M. A. I PS Sem. II Com Par Inst title 2019/M... · 2019-10-13 · 1.1 àmñVm{dH$ "g§gXr`...

{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

Xya{ejU H|$Ð

E_. E. ^mJ-1 : amÁ`emñÌ

VwcZmË_H$ g§gXr` g§ñWm(Comparative Parliamentary Institutions)

gÌ 2 : nona E-08

(e¡j{UH$ df© 2018-19 nmgyZ)

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KQ>H$-1

g§gXr` ì`dñWoMm Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmT>mdm Am{U {dH$mg○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

AZwH«$_{UH$m

1.0 C{ÔîQ>ço

1.1 àmñVm{dH$

1.2 {df` {ddoMZ

1.2.1 B§½c§S>_Yrc g§gXr` ì`dñWoMm CJ_ Am{U {dH$mg

1.2.2 ^maVm_Yrc g§gXr` ì`dñWoMm CJ_ Am{U {dH$mg

1.2.3 {ÛJ¥hr H$m`Xo_§S>imMm CJ_ Am{U ñdê$n

1.3 gmam§e

1.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX, eãXmW©

1.5 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao

1.6 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`

1.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X © J«§W

1.0 C{ÔîQ>ço

"g§gXr` ì`dñWoMm Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmT>mdm Am{U {dH$mg' `m KQ>H$mÀ`m AÜ``ZmZ§Va AmnU -

✺ B§½c§S>_Yrc g§gXr` ì`dñWoMm CJ_ Am{U {dH$mg g_OmdyZ KoUma AmhmoV.

✺ ^maVm_Yrc g§gXr` ì`dñWoMm CJ_ Am{U {dH$mg g_OmdyZ KoUma AmhmoV.

✺ {ÛJ¥hr H$m`Xo_§S>imMr g§H$ënZm Aä`mgUma AmhmoV.

✺ {ÛJ¥hr H$m`Xo_§S>imMm CJ_ Am{U ñdê$n g_OmdyZ KoUma AmhmoV.

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1.1 àmñVm{dH$

"g§gXr` cmoH$emhr' hr B§½c§S>Zo OJmcm {Xcocr EH$ _hmZ XoUJr Amho. B§½c§S>À`m g§gXr`emgZ àUmcrcm à_mU _mZyZ OJmVrc AZoH$ Xoem§Zr `m nX²YVrMm ñdrH$ma Ho$cm Amho. "g§gXr`emgZ ì`dñWm§Mr VwcZm' (Comparative Parliamentary Institutions) m nona_Ü o AmnU B§½c§S>_YrcemgZ nX²YVrMm CJ_ Am{U ñdê$n Aä`mgUma AmhmoV. Ë`mMà_mUo ^maV Am{U pñdËPcªS >_Yrcg§gXr` emgZ nX²YVr `m§Mm VwcZmË_H$ Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. {~«{Q>e dgmhVr AgUmè`m ~hþVm§eXoem§Zr g§gXr` emgZ nX²YVrMm ñdrH$ma Ho$cm Amho.

"nmc©_|Q>' (Parliament) hm B§J«Or eãX 'Parler' `m \«|$M eãXmnmgyZ {Z_m©U Pmcm Amho."nmc©a' åhUOo ~mocUo qH$dm EH$Ì oD$Z MMm© H$aUo hmo . Ë`m_wio eãXe: nmc©_|Q> åhUOo Ago{R>H$mU H$s, Á`m {R>H$mUr cmoH$ EH$Ì oD$Z MMm© H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio nmc©_|Q> åhUOo amîQ´>r` Am{UAm§VaamîQ´>r` {df`mda MMm© H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$Ì O_coë`m à{V{ZYtMm g_yh hmo . AZoH$ XoemVrcH$m`Xo_§S>imcm "nmc©_|Q>' `m ZmdmZo AmoiIco OmVo.

1.2 {df` {ddoMZ

1.2.1 B§½c§S>_Yrc g§gXr` ì`dñWoMm CJ_ Am{U {dH$mg

❂ B§½c§S>Mr Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd©^y_r :-

B§½c§S>À`m g§gXr` ì`dñWoMm CJ_ Am{U {dH$mg g_OmdyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r àW_ B§½c§S>À`mB{VhmgmMo g§{jßV AdcmoH$Z H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. B§½c§S>_Yrc H$mhr _hÎdmÀ`m KQ>Zm "g§gXr`ì`dñWm' Am{U "cmoH$emhr ì`dñWm' {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mg H$maUr yV R>aë`m AmhoV.

doëg, CÎma Am`cªS>, B§½c§S> Am{U ñH$m°Q>c§S> `m Mma àXoem§Zm {_iyZ "J«oQ> {~«Q>Z' (Great

Britain) qH$dm wZm`Q>oS> qH$JS>_ (United Kingdom) Ago åhQ>co OmVo. ì`dhmamV "B§½c§S>' `m ZmdmZo`m Xoemcm AmoiIco OmVo. emñÌr` ^mfoV qH$dm g§{dYmZmË_H$ ^mfoV " wZm`Q>oS> qH$JS>_' ho Zmddmnaco OmVo. AmnU Aä`mgmÀ`m gmo rgmR>r B§½c§S> ho Zmd dmnaco Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo H$mhrg§H$ënZm§gmR>r B§J«Or eãXm§Mm OgmÀ`m Vgm dmna Ho$cm Amho.

B§½c§S> hm wamon I§S>mVrc EH$ chmZ Xoe Amho. B§p½ce ImS>r_yio B§½c§S>Mm y mJ wamonI§S>mnmgyZ AcJ Pmcm Amho. B§½c§S>Mo joÌ\$i gw_mao 2,44,000 Mm¡.{H$._r. Am{U cmoH$g§»`m 6H$moQ>rÀ`m Amgnmg Amho. B§p½ce, doëg, ñH$m°{Q>e Am{U Oo{cH$ `m ^mfm B§½c§S>_Ü o ~mocë`m OmVmV.

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cmoH$emhrMo _mhoaKa åhUyZ B§½c§S>Mr AmoiI Amho. 19ì`m Am{U 20ì`m eVH$mÀ`m nydm©Ym©V OJmdaamÁ` Ho$cocm Xoe Aer B§½c§S>Mr »`mVr Amho. `m H$mimV Am{\«$H$m Am{U Am{e`m I§S>mVrc AZoH$Xoem§da B§½c§S>Mo amÁ` hmoVo.

B§½c§S>_Ü o gÜ`m AgUmè`m amOH$s` ì`dñWoMm {dH$mg CËH«$m§VrÀ`m nX²YVrZo Pmcm Amho.H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV {d{dY ì`dñWm {dH${gV Pmë`m AmhoV. B§½c§S>_Yrc nmc©_|Q>cm gw_mao EH$ hOmadfmªMm B{Vhmg Amho. Ë`m_wio B§½c§S>cm g§gXr` cmoH$emhrMr OZZr Ago åhQ>co OmVo. "A{Z §{ÌVamOoemhr' Vo "Zm_Ymar amOoemhr' Agm B§½c§S>Mm amOH$s` àdmg Amho. ê$T>r, àWm, na§nam, Ý`m`mc`rZ{ZU© , g§gXoZo Ho$coco H$mhr _hÎdmMo H$m`Xo `m_Ü o B§½c§S>Mr amÁ`KQ>Zm {dIwacocr Amho. Ë`m_wioB§½c§S>À`m amÁ`KQ>Zocm A{c{IV amÁ`KQ>Zm Ago åhQ>co OmVo. B§½c§S>Mr amÁ`KQ>Zm {d{eîQ> H$mimV{d{eîQ> Aem KQ>Zm g{_Vr_m\©$V {Z_m©U Ho$cocr Zmhr.

B.g. 9 ì`m eVH$mV A±½cmo goŠgZ cmoH$m§Zr B§½c§S>_Ü o amOoemhrMr gwédmV Ho$cr. Ë`mZ§VaZm°_©Z, Q>çwS>a Am{U ñQw>AQ>© amOKamÊ`mVrc amOm§Zr B§½c§S>da amÁ` Ho$co. gÜ`m {dS>§ga KamÊ`mVrcXþgar E{cPm~oW hr B§½c§S>Mr amUr Amho. gdm©V XrK©H$mi åhUOo 1952 nmgyZ AmOn ªV (2017)amOJmXrda ~gUmar Vr EH$_od _hmamUr Amho. {VÀ`mZ§Va {VMm Á oîR> nwÌ {àÝg Mmc©g² hm B§½c§S>MmamOm hmoB©c.

❂ g§gXoMm CJ_ :-

B§½c§S>_Yrc g§gXoMm CJ_ Am{U {dH$mg g_OmdyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Amnë`mcm B.g.10 ì`meVH$mnmgyZMm B§½c§S>Mm B{Vhmg Aä`mgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. A±½cmo g|ŠgZ H$mimV B.g. 10 ì`meVH$mV amOmZo Ë`mcm gëcm XoÊ`mgmR>r EH$ {dÛmZm§Mr n[afX JR>rV Ho$cr. Ë`mg {dQ>ZoO_m°Q>(Witenagemot) qH$dm Council of Wisemen Ago åhQ>co OmVo. `m n[afXo_Ü o amOmH$Sy>Z {Z wŠVgaXma Am{U Y_©Jwê$ `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVm. `mcm B§½c§S>_Yrc nmc©_|Q>Mm Ama§ q~Xÿ _mZco OmVo.

❂ _°½Zm H$mQ>m© (1215)

B.g. 13 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m àma§ r amOm Om°Z `mZo XS>nemhr _mJm©Zo A{Z §{ÌV amOgÎmoMm dmnagwê$ Ho$cm. amOm Om°ZÀ`m XS>nemhr{déX²Y CÀM nXñW gaXmam§Zr EH$ _mJUrnÌ amOmcm {Xco. `m_mJUrnÌmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ amOmH$Sy>Z H$mhr AmídmgZo KoÊ`mV Amcr. `mcmM "_°½Zm H$mQ>m©' (Magna

Carta) qH$dm "_hmZ gZX' Ago åhUVmV. B§½c§S>_Yrc ñdmV§Í`mMr _mJUr H$aUmam hm n{hcm {c{IVXñVEodO Amho. amOmÀ`m A{YH$mam§À`m Xþén`moJmnmgyZ Am{U ga§Om_Xma (Ë`m H$mimVrc àñWm{nVdJ©) dJm©À`m hŠH$m§À`m g§ajUmgmR>r Amdí`H$ Aem VaVyXtMm g_mdoe `m _hmZ gZXo_Ü o H$aÊ`mV

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Amcm. ga§Om_Xmam§À`m g oÀ`m _§Oyar{dZm amOmcm H$a (Tax) cmJy H$aVm oUma Zmhr. Amamon {gX²YPmë`m{edm` H$moUmcmhr AQ>H$ H$ê$Z R>odVm oUma Zmhr AWdm hÔnma H$aVm oUma Zmhr AWdm_mc_Îmm {hamdyZ KoVm oUma Zmhr. H$m`ÚmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo lr_§V Jar~ Agm oX^md H$aVm oUmaZmhr. BË`mXr VaVyXtMm g_mdoe _°½Zm H$mQ>m©_Ü o H$aÊ`mV Amcm. Ë`m_wio M°W°_ `m§Zr _°½Zm H$mQ>m©Mm{~«{Q>e emgZ nX²YVrMo ~m`~c _mZco Amho. B§½c§S>_Yrc g§gXoÀ`m {dH$mgmVrc hm EH$ _¡cmMmXJS> Amho.

❂ _m°S>oc nmc©_|Q> 1295

amOm n{hcm ES>dS>© `mZo B.g. 1295 _Ü o "_m°S>oc nmc©_|Q>' ^a{dco. `mV AmM© {~en, {~en,A°~Q>, Ac©, ~°aÝg, ZmB©Q>g² (VËH$mcrZ B§½c§S>_Yrc amOH$s` Am{U Ym{_©H$ joÌmVrc CÀM nXñWm§Zm`m {d{dY ZmdmZo AmoiIco OmV hmoVo) Am{U gm_mÝ` OZVoMo à{V{ZYr `m§Mo EHy$U 372 à{V{ZYrhmoVo. ho n{hco nmc©_|Q> EH$J¥hr hmoVo. B.g. 1338 Z§Va Y_m}nXoeH$ Am{U gaXma `m§Zr gm_mÝ`cmoH$m§À`m à{V{ZYrgmo~V nmc©_|Q>_Ü o ~gÊ`mg {damoY Ho$cm. Ë`m_wio 14ì`m eVH$mÀ`m _Ü §Var XmoZg^mJ¥h {Z_m©U Pmcr. Y_m}nXoeH$ Am{U CÀM nXñW gaXma `m§À`m g^mJ¥hmcm "hmD$g Am°\$ cm°S>©g²'(House of Lords) Ago åhQ>co Joco Am{U gm_mÝ` OZVoMo à{V{ZYr AgUmè`m g^mJ¥hmcm "hmD$gAm°\$ H$m°_Ýg' 'House of Commons' `m ZmdmZo AmoiIco Omdy cmJco.

amOm n{hcm ES>dS>© `mZo nmc©_|Q>À`m A{YH$mam§Zm _mÝ`Vm {Xcr. nmc©_|Q>À`m g§_Vr{edm` amOmZoH$moUVmhr H$a cmXÿ Z o; {heo~ VnmgUr Am wŠV (Commissioner to Audit the Accounts) Am{U_§Ìr {Z wŠV H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma nmc©_|Q>cm am{hc; àË oH$ A{YdoeZ gwê$ hmoÊ`mnydu _§Ìr Amnë`mnXmMm amOrZm_m XoVrc Am{U nmc©_|Q>À`m àíZm§Zm qH$dm Amamonm§Zm CÎma XoVrc; BË`mXr VÎdoàñWm{nV Pmcr. {gX²Ym§V åhUyZ darc VÎdm§Mm Adc§~ Ho$cm Jocm. na§Vw àË`jmV nmc©_|Q>da amOmModM©ñd hmoVo. H$maU nmc©_|Q>Mo A{YdoeZ ~moc{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Am{U nmc©_|Q> {dg{O©V H$aÊ`mMmA{YH$ma amOmcm hmoVm.

B.g. 1327 _Ü o amOm Xþgam ES>dS>© `mcm nmc©_|Q>Zo nXÀ wV Ho$co. Ë`mZ§Va c°ZH$mñQ>aKamÊ`mVrc (Lancaster Dynasty) amOm hoÝar `mcm amOJmXrda ~g{dÊ`mV Amco. `m H$mimVnmc©_|Q>À`m dM©ñdmda {eŠH$m_moV©~ H$aUmao H$mhr {ZU© KoÊ`mV Amco. Mm¡Xmì`m eVH$mAIoa nmc©_|Q>À`mAm{W©H$ A{YH$mamV dmT> Pmcr. 15 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r `mXdr wX²Yo Pmcr. `mwX²Ym§Zm Jwcm~mMr wX²Yo (Wars of the Rose) åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVo. `m wX²YmZ§Va nwÝhm amOmMo

A{YH$ma dmT>co Am{U nmc©_|Q>Mo A{YH$ma H$_r Pmco. B.g. 1485 Vo 1603 `m H$mimV Q>çyS>aamOKamUo gÎmoda Amco. `m H$mimV amOmMr A{Z §{ÌV gÎmm nwÝhm àñWm{nV Pmcr. {deofV: gmVdm

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hoÝar, AmR>dm hoÝar Am{U amUr n{hcr E{cPm~oW `m§Zr A{Z §{ÌV gÎmoMm dmna Ho$cm. Q>çwS>aamOKamÊ`mZo AamOH$Vm g§nwîQ>mV AmUë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m A{Z §{ÌV amOgÎmocm cmoH$_mÝ`Vm {_imcr. na§VwË`m_wio nmc©_|Q>Mo _hÎd H$_r Pmco.

B.g. 1666 À`m wX²YmV B§½c§S>Mm amOm hoam°ëS> `m§Mm nam^d H$ê$Z Zm°_©Z KamÊ`mVrc {dë`_amOmZo B§½c§S>Mr gÎmm hñVJV Ho$cr. Ë`mcm "{dë`_ {X H$m±H$aa' `m ZmdmZo AmoiIco OmVo. hm Zm°_©ZKamÊ`mVrc n{hcm amOm hmoVm. Ë`mZo B§½c§S>_Yrc amOoemhr ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV _hÎdmMo `moJXmZ{Xco. Zm°_©Z amOm§À`m H$mimV goŠgZ H$mimVrc H$mhr g§ñWm nwT>o Mmcy am{hë`m Am{U H$mhr ZdrZg§ñWm§Mr ^a nS>cr. Zm°_©Z H$mimV "_°½Z_ H$m¡pÝgcr`_' (Magnum Councilium) ZmdmMr g§ñWm{Z_m©U Pmcr. {VÀ`m dfm©VyZ VrZ ~¡R>H$m KoVë`m OmV. `mV amO KamÊ`mVrc cmoH$, {~eng, à_wIgaXma `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVm. `mMr gXñ`g§»`m OmñV hmoVr. åhUyZ amOmZo "Š w[a`m aoOrg' (Curia

Regis) ZmdmMr ì`dñWm {dH${gV Ho$cr. "Š w[a`m aoOrg' åhUOo amOmcm gëcm XoUmao _§{Ì_§S>i hmoVo.17ì`m Am{U 18ì`m eVH$mV Š w[a`m aoOrg _YyZ "àm`ìhr H$m¡pÝgc' (Privy Council) Mm OÝ_Pmcm. hr g§ñWm gÜ`m H°${~ZoQ> (_§{Ì_§S>i) `m ZmdmZo ApñVËdmV Amho.

amOm Xþgè`m hoÝarÀ`m H$mimV Š w[a`m aoOrgÀ`m H$m_mMr {d^mJUr Pmcr. Ë`mVyZ {àìhrH$m¡pÝgc d BVa VrZ àH$maÀ`m Ý`m`g§ñWm {Z_m©U Pmë`m. `mM H$mimV B§½c§S>_Ü o {\$aVo Ý`m`mc`hr g§H$ënZm ê$T> Pmë`m_wio EH$ê$n H$m`Xm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mg _XV Pmcr.

❂ aŠV{dhrZ H«$m§Vr 1688

B.g. 1603 Vo B.g. 1714 `m H$mimV ñQw>AQ>© KamÊ`mH$S>o gÎmm hmoVr. `m KamÊ`mVrc n{hë`mOoågZo (1603-25) amOmÀ`m A{Z §{ÌV gÎmoMm dmna gwê$ Ho$cm. Ë`mZo amOmÀ`m X¡dr A{YH$mamÀ`m{gX²Ym§VmMm (Divine Right Theory) nwañH$ma Ho$cm. `m {gX²Ym§VmZwgma amOm hm XodmMm à{V{ZYr Amho.Vmo B©ídamMm A§e Agë`mZo Ë`mÀ`mda cmoH$m§Mo {Z §ÌU Agy eH$V Zmhr. Agm {dMma _m§S>cm. Ë`mZo`m {dMmamMo g_W©Z H$aUmao 'The Law of Free Monarchies' ho nwñVH$ {c{hco, Ë`mZo nmc©_|Q>cmS>mdcyZ {ZU© KoVco, dQ>hþHy$_ H$mT>co, H$a cmJy Ho$co. n[aUm_V: nmc©_|Q> A{YH$mahrZ g§ñWm Pmcr.

n{hë`m OoågZ§Va Ë`mMm _wcJm n{hcm Mmc©g² (1625-49) amOm Pmcm. Ë`mZohr nmc©_|Q>cmS>mdcyZ H$a dgycr gwé Ho$cr. `m{déX²Y nmc©_|Q>Zo amOmH$Sy>Z 'Pitition of Rights' Mr _mJUr Ho$cr. `m_mJUrnÌmZwgma nmc©_|Q>À`m _§Owar{edm` OZVoH$Sy>Z H$moUVmhr H$a AWdm H$moUË`mhr ñdê$nmV n¡godgyc Ho$co Omdy Z oV Aer _mJUr H$aÊ`mV Amcr. amOmZo 'Pitition of Rights' _mÝ` Ho$cm, na§VwàË`jmV Ë`mMr A§_c~OmdUr Ho$cr Zmhr. B.g. 1629 Vo B.g. 1640 `m H$mimV amOmZonmc©_|Q>{edm` amÁ` Ho$co. `mM H$mimV ñH$m°Q>c§S>er gwê$ AgUmè`m `mXdr wX²Ym_wio amOmMr {VOmoar

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[aH$m_r Pmcr. Ë`m_wio amOmcm n¡emMr JaO ^mgcr. amOmZo ZmB©cmOmZo 1640 gmcr nmc©_|Q>Mr g^mAm`mo{OV Ho$cr. `m nmc©_|Q>Zo amOmÀ`m A{Z~ªY A{YH$mamcm {damoY H$aUmao H$m`Xo g§_V Ho$co. Ë`mVyZM"amOm' {déX²Y "nmc©_|Q>' `m§Mo loîR>ËdmgmR>r wX²Y gwê$ Pmco. nmc©_|Q>Zo OZVocm amOm{déX²Y cT>Ê`mMoAmdmhZ Ho$co. hm g§Kf© 1649 AIoa gwê$ am{hcm. nmc©_|Q>À`m g¡Ý`mZo Am°crìha H«$m°_odocÀ`m _XVrZoamOmMm nam^d Ho$cm. n{hë`m Mmc©g²cm nH$Sy>Z 1649 gmcr \$mgmda MT>{dÊ`mV Amco. XoemVyZamOoemhr Am{U hmD$g Am°\$ cm°S>©g² ZîQ> H$aÊ`mV Amco Am{U B§½c§S>cm àOmgÎmmH$ Kmo{fV H$aÊ`mVAmco.

