ig mbgsbgkgmhk

mbg ebs vkebris y mrhtirhbs riairh`bs k ek `hoigshg luokgk y sbmhke `ie prbaishbgke' Igtbgmis% bptkr pbr ugk

hgtirvigmhg `is`i ek thmk pirsbgke riohti k pigskr `i okgirk mblirigti% `isnebsk`k `i mbgmipmhbgis `i

oug`b3 euinb% `i mbgstrummhbgis tirhmks% mbgmiptukeis y oitb`benhmks kmbr`i mbg pkrthmuekrh`k`is

mbgtixtukeis y mueturkeis `ie suditb% `i su abrokmhg% `i su riekmhg mbg eks mbough`k`is y mbg ekshgsthtumhbgis'

Zbr isk vk% is aug`koigtke pigskr ig supuistbs fshmbs qui `ig eunkr k eks pbshmhbgis thmks `i ebs

prbaishbgkeis' Igtbgmis% ig ismigkrhbs `i `ispekzkohigtb abrzk`b y mbgaehmtb krok`b% is hg`hspigskfei qui si

lknk ug mbopeitb rimbgbmhohigtb `i eks mkrkmtirsthmks lhstrhmks pkrthmuekris `ie mbgaehmtb% `i ek mueturk% ebs

vkebris y eks mbstuofris `i eks mbough`k`is% `i ek hgaeuigmhk istktke i hgsthtumhbgke' Ig isi sigth`b% tkgtb ek

thmk pirsbgke mbob ek iphstiobenhmk `ifig `irhvkr `i ug prbaug`b rispitb pbr eks pirsbgks mbg quhigis si

trkfkdk y pbr ug rimbgbmhohigtb `i sus mbg`hmhbgis y mkrkmtirsthmks% mbg ie ghob `i brhigtkr ie idirmhmhb

prbaishbgke `i ek okgirk os sigsktk pbshfei'

Fhfehbnrkak4

/KXKEK% ]bghk' Ygk ohrk`k riaeixhvk k ek shnghahmkmhg mbgmiptuke `i ek hgtirvigmhg prbaishbgke ig Prkfkdb

]bmhkeYghskeei' Vivhstk Vitbs y Pig`igmhks' Gb ;0' Fbnbt% 6::8' Zp' 98/18

/FIEEB% Okrtlk Gufhk' Vistkfeimhohigtb' Igtri ritbrgbs abrzk`bs y rihgsirmhbgis primkrhks' Ig4 Ie

`ispekzkohigtb ig Mbebofhk' Vinhbgis% mhu`k`is y pbethmks pfehmks' VI@HA% KMGYV% Yghvirsh`k` Gkmhbgke `i

Mbebofhk% Mbrpbrkmhg Vinhg' Oi`ieeg% 6::9' Zp' =1;/=>9

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/FIEEB% Okrtlk Gufhk' Hopehmkmhbgis thmks y oitb`benhmks `i ek hgvisthnkmhg mbgtrktk`k' Ig4 Hgvisthnkmhg

y `ispekzkohigtb abrzk`b' VI@HA% Mbemhigmhks' Mbebofhk% 6::1' Zp' 09/99

/FIEEB% Okrtlk Gufhk' Zbgigmhk4 Kmbopkkohigtb pshmbsbmhke k eks vmthoks ig mbgtixtbs `i hopugh`k`'

Mbgnrisb Mbebofhkgb `i Prkfkdb ]bmhke' ]kgthknb `i Mkeh% Knbstb `i 6:;:'

/MKVFKEEI@K% Keari`b' Ek hgtirvigmhg ig eb sbmhke4 ebs brnigis y su sigth`b' Ig4 Ek hgtirvigmhg ig eb sbmhke'

Ixmeushg i hgtinrkmhg ig ebs guivbs ismigkrhbs sbmhkeis' I`' Zkh`s' Fuigbs Khris% 6::6' Zp';9/==

/OKEKNG% I`nkr' Ek hgtirvigmhg sbmhke mbob hopirkthvb obrke'Ig4 Hgtirvigmhg sbmhke% mueturk y thmk4 ug

`ifkti hgtir`hsmhpehgkrhb' Fhfehbtimk Kfhirtk' Mbeimmhg Nigirke% sirhi Prkfkdb ]bmhke' Yghvirsh`k` Gkmhbgke `i

Mbebofhk' Fbnbt% 6:;:' Zp' ==;/=08'