Am°crìha H«$m°_docZo àOmgÎmmH$ B§½c§S>Mr gd© gyÌo Amnë`m hmVr KoVcr. amÁ`H$ma^mamMrg§{hVm R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r 1653 gmcr "B§ñQ>_|Q> Am°\$ JìhZ©_|Q>' (Instrument of Government) ApñVÎdmVAmco. hr AmYw{ZH$ OJmVrc n{hcr {c{IV amÁ`KQ>Zm åhQ>co Va dmdJo hmoUma Zmhr. H«$m°_docZoXoIrcnwÝhm nmc©_|Q>cm S>mdcÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. Ë`mZo Amnë`m _wcmcm Amncm dmagXma åhUyZ {Z wŠVHo$co. na§Vw nmc©_|Q>Zo Ë`mM nXmdê$Z Xÿa Ho$co. 1660 _Ü o hmD$g Am°\$ H$m°_ÝgZo nwÝhm "amOnX'Am{U "hmD$g Am°\$ cm°S>©g²Mr' nwZñWm©nZm Ho$cr.

B.g. 1660 Vo 1685 `m H$mimV ñQw>AQ>© KamÊ`mVrc Xþgam Mmc©g² amOJmXrda ~gcm. Ë`mZonmc©_|Q>À`m hŠH$m§Mm AmXa H$aÊ`mMo AmídmgZ {Xco. Ë`mZ§Va 1685 gmcr Xþgam Ooåg amOnXmda~gcm, Ë`mZo nmc©_|Q>Mo A{YH$ma ZmH$maÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. Ë`m_wio nmc©_|Q>Zo Ë`mcm H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>rà`ËZ gwê$ Ho$co. hm°c§S>_Yrc Am°a|O g§ñWmZmMm à_wI "{dë`_ Am°\$ Am°a|O' (William of Orange)

`mcm nmc©_|Q>À`m ZoË`m§Zr nmMmaU Ho$co. Ë`mZwgma Vmo Amnco g¡Ý` KodyZ B§½c§S>cm Amcm. Vmo B§½c§S>À`my_rda nm` R>odVmM Xþgam Ooåg \«$mÝgcm niyZ Jocm. H$moUVmhr aŠVnmV Pmcm Zmhr, na§Vw B§½c§S>À`m

B{VhmgmV EH$ _hmZ ~Xc Pmcm. `m KQ>Zocm "aŠV{dhrZ H«$m§Vr' (Bloodless Revolution) qH$dm"d¡ demcr H«$m§Vr' (Glorous Revolution) Ago åhQ>co OmVo. `m H«$m§VrZo B§½c§S>_Yrc A{Z §{ÌVamOgÎmoMm eodQ> Ho$cm Am{U nmc©_|Q>À`m gd©loîR>Îdmcm _mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mV Amcr. 1688 À`m H«$m§VrnmgyZnmc©_|Q>Mo loîR>Ëd H$m`_ñdê$nr ahmdo åhUyZ H$mhr _hÎdmMo H$m`Xo g§_V H$aÊ`mV Amco.

❂ gmd©^m¡_ g§gX :-

Am°ŠQ>mo~a 1689 _Ü o B§½c§S>À`m nmc©_|Q>Zo "{~c Am°\$ amB©Q>g²' hm H$m`Xm g§_V Ho$cm. `mH$m`ÚmZo {~«{Q>e emgZmMr nm`m yV VÎdo {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Amcr. amOmZo nmc©_|Q>À`m _§Oyar{edm`H$m`Xm H$ê$ Z o, nmc©_|Q>À`m _§Owar{dZm H$a cmXÿ Z o, AWdm H$moUË`mhr ñdê$nmV OZVoH$Sy>Z n¡gmdgyc H$ê$ Z o, nmc©_|Q>Mo A{YdoeZ {Z`{_VnUo ^a{dÊ`mV `mdo, nmc©_|Q>À`m gXñ`m§Zm g§nyU© ^mfUñdmV§Í` d MMm© H$aÊ`mMo ñdmV§Í` Agmdo BË`mXr _hÎdnyU© VÎdm§Mm g_mdoe "~rc Am°\$ amB©Q>g²'_Ü o

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H$aÊ`mV Amcm. n[aUm_V: 18 ì`m eVH$mV B§½c§S>_Yrc nmc©_|Q> EH$ A{YH$mag§nÞ g§ñWm åhUyZ{dH${gV Pmcr. na§Vw nmc©_|Q>_Ü o gm_mÝ` OZVoÀ`m à{V{ZYtZm ñWmZ ZìhVo. Ë`m_wio 1832, 1884,1918 Am{U 1948 À`m gwYmaUm H$m`Úm§_wio B§½c§S>À`m nmc©_|Q>_Ü o eoVH$ar, eoV_Oya, H$m_Jma,ñÌr`m `m§Zm Q>ßß`mQ>ßß`mZo à{V{ZYrËd XoÊ`mV Amco. Ë`mZwgma amÁ`H$ma^mamV gm_mÝ` OZVm gh^mJrhmoV Jocr. Iè`m AWm©Zo 19 ì`m Am{U 20 ì`m eVH$mV hmD$g Am°\$ H$m°_ÝgMo A{YH$ma dmT>V Joco.1918 À`m H$m`ÚmZo 30 dfm©darc gd© pñÌ`m§Zm _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Amcm. 1928 À`mH$m`ÚmZo 21 dfm©darc gd© ñÌr nwéfm§Zm _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Amcm. 1948 À`m H$m`ÚmZwgma"EH$ ì`ŠVr EH$ _V' ho VÎd A§_cmV Amco. 1911 À`m nmc©_|Q> A°ŠQ>Zwgma YZ{dYo H$ _§OyaH$aÊ`m~m~V hmD$g Am°\$ H$m°_Ýgcm nyU© A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Amco. Ë`m_wio hmD$g Am°\$ cm°S>©gcmH$moUVohr YZ{dYo H$ Zm_§Oya H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma am{hcm Zmhr. BVa {dYo H$m§À`m ~m~VrV XoIrcH$m°_Ýg g^mJ¥hmcm loîR> R>a{dÊ`mV Amco. Ho$di EImXo {dYo H$ OmñVrV OmñV 2 df} àc§{~VR>odÊ`mMm A{YH$ma cm°S>©g g^mJ¥hmcm Amho. 1949 À`m H$m`ÚmÝd o hmD$g Am°\$ H$m°_ÝgMo {Z{d©dmXgmd© m¡_Ëd _mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Amco. Ë`m_wio AmO amoOr B§½c§S>À`m nmc©_|Q>Mo gmd© m¡_Ëd åhUo Iè`mAWm©Zo H$m°_Ýg g^mJ¥hmMo gmd© m¡_Ëd hmo .

AemàH$mao B.g. 10 ì`m eVH$mnmgyZ 20 ì`m eVH$mn ªV KS>coë`m {d{dY amOH$s`KS>m_moS>rVyZ B§½c§S>_Yrc g§gXr` ì`dñWoMm CJ_ Am{U {dH$mg Pmcm Amho.

ñd §-AÜ``Z àíZ-1

❏ EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {chm.

1. H$moUË`m Xoemcm g§gXr` cmoH$emhrMr OZZr Ago åhUVmV?

2. H$moUË`m gmcr _°½Zm H$mQ>m© Kmo{fV H$aÊ`mV Amcm?

3. amOm n{hcm Ooåg `m§Zr H$moUVo nwñVH$ {c{hco?

4. B§½c§S>_Yrc H$moUË`m amOmZo "amOmÀ`m X¡dr A{YH$mamMo' g_W©Z Ho$co?

5. aŠV{da{hV H«$m§Vr Ho$ìhm Pmcr? V|ìhm B§½c§S>Mm amOm H$moU hmoVm?

6. "{~c Am°\$ amB©Q>g²' Ho$ìhm _§Oya Pmco?

7. B§½c§S>_Ü o H$moUË`m gmcr gd©àW_ pñÌ`m§Zm _Vm{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Amcm?

8. "B§ñQ¯>_|Q> Am°\$ JìhZ©_|Q>' Ho$ìhm ApñVËdmV Amco?

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1.2.2 ^maVm_Yrc g§gXr` ì`dñWoMm CJ_ Am{U {dH$mg

❂ nmíd©^y_r :-

17 ì`m eVH$mV B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrZo ^maVm_Ü o ì`mnmamÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo Amncm {dñVmadmT>{dcm. B.g. 1757 _Yrc ßcmgrÀ`m cT>mB©Zo ^maVmV {~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ`mMm nm`m amodcm Jocm.^maVr` àemgZ gwairV Mmcmdo, `mgmR>r 1773 gmcr {~«{Q>e nmc©_|Q>Zo "ao½ wcoqQ>J A°ŠQ>' g§_V Ho$cm.Ë`mZ§Va H$mcmZwê$n {d{dY H$m`Xo g§_V Ho$co Joco Am{U 1857 AIoa ^maVmda {~«{Q>em§Zr AmncmEH$N>Ìr A§_c àñWm{nV Ho$cm.

B.g. 1784 À`m {nQ>g B§{S>`m A°ŠQ>Zwgma B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrÀ`m amOH$s` Am{U àemgH$s`~m~tda {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mMo ì`mnH$ A{YH$ma {~«{Q>e gaH$macm àmßV Pmco. dm°aZ hoñQ>tJ (1772)nmgyZ cm°S>© S>chm¡gr (1857) n ªV gd© JìhZ©a OZacZr {~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ`mMm nm`m {dñVmaÊ`mMmà`ËZ Ho$cm. Ë`m_wio ^maVr`m§À`m _ZmV {~«{Q>e gÎmo{déX²Y Ag§Vmof {Z_m©U Pmcm. `mMm n[aUm_åhUOo 1857 _Yrc {enm`m§Mo ~§S>. 1857 Mo ~§S> {~«{Q>em§Zr _moSy>Z H$mT>co. `m KQ>Zo_wio ^maVmÀ`mñdmV§Í` Midircm EH$ ZdrZ àoaUm {_imcr. ^maVr` cmoH$m§À`m _ZmV {~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ`m{déX²YAg§Vmof hmoVm. ^maVmda XrK©H$mi amÁ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r d ^maVr`m§Mm Ag§Vmof H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r^maVr`m§Zm H$mhrVar {Xco nm{hOo `mMr {~«{Q>em§Zm OmUrd {Z_m©U Pmcr. Ë`m_wio Zmoìh|~a 1858 _Ü oB©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrH$S>rc gÎmm H$mTy>Z KoÊ`mV Amcr. ^maVmMr g§nyU© gÎmm {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo àË`jAmnë`m Vmã`mV KoVcr. _hmamUr pìhŠQ>mo[a`mcm ^maVmMr _hmamUr åhUyZ Kmo{fV Ho$co Joco. 1858nmgyZ 1947 AIoa ^maVmda {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo àË`j amÁ` Ho$co. `m H$mimV ^maVm_Ü o cmoH$emhrg§ñWm {dH${gV hmoÊ`m_Ü o B§½c§S>À`m nmc©_|Q>Zo AZoH$ H$m`Xo g§_V Ho$co.

^maVm_Ü o g§gXr` cmoH$emhr {dH${gV hmoÊ`mg H$maUr yV H$mhr _hÎdmMo H$m`Xo nwT>rc à_mUo.

1. MmQ>©a A°ŠQ>

1833 Am{U 1853 gmcr V`ma H$aÊ`mV Amcoco MmQ>©a A°ŠQ> ^maVm_Yrc g§gXoMm CJ_Xe©{dVmV. B.g. 1833 À`m MmQ>©a A°ŠQ> Zwgma gd©àW_ ^maVmVrc gd© {~«{Q>e àm§VmgmR>r EH$_Ü`dVu {d{Y_§S>i (Imperial Legislative Council) ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amco. `mg JìhZ©a OZacMo{d{Y_§S>i (Governor General's Legislative Council) Agohr åhQ>co OmV hmoVo. `mV Ho$di MmaMgXñ` hmoVo. `mMr ì`mßVr Am{U A{YH$ma IynM _`m©{XV hmoVo. {d{Y_§S>i Am{U H$m ©H$mar _§S>i`m§À`mV ñnîQ> \$aH$ Ho$cm Jocm ZìhVm. gwYm[aV 1853 À`m MmQ>©a A°ŠQ>Zwgma _Ü`dVu {d{Y_§S>imMmAmH$ma dmT>{dÊ`mV Amcm. `m gwYm[aV H$m`ÚmZwgma {d{Y_§S>imMr gXñ`g§»`m 12 H$aÊ`mV Amcr.

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{d{Y_§S>i Am{U H$m ©H$mar _§S>i `m§À`m ñdV§Ì ~¡R>H$m KoÊ`mg gwédmV Pmcr. àË`jmV _mÌ gd©A{YH$ma JìhZ©a OZaccm hmoVo. `m XmoZ H$m`Úm§_wio ^maVmÀ`m g§gXoÀ`m ñWmnZoÀ`m AZwf§JmZo_hÎdmMo H$m_ Ho$co.

2. B§{S>`Z H$m¡pÝgc A°ŠQ>, 1861

`m H$m`ÚmZwgma Iè`m AWm©Zo amîQ´>r` Am{U àm§{VH$ nmVirda H$m`Xo V`ma H$aUmar §ÌUm^maVmV {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Pmcm. `mg 'Legislative Council' qH$dm 'Governor General's

Legislative Council' `m ZmdmZo AmoiIco Joco. `mgmR>r AmnU _amR>rV "{d{Y_§S>i' hm eãX dmnacmAmho. `m H$m`ÚmZwgma JìhZ©a OZacÀ`m {d{Y_§S>imV 5 gXñ` hmoVo. `m{edm` JìhZ©a OZac{d{Y_§S>imda {H$_mZ 6 Am{U H$_mc 12 gXñ` {Z wŠV H$ê$ eH$V hmoVm. `mn¡H$s {Zå_o gXñ` hoJ¡a gaH$mar (Non-Official) AgmdoV Ago ~§YZ hmoVo. Ë`m_wio ^maVr`m§Zm {d{Y_§S>imV ñWmZ{_iÊ`mMr g§Yr àmßV Pmcr. JìhZ©a OZac {d{Y_§S>imÀ`m _§Oyar{edm` H$m`Xm H$ê$ eH$V ZìhVm.Ë`mÀ`m H$m`Xo{Z{_©VrÀ`m A_`m©X A{YH$mam§da _`m©Xm KmcÊ`mV Amë`m hmoË`m. VWm{n, àË`jì`dhmamV {d{Y_§S>imMo ~hþg§»` gXñ` JìhZ©a OZacH$Sy>Z {Z wŠV Agë`mZo Ë`mMo {d{Y_§S>imda{Z §ÌU hmoVo. Ë`m_wio _wŠV nX²YVrZo `m {d{Y_§S>imcm Amnë`m A{YH$mam§Mm dmna H$aVm oV ZìhVm.

3. B§{S>`Z H$m¡pÝgëg A°ŠQ>, 1892

hm H$m`Xm åhUOo 1861 À`m H$m`Úm_Yrc gwYmaUm hmoVm. Xaå`mZÀ`m H$mimV 1885 gmcr^maVr` amîQ´>r` H$m±J«ogMr ñWmnZm Pmcr hmoVr. ^maVr` amîQ´>r` H$m±J«ogZo {d{Y_§S>imVrc à{V{ZYrËdmgmR>r{~«Q>re gaH$maH$S>o AmJ«hr y{_H$m KoVcr hmoVr. Ë`m_wio {~«{Q>e gaH$macm 1892 À`m H$m`Úm_Ü o{d{Y_§S>imMm AmH$ma dmT>dmdm cmJcm. Ë`mZwgma {d{Y_§S>imV {H$_mZ 10 Am{U H$_mc 16 gXñ`AgmdoV Aer VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Amcr. Ë`m§Mr {Z wŠVr JìhZ©a OZacH$Sy>Z Ho$cr OmB©c Aer VaVyXhmoVr. `m{edm` BVa 5 gXñ` hmoVo. Ë`mn¡H$s 1 gXñ` H$cH$Îmm M|~a Am°\$ H$m°_g© `m§À`m{e\$maerZwgma Am{U Cd©[aV 4 gXñ` àm§{VH$ {d{Y_§S>imÀ`m {e\$maerZwgma JìhZ©a OZac_m\©$V{Z wŠV Ho$co OmV hmoVo. `m H$m`ÚmZo {d{Y_§S>imVrc gXñ`m§Zm MMm© H$aÊ`mMm Am{U àíZ {dMmaÊ`mMmA{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Amcm. AemàH$mao 1861 _Yrc H$m`Úmnojm gwYm[aV ñdê$nmMo H$m`Xo_§S>i {Z_m©UH$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Pmcm.

4. B§{S>`Z H$m¡pÝgëg A°ŠQ>, 1909

H$m±J«og njmÀ`m AmJ«hr y{_Ho$_wio hm H$m`Xm g§_V H$aÊ`mV Amcm. {d{Y_§S>imVrc ^maVr`m§À`mà{V{ZYrËdmV dmT> H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo VËH$mcrZ ^maV_§Ìr cm°S>© _moc} Am{U ìhmB©gam° q_Q>mo `m§Zr `m

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H$m`ÚmMm gwYm[aV _gwXm V`ma Ho$cm. åhUyZ `mcm _moc}-q_Q>mo gwYmaUm H$m`Xm-1909 Ago XoIrcåhQ>co OmVo.

`m H$m`ÚmZwgma H|$Ðr` {d{Y_§S>imMr (Indian Legislative Council) gXñ` g§»`m 16 dê$Z60 H$aÊ`mV Amcr. àm§{VH$ {d{Y_§S>imÀ`m gXñ`m§Mr g§»`m XþßnQ> H$aÊ`mV Amcr. {d{Y_§S>imV{Zdm©MrZ Am{U {Z wŠV gXñ` `m§Zm ñWmZ XoÊ`mV Amco. {d{Y_§S>imVrc gXñ`m§Zm A§XmOnÌH$ d BVa_hÎdmÀ`m {df`m§da R>amd _m§S>Ê`mMo A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Amco. `mda _V{d^mOZ KoÊ`mMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mVAmcr. {d{Y_§S>i gXñ`m§Zm {d{Y_§S>imÀ`m R>amdmÛmao H$m ©H$mar à_wImcm (JìhZ©a OZaccm) {e\$magH$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Amcm. na§Vw `m {e\$maer ñdrH$maÊ`mMo ~§YZ Ë`mcm ZìhVo. AÜ`jm§À`mAZw_VrZo àíZ qH$dm nwadUr àíZ {dMmaÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {d{Y_§S>i gXñ`m§Zm XoÊ`mV Amcm. `mMH$m`ÚmZo _wpñc_ O_rZXma Am{U M|~a Am°\$ H$m°_g© `m§Mo à{V{ZYr {d{Y_§S>imMo gXñ` hmoVrc `mMrì`dñWm Ho$cr. _wpñc_ g_wXm`mgmR>r XoÊ`mV Amcoë`m à{V{ZYrËdm_wio nwT>o qhXÿ _wpñc_ `m§À`mV g§Kf©gwê$ Pmcm.

AemàH$mao ^maVmÀ`m g§gXr` {dH$mgmÀ`m Q>ßß`m_Ü o 1909 Mm H$m`Xm _hÎdnyU© R>aVmo.

5. JìhZ©_|Q> Am°\$ B§{S>`m A°ŠQ>, 1919

1909 À`m H$m`Úm_Yrc C{Udm H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1919 À`m gwYm[aV H$m`Xm V`ma H$aÊ`mVAmcm. `m H$m`ÚmMm _gwXm VmËH$mcrZ ^maV_§Ìr _m±Q>o½ y Am{U ìhmB©gam° Moåg\$moS>© `m§Zr V`ma Ho$cm.Ë`m_wio `mcm _m±Q>o½ y-Moåg\$moS>© gwYmaUm H$m`Xm Ago åhUVmV. `m H$m`ÚmZo {ÛJ¥hmË_H$ H$m`Xo_§S>i{Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr VaVyX Ho$cr. Ë`mZwgma amÁ`g^m (Council of States) Am{U H|$Ðr` {dYmZg^m(Central Legislative Assembly) Aer XmoZ g^mJ¥h AgUmao H|$Ðr` {d{Y_§S>i ApñVËdmV Amco.

`m H$m`ÚmZwgma amÁ`g oMr EHy$U gXñ` g§»`m 60 {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Amcr. `mVrc 34{Zdm©MrV Am{U Cd©[aV {Z wŠV Ho$coco gXñ` hmoVo. {Z wŠV H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m 26 gXñ`mn¡H$s 20emgH$s` gXñ` Am{U 6 J¡aemgH$s` gXñ` hmoVo. H|$Ðr` {dYmZg oMr EHy$U gXñ` g§»`m 144{ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Amcr. `mn¡H$s 104 {Zdm©MrV gXñ` hmVoo. Cd©[aV gXñ`m§Zm {Z wŠV Ho$co OmV hmoVo.{Z wŠV H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m 40 gXñ`m§n¡H$s 26 emgH$s` gXñ` Am{U Cd©[aV J¡aemgH$s` gXñ` hmoVo.`m H$m`ÚmZwgma 1921 gmcr n{hco {d{Y_§S>i ApñVËdmV Amco. {g_rV _Vm{YH$ma (Restricted

Frenchise) nX²YVrZo. `m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmMo gXñ` {ZdS>Ê`mV Amco. g§nÎmr YmaU H$aUmao, H$a ^aUmaoAm{U {ejUmMr AQ> nyU© H$aUmao ZmJ[aH$ _VXmZmgmR>r nmÌ R>a{dÊ`mV Amco. Ë`m_wio AË §V Aëng_wXm`mcm _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma àmßV Pmcm. amÁ`g^m ñWm`r g^mJ¥h hmoVo. amÁ`g oMm H$m ©H$mc 3df} Am{U {dYmZg oMm H$m ©H$mc 5 df} R>odÊ`mV Amcm. amÁ`g oMo 1/3 gXñ` Xa 3 dfm©Zo {Zd¥Îm

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hmoV Joco. XmoÝhr g^mJ¥h _wXVnyd© {dg{O©V H$aÊ`mMm AWdm `m g^mJ¥hm§Mm H$m ©H$mc dmT>{dÊ`mMmA{YH$ma JìhZ©a OZaccm hmoVm.

`m H$m`ÚmZo XoemV cmoH${Z wŠV H$m`Xo_§S>i {Z_m©U Ho$ë`mMm ^mg {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amcm.H$maU `m H$m`Xo_§S>imcm Ho$di MMm© H$aÊ`mMm Am{U {e\$mag H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Amcm.JìhZ©a OZac hm H$m`Xo_§S>imcm O~m~Xma ZìhVm. Ë`m_wio `m H$m`Xo_§S>imcm H$m`Xo {Z_m©U H$aUmao"Agmd© m¡_ H$m`Xo_§S>i' Ago åhQ>co Joco. Ë`m_wio 1921 À`m {ZdS>UyH$sda H$m±J«og njmZo ~{hîH$maQ>mH$cm. H$m±J«og njmVrc gwa|ÐZmW ~°ZOu `m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImcrc \w$Q>ra JQ> `m {ZdS>UyH$sV {ZdSy>ZAmcm. 1923 gmcr Xoe~§Yy gr.Ama.Xmg Am{U _moVrcmc Zohê$ `m§Zr ñdamÁ` njmMr ñWmnZm Ho$cr.`m njmZo 1923 À`m {ZdS>UyH$sV Mm§Jco `e àmßV Ho$co. AZoH$ àg§Jm_Ü o {d{Y_§S>imVrc^maVr`m§À`m {damoYmVrc R>amd Zm_§Oya H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ ñdamÁ` njmZo Ho$co.

1926 À`m {ZdS>UyH$sV ñdamÁ` njmcm `e g§nmXZ H$aVm Amco Zmhr. Xaå`mZÀ`m H$mimV"gmd© m¡_ H$m`Xo_§S>i' Am{U "O~m~Xma emgZ nX²YVr' `mgmR>r H$m±J«ogMr _mJUr MmcyM hmoVr. `mMH$mimV _. Jm§YtÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr ñdmV§Í`mgmR>r cmoH$Midi gwê$ hmoVr. ^maVr`m§À`m _mJÊ`m§Mm{dMma H$aÊ`mgmR>r ga Om°Z gm`_Z `m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr "gm`_Z H${_eZ'Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr.`mda H$m±J«oggh BVa njm§Zr ~{hîH$ma Q>mH$cm. 1929 _Yrc H$m±J«ogÀ`m cmhmoa A{YdoeZmV n§.Zohê$`m§Zr g§nyU© ñdamÁ`mMr _mJUr Ho$cr. `m nmíd© y_r_Ü o ^maVr`m§Mm Ag§Vmof H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1935Mm H$m`Xm g§_V H$aÊ`mV Amcm.

6. JìhZ©_|Q> Am°\$ B§{S>`m A°ŠQ>, 1935

1935 À`m H$m`ÚmZo ^maVmgmR>r g§KamÁ` àmê$nmMr VaVyX Ho$cr. JìhZ©a OZac, _§{Ì_§S>iAm{U H$m`Xo_§S>i `m§À`m A{YH$mamMm Vnerc `m H$m`Úm_Ü o XoÊ`mV Amcm. B§½c§S>À`m amOmMmà{V{ZYr åhUyZ JìhZ©a OZac `mg gd© H$m ©H$mar A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Amco. H|$Ðr` {d{Y_§S>imV(Central Legislative Council) amÁ`g^m ho H${ZîR> g^mJ¥h ho d[aîR> g^mJ¥h (Council of State)

Am{U {dYmZg^m (Legislative Assembly) `m XmoZ g^mJ¥hm§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Amcm. `m§g "g§Kr`{d{Y_§S>i' (Federal Legislature) Ago XoIrc åhQ>co OmV hmoVo. JìhZ©a OZac hm {d{Y_§S>imMmA{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ hmoVm.

amÁ`g oVrc 156 à{V{ZYr {~«{Q>e àm§VmVyZ Am{U 104 à{V{ZYr g§ñWm{ZH$m§À`mH$Sy>Z{ZdS>Ê`mMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Amcr. Ë`mMà_mUo H|$Ðr` {dYmZg oVrc 250 à{V{ZYr {~«{Q>e àm§Vm_YyZAm{U 125 à{V{ZYr g§ñWm{ZH$m§À`mH$Sy>Z {ZdS>Ê`mMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Amcr. amÁ`g oVrc 1/3gXñ` Xa VrZ dfm©Zo {Zd¥Îm hmoV Ë`m_wio ho ñWm`r g^mJ¥h hmoVo. H|$Ðr` {dYmZg oMm H$m ©H$mc nmM

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df} hmoVm. VËnydu {dYmZg^m ~aImñV H$aÊ`mMm {deofm{YH$ma JìhZ©a OZaccm XoÊ`mV Amcm hmoVm.{dYmZg oÀ`m gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS> àm§{VH$ {d{Y_§S>imVrc gXñ`m§H$Sy>Z Ho$cr OmV hmoVr. amÁ`g oÀ`mgXñ`m§Mr {ZdS> àm§{VH$ _VXmag§KmVyZ Ho$cr OmV hmoVr.

XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§Zm Amncm g^mnVr Am{U Cng^mnVr {ZdS>Ê`mMm A{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Amcm hmoVm.XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§Zr _§Oya Ho$coë`m àË oH$ {dYo H$mcm JìhZ©a OZacMr _§Oya ~§YZH$maH$ hmoVr.Amdí`H$Vm dmQ>ë`mg JìhZ©a OZac EImXo {dYo H$ amOmÀ`m g§_VrgmR>r amIrd R>ody eH$V hmoVm.XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmV _V oX {Z_m©U Pmë`mg g§ wŠV ~¡R>H$ KoVcr OmV hmoVr. XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§Zm OdiOdig_mZ A{YH$ma hmoVo. g§ñWm{ZH$m§Zr {damoY Ho$ë`m_wio `m H$m`Úmà_mUo g§KamÁ` àË`jmV ody eH$coZmhr. VgoM H$m`Xo_§S>imcm O~m~Xma _§Ìr_§S>imMr ì`dñWmXoIrc àË`jmV Amcr Zmhr.

7. gmd© m¡_ g§gX :-

1935 À`m H$m`Úmcm H$m±J«og njmZo {damoY Xe©{dcm. H$m±J«og njmÀ`m _Vo, 1935 Mm H$m`XmåhUOo {~«{Q>em§Zr ^maVr`m§da cmXcocr amÁ`KQ>Zm Amho. 1935 À`m H$m`ÚmZwgma 1945 gmcr n{hcoH$m`Xo_§S>i ApñVËdmV Amco. `m H$m`Xo_§S>imV H$m±J«og ~hþ_V àmßV nj hmoVm. JìhZ©a OZacÀ`mA{YH$mamda H$mhr _`m©Xm KmVë`m_wio `m H$m`Xo_§S>imcm WmoS>o A{YH$ma àmßV Pmco hmoVo. na§Vw hogmd© m¡_ H$m`Xo_§S>i ZìhVo. 15 Am°JñQ> 1947 nmgyZ ho H$m`Xo_§S>i gmd© m¡_ Pmco. ZdrZamÁ`KQ>ZoZwgma H$m`Xo_§S>i ApñVËdmV oB©n ªV ho h§Jm_r H$m`Xo_§S>i åhUyZ H$m_ H$aV hmoVo. ñdV§Ì^maVmÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoZwgma 1951-52 gmcr n{hcr gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UyH$ KoÊ`mV Amcr. 1952 gmcrgmd©{ÌH$ àm¡T> _VXmZ nX²YVrMm Adc§~ H$ê$Z XoemMo n{hco H$m`Xo_§S>i ApñVÎdmV Amco. `mH$m`Xo_§S>imcm "g§gX' AWm©V "nmc©_|Q>' `m ZmdmZo AmoiIco Omdy cmJco. g§gXoÀ`m d[aîR> g^mJ¥hmcm"amÁ`g^m' (Council of State) Am{U H${ZîR> g^mJ¥hmcm "cmoH$g^m' (House of People) AgoZm_H$aU H$aÊ`mV Amco. KQ>H$ amÁ`mVrc H$m`Xo_§S>imcm "amÁ` {d{Y_§S>i' (State Legislature) hmeãXà`moJ ê$T> Pmcm. amÁ` {d{Y_§S>imÀ`m H${ZîR> g^mJ¥hmcm "{dYmZg^m' (Legislative Assembly)

Am{U d[aîR> g^mJ¥hmcm "{dYmZ n[afX' (Legislative Council) Ago Zm_H$aU H$aÊ`mV Amco.Ë`m_wio {~«{Q>em§À`m H$mimV H$m`Xo_§S>imgmR>r àM{cV AgUmao eãX Am{U gÜ`m àM{cV AgUmaoeãX `mV A§Va {XgyZ oVo.

^maVmÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoZwgma ñdV§Ì ^maVmMr g§gX gmd© m¡_ Amho. amîQ´>nVr, cmoH$g^m Am{UamÁ`g^m `m§Zm {_iyZ g§gX ApñVËdmV oVo. amîQ´>nVr hm H$moUË`mhr g^mJ¥hmMm gXñ` Zmhr, na§Vw Vmog§gXoMm A{d^mÁ` ^mJ Amho. n§VàYmZ Am{U _§{Ì_§S>i g§gXocm O~m~Xma AmhoV. cmoH$g oMm{dídmg Agon ªV n§VàYmZ Am{U _§{Ì_§S>i gÎmoda amhÿ eH$VmV. {d{dY g§gXr` _mJm©Zo n§VàYmZ

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Am{U _§{Ì_§S>i `m§À`mda {Z §ÌU R>odco OmVo, `mMm g{dñVa Aä`mg AmnU Mm¡Ï`m KQ>H$mV H$aUmaAmhmoV.


❏ [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX ^am.

1. 1773 gmcr {~«{Q>e nmc©_|Q>Zo ^maVmgmR>r ................ g§_V Ho$cm.

2. ............... gmcr {~«{Q>e gaH$maZo B©ñQ> B§{S>`m H§$nZrMr gÎmm g§nwîQ>mV AmUcr.

3. ............... gmcr _moc}-q_Q>mo gwYmaUm H$m`Xm g§_V H$aÊ`mV Amcm.

4. .............. H$m`ÚmZwgma ^maVmV gd©àW_ {ÛJ¥hr H$m`Xo_§S>imMr nX²YV ñdrH$maÊ`mVAmcr.

5. ............ ho g§gXoMo g^mJ¥h OZVoMo à{V{ZYrËd H$aVo.

6. cmoH$g^m, amÁ`g^m Am{U ................. ho ^maVmÀ`m g§gXoMo A{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ AmhoV.

1.2.3 {ÛJ¥hr H$m`Xo_§S>imMm CJ_ Am{U ñdê$n

❂ AW© Am{U ñdê$n :-

H$m`Xo_§S>imMr {H$Vr g^mJ¥ho AgmdrV? hm EH$ dmXJ«ñV àíZ Amho. `m~m~V XmoZ _VàdmhAmhoV. n{hcm _Vàdmh "EH$J¥hr' H$m`Xo_§S>imMm Amho. Xþgam _Vàdmh "{ÛJ¥hr' H$m`Xo_§S>imMm Amho.Ho$di EH$M g^mJ¥h AgUmè`m H$m`Xo_§S>imcm EH$J¥hr H$m`Xo_§S>i (Unicameral Legislature) AgoåhUVmV. ho g^mJ¥h åhUOo H${ZîR> g^mJ¥h hmo . `mCcQ> XmoZ g^mJ¥h AgUmè`m H$m`Xo_§S>imcm"{ÛJ¥hr H$m`Xo_§S>i' (Bicameral Legilsature) Ago åhUVmV. `mV EH$ H${ZîR> g^mJ¥h AgVo Am{UXþgao d[aîR> g^mJ¥h AgVo. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV {ÛJ¥hr H$m`Xo_§S>imMr g§H$ënZm OmñV _mÝ`VmàmßVAmho. B§½c§S>, \«$mÝg, A_o[aH$m (USA), H°$ZS>m, pñdËPcªS>, Am°ñQ´>o{c`m B. àJV cmoH$emhr Xoem_Ü o{ÛJ¥hr H$m`Xo_§S>i ApñVËdmV Amho. ^maVmgh Am{\«$H$m Am{U Am{e`m I§S>mVrc AZoH$ Xoem§Zr {ÛJ¥hrH$m`Xo_§S>i ApñVËdmV Amho. ^maVmgh Am{\«$H$m Am{U Am{e`m I§S>mVrc AZoH$ Xoem§Zr {ÛJ¥hmË_H$H$m`Xo_§S>imMr ì`dñWm ñdrH$macr Amho.

{ÛJ¥hmË_H$ H$m`Xo_§S>i AgUmè`m Xoem_Ü o XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§Mm CÔoe, aMZm, H$m ©H$mc, A{YH$ma`m§À`mV \$aH$ {XgyZ oVmo. àË oH$ XoemV {ÛJ¥hmË_H$ H$m`Xo_§S>i {Z_m©U hmoÊ`m_mJrc g§X © doJdoJio

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AmhoV. {ÛJ¥hmË_H$ H$m`Xo_§S>imMm CJ_ H$gm Pmcm `mgmR>r XmoZ g§X © Aä`mgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.B§½c§S> Am{U A_o[aH$m (USA) `m àJV cmoH$emhr Xoem_Ü o H$m`Xo_§S>imMr XmoZ g^mJ¥h XmoZ doJiçmg§X^m©V {Z_m©U Pmcr AmhoV.

❒ B§½c§S> :-

B§½c§S>_Yrc {ÛJ¥hmË_H$ H$m`Xo_§S>imMm {dH$mg CËH«$m§V nX²YVrZo Pmcm Amho, `mMm AmnUAä`mg Ho$cmM Amho. B§½c§S>_Ü o AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrc nmc©_|Q>Mr gwédmV 13ì`m eVH$mnmgyZ Pmcr.amOm n{hcm ES>dS>© `mZo 1295 gmcr n{hco _m°S>oc nmc©_|Q> Am`mo{OV Ho$co. `m_Ü o {d{dY dJm©À`mà{V{ZYtZm {Z_§{ÌV H$aÊ`mV Amco ho EH$J¥hr nmc©_|Q> hmoVo. H$mcm§VamZo nX Am{U à{VîR>oÀ`mH$maUmdê$Z Y_©Jwê$ amOKamÊ`mVrc cmoH$ ga§Om_Xma BË`mXtZr gm_mÝ` cmoH$m§À`m à{V{ZYrgmo~Vnmc©_|Q>_Ü o EH$Ì ~gÊ`mg haH$V KoVcr. Ë`m_wio gm_mÝ` OZVoMo à{V{ZYr Am{U H${ZîR> ZmB©Q>g² hodoJiçm g^mJ¥hmV ~gy cmJco. `mVyZM 14 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m _Ü`mg "hmD$g Am°\$ H$m°_Ýg' ho gm_mÝ`OZVoMo g^mJ¥h {Z_m©U Pmco. AemàH$mao 14 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoa B§½c§S>À`m nmc©_|Q>À`m XmoZg^mJ¥hm§Mm {dH$mg Pmcm. `mVrc "hmD$g Am°\$ H$m°_Ýg' ho H${ZîR> g^mJ¥h hmoVo Am{U "hmD$gAm°\$ cm°S>©g²' ho d[aîR> g^mJ¥h hmoVo. Ë`mMà_mUo "amOm' hm XoIrc nmc©_|Q>Mm EH$ A{d^mÁ` KQ>H$~Zcm.

àma§ rÀ`m H$mimV "hmD$g Am°\$ H$m°_Ýg' `m g^mJ¥hmcm _`m©{XV A{YH$ma hmoVo. cmoH$emhr_yë`m§À`m {dH$mgm~amo~a "hmD$g Am°\$ H$m°_Ýg' Mo A{YH$ma hiyhiy dmT>V Joco. 19ì`m Am{U 20ì`meVH$mV hmD$g Am°\$ H$m°_Ýgcm H$mhr {deofm{YH$ma XoÊ`mg§X^m©V H$m`Xo g§_V Pmco. Ë`m_wio gÜ`mOJmVrc gdm©V OmñV A{YH$mag§nÝZ H${ZîR> g^mJ¥h Aer H$m°_Ýg g^mJ¥hmMr AmoiI {Z_m©U PmcrAmho. `mCcQ> hmD$g Am°\$ cm°S>©Mo A{YH$ma Zm__mÌ {eëcH$ AmhoV. amOKamÊ`mVrc amOnwÌ,d§ena§namJV {nAg©, AmOrd {nAg©, ñH$m°Q>c§S> Am{U Am ©c§S>Mo à{V{ZYr, cm° cm°S>©g², Y_©Jwê$ `m§Mmg_mdoe hmD$g Am°\$ cm°S>©g²_Ü o hmoVmo. hr g§»`m gw_mao 1100 nojm OmñV Amho. gm_mÝ` OZVoZocmoH$emhr _mJm©Zo nmM dfmªgmR>r {ZdSy>Z {Xcoco à{V{ZYr "hmD$g Am°\$ H$m°_Ýg' `m g^mJ¥hmVAgVmV.

❒ A_o[aH$m :-

A_o[aHo$Mr amÁ`KQ>Zm {Z_m©U H$aVodoir VoWrc H$m`Xo_§S>im_Ü o (H$m±J«og_Ü o) H$moUË`m VÎdmZwgmaà{V{ZYrËd Úmdo `mdê$Z _V oX Pmco. ìh{O©Zr`mgma»`m _moR>çm amÁ`m§Zr cmoH$g§» oÀ`m à_mUmVH$m±J«og_Ü o à{V{ZYrËd {Xco Omdo, Aer _mJUr Ho$cr. `mCcQ> Ý y Ogugma»`m chmZ amÁ`m§Zrg_mZVoÀ`m VÎdmZwgma gd© amÁ`m§Zm EH$g_mZ à{V{ZYrËd {Xco Omdo Aer _mJUr Ho$cr. `màH$mao _moR>r

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amÁ o Am{U chmZ amÁ o `m§À`mVrc g§Kfm©VyZ _mJ© H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r H$m±J«ogMr XmoZ g^mJ¥ho {Z_m©U

H$aÊ`mV Amcr. EH$m g^mJ¥hmV amÁ`mÀ`m cmoH$g§» oÀ`m AmYmao à{V{ZYrËd XoÊ`mMo VÎd ñdrH$maco

Omdo Ago R>aco. `mMm _moR>çm amÁ`m§Zm \$m`Xm Pmcm. Xþgè`m g^mJ¥hmV g_mZVoÀ`m VÎdmZwgma àË oH$amÁ`mcm XmoZM à{V{ZYr {ZdSy>Z nmR>{dÊ`mMr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Amcr. `m VÎdmMm chmZ amÁ`m§Zm

\$m`Xm Pmcm. Aem[aVrZo 1789 À`m A_o[aH$Z amÁ`KQ>ZoZo "H$m±J«og' ho XmoZ g^mJ¥h AgUmao

H$m`Xo_§S>i {Z_m©U Ho$co. "à{V{ZYrJ¥h' (House of Representative) ho cmoH$g§» oÀ`m à_mUmV

OZVoMo à{V{ZYrËd H$aUmao H${ZîR> g^mJ¥h {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amco. KQ>H$ amÁ`m§Mo à{V{ZYrËd

H$aÊ`mgmR>r "{gZoQ>' (Senate) ho d[aîR> g^mJ¥h {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amco. `mVyZM nwT>o g§KamÁ`

ì`dñWm AgUmè`m Xoem_Ü o KQ>H$ amÁ`m§Mo à{V{ZYrËd H$aÊ`mgmR>r d[aîR> g^mJ¥h {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMrna§nam {dH${gV Pmcr. Ë`m_wio AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV gd© g§KamÁ`mV d[aîR> g^mJ¥h KQ>H$ amÁ`m§Mo

à{V{ZYrËd H$aVmV.

❒ ^maV :-

^maVm_Ü o n{hë`m§Xm 1919 À`m H$m`ÚmZwgma {ÛJ¥hmË_H$ H$m`Xo_§S>i {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amco.1950 À`m amÁ`KQ>ZoZo XoIrc {ÛJ¥hmË_H$ H$m`Xo_§S>imMm (g§gX qH$dm nmc©_|Q>Mm) ñdrH$ma H$aÊ`mV

Amcm. "cmoH$g^m' ho OZVoMo à{V{ZYrËd H$aUmao H${ZîR> g^mJ¥h Amho. "amÁ`g^m' ho KQ>H$ amÁ`m§Mo

à{V{ZYrËd H$aUmao d[aîR> g^mJ¥h Amho. na§Vw ^maVmV XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmVrc à{V{ZYrËd cmoH$g§» oÀ`m

à_mUmV XoÊ`mV Amco Amho.

darc _m{hVrdê$Z ho ñnîQ> hmoVo H$s, B§½c§S>, A_o[aH$m Am{U ^maV `m {VÝhr Xoem§_YrcH$m`Xo_§S>imMr XmoZ g^mJ¥h doJdoJiçm g§X^m©V {Z_m©U Pmcr AmhoV. gmYmaUV: d[aîR> g^mJ¥h ho

Á oîR> AZw dr cmoH$m§Mo g^mJ¥h åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVo. H${ZîR> g^mJ¥hmH$Sy>Z KmB©JS>~S>rV EImXo

{df`H$ _§Oya hmoV Agoc Va Ë`mcm à{V~§Y H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ d[aîR> g^mJ¥hmZo H$aUo Ano{jV Amho.

EImÚm XoemMo H$m`Xo_§S>i {ÛJ¥hr Agmdo AWdm Zmhr `m~m~V nañna XmoZ {déX²Y _Vàdmh

AmhoV. H$mhr Aä`mgH$m§Zr `mMo g_W©Z Ho$co Amho. Va H$mhr Aä`mgH$m§Zr `mMo I§S>U Ho$co Amho.ga hoÝar _oZ, _°{S>gZ, _°[aAm°Q>, cm°S>© ~«mBg BË`mXtZr {ÛJ¥hmË_H$ H$m`Xo_§S>imMo g_W©Z Ho$co Amho.

Ooa_r ~|W°_, hoam°ëS> cmñH$s Am{U ~|Om{_Z \«±$H$crZ `m§Zr {ÛJ¥hmË_H$ H$m`Xo_§S>imMo OmoaXma I§S>U

Ho$co Amho. g_W©Z H$aUmè`m§Mr `m ì`dñWoMo JwU gm§{JVco AmhoV, Va I§S>U H$aUmè`m§Zr Ë`mMo Xmof

XmI{dco AmhoV.

{ÛJ¥hmË_H$ H$m`Xo_§S>imMo JwU Am{U Xmof nwT>rcà_mUo :-

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>16

❀ JwU :-

1) H${ZîR> g^mJ¥hmÀ`m _Z_mZr H$ma^mamda {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mg darîR> g^mJ¥h Cn wŠV

R>aVo.

2) H${ZîR> g^mJ¥hmVrc ~hþ_V àmßV njmÀ`m EH$m{YH$maemhr d¥Îmrda {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r

d[aîR> g^mJ¥h Amdí`H$ AgVo.

3) g_mOmVrc {d{dY gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$, Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§Zm à{V{ZYrËd XoÊ`mgmR>r d[aîR>

g^mJ¥h Cn wŠV R>aVo.

4) {ÛJ¥hr H$m`Xo_§S>im_wio EH$mM g^mJ¥hmMr hþHy$_emhr àñWm{nV hmoÊ`mMm YmoH$m Q>miVm

oVmo.

5) g§KamÁ` ì`dñWo_Ü o KQ>H$ amÁ`mMo {hVg§~§Y OmonmgÊ`mgmR>r d[aîR> g^mJ¥h Amdí`H$

AgVo.

6) H${ZîR> g^mJ¥hmdarc H$m_mMm VmU H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r d[aîR> g^mJ¥hmMr _XV {_iVo,

Ë`m_wio d[aîR> g^mJ¥h Cn wŠV R>aVo.

7) gm{hË`, {ejU, H«$sS>m, {dkmZ Am{U V§ÌkmZ BË`mXr joÌmVrc VÁk _§S>itZm H$m`Xo_§S>imda

ñWmZ XoÊ`mgmR>r d[aîR> g^mJ¥h Cn wŠV R>aVo.

❀ Xmof :-

1) {ÛJ¥hr H$m`Xo_§S>im_wio H$m`Xo {Z{_©VrMr O~m~Xmar {d^mJcr OmVo.

2) d[aîR> g^mJ¥h {Z_m©U H$aUo ho cmoH$emhr{damoYr VÎd Amho.

3) H$m_mMr nwZamd¥Îmr hmoVo, Ë`m_wio H$m`Xm{Z{_©VrÀ`m à{H«$ ocm AZmdí`H$ {dc§~ hmoVmo.

4) {ÛJ¥hmË_H$ H$m`Xo_§S>im_wio AZoH$Xm XmoZ g^mJ¥hmVrc _V oXm_wio H$m`Xo{Z{_©VrÀ`m

à{H«$ oV g§Kf© {Z_m©U hmoVmo. EH$m g^mJ¥hmZo _§Oya Ho$coco {dYo H$ Xþgao g^mJ¥h Zm_§Oya

H$aVo.

5) ~|Om{_Z \«°$H${cZ `m§À`m _Vo, ""{ÛJ¥hr H$m`Xo_§S>i åhUOo Agm aW Á`mcm nañna {déX²Y

~mOycm XmoZ KmoS>o ~m§Yco AmhoV.''

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❏ [aH$må`m OmJm ^am.

1. XmoZ g^mJ¥h AgUmè`m H$m`Xo_§S>imcm .............. H$m`Xo_§S>i Ago åhUVmV.

2. ............ ho B§½c§S>_Yrc nmc©_|Q>Mo d[aîR> g^mJ¥h Amho.

3. A_o[aHo$Vrc .............. `m g^mJ¥hm_Ü o g_mZVoÀ`m VÎdmZwgma à{V{ZYrËd XoÊ`mVAmco Amho.

4. ^maVm_Ü o ............. ho KQ>H$amÁ`mMo à{V{ZYrËd H$aUmao g^mJ¥h Amho.

5. ga hoÝar _oZ Am{U cmS>© ~«mB©g `m§Zr H$m`Xo_§S>imMo g_W©Z Ho$co Amho.

1.3 gmam§e

❒ Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd© y_r :-

B§½c§S>cm g§gXr` cmoH$emhrMr OZZr Ago åhUVmV. B§½c§S>À`m YVuda OJmVrc AZoH$ Xoem§Zrg§gXr` cmoH$emhrMo àmê$n ñdrH$maco Amho. B§½c§S> EH$ wamon I§S>mVrc àJV amîQ´> åhUyZ AmoiIcoOmVo. OJmda amÁ` Ho$cocm Xoe AergwÕm B§½c§S>Mr AmoiI Amho.

B§½c§S>À`m amOH$s` ì`dñWo_Ü o {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m AZoH$ g§ñWm `m CËH«$m§VrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ{Z_m©U Pmë`m AmhoV. B.g. 10 À`m eVH$mnmgyZ {d{dY g§{dYmZmË_H$ g§ñWm§Mm B§½c§S>_Ü o {dH$mghmoV Jocm. H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV A{Z §{ÌV amOoemhrMo Zm_Ymar amOoemhrV ê$nm§Va hiyhiy cmoH$emhr~iH$Q> H$ê$Z g§gXoMo gmd© m¡_Ëd àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mV Amco. B§½c§S>À`m amOH$s` ì`dñWo_Yrc AZoH$JmoîQ>r àWm na§nam§À`m ñdê$nmV AmT>iVmV. A{c{IV amÁ`KQ>Zm ho B§½c§S>Mo d¡{eîQ>ç Amho.

❒ nmc©_|Q>Mm {dH$mg :-

B.g. 10 ì`m eVH$mV A°½cmo g°ŠgZ H$mimV amOoemhr ì`dñWm {dH${gV Pmcr. Ë`mZ§VaAZoH$ amOKamÊ`mVrc amOm§Zr B§½c§S>da amÁ` Ho$co. Zm°_©Z amO KamÊ`mVrc H$mimV "_°½Z_ H$m¡pÝg{cA_'Am{U "Š w[a`m aoOrg' `m g§ñWm§Mm {dH$mg Pmcm. AmOÀ`m nmc©_|Q>À`m {dH$mgmVrc EH$ àma§ rMmQ>ßnm hmoVm. B.g. 1215 _Ü o amOmH$Sy>Z _§Oya H$ê$Z KoVcocm "_°½Zm H$mQ>m©' qH$dm "_hmZ gZX'B§½c§S>À`mM Zìho Va OJmÀ`m B{VhmgmVrc _hÎdmMr KQ>Zm hmoVr. B.g. 1295 _Ü o amOm n{hcmES>dS>© `mZo Am`mo{OV Ho$cocr n{hcr "_m°S>oc nmc©_|Q>' hr XoIrc EH$ _hÎdmMr KQ>Zm Amho. Mm¡Xmì`meVH$mV nmc©_|Q>À`m XmoZ g^mJ¥hmMr {Z{_©Vr Pmcr. nmc©_|Q>Mo _hÎd dmT>V Joco. VWm{n, 16 ì`m

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>18

eVH$mV nwÝhm amOoemhrMo dM©ñd àñWm{nV Pmco. 17 ì`m eVH$mV amOmÀ`m A{Z §{ÌV gÎmocmnmc©_|Q>Zo {damoY gwê$ Ho$cm. 1649 gmcr n{hë`m Mmc©gcm \$mgmda MT>{dÊ`mV Amco Am{U amOoemhrg§nwîQ>mV AmUcr Jocr. VWm{n, nwÝhm 1660 gmcr amOoemhrMr ñWmnZm Pmcr. Xþgè`m OoågZo nwÝhmg§gXoMm A{YH$ma S>mdcÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. n[aUm_V: 1688 gmcr nmc©_|Q> Am{U amOm `m§À`mV wX²YPmco. nmc©_|Q>À`m g¡Ý`m§er cT>Ê`mEodOr Xþgam Ooåg niyZ Jocm. H$moUVmhr aŠVnmV Pmcm Zmhr,Ë`m_wio `m H«$m§Vrcm aŠV{da{hV H«$m§Vr Ago åhUVmV. `m H«$m§VrZo A{Z §{ÌV amOoemhrMm A§V Pmcm.nmc©_|Q>Mo gd©loîR>Ëd _mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Amco. 19 ì`m Am{U 20 ì`m eVH$mV H$mhr H$m`Xo g§_VH$aÊ`mV Amco. `m H$mimV "hmD$g Am°\$ H$m°_Ýg' A{YH$ à~i Pmco. WmoS>Š`mV, AZoH$ amOH$s`KS>m_moS>rVyZ B§½c§S>_Ü o g§gXr` cmoH$emhrMm {dH$mg Pmcm Amho.

❒ ^maVr` g§ñWoMm {dH$mg :-

^maVm_Yrc g§gXr` ì`dñWoMm {dH$mg hr XoIrc {~«{Q>em§Mr XoUJr Amho. {~«{Q>em§À`m H$mimVg§_V Pmcoë`m H$m`Úm§_Ü o ^maVr` g§gXoMo _yi AmT>iVo. Zmoìh|~a 1958 _Ü o ^maVmMm amÁ`H$ma^maàË`j {~«{Q>e gaH$maÀ`m AIË`m[aV Amcm. Ë`mZ§Va 1861 Am{U 1892 Mo B§{S>`Z H$m¡pÝgëgA°ŠQ>. `m XmoZ H$m`Úm_Ü o ^maVmV A§eV: àm{V{ZYrH$ H$m`Xo_§S>i {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Pmcm._mc}-q_Q>mo gwYmaUm H$m`Xm 1909 Am{U _m±Q>o½ y-Moåg\$moS>© gwYmaUm H$m`Xm, 1919 `m XmoZH$m`ÚmÝd o ^maVmVrc nmc©_|Q>À`m {dH$mgmV _mocmMo `moJXmZ {Xco Amho. Ë`mZ§Va 1935 À`m H$m`XmAm{U ^maVmMr amÁ`KQ>Zm `m§Zr nmc©_|Q>À`m {dÚ_mZ ñdê$nmcm AmH$ma {Xcm. Aem àH$mao ^maVr`g§gXocm gw_mao XmoZ eVH$mMm B{Vhmg Amho.

❒ {ÛJ¥hr H$m`Xo_§S>i :-

H$m`Xo_§S>imMr aMZm EH$J¥hr AWdm {ÛJ¥hr Agy eH$Vo. `m~m~V XmoZ _Vàdmh AmhoV. H$m§hrAä`mgH$m§Zr EH$J¥hr H$m`Xo_§S>imMo g_W©Z Ho$co Amho. `mCcQ> H$m§hr Aä`mgH$m§Zr {ÛJ¥hr H$m`Xo_§S>imMog_W©Z Ho$co Amho. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ~hþVm§e {dH${gV cmoH$emhr Xoem§_Ü o {ÛJ¥hr H$m`Xo_§S>imMog_W©Z Ho$co Joco Amho. {ÛJ¥hr H$m`Xo_§S>imMo H$mhr JwU Am{U Xmof AmhoV. àË oH$ XoemV {ÛJ¥hrH$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m {Z{_©VrMm CÔoe Am{U g§X © doJdoJio AmhoV.

WmoS>Š`mV, g§gXr` cmoH$emhrMm _moR>m B{Vhmg Amho.


✺ AmM©, AmM© {~en : {¼íMZ Y_©Jwê§$gmR>r dmnaë`m OmUmè`m CnmYr.

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✺ A°~Q> : Y_©Jwê$ `m AWm©Zo dmnacm OmUmam eãX.

✺ ZmB©Q> : gaXma `m AWm©Zo hm eãX dmnacm OmVmo.

✺ dgmhV : {~«{Q>em§Mr gÎmm AgUmao Xoe.

✺ {nAg©> :

✺ cm°S>©g² : B§½c§S>_Yrc d[aîR> g^mJ¥hmVrc gXñ`m§Zm gÝ_mZnyd©H${Xcocr CnmYr.

✺ gmd©^m¡_ : amÁ`mMm gd©loîR> A{YH$ma.


àíZ-1 Mr CÎmao : (1) B§½c§S>, (2) B.g. 1215, (3) "{X cm° Am°\$ \«$s _moZmH$s©O', (4)amOm n{hcm Ooåg, (5) B.g. 1688, (6) B.g. 1689,(7) 1918, (8) 1653.

àíZ-2 Mr CÎmao : (1) ao½ wcoqQ>J A°ŠQ>, (2) B.g. 1885, (3) B.g. 1909, (4)_m±Q>o½ y Moåg\$moS>© gwYmaUm H$m`Xm, 1919, (5) cmoH$g^m.

àíZ-3 Mr CÎmao : (1) {ÛJ¥hmË_H$, (2) hmD$g Am°\$ cm°S>©g², (3) {gZoQ>, (4) amÁ`g^m,(5) {ÛJ¥hmË_H$.


❏ Imcrc àíZm§Mr g{dñVa CÎmao {chm.

1. B§½c§S>_Yrc nmc©_|Q>À`m {dH$mgmMm AmT>mdm ¿`m.

2. ^maVmÀ`m g§gXoMm B{Vhmg ñnîQ> H$am.

3. {ÛJ¥hr H$m`Xo_§S>i åhUOo H$m`? ^maVmVrc {ÛJ¥hr H$m`Xo_§S>imMr ì`dñWm ñnîQ> H$am.

4. 1919 Am{U 1935 À`m H$m`Úm_Yrc H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m VaVyXrMo VwcZmË_H$ {dícofUH$am.

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❏ Q>rnm {chm.

1. _°½Zm H$mQ>m©, 1215.

2. aŠV{da{hV H«$m§Vr, 1688.

3. B§{S>`Z H$m¡pÝgëg A°ŠQ>, 1861 Am{U 1892.

4. EH$J¥hr Am{U {ÛJ¥hr H$m`Xo_§S>i.


1. Kashyap Subhash : "Our Parliament : An Introduction to the Parliment of

India", 2000, Publisher : NBT, New Delhi.

2. Ashirvatham, Eddy : "Political Theory".

3. Basu D. D. : "Introduction to the Constitution of India", 2007, Publisher :

Wadhwa, Nagpur.

4. Kapur A. C. : "Select Constitution", 1956, Publisher : S. Chand, New Delhi.

5. Das H. H. : "Select Modern Government", 2000, Publisher : Anmol Publication,

New Delhi.

6. WoaUH$a, lram_ : ""VwcZmË_H$ emgZ Am{U amOH$maU'', 2005, àH$meH$-gmB©ZmWàH$meZ, ZmJnya.

7. nmQ>rc, ~r.~r. : ""VwcZmË_H$ emgZ Am{U amOH$maU'', 2009, àH$meH$-\$S>Ho$àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.

8. cmoQ>o, am.O. : ""VwcZmË_H$ emgZ Am{U amOH$maU'', 2012, àH$meH$-qnnimnwaonpãceg©, ZmJnya.

❏ ❏ ❏

1<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

KQ>H$-2

{d{dY amOH$s` ì`dñWm§_Yrc g§gX○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

AZwH«$_{UH$m

2.0 C{ÔîQ>ço

2.1 àmñVm{dH$

2.2 {df` {ddoMZ

2.2.1 g§gXr` ì`dñWm : AW© d d¡{eîQ>ço

2.2.2 g§gXr` ì`dñWm§_Yrc g§gX

2.2.2.1 B§½c§S>_Yrc g§gX

2.2.2.2 ^maVm_Yrc g§gX

2.2.3 AÜ`jr` ì`dñWo_Yrc g§gX

2.2.3.1 A_o[aHo$_Yrc g§gX

2.2.4 pñdg ì`dñWo_Yrc g§gX

2.3 gmam§e

2.4 ñd §:AÜ``Z àíZ

2.5 ñd §:AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao


2.7 g§X © J«§W

2.0 C{ÔîQ>ço

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUmg,

1. g§gXr` ì`dñWo_Yrc g§gXr` g§ñWm§Mm Aä`mg H$aVm oB©c.

2. AÜ`jr` ì`dñWo_Yrc g§gXr` g§ñWm§Mo ñdê$n g_OyZ KoVm oB©c.

E_.E.^mJ-1 : amÁ`emñÌ : nona-E08 : gÌ-2 : g§gXr` emgZ ì`dñWm§Mr VwcZm(M.A.Part-1 : Political Science : Paper-E08 : Sem-I : Comparative Parliamentary Institutions)

31

àm.Zohm dmS>oH$a/ghm.àmÜ`mnH$, Xÿa {ejU H|$Ð

2<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

3. pñdg ì`dñWo_Yrc g§gXr` g§ñWm§Mm Aä`mg hmoB©c.

4. g§gXr`, AÜ`jr` d pñdg ì`dñWm§_Yrc g§gXr` g§ñWm§Mo VwcZmË_H$ {dícofU H$aVmoB©c.

5. ~XcË`m amOH$s` n[apñWVr_Ü o A{YH$m{YH$ O~m~Xma d pñWa emgZ ì`dñWm {Z_m©UH$aÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo g§emoYZ H$aVm oB©c.

2.1 àmñVm{dH$

AJmoXaÀ`m KQ>H$mV AmnU g§gXr` g§ñWm§À`m CX`mMm VgoM {ÛJ¥hr nÜXVrÀ`m CX`mMmAmT>mdm KoVcm. AmVm `m KQ>H$m_Ü o AmnU g§gXr` ì`dñWm, AÜ`jr` ì`dñWm d pñdgì`dñWm§_Yrc g§gXr` g§ñWm§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. `m_Ü o B§½c§S> d ^maV `m g§gXr`ì`dñWm§_Yrc g§gXr` g§ñWm§Mo ñdê$n aMZm d H$m } g_OyZ KoD$. AÜ`jr` ì`dñWm§gmR>r AmnUA_o[aHo$Mo CXmhaU Aä`mgy. VgoM pñdg åhUOoM pñdËPcªS>_Yrc g§gXoMm Aä`mg AmnU `mKQ>H$mV H$aUma AmhmoV.

2.2 {df` {ddoMZ

2.2.1 g§gXr` ì`dñWm : AW© d d¡{eîQ>ço

g§gXr` ì`dñWm åhUOo Aer cmoH$emhr emgZ ì`dñWm Á`m_Ü o H$m ©H$mar _§S>imMr A{Y_mÝ`Vmhr H$m`Xo_§S>imÀ`m åhUOoM g§gXoMm {dídmg g§nmXZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m j_Voda Adc§~yZ AgVo. VgoM Vog§gXocm O~m~Xma AgVo. g§gXr` ì`dñWo_Ü o gm_mÝ`nUo amîQ´> à_wI hr ì`pŠV emgZ à_wI `mì`pŠVnojm doJir AgVo. AÜ`jr` ì`dñWo_Ü o _mÌ `mnojm CcQ> n[apñWVr AgVo. VoWo amÁ`mMm(amîQ´>mMm) à_wI hmM emgZmMm à_wI AgVmo, VgoM AÜ`j hm H$m`Xo_§S>imH$Sy>Z cmoH$gÎmmH$A{Y_mÝ`Vm àmßV H$aV Zmhr.

g§gXr` ì`dñWo_Ü o gmYmaUV: XmoZ àH$ma nmhÊ`mg {_iVmV. åhUOoM amOoemhr ì`dñWm§_Ü oAmT>iUmar g§gXr` ì`dñWm d àOmgÎmmH$ ì`dñWm§_Ü o AmT>iUmar g§g{X` ì`dñWm. B§½c§S>, S>oÝ_mH©$,ñdrS>Z, OnmZ `mgma»`m Xoem§_Ü o OoWo KQ>ZmË_H$ amOoemhr ApñVËdmV Amho Aem Xoem§_Ü o amOm hmamÁ`mMm à_wI AgVmo Va emgZ à_wI hm Zoh_rM g§gXoMm gXñ` AgVmo. Va àOmgÎmmH$ ì`dñWm§_Y oAm`cªS>, O_©Zr, ^maV Am{U BQ>cr `mgma»`m g§gXr` àOmgÎmmH$ Xoem§_Ü o ~hþXm Zm_Ymar amîQ´>nVrhm amîQ´> à_wI AgVmo, Va emgZ à_wI hm Zoh_rà_mUo H$m`Xo _§S>imMm gXñ` AgVmo.

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g§gXr` ì`dñWoMo gd©lwV àmê$n åhUOo doñQ>{_ZñQ>a åhUOoM B§½c§S>_Yrc g§gXr` ì`dñWm.Ia§ Va AZoH$ AWm©Zo g§gXr` ì`dñWm d doñQ>{_ZñQ>a àmê$n ho g_mZAWu eãX åhUyZ dmnacoOmVmV. qH$~hþZm Vo EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ doJio Z H$aVm oÊ`mgmaIo AmhoV. g§gXr` ì`dñWoMm CX` gd©àW_J«oQ> {~«Q>Z_Ü o Pmcm, Á`m nÜXVrZo AÜ`jr` ì`dñWo~amo~a A_o[aHo$Mo Zmd OmoS>co Joco Amho, Ë`mMàH$mao g§gXr` ì`dñWo~amo~a B§½c§S>Mo Zmd OmoS>co Joco Amho. g§gXr` ì`dñWoÀ`m doñQ>{_ZñQ>a àmê$nmMrd¡{eîQ>ço Imcrcà_mUo gm§JVm oVrc.

1. XmoZ doJio H$m ©H$mar à_wI AgVmV. amÁ`mMo à_wI Agcoco B§½c§S>_Yrc amOm Am{U^maVm_Yrc amîQ´>nVr ho Zm_Ymar à_wI AgVmV, Ë`m§Zm Am¡nMm[aH$ d KQ>ZmË_H$ñdê$nmMo A{YH$ma AgVmV Va emgZmÀ`m àË`j d à^mdr A{YH$ma ho amOH$s`H$m ©H$mar _§S>imH$S>o åhUOoM àYmZ_§Ìr d Ë`mMo _§Ìr_§S>i `m§Zm AgVmV.

2. amOH$s` H$m ©H$mar _§S>i ho H$m`Xo _§S>imÀ`m gXñ`m§_YyZ {Z_m©U Ho$co OmVo Am{U H$m`Xo_§S>imMm EH$ ^mJ AgVo. g§gXoÀ`m H${ZîR> J¥hm_YyZ ~hþ_V AgUmè`m amOH$s`njmH$Sy>Z n§VàYmZ d Ë`m§Mo _§{Ì_§S>i V`ma Ho$co OmVo.

3. amÁ`mMm à_wI H$m`Xo _§S>im_Ü o ~hþ_V AgUmè`m amOH$s` njmÀ`m ZoË`mcm gaH$mañWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r nmMmaU H$aVmo. Vmo àYmZ_§Í`m§Mr {Z wŠVrH$aVmo Am{U àYmZ_§Í`m§À`mgëë`mZo BVa _§Í`m§Mr Zo_UyH$ H$aVmo. gm_mÝ`V: amÁ` à_wImcm {Z wŠVrg§X^m©V Šd{MVM{ZdS> H$aVm oVo, H$maU Ë`mcm ~hþ_V AgUmè`m njmÀ`m ZoË`mcmM ~mocmdmdo cmJVo.

4. amOH$s` H$m ©H$mar _§S>i H$m`Xo _§S>imcm O~m~Xma AgVo Am{U H$m`Xo _§S>imMm {dídmgAgon ªVM H$m ©H$mar _§S>i gÎmoV Agy eH$Vo.

5. H$m`Xo _§S>i ho {Zdm©{MV AgVo na§Vw n§VàYmZmÀ`m nwT>mH$mamZo Vo H$m ©H$mc g§nÊ`mAmYrVo {dg{O©V hmoD$ eH$Vo.

2.2.2 g§gXr` ì`dñWm§_Yrc g§gX

Joë`m àH$aUm_Ü o AmnU B§½c§S> d ^maVmÀ`m g§gXr` ì`dñWoÀ`m CX`mMm AmT>mdm KoVcm.AmVm `m àH$aUm_Y o AmnU g§gXr` ì`dñWm§_Yrc g§gX `m _wÚm§VJ©V AmnU B§½c§S> d ^maVm_Yrcg§gXr` ì`dñWoMo ñdê$n aMZm d H$m © OmUyZ KoD$.

2.2.2.1 B§½c§S>_Yrc g§gX

B§J«c§S>_Yrc g§gXr` ì`dñWm hr gdm©V OwZr Am{U gd©lwV Aer ì`dñWm Amho. VgoM

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B§½c§S>À`m g§gXr` ì`dñWocm g§gXr` ì`dñWoMr OZZr Ago XoIrc åhQ>co OmVo. B§½c§S>Mr g§gX hr{ÛJ¥hr Amho. VgoM B§½c§S>À`m g§gXoMo Imcrcà_mUo VrZ ^mJ AmhoV.

1) gmd© m¡_ amOm qH$dm amUr (g§gXo_Yrc amUr)

(A) C_amdm§Mo g^mJ¥h.

(~) gm_mÝ`m§Mo g^mJ¥h.

ho KQ>H$ Imcrcà_mUo ñnîQ> H$aVm `oVrc.

1. g§gXo_Yrc amUr (Queen-in-parliament)

B§½c§S>_Yrc g§gXr` ì`dñWoMm n{hcm KQ>H$ åhUOo g§gXo_Yrc amOm qH$dm AmO g§gXo_YrcamUr. B§½c§S>_Ü o KQ>ZmË_H$ amOoemhr VgoM cmoH$emhr ì`dñWm Amho. gÜ`m VoWo amUr E{cPm~oW XþgarqghmgZmda Amho. B§½c§S>_Yrc amOoemhr {Q>Hy$Z amhÊ`m~Ôc AZoH$ eãXm§V dU©Z Ho$co OmVo. CXm.""amOm _¥Ë y nmdcm, amOm {Mam y hmodmo.'' na§Vw EHo$H$mir gd© gÎmm hmVmV AgUmam amOm qH$dm amUrAmOhr H$m ©H$mar à_wI Amho, na§Vw Iar gÎmm àYmZ_§Ìr d _§Ìr n[afXoH$S>o AgyZ amOm qH$dm amUrZm__mÌ àVrH$mË_H$ à_wI Amho. amOm hm AZwdm§{eH$VoZo JmXrda {damO_mZ hmoVmo. Joë`m àH$aUm_Ü oEo{Vhm{gH$ AmT>mdm KoVmZm Amnë`mcm ho g_OyZ AmcoM Amho. `m àH$aUm_Ü o AmnU B§½c§S>À`mg§gXr` ì`dñWoMm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. B§½c§S>Mr g§gXr` ì`dñWm {ÛJ¥hr Agcr Var {VMo EHy$UVrZ KQ>H$ AmhoV. Ë`m_Yrc àW_ åhUOo g§gXo_Yrc amUr qH$dm amOnX. g§gXo_Yrc amUr qH$dmamOnX `mMm AW© amUrMr g§gXoÀ`m gëë`mZo ~Omdcocr H$m`Xo{df`H$ y{_H$m. amUr AmncrH$m`Xo{df`H$ y{_H$m g§gXoÀ`m gëë`mZo ~OmdV AgVo. g§gXo_YyZ nm[aV Pmcoco {dYo H$ ho amUrqH$dm {VMo à{V{ZYr åhUyZ JìhZ©a OZac, coâQ>Z§Q> JìhZ©a qH$dm JìhZ©a `m§À`mH$S>o "emhr_mÝ`VogmR>r' (Royal Assent) nmR>{dco OmVo Am{U hr _mÝ`Vm {_imë`mZ§Va {dYo H$mMo H$m`ÚmVê$nm§Va hmoVo. `m àmW{_H$ H¥$VtZm g§gXr` `m àmW{_H$ H$m`Xo{df`H$ H¥$VtZm g§gXr` H¥$Vr AgoåhUQ>co OmVo. VgoM H$mhr H¥$Vr `m Xþæ`_ H$m`Xo{df`H$ H¥$VrXoIrc AgVmV. Á`m H¥$Vt gmÜ`m_mÝ`VoZo qH$dm g§gXoÀ`m _mÝ`Vo{edm` KS>VmV, Ë`m§Zm Xþæ`_ H$m`Xo{df`H$ H¥$Vr åhUVmV.

B§½c§S>À`m dgmhVr Agcoë`m AZoH$ Xoem§_Ü o ñdmV§Í`àmßVrZ§Va B§½c§S>_Yrc g§gXr` ì`dñWoMoAZwH$aU Ho$co Joco, Ho$di g§gXo_Yrc amUr EodOr VoWo g§gXoÀ`m amîQ´>nVr g^mJ¥hm§~amo~aM amîQ´>nVr hmg§gXoMm EH$ KQ>H$ ~Zcm.

❒ gÎmoMm g§ moJ :-

amOnX qH$dm amîQ´>nVr g§gXoMm KQ>H$ AgUo hr H$ënZm "gÎmoMm g§ moJ' `m g§H$ënZoer OmoS>cr

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Jocr Amho. `mMm AW© H$m ©H$mar _§S>i Am{U H$m`Xo _§S>i `m§À`m A{YH$ma d gÎmo_Ü o g§ moJ AgUoAWm©VM "gÎmoMm g§ moJ' hr g§H$ënZm B§½c§S> d Ë`mMo AZwH$aU H$aUmè`m gd© ì`dñWm§Mo d¡{eîQ>çnyU©d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. ho "gÎmm {d^mOZ' `m g§H$ënZoÀ`m AJXr {déÜX Amho. gÎmoMm g§ moJ `m g§H$ënZoà_mUoA§§{V_ gÎmm qH$dm gmd© m¡_Ëd ho "amOnX' amOm qH$dm amUr `m§À`mH$S>o AgVmV na§Vw Vo A{YH$ma Ë`m§Mo{Zdm©{MV à{V{ZYtH$S>o àXÎmrH$aU Ho$co OmVo.

❒ B§½c§S>À`m g§gXoMr XmoZ J¥hr ({ÛJ¥hr) ì`dñWm :-

B§½c§S>Mr g§gX {ÛJ¥hr AgyZ g§gXo_Yrc amUrXoIrc g§gXoMm EH$ KQ>H$ AgVo ho AmnU nm{hco,VgoM g§gXo_Yrc amUrMr y{_H$m AmnU darc ^mJmV OmUyZ KoVcr. AmVm AmnU B§½c§S>À`m g§gXoÀ`mXmoZ J¥hm§Mr y{_H$m OmUyZ KoD$. C_amd g^mJ¥h (House of Lords) ho d[aîR> J¥h, Va gm_mÝ`m§Mog^mJ¥h (House of Commons) ho H${ZîR> J¥h åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVo.

(A) C_amdm§Mo g^mJ¥h (House of Lords)

C_amd g^mJ¥h ho g§gXoMo d[aîR> g^mJ¥h åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVo. B§½c§S>Mr amÁ`KQ>Zm {c{IVZgë`mZo C_amd g^mJ¥hmMr {Z{_©Vr OmUrdnyd©H$ Pmcocr Zmhr. amOmcm ñdm^m{dH$nUo gëcm XoUmaoY{ZH$ cmoH$, Y_©à_wI, gaXma, O_rZXma `m§À`m dVw©imVyZM {Z_m©U Pmcoco {XgVo. 14 Am{U 16ì`meVH$mV nmc©_|Q> g§ñWoMm CX` Pmcocm AmT>iyZ oVmo.

aMZm : C_amd g^mJ¥h Imcrc Mma KQ>H$m§Mo ~Zcoco Amho. AmO OdiOdi 90% gXñ`nrAg© AmhoV.

1) AZwdm§{eH$ nrAg© 800. 1964 nmgyZ EH$hr AZwd§{eH$ nrAg© V`ma H$aÊ`mV AmcmZmhr.

2) ñH$m°{Q>e nrAg© à{V{ZYr 16,

3) Y_©à_wI Am ©{den 26,

4) cm°S>©g² H$m`Xo{df`H$ gXñ`-10.

gÜ`m hr g§»`m dmTy>Z 934 Vo 1100 Amho.

C_amd g^mJ¥hmÀ`m aMZo_Ü o {ZdS>UyH$sMo VÎd Zmhr. darc g^mgXm§n¡H$s 1/3 gXñ` hoH§$nÝ`m§Mo g§MmcH$ AmhoV. AZoH$m§Mo Am{W©H$ {hVg§~§Y Jw§Vcoco AgVmV. 1/3 _moR>çm BñQ>oQ>rMo _mcH$AmhoV. ~è`mM gXñ`m§Mo gm_mÝ`m§À`m g^mJ¥hmVrc gXñ`m§er H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ Am{U ì`mnma{df`H$ g§~§Y

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AgVmV. ga§Om_Xma C_amd gXñ` AmO g_mßV Pmco AmhoV. 1832 nmgyZ nrAg©À`m ñdê$nm_Ü o~Xc {XgyZ oVmo. gÜ`mMo nrAg© ho 1900 nmgyZ gXñ` Agë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. eoVr. `m joÌmEodOrì`mnma d CÚmoJ `m joÌm_YyZ nrAg© Amcoco AmhoV. amOH$maÊ`m§_YyZ VgoM {d{dY godm§_YyZhr nrAg©KoÊ`mV Amco AmhoV. A°Q>cr, A±WZr, ES>Z `m§Zm Ë`m§Zr ~Omdcoë`m godo~Ôc nrAaoO XOm© XoÊ`mVAmcm hmoVm. njm§Zm {ZYr XoUmè`m§Zmhr hm XOm© XoÊ`mV Amcm. 1963 _Ü o amUrZo n{hë`m 4nrAg©Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$cr. _Oya gaH$maÀ`m H$mimV nrAa nXdr gmoS>Umam H$m`Xm Pmcm. Ë`m_wio Aemì`ŠVr gm_mÝ`m§À`m g^mJ¥hmMr {ZdS>UyH$ cT>dy eH$VmV.

❀ C_amd g^mJ¥hmMo A{YH$ma :-

C_amdm§Mo g^mJ¥h ho B§½c§S>À`m g§gXoMo Xþgao J¥h Amho. Vo gm_mÝ`m§À`m g^mJ¥hmnmgyZ ñdV§ÌAgVo Am{U gm_mÝ`m§À`m g^mJ¥hmÀ`m H$m`m©cm nyaH$ Ago H$m © H$aV AgVo. C_amdm§Mo g^mJ¥h H$m`Xo{Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mMo VgoM Ë`m§Zm AmH$ma XoÊ`mMo Am{U emgZmÀ`m H$m`m©da {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mMo VgoMAmìhmZ XoÊ`mMo H$m © H$aVo. `m g^mJ¥hmMr H$m } nwT>rcà_mUo gm§JVm oVrc.

1. H$m`Xo{df`H$ : C_amd g^mJ¥hmMo gXñ` Ë`m§Mm ~amMgm doi {dYo H$m§Mm Aä`mgH$aÊ`mV OmVmo. EImXo {dYo H$ H$m`ÚmV ê$nm§Va hmoÊ`mnydu XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§_YyZ OmUo JaOoMo Amho,{dYo H$ ho g§gXoMr H¥$Vr åhUOoM dmñVd H$m`Úm_Ü o ê$nm§VarV hmoÊ`mnydu gXñ` àË oH$ nmVirdaAJXr Vnercm_Ü o narjU H$aVmV. ~arMer {dYo Ho$ hr X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmer CXmhaUmW© H$ë`mU,Amamo½` qH$dm {ejU `mg§~§Yr AgVmV.

❀ C_amd g^mJ¥hmMo ñWmZ :-

EHo$H$mir C_amd g^mJ¥h ho epŠVemcr g^mJ¥h hmoVo. 1832 n ªV C_amd g^mJ¥hmdaH$moUVrhr {Q>H$m Pmcr Zmhr. 19ì`m eVH$mn ªV H${ZîR> g^mJ¥h ho Iè`m AWm©ZoM H${ZîR> hmoVo._§Ìrn[afXoMr aMZm, _hÎdmMr YmoaUo `m~m~V C_amd g^mJ¥h gm_mÝ`m§À`m g^mJ¥hmnojm daMT> hmoVo.Ë`m H$mimVrc g_mO aMZm lr_§VmMm à^md C_amd g^mJ¥hmcm AZwHy$c KQ>H$ hmoVo. 1832 nmgyZZdrZ epŠVKQ>H$ nwT>o oD$ cmJco d gwYmaUm H$m`Úm§_wio XoIrc Ë`m§Zm ~i àmßV Pmco. ~hþ_VmMoemgZ ho cmoH$emhr emgZ ho cmoH$emhr VÎd àñWm{nV Pmë`mda {Zdm©{MV Zgcoë`m C_amdg^mJ¥hmMr Cn wŠVVm g§ncr.

(~) gm_mÝ`m§Mo g^mJ¥h (House of Commons)

{~«{Q>e g§gXoMo epŠVemcr g^mJ¥h åhUOo gm_mÝ`m§Mo g^mJ¥h hmo . cmoH$emhrMm Adc§~,amOH$s` njm§Mm CJ_ `m_wio gm_mÝ`m§À`m g^mJ¥hmcm ~i àmßV Pmco Amho. H$maU ho {Zdm©{MV

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g^mJ¥h Amho. `m g^mJ¥hmV 635 g^mgX AmhoV, Ë`m_Yrc B§½c§S>-576, ñH$m°Q>c§S>-74, doëe-36,CÎma Am`cªS>-12 à{V{ZYr Aer {d^mJUr Amho. AmVm EHy$U g§»`m 700 n ªV Pmcr Amho.àmXo{eH$ _VXmag§KmVyZ ho à{V{ZYr {ZdS>co OmVmV. àË oH$ _VXmag§KmVyZ 1 à{V{ZYr {ZdS>cm OmVmo.ho gXñ` doJdoJiçm joÌm_YyZ oV AgVmV.

1969 nmgyZ d`mMr 18 df} nyU© H$aUmè`m ZmJ[aH$mcm _VXmZ H$aVm oVo.

❀ C_oXdmamMr nmÌVm :-

1. d`mMr 21 df} nyU© AgUmam ZmJ[aH$ {ZdS>UyH$ cT>dy eH$Vmo.

2. gaH$mar ZmoH$arMm cm^ {_idUmam Zgmdm.

3. doS>m, {XdmiImoa Agy Z o.

4. cm°S>© g^mJ¥hmMm g^mgX Zgmdm.

5. MM©Mm à_wI Zgmdm.

❀ H$m ©H$mc :-

nmc©_|Q> A°ŠQ> 1911 nmg hmoÊ`mAJmoXa nmc©_|Q>À`m H$m ©H$mc gmV dfmªMm hmoVm. 1911 À`mH$m`ÚmZwgma gm_mÝ`m§À`m J¥hmMm H$m ©H$mc 5 df} R>adÊ`mV Amcm. VWm{n H$m ©H$mc g§nÊ`mnydu amUràYmZ_§Í`mZr gëcm {Xë`mg g^mJ¥h {dg{O©V H$ê$ eH$Vo. 1910 _Ü o g^mJ¥h 1 dfm©V XmoZXm{dg{O©V Ho$co Joco. gm_mÝ`m§À`m g^mJ¥hmMr dfm©VyZ H$_rV H$_r EH$Xm ~¡R>H$ ìhmdr. _mÌ df© aA{YdoeZ MmcVo. JUnyVu 40 g^mgX EdT>r Amho. àË oH$ Zì`m A{YdoeZmMr gwédmV amUrÀ`mA{^^mfUmZo hmoVo. g^mJ¥hmMo H$m_H$mO njr` nmVirda hmoVo. 10 n¡H$s 9 gXñ` _VXmZ H$aVmV.EIH$mÚm gXñ`mZo njmEodOr {damoYH$m§Zm _VXmZ Ho$co qH$dm AZwnpñWV am{hcm Va Vo ~§S>mMo ÚmoVH$g_Oco OmVo.

1. H$m`Xo{df`H$ :-

gm_mÝ`m§À`m g^mJ¥hmMo A{YH$ma gm_mÝ`m§À`m g^mJ¥hm_Ü o H$moUË`mhr {df`mdarc {dYo Ho$_m§S>Vm oVmV. gm_mÝ`m§À`m g^mJ¥hmÀ`m H$m`Xo{df`H$ A{YH$mam§_Ü o H$m`Xo H$aUo, XþéñË`m H$aUo, OwZoH$m`Xo aÔ H$aUo, `m{df`rÀ`m nyU© A{YH$mam§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. nmc©_|Q>Mm H$m`Xm Ý`m`mc` Ad¡YR>adV Zmhr. C_amd g^mJ¥hmMm ZH$mam{YH$ma H$mTy>Z KoVë`mZo `m g^mJ¥hmcm hr EH$_od gÎmm am{hcrAmho. H$m`Xo{Z{_©Vr_Ü o gÎmmê$T> njmMo Q>rH$mH$ma nmR>r_mJo ~gUmao (back benchers) {dYo H$m§Mo

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ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aÊ`mg gm§JVmV. EImÚm g_ñ oda gaH$maZo H$mhrVar H$amdo AÝ`Wm {damoYmcm gm_moaoOmdo `mgmR>r X~md AmUcm OmVmo. H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mAJmoXa gwê$dmVrMm H$ÀMm _gwXm ~Z{dcm OmVmo,Ë`mg {~c åhUOoM {dYo H$ åhUVmV. `m {dYo H$mMr àË oH$ g^mJ¥hmVyZ VrZ dmMZo Pmcr Am{UamOmZo AWdm amUrZo g§_VrXe©H$ ñdmjar Ho$cr åhUOo {dYo H$mMo H$m`ÚmV ê$nm§Va hmoVo.

2. emgZmdarc {Z §ÌU :-

B§½c§S>_Ü o g§gXr` nÜXV Agë`mZo H$m ©H$mar _§S>i, H$m`Xo _§S>imMmM EH$ ^mJ AgVo.VgoM _§{Ìn[afX (H°${~ZoQ>) gm_y{hH$[aË`m nmc©_|Q>cm O~m~Xma AgVo. `mVyZM H$m°_Ýg g^mJ¥hmcmemgZmda {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mMo A{YH$ma àmßV Pmco AmhoV. {Z §ÌU R>odco Zmhr Va emgZm_Ü ohþHy$_emhrMr àd¥Îmr oÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm {Z_m©U hmoB©c Am{U cmoH$emhr YmoH$`mV oB©c, ho {Z §ÌUnwT>rcà_mUo R>odVm oVo.

A) àíZ d CnàíZ {dMmaUo : gaH$ma H$aV Agcoë`m H$m`m©Mr _m{hVr KoUo, gaH$maÀ`mMwH$m àH$memV AmUUo, H$m`m©_Ü o cmoH$m{^_wIVm {Q>H$dUo `mgmR>r emgZmcm àíZ d CnàíZ {dMmaUohm g§gXr` cmoH$emhrMm EH$ A{Ve` à^mdr _mJ© Amho. _§Í`m§Zm àíZ {dMmaUo `mVyZ nmc©_|Q> AmncmAg§Vmof ì`ŠV H$aV AgVo. àíZ ho coIr qH$dm Vm|S>r XmoÝhr àH$mao {dMmaco OmD$ eH$VmV.gmYmaUnUo amoO 100 Vo 150 àíZ {dMmaco OmVmV. Ë`mn¡H$s OdiOdi 1/3 àíZm§Zm gaH$maH$Sy>Zà{VgmX {_iVmo. àíZm§Mr CÎmao coIr qH$dm Vm|S>r {Xcr OmD$ eH$VmV. _§Í`m§À`m H$m`m©Mo gmVË`mZo_yë`_mnZ H$aV AgVo. àíZ {dMmaÊ`m_wio gaH$mada OZVoMo {Z §ÌU amhVo, àemgZ O~m~XmarZo dgwairVnUo H$m`© H$aVo.

~) dmX{ddmXmÀ`m _mJm©Zo : dmX{ddmX hm g§gXr` nÜXVrMm nm`m _mZcm OmVmo. B§½c§S>hrVa g§gXr` ì`dñWoMr OZZr Agë`m_wio g§gX dmX{ddmXmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gaH$mada {Z §ÌU R>odVo.gm_mÝ`m§Mo g^mJ¥h `mV _hÎdmMr y{_H$m ~OmdVo. {damoYr nj gaH$maÀ`m MwH$sÀ`m YmoaUm§da {Q>H$mH$aUo, YmoaUm§Vrc C{Udm XmI{dUo, gVH©$VoMo Bemao XoUo Ago H$m © H$aVo.

H$) VhHy$~rMo R>amd AmUyZ : gmd©O{ZH$ _hÎdmMm EImXm VmVS>rMm àíZ Amë`mg VhHw$~rMmR>amd oD$ eH$Vmo. `m R>amdmg 50 gXñ`m§Mm nmqR>~m d ñnrH$aMo à_mUnÌ {_imco H$s {d{eîQ>à_mUmV VmVS>rZo cj KmcÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho Va Ë`m àH$aUmda nyU© MMm© hmoB©n ªV ~¡R>H$ñW{JV H$aVm `oVo.

3. _§{Ìn[afX ~aImñV H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma :-

AJmoXa åhQ>ë`mà_mUo B§½c§S> g§gXr` ì`dñWm Agë`mZo VoWo O~m~Xma emgZ ì`dñWm Amho.

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`mM AZwf§JmZo gm_mÝ`m§À`m g^mJ¥hmcm _§{Ìn[afX ~aImñV H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. {~cmg Zm_§OyarXoUo, VhHy$~rMm àñVmd AmUUo, Xmofmamon H$aUo. `m _mÜ`_mVyZ gm_mÝ`m§Mo g^mJ¥h _§{Ìn[afXodaA{dídmg XmIdV AgVoM. Ë`mhrnwT>o OmD$Z g^mJ¥hmcm Agcocm A{YH$ma åhUOo A{dídmgmMmR>amd AmUyZ Vmo _§Oya H$ê$Z _§{Ì_§S>img ~aImñV H$aUo. ho A{YH$ma gm_mÝ`m§À`m g^mJ¥hmcm AmhoV.1852 _Ü o agocMm, 1855 _Ü o A~aXrZÀ`m 1858 _Ü o nm_añQ>moZÀ`m _§Ìrn[afXocm Aem [aVrZoamOrZm_m Úmdm cmJcm. Z§Va _mÌ 1924 {edm` Aer doi Amcr Zmhr. 1979 _Ü o _mÌ H°$chZgaH$ma 1 _VmZo nS>co.

4. AW©{df`H$ A{YH$ma :-

A) 1215 À`m _°½ZmMmQ>m©nmgyZ nmc©_|Q>cm {dÎmr` {Z §ÌUmMm A{YH$ma Amho, na§Vw 1911À`m gwYmaUm H$m`ÚmZwgma gm_mÝ`m§À`m g^mJ¥hmMo AW©{df`H$ A{YH$ma A{YH$ ÑT> Pmco.`mZwgma AW©{dYo H$ g§_V Pmë`mZ§Va C_amdm§À`m g^mJ¥hmH$S>o nmR>{dÊ`mV oVo. C_amdm§Mog^mJ¥h ho {dYo H$ Ho$di _{hZm^a cm§~dy eH$Vo. Vo ZmH$mê$ eH$V Zmhr. Ë`mZ§VaamOmÀ`m ghrZo nwÝhm cm°S>©g²Mr g§_Vr Agmo dm Zgmo {dYo H$mMo ê$nm§VaH$m`ÚmV H$aÊ`mVoVo. VgoM C_amdm§À`m g^mJ¥hmZo gwM{dcoë`m XþéñË`m H$m°_Ýgda _wirM ~§YZH$maH$

ZgVmV.

~) AW©{dYo H$ ho amOmÀ`m nyd©g§_VrZoM _m§S>Vm oVo. VgoM H$moUVmhr IH$mOJr g^mgX ho_m§Sy> eH$V Zmhr. ho ~rc _m§S>Ê`mMm A{YH$ma Ho$di AW©_§Ìr qH$dm gaH$mamVrc BVa_§Í`mcm AgVmo.

H$) dm{f©H$ O_mIMm©Mo A§XmOnÌH$ ~Z{dUo. hm A{YH$ma gm_mÝ`m§À`m g^mJ¥hmcm Amho.gd©àW_ gd© ImË`m§H$Sy>Z IMm©Mo A§XmO ñdrH$maco OmVmV d AW©ImË`mH$Sy>Z Ë`mMrVnmgUr hmoVo d Z§Va A§XmOnÌH$ _§Ìr_§S>imnwT>o R>odÊ`mV oVmV d Z§Va VoM A§XmOnÌH$nmc©_|Q>g_moa gmXa Ho$co OmVo.

S>) g§{MV {ZYr ñdê$nmV AgUmao IM© A§XmOnÌH$mV g_m{dfQ> H$aÊ`mV oV Agco VarË`mda MMm© hmoV Zmhr. _VXmZmgmR>r Q>mH$Ê`mV oV ZmhrV. ho IM© AmnmoAmn _mÝ`hmoVmV. BVa IMm©à_mUo Ë`m§Zm nmc©_|Q>Mr _mÝ`Vm Xadfu Amdí`H$ ZgVo.

AemàH$mao {ZUm© H$ Aem ñdê$nmMo AW©{df`H$ A{YH$ma gm_mÝ`m§À`m g^mJ¥hmcm AgVmV.VgoM ñWm`r ñdê$nmÀ`m CËnÞmV H$_rOmñV ~Xc H$aUo, H$a cmXUo, dmT>{dUo BË`mXr A{YH$maH$m°_Ýgcm _moR>çm à_mUmV AmhoV.

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5. BVa A{YH$ma :-

gm_mÝ`m§Mo g^mJ¥h ho cmoH$m§Mo g^mJ¥h Agë`mZo OZVoÀ`m g_ñ`m _m§S>Ê`mMo ì`mgnrR> AgVo.1956 gmcr gaH$maZo gwdoP àíZmda Or y{_H$m KoVcr Ë`mda g§gXoV BVH$s MMm© Pmcr H$s Ë`mMmn[aUm_ gd© OZVoda Pmcm. gaH$maZo AÝ`m`H$maH$ AWdm hþHy$_emhr dV©Z Ho$ë`mg Ë`mda Q>rH$m dMMm© H$ê$Z Ë`mda àH$me Q>mH$Ê`mMo d {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mMo H$m © gm_mÝ`mMo g^mJ¥h H$aVo. Aem àH$maocmoH$m§Mr JmèhmUr Iè`m AWm©Zo ì`mgnrR> {_idyZ XoÊ`mMo H$m © gm_mÝ`m§Mo g^mJ¥h H$aVo.

❒ ñnrH$a :-

gm_mÝ`m§À`m g^mJ¥hmÀ`m AÜ`jmcm ñnrH$a Ago åhUVmV. ho nX Ho$di `moJm`moJmZo {Z_m©UPmcoco {XgVo. nydu g^mJ¥h d amOm `m§À`m_Ü o H$moUr Xþdm ZìhVm Voìhm EImÚm ì`ŠVrg amOmH$S>og^mJ¥hmVrc gXñ`m§Mr JmèhmUr nmohM{dÊ`mgmQ>r nmR>{dco OmV Ago. `mVyZM 14 ì`m eVH$mVñnrH$a `m nXmMr {Z{_©Vr Pmcocr {XgVo. 1376 _Ü o nrQ>a S>r Zm _o a hm gm_mÝ`m§À`m g^mJ¥hmer~mocV hmoVm, VoìhmnmgyZ ñnrH$a `m nXmMr {Z{_©Vr Pmcr Agm CëcoI AmT>iVmo. 1377 _Ü o gaWm°_g h§Ja\$moS>© `m§Mmhr CëcoI `m g§X^m©V AmT>iVmo. ñnrH$a hm hmD$g Am°\$ H$m°_ÝgMm àdŠVmåhUyZ H$m © H$aV AgVmo. Joë`m ghmeo dfm©V `m nXmMm hiyhiy {dH$mg Pmcocm {XgyZ oVmo, na§VwH$moUVohr _wc yV ~Xc Pmcocoo {XgV ZmhrV.

gm_mÝ`m§À`m g^mJ¥hmVrc gXñ` Amnë`mVyZ EH$mMr ñnrH$anXr {ZdS> H$aVmV. Vr gd©g§_VrZohmoVo. {damoYr njmcm {dídmgmV KoD$Z ñnrH$a {ZdS>cm OmVmo.

❀ ñnrH$aMr H$m } :-

1) gm_mÝ`m§À`m g^mJ¥hmMo AÜ`jñWmZ ñdrH$maUo d g^mJ¥hmMo H$m_H$mO MmcdUo.

2) H$m°_Ýg g^mJ¥hmMm àdŠVm åhUyZ H$m © H$aUo.

3) KZ{dYo H$mda ho AY© {dYo H$ Amho qH$dm Zmhr `mda {ZU© KoUo.

4) {dYo H$mda _VXmZ KoUo, g_mZ _Vo nS>ë`mg {ZUm© H$ _V XoUo Am{U {ZU© Omhra H$aUo.

5) gXñ`m§À`m Am{U g^mJ¥hmÀ`m {deofm{YH$mam§Mo ajU H$aUo.

6) g§gXr` g{_Ë`m§Mr {Z`wŠVr H$aUo.

7) ñWm`r g{_VrMo AÜ`jnX wf{dUo.

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❀ ñnrH$aMo ñWmZ :-

ñnrH$a hm VQ>ñW AgVmo. Vmo njr` ÑîQ>rH$moUmVyZ H$m © H$aV Zmhr. Ë`mcm {Zînj y{_H$m~OmdUo _hÎdmMo AgVo. Vmo AamOH$s` d¥ÎmrZo {ZU© XoV AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m_wioM g^mJ¥hmMo H$m ©gwairV MmcVo. ñnrH$anXr {ZdS> hmoUmar ì`ŠVr hr A{Ve` AZw dg§nÞ AgVo. 1976 _Ü o Om°O©Wm°_g ho ñnrH$a 31 df} _Oya njmMo E_.nr. hmoVo. g^mJ¥hmÀ`m à{VîR>oMoM Vmo EH$ à{VH$ AgVmo.Ë`m_wio Ë`mcm ~hþ_V {Xcm OmVmo.

2.2.3 AÜ`jr` ì`dñWo_Yrc g§gX

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m AJmoXaÀ`m ^mJmV AmnU g§gXr` ì`dñWm§_Yrc g§gXr` g§ñWm nm{hcr. AmVm`m ^mJmV AÜ`jr` ì`dñWm§_Yrc g§gXr` g§ñWm§Mo ñdê$n nmhÿ. g§gXr` ì`dñWo_Ü o H$m ©H$mar _§S>iho H$m`Xo _§S>imMm ^mJ AgVo. VgoM Vo H$m`Xo _§S>imcm O~m~Xma AgVo. na§Vw AÜ`jr` ì`dñWm§MmAä`mg Ho$ë`mg Ago {XgyZ oVo, VoWrc H$m ©H$mar _§S>i åhUOoM AÜ`j hm H$m`Xo _§S>imMm ^mJåhUOoM gXñ` ZgVmo Va Vmo ñdV§ÌnUo cmoH$m§H$Sy>Z àË`j AàË`j {ZdS>UwH$sÛmao {ZdSy>Z oV AgVmo.VgoM Vmo H$m`Xo _§S>imcm O~m~Xma ZgVmo. åhUOoM gm_mÝ` n[apñWVr_Ü o H$m`Xo _§S>i H$m ©H$mar_§S>imcm ~aImñV H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. Ho$di J¡adV©Z qH$dm «fQ> ì`dhma B. H$maUmdê$Z _hm{^`moJMmcdyZ AÜ`jmcm nXÀ wV H$aVm oVo. AÝ`Wm H$m ©H$mar _§S>i EH$Xm {ZdSy>Z Amë`mda AmncmH$m ©H$mc g§non ªV nXmda AgVo. AÜ`j hm Ogm emgZmMm à_wI AgVmo VgmM Vmo amÁ`mMmhr à_wIAgVmo.

A_o[aH$m I§S>m_Yrc Xoem§_Ü o AÜ`jr` emgZ nÜXVr ~hþV H$ê$Z {XgyZ oVo. VgoM _Ü`Am{U X{jUr npíM_r Am{e`mB© Xoem§_Ü ohr hr nÜXV ApñVËdmV Agcocr {XgVo.

AmnU `m ^mJm_Ü o A_o[aHo$Vrc g§gXr` g§ñWo{df`r Aä`mg H$ê$.

2.2.3.1 A_o[aHo$_Yrc g§gX

A_o[aHo$_Yrc g§gXocm åhUOoM H$m`Xo _§S>imcm "H$m±J«og' Ago åhQ>co OmVo. A_o[aHo$À`mKQ>ZoÀ`m n{hë`m H$c_mV Aer VaVyX Amho H$s, gd© H$m`Xo{df`H$ gÎmm H$m±J«ogH$S>o Agoc. H$m±J«og{ÛJ¥hr AgyZ H${ZîR> g^mJ¥hmcm à{V{ZYr J¥h (House of Representatives) Va d[aîR> J¥hmcm{gZoQ> Ago åhQ>co OmVo. g§KamÁ` Agë`m_wio {gZoQ> ho amÁ`m§Mo à{V{ZYrËd H$aoc Va à{V{ZYr J¥hho cmoH$m§Mo à{V{ZYrËd H$aoc Ago KQ>ZmH$mam§Zm Ano{jV hmoVo. g§KamÁ`mVrc gd© chmZ _moR>çmamÁ`m§Zm g_mZ XOm© XoD$Z Ë`m§À`mV g_Vmoc amIUo hmhr _hÎdmMm CÔoe hmoVm. XmoZ g^mJ¥hR>odÊ`m_mJMm hoVy åhUOo EH$m g^mJ¥hmMo dmJUo Owc_r nÜXVrZo hmoD$ Z o, ñdmV§Í`mMo ajU ìhmdo,

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amOH$s` ñW¡ © {Q>H$mdo Agm hmoVm. Xþgè`m g^mJ¥hm_wio _mZ, à{VîR>m d n[anŠdVm gmÜ` H$aVm oB©cAgo KQ>ZmH$mam§Zm dmQ>co. `m gd© H$maUm§_wio A_o[aHo$Mo H$m`Xo _§S>i {ÛJ¥hr Agë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. AmVmAmnU `m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§Mr aMZm H$m } d ñWmZ `m{df`r Aä`mg H$ê$.

❒ {gZoQ> :-

{gZoQ> ho H$m±J«ogMo d[aîR> qH$dm {ÛVr` g^mJ¥h hmo . {gZoQ>Mr aMZm hr g_mZ à{V{ZYrËdmÀ`mVÎdmda Pmcr Amho. {gZoQ>_Yrc g_mZ à{V{ZYrËd ho g§KamÁ`mMoM EH$ d¡{eîQ>ç åhUmdo cmJoc.g_mZ à{V{ZYrËdm_wio chmZ amÁ`m§Zm _moR>çm amÁ`m§À`m dM©ñdmMr ^rVr Cacr Zmhr. H°${c\$mo{Z© m dÝ y m°H©$gmaIo _moR>o d Am°[aPmoZm, {_{ggrnr gmaIo _moR>o amÁ` Agco Var gdmªZm g_mZ à{V{ZYrËd {XcoJoco. Ë`m_wio chmZ amÁ o EH$Ì oD$Z g_mZ nmVirda _moR>çm amÁ`m§~amo~a gm_Zm H$ê$ eH$VmV.KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr chmZ amÁ`m§Mr hr ^rVr Xÿa H$aÊ`mgmR>r hr EH$ Cn wŠV Aer VaVyX Ho$cr. Ë`mà_mUoàË oH$ KQ>H$ amÁ` {gZoQ>_Ü o XmoZ à{V{ZYr nmR>{dVo. AemàH$mao A_o[aHo$_Ü o gÜ`m 50 amÁ o AmhoVAm{U àË oH$ amÁ`m_YyZ XmoZ `mà_mUo {gZoQ>Mr gXñ`g§»`m EHy$U 100 BVH$s Amho.

❀ {ZdS>UyH$ :-

_yi KQ>ZoV KQ>H$ amÁ`mVrc H$m`Xo _§S>im§Zr {gZoQ>g© {ZdSy>Z ÚmdoV Aer AàË`j {ZdS>UyH$sMrVaVyX hmoVr. na§Vw 1913 _Ü o àË`j cmoH$emhr aMZogmR>r XS>nU Amco. Ë`m_wio 17 ì`m KQ>ZmXþéñVr A§VJ©V cmoH$ {Zdm©{MV {gZoQ>Mr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Amcr. `m VaVyXrà_mUo àË`oH$ amÁ` ghmdfmªgmR>r XmoZ g^mgX {gZoQ>da {ZdSy>Z XoB©c. AemàH$mao {gZoQ>gmR>r AmVm àË`j {ZdS>UyH$ hmoVo.

❀ nmÌVm :-

{gZoQ>Mr {ZdS>UyH$ cT>dÊ`mgmR>r Imcrc nmÌVm Amdí`H$ AmhoV.

A) Ë`mZo d`mMr 30 df} nyU© Ho$cocr AgmdrV.

~) Á`m amÁ`mVyZ Vmo {ZdSy>Z oV Amho Ë`m amÁ`mMm a{hdmer Agmdm.

H$) Vmo A_o[aHo$Mm H$_rVH$_r 9 dfmªnmgyZ qH$dm A{YH$ ZmJ[aH$ Agmdm.

❀ H$m ©H$mc :-

{gZoQ> ho H$m`_ g^mJ¥h Amho. Xa XmoZ dfmªZr 1/3 gXñ` {Zd¥Îm hmoVmV d {VVHo$M ZdrZnwÝhm {ZdSy>Z oVmV. Aem[aVrZo gmVË` d {ZdS>UyH$ `m_Ü o _oi KmVcm Amho. ì`ŠVrJV {gZoQ>aMmH$m ©H$mc 6 dfmªMm Amho. àË`jmV H$mhr {gZoQ>a 12, 18, 24 df} {gZoQ> gXñ` åhUyZ {ZdSy>ZAmco AmhoV.

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AÜ`j : A_o[aHo$Mm CnmÜ`j hm {gZoQ>Mm nX{gÜX AÜ`j AgVmo. Vmo {gZoQ>aMm g^mgXZgVmo. VgoM Ë`mcm _hÎdnyU© Ago A{YH$ma ZgVmV. Ë`m_wio {gZoQ> Amncm EH$ AñWm`r AÜ`jZo_Vo. {gZoQ>À`m AÜ`jmÀ`m J¡ahOoarV Vmo H$m_H$mO nmhVmo.

❀ {gZoQ>Mo A{YH$ma :-

{gZoQ> ho d[aîR> J¥h Agco Var A_o[aHo$À`m KQ>ZoV {gZoQ>cm d¡{eîQ>çnyU© ñWmZ Amho. nwT>rcA{YH$mam§dê$Z Vo A{YH$ ñnîQ> H$aVm oB©c.

1. H$m`Xo{df`H$ A{YH$ma : {gZoQ>cm à{V{ZYr J¥hmà_mUoM H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mg§X^m©V A{YH$maAmhoV. H$moUË`mhr {dYo H$mcm {gZoQ>Mr _mÝ`Vm {_imë`m{edm` H$m`ÚmV ê$nm§Va hmoV Zmhr.AW©{dYo H$ gmoSy>Z H$moUVohr {dYo H$ {gZoQ>_Ü o _m§S>Vm oVo.

2. AW©{df`H$ A{YH$ma : à{V{ZYr J¥h ho cmoH$g^mJ¥h Agë`mZo AW©{dYo H$ ho àW_à{V{ZYr J¥hmVM _m§S>mdo cmJVo. à{V{ZYr J¥hm_Ü o _§Oya Pmë`mZ§Va Vo {gZoQ>_Ü o MM}gmR>r KoVco OmVo.na§Vw {gZoQ>cm `m~m~V KQ>ZmË_H$ BVHo$ A{YH$ma AmhoV H$s, {gZoQ> AW©{dYo H$mV Am_ycmJ« n[adV©ZH$ê$ eH$Vo. åhUOoM Ho$di erf©H$ VoM R>odyZ {dYo H$mMm Jm^m nyU©nUo ~Xcy eH$Vo. CXm. à{V{ZYrJ¥hmZo g§_V Ho$coë`m EH$m Q>°[a\$ {~cm_Ü o gr_m ewëH$ {df`m_Ü o 847 XþéñË`m gwMdë`m hmoË`m.Agm A{YH$ma BVa XoemVrc H$moUË`mhr {ÛVr` J¥hmcm àmßV Pmcocm {XgV Zmhr. Ë`m_wioM {gZoQ> hod[aîR> J¥h VwcZmË_H$ÑîQ>çm OJmVrc gJiçmV dM©ñddmZ d[aîR> J¥h ~Zcoco Amho.

XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm_Ü o _V oX {Z_m©U Pmë`mg g§ wŠV g{_Vr {Z_m©U H$aVmV. Ë`mcm "H$m°Ý\$aÝgH${_Q>r' Ago åhQ>co OmVo. hr g{_Vr _V oX {_Q>{dÊ`mMo H$m © H$aVo. {gZoQ>À`m g^mgXm§Mm AZw d d`mo½`Vm A{YH$ Agë`mZo `mV Ë`m§Mm A{YH$ à^md {XgyZ oVmo. _V oX Z {_Q>ë`mg {dYo H$ VoWoM~mX hmoVo.

3. H$m ©H$mar A{YH$ma : A_o[aHo$À`m amÁ`KQ>Zo_Ü o ñdrH$macoë`m gÎmm {d^mOZ d {Z §ÌUAm{U g§VwcZ hr VÎdo ñdrH$maë`m_wio {gZoQ>cm amîQ´>mÜ`jm§da {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`m~m~V H$mhr A{YH$ma{Xcoco {XgyZ oVmV. amÁ`KQ>ZoZo {gZoQ>cm ~hmc Ho$coco ho A{YH$ma nwT>rcà_mUo AmhoV.

A) Zo_UwH$m§Zm _mÝ`Vm : amîQ´>mÜ`jmcm AZoH$ _hÎdmÀ`m nXmdarc ì`pŠV§À`m Zo_UyH$mH$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma AgVmo. CXm. ImË`m§Mo à_wI, gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mc`mMo Ý`m`m{Ye, naamîQ´> dH$sc B.`m Zo_UyH$m§Zm {gZoQ>Mr g§_Vr AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. _§Ìr Am{U g¡Ý` A{YH$mar `m§À`m Zo_UwH$sg{gZoQ> cJoM _mÝ`Vm XoVo. Ý`m`m{Ye, {Oëhm Ý`m`m{Ye, g§Kr` nXm{YH$mar `m§À`m Zo_UwH$m§Mr N>mZZr{gZoQ>H$Sy>Z Ho$cr OmVo. hr _m{hVr Ë`mg§~§Yr g{_VrH$S>o nmR>{dÊ`mV oVo. g{_VrÀ`m Ahdmcmda {gZoQ>

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g^mJ¥hmV MMm© hmoVo. {gZoQ>mo[a`c H$Q>©gr `m na§naoà_mUo Á`m amÁ`mVrc Zo_UwH$m AmhoV, Ë`m amÁ`m§ergëcm_gcV H$ê$Z {dMmaUm H$ê$Z Ë`m Ho$ë`m OmVmV. amîQ´>mÜ`j {ZŠgZ `mZo no{Q´>H$ J«mo `mMr H|${Ð`Mm¡H$er Am`moJmMmK g§MmcH$ åhUyZHo$cocr Zo_UyH$, amîQ´>mÜ`j [aJZ `m§Zr CÀMVa Ý`m`mc`mMmÝ`m`m{Ye åhUyZ am°~Q>© H«$moH$ qJg~J© `m§À`m Zo_UwH$sMo àñVmd {gZoQ>Zo \o$Q>mico hmoVo.

~) naamîQ´>mer H$amam§Zm _mÝ`Vm : A_o[aHo$À`m amîQ´>mÜ`jmcm naamîQ´>mer Vh H$ama H$aÊ`mMmA{YH$ma Amho. na§Vw Ë`mgmR>r {gZoQ>Mr g§_Îmr Amdí`H$ Amho, Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Mr A§_c~OmdUr hmoD$eH$V Zmhr. VgoM Zo_UwH$m§gmR>r {gZoQ>Mo gmYo ~hþ_V nwaogo AgVo na§Vw naamîQ´>mer Vh d H$ama `mgmR>r{gZoQ>Mo 2/3 ~hþ_V AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. `m A{YH$mamVyZM {gZoQ>cm AÜ`jmda {Z §ÌUmMoA{YH$ma àmßV Pmco AmhoV.

1919 _Ü o {gZoQ>Zo AÜ`j {dëgZ `m§À`m H$mimVrc ìhgm© À`m Vhmcm 2/3 ~hþ_V {XcoZmhr. Ë`m_wio A_o[aH$m gwédmVrnmgyZM crJ Am°\$ ZoeÝgÀ`m ~mhoa am{hcr.

H$) Mm¡H$er g{_Ë`m Zo_Ê`mMm A{YH$ma : emgZ d àemgZm_Ü o hmoUmao J¡aì`dhma,«îQ>mMma `m§Mm doimodoir Mm¡H$er H$ê$Z Aer àH$aUo àH$memV AmUÊ`mgmR>r {gZoQ> doJdoJiçm

g{_Ë`m Zo_Vo. `m g{_Ë`m àH$aUmMr d g§~§{YV A{YH$mè`m§Mr H$gyZ VnmgUr d CcQ>VnmgUr H$aVoqH$dm àg§Jr H$moUË`mhr A{YH$mè`mg g_Ýg nmR>dy eH$Vo. ho gd© hmoVmZm _mÜ`_m§Mo cj `m à{H«$ odaAgVo, Ë`m_wio cmoH$m§n ªV gË` nmohmoMV AgVo. Aem àH$maMo A{YH$ma OJmVrc H$moUË`mhr {ÛVr`J¥hmg Šd{MVM AmT>iVmV. à{V{ZYr J¥hmcm Ago A{YH$ma ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio gmh{OH$M {gZoQ>Mo _hÎddmT>co Amho.

4. Ý`m`{df`H$ A{YH$ma : Ý`m`{df`H$ A{YH$mam§VJ©V {gZoQ>cm _hm{^`moJmMm A{YH$maAmho. amîQ´>mÜ`j, CnmÜ`j, Ý`m`mYre qH$dm amîQ´>r` nmVirdarc g§KamÁ`mMo BVa A{YH$mar BË`mXr{df`r XoeÐmoh, KQ>Zm §J qH$dm ^ §H$a ñdê$nmMm JwÝhm `m{déÜX _hm{^`moJ MmcdyZ Ë`m§Zm nXÀ wVH$aVm oVo. à{V{ZYrJ¥hmZo Vgo AmamonnÌ R>odë`mg {gZoQ>_Ü o Vmo IQ>cm Mmcdcm OmVmo. `m_Ü o 2/3 ~hþ_V Amdí`H$ AgVo. AmOn ªV {gZoQ>Zo ~mam doiog Ý`m`mc`rZ IQ>cm Mmcdcm na§Vw EH$mghrnXÀ yV H$aVm Amco Zmhr.

5. {ZdS>UyH$ {df`H$ A{YH$ma : {d{eîQ> n[apñWVr_Ü`o CnmÜ`m§Mr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mMmA{YH$ma` {gZoQ>cm Amho. CnmÜ`jmÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$sV H$moUË`mhr C_oXdmamcm ñnîQ> ~hþ_V Z{_imë`mg gdm©{YH$ _Vo àmßV Ho$coë`m n{hë`m XmoZ C_oXdmam§VyZM EH$mMr {ZdS> {gZoQ> ~hþ_VmZoH$aV AgVo.

6. KQ>ZmXþéñVr {df`H$ A{YH$ma : à{V{ZYr J¥hmà_mUoM {gZoQ>cmhr KQ>ZmXþéñVr {df`H$

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A{YH$ma AmhoV. {gZoQ>cm KQ>ZmXþéñVr àñVmd _m§S>Vm oVmo VgoM KQ>Zm XþéñVrgmQ>r {gZoQ>Mr 2/3_VmZo g§_Îmr {_iUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

❀ {gZoQ>Mo ñWmZ :-

{gZoQ> ho Ë`mcm {_imcoë`m gÎmoÀ`m AmYmamda OJmVrc gdm©V epŠVemcr d[aîR>J¥h ~ZcoAmho. 20ì`m eVH$m_Ü o EH$sH$S>o EHy$UM H$m`Xo _§S>i epŠVhrZ hmoV AmhoV, Ë`mV {ÛVr` g^mJ¥hoVa A{YH$M Xþ~ir hmoV AmhoV `m nmíd© y_rda B§½c§S>Mo C_amdm§Mo g^mJ¥h ho OJmVrc gdm©V H$_Hw$dVd[aîR> J¥h Va {gZoQ> ho OJmVrc epŠVemcr d[aîR> J¥h Agë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. {gZoQ>Mr aMZm, chmZAmH$ma, _moR>m H$m ©H$mc, AZw dr, H$m ©j_ à{V{ZYr, _moR>çm MMm© `m_wio {gZoQ>Mr eŠVr dmT>crAmho. AÜ`jmÀ`m YmoaUmMo nwZ{d©cmoH$Z d Q>rH$mË_H$ narjU {gZoQ> g^mJ¥h d g{_Ë`m§V Ho$co OmVo.Mm¡H$er g{_Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©_wio §{gZoQ>Mo _hÎd A{cH$S>o dmT>co Amho. {gZoQ> gXñ`m§_Ü o EoŠ` ^mdZmoX^md {dgê$Z H$m_ H$aUo hr d¡{eîQ>ço {gZoQ>_Ü o {XgVmV, Ë`m_wio {gZoQ>Mo ñWmZ C§MmdcoAmho. cm°S>©

~«mBg åhUVmo, ""Á`m C{ÔîQ>m§gmR>r KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr {gZoQ>Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$cr Amho, Vr C{ÔîQ>ço g\$c PmcrAmhoV.''

❒ à{V{ZYr J¥h :-

à{V{ZYr J¥h ho H$m±J«ogMo H${ZîR> g^mJ¥h Amho. Vo cmoH$m§Mo g^mJ¥h AgyZ Vo àW_ g^mJ¥hAmho. {gZoQ> Ogo KQ>H$ amÁ`m§Mo à{V{ZYrËd H$aVo Vgo à{V{ZYrJ¥h OZVoMo à{V{ZYrËd H$aVo. KQ>Zm{Z{_©VrÀ`mdoir à{V{ZYrJ¥h Agy Z o Aer y{_H$m XoIrc H$mhtMr hmoVr na§Vw _°{S>gZ `m§Zr cmoH$m§gmR>rEH$ g^mJ¥h AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho ho nQ>dyZ {Xco d Ë`mZ§Va à{V{ZYrJ¥hmMr {Z{_©Vr _mÝ` H$aÊ`mVAmcr.

❀ aMZm :-

`m g^mJ¥hmMr gXñ`g§»`m àË oH$ amÁ`mÀ`m cmoH$g§» oÀ`m à_mUmda Adc§~yZ AgVo. KQ>ZoVrcVaVyXrà_mUo Xa Vrg hOma cmoH$m§_mJo EH$ à{V{ZYr Agmdm. gd©àW_ gXñ` g§»`m 65 hmoVr. AmOhr gXñ` g§»`m 435 Amho. 1959 _Ü o gXñ` g§»`m 435 BVH$s {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Amcr. 1959_Ü o AcmñH$m, hdmB© XmoZ amÁ o OmoS>Ê`mV Amë`mZ§Va hr g§»`m 437 Pmcr. na§Vw 1961 _Ü ocmoH$g§»`m AmYmamda nwZa©MZm hmoD$Z Vr 435 H$aÊ`mV Amcr. 1982 _Ü o Xa 50000 cmoH$g§» ocmEH$ à{V{ZYr Ago _VXma g§K hmoVo. KQ>ZoZwgma _VXmag§K R>a{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma amÁ`m§Zm Amho. amÁ`Amnë`m njr` \$m`ÚmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo ho _VXmag§K joÌ H$_r-A{YH $H$aVmV. Epë~«O Ooar ZmdmÀ`mJìhZ©aZo gwê$dmVrcm Ago ~Xc Ho$co. `mdê$Z Aem _VXmag§K ~Xcm§Zm Ooar _±{S>[a¨J Ago åhQ>co OmVo.

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❀ H$m ©H$mc :-

à{V{ZYrJ¥hmMm H$m ©H$mc XmoZ dfmªMm Amho. {gZoQ>À`m VwcZoV Vmo A{Ve` H$_r Amho. B§½c§S>d ^maVmgma»`m g§gXr` ì`dñWoVrc hmD$g Am°\$ H$m°_Ýg qH$dm cmoH$g^m `m H${ZîR>J¥hm§gmaIoA_o[aHo$À`m à{V{ZYr J¥hmMo {dgO©Z hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. XmoZ dfmªMm H$m ©H$mc nyU©nUo J¥h H$m ©aVAgVo Vmo H$m ©H$mc H$_r qH$dm A{YH$ H$aVm oV Zmhr.

❀ nmÌVm :-

à{V{ZYrJ¥hmMm gXñ` åhUyZ {ZdSy>Z oÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rc nmÌVm AQ>r AmhoV.

1) d`mMr 25 df} nyU© AgmdrV.

2) Vmo A_o[aHo$Mm H$_rV H$_r gmV df} ZmJ[aH$ Agmdm.

3) Á`m amÁ`mVyZ {ZdSy>Z oUma Amho, Ë`m amÁ`mMm a{hdmer Agmdm.

4) {gZoQ>à_mUoM g§Kr` ZmoH$am§Zm à{V{ZYr_Ü o gXñ` hmoVm oV Zmhr.

❀ _VXmZmMr nmÌVm :-

1971 À`m 26 ì`m XþéñVrà_mUo d`mMr 18 df} nyU© H$aUmam _VXmZ H$ê$ eH$Vmo. d§e, a§J,qcJ Agm H$moUVmhr oX^md Z H$aVm gmd©{ÌH$ _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma {Xcm Amho.

❒ à{V{ZYr g^mJ¥hmMo A{YH$ma d H$m } :-

à{V{ZYr J¥hmMo A{YH$ma Imcrcà_mUo ñnîQ> H$aVm oVrc.

1. H$m`Xo{df`H$ A{YH$ma : H$m`Xo _§S>imÀ`m åhUOoM H$m±J«ogÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§Zm H$m`XoH$aÊ`mMo g_mZ A{YH$ma AmhoV. à{V{ZYr J¥hmV H$moUË`mhr {dYo H$mMr gwê$dmV hmoD$ eH$Vo. XmoÝhrg^mJ¥hmÀ`m g§_VrZ§Va amîQ´>mÜ`jmH$S>o ñdmjargmR>r nmR>{dco OmVo d Ë`mMr ñdmjar Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`mMoH$m`ÚmV ê$nm§Va hmoVo. EImÚm {dYo H$m~m~V XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmV _V oX Pmë`mg g§ wŠV g{_Vr {Z_m©UHo$cr OmVo d Varhr _V oX Z {_Q>ë`mg {dYo H$ ~mX R>a{dco OmVo.

2. H$m ©H$mar A{YH$ma : A_o[aHo$_Ü o AÜ`jr` emgZ ì`dñWm AgyZ Vo o gÎmm{d^mOZmÀ`m VÎdmcm _hÎd Amho. Ë`m_wio g§gXr` nÜXVrà_mUo à{V{ZYrJ¥h cmoH$ g^mJ¥h AgyZhrH$m ©H$mar gÎmoda {Z §ÌU R>ody eH$V Zmhr. {edm` Zo_UyH$m qH$dm Vhm§Zm _mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mgma»`m gÎmmÁ`m {gZoQ> g^mJ¥hmcm AmhoV, Ë`m à{V{ZYrJ¥hmcm ZmhrV. Voìhm VwcZmË_H$ÑîQ>çm à{V{ZYrJ¥hmcmH$m ©mar joÌmV {gZoQ>nojm H$_r A{YH$ma AmhoV.

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na§Vw H$mhr H$m } {gZoQ> d à{V{ZYr J¥h {_iyZ nma nmS>VmV. CXmhaUmW©, Am§VaamîQ´>r` A{^dMZonyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r cmJUmam n¡gm H$m±J«og _§Oya H$arV AgVo. wÜXmMr KmofUm H$m±J«ogH$Sy>Z Ho$cr OmVo.H$m±J«ogMm EH$ ^mJ åhUyZ à{V{ZYr J¥h `m H$m`mª_Ü o gh^mJr hmoV AgVo.

3. Am{W©H$ A{YH$ma : AW©{df`H$ {dYo H$ gd©àW_ à{V{ZYrJ¥hmVM _m§S>mdo cmJVo.à{V{ZYrJ¥hm_Ü o g§_V Pmë`mZ§Va {gZoQ>_Ü o {dMmamW© OmVo. AJmoXa CëcoI Ho$ë`mà_mUo {gZoQ>H$S>o ho{dYo H$ Joë`mZ§Va erf©H$ dJiVm Ë`m {dYo H$mMm nyU© Jm^mM ~XcÊ`mBVnV ~Xc H$aÊ`mMoA{YH$ma {gZoQ> g^mJ¥hmcm AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Am{W©H$ joÌmV {gZoQ>Mo dM©ñd dmT>coco {XgVo. Iao Vag§gXr` nÜXVr_Ü o H${ZîR> åhUOoM cmoH$g^mJ¥hmcm Am{W©H$ joÌmV gdm}ÀM gÎmm Agcoë`m {XgyZoVmV, na§Vw à{V{ZYrJ¥hmÀ`m ~m~VrV _mÌ Ago Agcoco {XgV Zmhr.

4. KQ>Zm XþéñVrMm A{YH$ma : à{V{ZYr g^mJ¥hmcm KQ>Zm XþéñVrMm àñVmd _m§S>Ê`mMmA{YH$ma Amho. KQ>ZmXþéñVr {dYo H$ _mÝ` hmoÊ`mgmR>r XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§Mr 2/3 ~hþ_VmMr g§_VrA{Zdm © AgVo. à{V{ZYr g^mJ¥hmZo g§_Îmr ZmH$macr Va KQ>ZmXþéñVr hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr.

5. Ý`m`mc`rZ A{YH$ma : AJmoXa ñnîQ> Ho$ë`mà_mUo AÜ`j, CnmÜ`j, gdm}ÀMÝ`m`mYre d BVa _hÎdmÀ`m A{YH$mè`m§Zm _hm{^`moJmÀ`m _mJm©Zo nXÀ wV H$aÊ`mMm Ý`m`mc`rZA{YH$ma H$m±J«ogcm Amho. na§Vw `m~m~VMo AmamonnÌ R>odÊ`mMm A{YH$ma à{V{ZYr J¥hmcm Amho.à{V{ZYr J¥hmZo Ago AmamonnÌ R>odë`mda {gZoQ>_Ü o Vmo IQ>cm Mmc{dcm OmVmo d Mm¡H$er Ho$crOmVo.

6. Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma : {gZoQ>À`m ~amo~arZo gÎmoÀ`m J¡admnam~Ôc Mm¡H$er H$ê$ZemgZmda {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mMm A{YH$ma à{V{ZYr g^mJ¥hmcm Amho. à{V{ZYr g^mJ¥hmÀ`m H$mhr g{_Ë`mË`mg§~§YrMo H$m © nma nmS>VmV.

7. {ZdS>UwH$sg§~§Yr A{YH$ma : A_o[aHo$À`m AÜ`jmÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sV Oa H$moUË`mhrC_oXdmamg ñnîQ> ~hþ_V àmßV Pmco Zgoc Va gdm©{YH$ _Vo nS>coë`m n{hë`m VrZ C_oXdmam§_YyZEH$mMr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma à{V{ZYr g^mJ¥hmcm {Xcm Amho. 1916 d 1948 gmcÀ`m{ZdSw>H$sV hm A{YH$ma dmnê$Z à{V{ZYr g^mJ¥hmZo AÜ`jm§Mr {ZdS> Ho$cr hmoVr.

❀ à{V{ZYr J¥hmMo ñWmZ :-

à{V{ZYr J¥hmMm H$_r H$m ©H$mc, H$_Hw$dV A{YH$ma `m_wio à{V{ZYr J¥hmMm à^md A{Ve`H$_r {XgyZ oVmo. H$m ©H$mc H$_r Agë`mZo AZoH$ AZw dr Am{U hþema C_oXdma {gZoQ>Mo gXñ`hmoÊ`mg CËgwH$ AgVmV na§Vw à{V{ZYr J¥hmMo gXñ` hmoÊ`mg CËgwH$ ZgVmV. VgoM {eñVrMm A^md

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Agcoë`m nj nÜXVrMm n[aUm_ g^mJ¥hmda Pmcm Amho. à{V{ZYr J¥hmcm ZH$mamË_H$ J¥h g_OcoOmVo. `m gd© H$maUm§_wio à{V{ZYr J¥h ho {gZoQ>nojm H$_Hw$dV Agë`mMo {XgyZ oVo.

2.2.4 pñdg ì`dñWo_Yrc g§gX

❒ pñdËPcªS>_Yrc g§gXr` g§ñWm :-

pñdËPcªS>_Yrc emgZ ì`dñWoV A_o[aHo$Vrc AÜ`jr` ì`dñWm d B§½c§S>_Yrc g§gXr`ì`dñWm `m§À`m d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm {_cm\$ AmT>iyZ oVmo. pñdËPcªS>_Ü o g§KamÁ` ì`dñWm Agë`mZo g§Kd KQ>H$amÁ`m§_Ü o {df`mMo dmQ>n Pmcoco {XgVo. na§Vw emgZmMo KQ>H$ åhUOo H$m`Xo _§S>i, H$m ©H$mar_§S>i d Ý`m`_§S>i `m§À`m H$m`m©_Ü o A_o[aHo$à_mUo gÎmm {d^mOZ d {Z §ÌU-g§VwcZ `m VÎdmMoApñVËd {XgV Zmhr. H$c_ 71 Zwgma gm§{KH$ H$m`Xo_§S>i g§KamÁ`mMm gdm}ÀM A{YH$ma Amho.`mÑîQ>rZo {~«{Q>e emgZmer gmYå © {XgVo na§Vw {~«{Q>e g§gX Á`mà_mUo gmd© m¡_ Amho Ë`mà_mUopñdËPcªS>Mo H$m`Xo _§S>i gmd© m¡_ Zmhr. B§½c§S>À`m nmc©_|Q>Zo ~Z{dcoco H$m`Xo aÔ~mVc H$aUmarH$moUVrhr g§ñWm nmc©_|Q>da Zmhr. Va pñdËPcªS>À`m H$m`Xo_§S>imZo Ho$coë`m H$m`Úm§Zm OZ_V g§J«hmÛmaocmoH$ ZmH$mê$ eH$VmV. H±$Q>m±ZZmhr hr gÎmm àmßV Pmcr Amho. åhUOoM amÁ`KQ>ZoMo g§KmË_H$ ñdê$nd OZVoMo gmd© m¡_Ëd `m_wio \o$S>ac Ag|ãcrMr gÎmm _`m©{XV Pmcr Amho.

❒ \o$S>ac Ag|ãcr :-

pñdËPcªS>_Ü o g§gXr` g§ñWocm qH$dm H$m`Xo _§S>imcm \o$S>ac Ag|ãcr Ago åhUVmV. 1848À`m amÁ`KQ>ZoZo {ÛJ¥hr H$m`Xo _§S>imMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$cr. `m_Yrc d[aîR> J¥h åhUOo amÁ` n[afX(Council of State) Am{U H${ZîR> J¥h åhUOo amîQ´>r` n[afX (National Council) hmo`. d[aîR>g^mJ¥h H±$Q>m|ZMo à{V{Z{YËd H$aVo Va H${ZîR> J¥h ho cmoH$m§Mo à{V{ZYrËd H$aVo. KQ>H$mÀ`m AJmoXaÀ`m^mJmV Aä`mg Ho$ë`mà_mUo A_o[aHo$À`m amÁ`KQ>ZoZo {gZoQ> `m d[aîR> J¥hmcm Va ^maVr` KQ>ZoZocmoH$g^m `m H${ZîR> J¥hmcm A{YH$ _hÎdmMo A{YH$ma d y{_H$m {Xë`mMo {XgVo. na§Vw pñdgKQ>ZmH$mam§Zr XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§Zm g_mZ gÎmm ~hmc Ho$ë`m. Imcr {Xcoë`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§À`m A{YH$mam§À`m{ddoMZmdê$Z ho A{YH$ ñnîQ> hmoB©c.

❒ amÁ` n[afX (Council of State)

amÁ` n[afX ho pñdg \o$S>ac Ag|ãcrMo d[aîR> qH$dm {ÛVr` g^mJ¥h Amho.

❀ aMZm :-

amÁ` n[afXoMr gXñ` g§»`m 44 Amho. pñdg g§KmV 19 nyU© H±$Q>m°Z d g AY© H±$Q>m±Z AmhoV.

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ho g^mJ¥h H±$ÝQ>m°ZMo à{V{ZYrËd àË oH$ H$aVo. H°$ÝQ>m°Z_YyZ XmoZ à{V{ZYr d AY© H±$Q>m°Z_YyZ EH$à{V{ZYr {ZdSy>Z nmR>{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho.

❀ H$m ©H$mc d g^m :-

àË oH$ H°$ÝQ>m°Z C_oXdma, _VXma `m§À`m nmÌVm Am{U gXñ`m§Mm H$m ©H$mc, {ZdS>UyH$ nÜXV `m{df`t {Z`_m§~m~V ñdV§Ì {ZU© KoVo. amÁ` n[afXoÀ`m gXñ`m§Mm H$m ©H$mc gmaIm Zmhr. `m.g^mJ¥hm_Ü o35 gXñ` 4 dfmªgmR>r 5 gXñ` 3 dfmªgmR>r d 4 gXñ` Ho$di 1 dfm©gmR>r {ZdS>co OmVmV. ~hþYmË`m§Mo dma§dma nwZ{Zdm©{MV hmoV AgVo. {ZdS>UyH$ nÜXVr~m~V 4 H°$ÝQ>m°ZMo à{V{ZYr AàË`j[aVrZo,14 H°$ÝQ>m°ZMo Am{U 3 AÜ`m© H°$ÝQ>m°ZMo OZVoH$Sy>Z àË`j {ZdS>UwH$sÛmao {ZdS>co OmVmV. Cacoë`m 1H°$ÝQ>m°Z d 3 AW© H°$ÝQ>m°Z `m§À`m à{V{ZYtMr {ZdS>UyH$ gmd©O{ZH$ g oX²dmao hmoVo. amîQ´>r` n[afXoÀ`m~¡R>H$s~amo~aM ^aVo. XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§Mr g§ wŠV ~¡R>H$ Am`mo{OV Ho$cr OmD$ eH$Vo. amîQ´>r` n[afXoÀ`m1/4 gXñ`m§Zr 1/4 H°$ÝQ>m°ZZr {dZ§Vr Ho$ë`mg \o$S>ac H$m¡pÝgc g§ wŠV ~¡R>H$ Am_§{ÌV H$aVo.

❀ gXñ`m§Mr nmÌVm, {ZdS> B. :-

gXñ`m§Mr nmÌVm, {ZdS>UyH$ nÜXV, H$m ©H$mc B. R>a{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma g§~§{YV H°$ÝQ>m°ZcmAgVmo. H$mhr H°$ÝQ>m°Z àË`j Va H$mhr AàË`j {ZdS>UwH$sMm Adc§~ H$aVmV. à{V{ZYtZm naV~mocmdÊ`mMm A{YH$ma g§~§{YV H°$ÝQ>m°Zcm AgVmo. amÁ` n[afXoÀ`m gXñ`mcm amîQ´>r` n[afX d \o$S>acH$m¡pÝgcMo gXñ` ~ZÊ`mg à{V~§Y Ho$cm Amho.

❀ AÜ`j d CnmÜ`j :-

g^mJ¥h Amnë`m gXñ`m§_YyZ EH$ AÜ`j d EH$ CnmÜ`jmMr EH$ dfm©gmR>r {ZdS> H$aVo.amÁ`KQ>ZoZwgma H$moUË`mhr EH$m H±$Q>moZ_Yrc à{V{ZYr_YyZ gcJ XmoZ dfmªgmR>r AÜ`j d CnmÜ`j{ZdS>Vm oV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio gd© H°$ÝQ>m°Z_Yrc à{V{ZYrVyZ `m nXmda {ZdS> H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr àmßV hmoVo.na§naoZwgma EH$m gÌmVrc CnmÜ`jmcm Xþgè`m gÌmV AÜ`j Ho$co OmVo. amîQ>r` n[afXoÀ`m AÜ`jmà_mUoMamÁ` n[afXoÀ`m AÜ`jmgmR>r A{YH$ma AmhoV. A{YdoeZ H$mimV Vmo g^mJ¥hmMm g^mnVr AgVmo.g^mJ¥hmMo H$m_H$mO em§VVoV d gwì`dpñWV MmcdUo, gXñ`m§H$Sy>Z {Z`_m§Mo nmcZ H$adyZ KoUo. VgoMg_g_mZ _Vo nS>VmV Voìhm {ZUm© H$ _V XoUo `mgmaIo A{YH$ma AÜ`jmcm AmhoV.

❒ amîQ´>r` n[afX (National Council)

amîQ´>r` n[afX ho pñdËPcªS>À`m H$m`Xo _§S>imMo åhUOoM g§gXoMo H${ZîR> VgoM àW_ g^mJ¥hAmho.

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❀ aMZm :-

amîQ>r` n[afXoV 200 g^mgX AgVmV. ho g^mgX {Zdm©{MV AgVmV. H°$ÝQ>m°ZÀ`m cmoH$g§» oà_mUoË`m§Mr g§»`m {d^mJcr OmVo. N>moQ>çm H°$ÝQ>m°Zcm à{V{ZYrËdmnmgyZ d§{MV ahmdo cmJy Z o åhUyZ {H$_mZEH$ gXñ` Aem H°$ÝQ>m°Z_YyZ {ZdS>cm OmVmo. gd©gmYmaU 24000 cmoH$g§» ocm EH$ `mà_mUoà{V{ZYr R>adVmV. Xa Xhm dfmªZr OZJUZoZwgma hr g§»`m d H±$Q>m°ZMr gXñ` g§» oMr nwZa©MZm hmoVo.gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS> àm¡T> _Vm{YH$mamÀ`mÛmao JwßV _VXmZ nÜXVrZo àË`j nÜXVrZo Ho$cr OmVo. 20 df} d`nyU© Pmcoë`m gd© ZmJ[aH$m§Zm _VmMm A{YH$ma àmßV hmoVmo. \$ŠV _VXmamcmM {ZdS>UyH$ cT>{dVm oVo.Y_©Jwê$ VgoM amÁ` n[afX Am{U \o$S>ac H$m¡pÝgcÀ`m gXñ`m§Zm amîQ´>r` n[afXoMo g^mgX hmoVm oVZmhr. _VXmZm~m~V H$mhr AnmÌVm ñnîQ> Ho$ë`m AmhoV. {XdmiImoa, Y_©Jwê$ d Mm[aÍ`{hZ ì`ŠVtZm_Vm{YH$ma {Xcocm Zmhr.

❀ {ZdS>UyH$ nÜXVr :-

amîQ´>r` n[afXoÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sgmR>r à_mUera à{V{ZYrËd nÜXVrMm Adc§~ Ho$cm OmVmo. XmoZ dmA{YH$ à{V{ZYr {ZdSy>Z Úmd`mÀ`m H°$ÝQ>m°ZgmR>r hr nÜXV Amho. Aer 17 H°$ÝQ>m°Z AmhoV. BVaH°$ÝQ>m°Z _YyZ ~hþ_VmZo à{V{ZYr {ZdS>co OmVmV. _VXma {Oëhm hm Ë`mgmR>r AmYma yV KQ>H$ AgVmo.Ë`mZwgma àË oH$ H°$ÝQ>m°Z d AY© H°$ÝQ>m°Z EH$ {Zdm©MH$ {Oëhm AgVmo. hm ~hþà{V{ZYr _VXma g§KAgVmo. àË oH$ amOH$s` nj C_oXdmam§Mr `mXr {ZpíMV H$aVmo. _VXma d¡ pŠVH$ dm g§nyU© `mXrcm_VXmZ H$ê$ eH$Vmo. OodT>çm OmJm VodT>r _Vo XoVm oVmV. EH$mM C_oXdmamcm XmoZ _Vo XoVm oVmV.àË oH$ njmcm Pmcoë`m _VXmZmÀ`m à_mUmV OmJm {_iVmV.

❀ H$m ©H$mc d ~¡R>H$m :-

amîQ´>r` n[afXoMm H$m ©H$mc Mma dfmªMm AgVmo. g§Kr` _§S>i (Federal Assembly) {dg{O©VH$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. na§Vw KQ>ZoÀ`m 140 H$c_mà_mUo XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§V KQ>Zm XþéñVrdê$Z _V oX PmcoVa ho g^mJ¥h {dg{O©V Ho$co OmVo.

H$c_ 86 Zwgma amîQ´>r` n[afXoMo A{YdoeZ {ZdS>UwH$sZ§Va {S>g|~a _{hÝ`mÀ`m n{hë`m gmo_dmar^aVo. _mÌ OyZ gßQ>|~a Am{U {S>g|~a Aer dfm©VyZ Mma A{YdoeZo amîQ´>r` n[afXoMr hmoVmV. `m{edm`\o$S>ac H$m¡pÝgccm ñdV: hmoD$Z {deof A{YdoeZ ~mocmdÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. VgoM 1/4g^mgXm§Zr qH$dm nmM H°$ÝQ>m°ZZr _mJUr Ho$ë`mg {deof A{YdoeZ ^aVo.

amîQ´>r` n[afXoÀ`m gXñ`mcm H$moUVohr _m{gH$ doVZ {Xco OmV Zmhr. g^mJ¥hmÀ`m ~¡Q>H$sdoir\$ŠV X¡{ZH$ ^Îmm d àdmg IM© {Xcm OmVmo.

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❀ AÜ`j d CnmÜ`j :-

amîQ´>r` n[afXoÀ`m àË oH$ A{YdoeZmgmR>r Ë`mÀ`m g^mgXm§_YyZM EH$ AÜ`j d EH$ CnmÜ`j{ZdS>VmV. AmVm na§naoZwgma ho nXm{YH$mar EH$m dfm©gmR>r {ZdS>co OmVmV. XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ doiogho nX nwÝhm ñdrH$maVm oV Zmhr. g§Ho$Vmà_mUo CnmÜ`j nwT>rcdfu AÜ`j hmoVmo. g oMo g§MmcZH$aUo, {Z`_m§à_mUo H$m_H$mO Mmc{dUo, Oo àíZ oVmV Ë`m§Mr CÎmao XoUo g^mJ¥hmMo R>amd, gyMZm,XþéñË`m ñdrH$maUo d _Vmg Q>mH$Uo, {ZU© Omhra H$aUo hr H$m } AÜ`j H$aVmo. Ë`mcm {ZUm© H$ _VXoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. _mÌ g§Kr` _§S>imÀ`m d BVa Am`moJmÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$sgmR>r BVa gXñ`m§à_mUoË`mcm _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma AgVmo. B§½c§S>À`m ñnrH$aà_mUo amîQ´>r` _§S>imMm AÜ`j {Zînjr` ZgVmo.A_o[aHo$À`m à{V{ZYr g^mJ¥hmÀ`m AÜ`mjmà_mUo epŠVemcr ZgVmo.

❒ \o$S>ac Ag|ãcrMo A{YH$ma :-

H$c_ 71 Zwgma pñdg g§KamÁ`mMr gdm}ÀM gÎmm \o$S>ac Ag|ãcr_Ü o {Z{hV Amho. VgoMOZVm d H°$ÝQ>m°Z `m§À`m A{YH$mam§À`m _`m©XoV hr gdm}ÀMgÎmm dmdaVo. H$m`Xo{df`H$ A{YH$mam§~amo~a\o$S>ac Ag|ãcrcm H$m ©H$mar d Ý`m`rH$ joÌmV AZoH$ A{YH$ma AmhoV. amîQ´>r` n[afX d amÁ` n[afX`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§n¡H$s H$moUVohr EH$ J¥h epŠVemcr Zmhr. XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§Zm g_g_mZ gÎmm AmhoVd g_mZ XOm© Amho.

1. H$m`Xo{df`H$ A{YH$ma :-

g§KgyMrcm gd© {df`m§da \o$S>ac Ag|ãcr H$m`Xo H$ê$ eH$Vo. Xoem_Ü o em§VVm, gwì`dñWm,EH$Vm, ñdmV§ÍM {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mgmR>r H$m`Xo Ho$co OmVmV. {~«Q>re nmc©_|Q>à_mUo oWrc nmc©_|Q> gmd© m¡_Zmhr. Ë`m_wioM \o$S>ac Ag|ãcrZo Ho$coë`m H$m`Úm§da OZ{ZU© mMr (Refrandum) _`m©Xm Amho.{d{Y_§S>imZo Ho$coë`m H$m`Úmda 90 {XdgmZ§Va 8 H°$ÝQ>m°Z dm 30000 ZmJ[aH$ `m§Zr OZ{ZU© mMr_mJUr Ho$ë`mg Ë`m H$m`ÚmMo ^{dVì` OZ{ZU© mVrc ~hþ_Vmda R>aVo.

2. emgZ{df`H$ A{YH$ma :-

A) _hÎdmÀ`m Zo_UyH$m, gm§{KH$ Ý`m`mc`mMo Ý`m`mYre, gdm}ÀM goZmnVr, gm§{KH$ {d_mÝ`m`m{YH$aUmMo gXñ` B.Mr {ZdS> \o$S>ac Ag|ãcrH$Sy>Z Ho$cr OmVo.

~) wÕ KmofUm H$aUo, g¡Ý`mda XoIaoI H$aUo, naamîQ´>mer Ho$cocm Vh d H$amam§Zm _mÝ`Vm XoUoho A{YH$ma H$m`Xo _§S>imcm AmhoV. ì`dhmamV ho H$m © \o$S>ac H$m¡pÝgccm H$amdo cmJVo.\o$S>ac Ag|ãcr Ë`mcm g§_Vr XoVo.

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_mÌ `m A{YH$mamda H$mhr _`m©Xm AmhoV. naamîQ´>r` H$amam§Zm {Xcoë`m _mÝ`Vo~m~VOZ{ZU© mMr _mJUr Ho$ë`mg ~hþ_VmZwgma Ë`mda {ZU© hmoVmo. pñdËPcªS>Zo amîQ´>g§KmMogXñ`Ëd ñdrH$mamdo H$m? `mda 1920 _Ü o OZ{ZU© KoVë`mda ho g^mgXËd ñdrH$maÊ`mVAmco. {d{Y_§S>i gXñ` g§Kr` H$m ©H$mar _§S>i, g^mgXm§Zm àíZ {dMmê$ eH$VmV na§VwB§½c§S> qH$dm ^maVmÀ`m H$m`Xo_§S>imà_mUo A{dídmg ì`ŠV H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr.

3. AW©{df`H$ A{YH$ma :-

AW©g§H$ënmcm _§Oyar XoUo, H$a cmdUo dm H$_r H$aUo, IMm©V dmT> dm H$nmV H$aUo AgoA{YH$ma \o$S>ac Ag|ãcrcm AmhoV. `m~m~VrV doH$pënH$ OZ_V g§J«hmMr VaVyX Zmhr.

4. Ý`m`{df`H$ A{YH$ma :-

\o$S>ac Ag|ãcrcm nwT>rc Ý`m{`H$ A{YH$ma AmhoV. 1) g§Kr` Ý`m`m{Yem§Mr {ZdS> H$aUo, 2)g§K gaH$maÀ`m A{YH$mam{déÜX àemgH$s` IQ>ë`mda {ZU© XoVo. 3) AnamÜ`m§Zm X`m XmI{dÊ`mMmA{YH$ma g§Kr` H$m ©H$mar _§S>imcm ZgyZ Vmo A{YH$ma pñdËPcªS>_Ü o H$m`Xo _§S>imcm Amho.

da Z_yX Ho$coë`m A{YH$mam§n¡H$s emgZ{df`H$ d Ý`m{`H$ ñdê$nm§À`m gÎmm§Mm dmna H$aVmZmXmoÝhr g^mJ¥h g§`wŠVnUo H$m`©dmhr H$aVmV. g§`wŠV A{YdoeZmMo AÜ`jnX amîQ´>r` n[afXoMmg^mnVr wf{dVmo. {ZU© XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§À`m CnpñWV gXñ` g§» oÀ`m ~hþ_VmZo KoVco OmVmV.BVa ~m~VrV XmoÝhr g^mJ¥h doJio ~gVmV d g_mZ gÎmm Cn^moJVmV. BVHo$ A{YH$ma AgyZhrpñdg g§gX {~«{Q>e g§gXoà_mUo epŠVemcr Zmhr. H$maU cmoH${ZU© m_wio `m§À`m eŠVr _`m©{XVPmë`m AmhoV.

2.2.2 ^maVmVrc g§gXr` g§ñWm

^maVmZo g§gXr` emgZ nÜXVrMm Adc§~ Ho$cm Amho. {~«{Q>e H$mcrZ g§gXr` emgZmMmAZw d. ^maVr` g_mOm_Yrc ~hþcVm Am{U pñWa emgZmnojm O~m~Xma emgZmMo _hÎd. `m gd©H$maUm§_wio KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr ^maVmcm g§gXr` nÜXVrMo emgZ ì`dñWoMo ñdê$n ñdrH$maco.

H$c_ 79 Vo 122 `m H$c_m§VJ©V g§gXr` g§ñWoMo ñdê$n, aMZm, H$m ©H$mc, A{YH$ma nXo,H$m_H$mO nÜXVr, A{YH$ma d {deofm{YH$ma `m ~m~ter g§~§{YV {ddoMZ AmT>iVo.

❒ ^maVr` g§gXoMo KQ>H$

^maVmÀ`m g§gXr` ì`dñWoV g§gX `m g§H$ënZoV amÁ`g^m, cmoH$g^m d amîQ´>nVr `m§Mm g_mdoe

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hmoVmo. ^maVr` g§gX hr {ÛJ¥hr AgyZ amÁ`g^m ho d[aîR> Va cmoH$g^m ho H${ZîR> J¥h Amho. g§gXoMoho KQ>H$ nwT>rcà_mUo ñnîQ> H$aVm `oVrc.

❒ amîQ´>nVr :-

B§½c§S>_Ü o Á`mà_mUo g§gXo_Yrc amOm qH$dm amUr ho g§gXoMo A{^ÝZ A§J AgVmV. Ë`mMà_mUo^maVmMm amîQ´>nVr hm H$moUË`mhr g^mJ¥hmMm gXñ` Zgcm Am{U Ë`mcm g§gXo_Ü o CnpñWV amhVm oVZgco Var Vmo g§gXoÀ`m A{^ÝZ A§J AgVmo. Ë`m_wioM g§gXoZo nm[aV Ho$coco {dYo H$ amîQ´>nVtÀ`mg§_Vr{edm` H$m`ÚmV ê$nm§VarV hmoD$ eH$V ZmhrV. VgoM ^maVmÀ`m amîQ>nVrcm g§gXr` H$m_H$mOm{df`rH$mhr A{YH$ma {Xco AmhoV. g§gXoMo A{YdoeZ ~mocmdUo, g§ wŠV ~¡R>H$m ~mocmdUo, g§ wŠV g^mJ¥hmg_moag§~moYZ H$aUo, g§gX Ooìhm A{YdoeZm_Ü o ZgVo. Ë`m H$mim_Ü o H$m`Xo {Z{_©VrMr JaO ^mgë`mgdQ>hþHy$_ H$mT>Uo Ago A{YH$ma amîQ´>nVrcm AmhoV. AWm©V amîQ´>nVr hm B§½c§S>À`m amOmà_mUo Zm_YmarH$m ©H$mar à_wI AgVmo d n§VàYmZ d Ë`mMo H°${~ZoQ> `m§À`m gëë`mZo Amnco A{YH$ma dmnaV AgVmo.na§Vw B§½c§S>Mm amOm qH$dm amUr d ^maVmMm amîQ´>nVr `m§À`mVrc \$aH$ åhUOo B§½c§S>Mm amOm qH$dm amUrho d§e na§naoZo Amcoco nX Amho, Va amîQ´>nVr hm Ë`mgmR>r V`ma Ho$coë`m (electoral college) H$Sy>Z{ZdSy>Z {Xcm OmVmo. åhUOoM OZVoZo AàË`jnUo {ZdS>cocm AgVmo.

g§gXr` nÜXVr_Ü o gÎmm {d^mOZmnojm H$m`Xo _§S>i d H$m ©H$mar _§S>i `m XmoZ emIm§_YrcgÎmoÀ`m g§ moJmcm qH$dm nañnamdc§~Zmcm _hÎd {Xco OmVo. Ë`m_wio amîQ´>nVrcm åhUOoM H$m ©H$mar_§S>imVrc EH$m KQ>H$mcm g§gXr` H$m_H$mO nÜXVrÀ`m g§X^m©V da {Xcoco _hÎdmMo A{YH$ma XoÊ`mVAmcoco AmhoV.

❒ cmoH$g^m :-

cmoH$g^m ho ^maVmÀ`m g§gXoMo H${ZîR> g^mJ¥h Amho. VgoM Vo àW_ g^mJ¥h Amho. cmoH$m§Mo WoQ>à{V{ZYrËd Agë`mZo ho cmoH$g^mJ¥h Amho. `m_wioM g§gXr` àUmcr_Ü o cmoH$g og ì`mnH$ d à^mdrA{YH$ma XoÊ`mV Amco AmhoV. cmoH$g oMr aMZm d H$m } nwT>rcà_mUo ñnîQ> H$aVm oB©c.

❀ aMZm :-

cmoH$g oMr gXñ` g§»`m Imcrcà_mUo gm§JVm oB©c.

552 - H$_mc gXñ` g§»`m.

530 - KQ>H$amÁ`mMo à{V{ZYr.

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20 - H|$Ðem{gV àXoemMo à{V{ZYr.

2 - A±½cmo B§{S>`Z g_wXm`mMo à{V{ZYr.

gÜ`m amÁ`g oMr gXñ` g§»`m 545 Amho. `m_Ü o 530 KQ>H$ amÁ`m§Mo 13 H|$Ðem{gVàXoem§Mo Am{U 2 A°½cmoB§{S>`Z g_wXm`mMo à{V{ZYr AmhoV.

❀ cmoH$g oMo g^mnVr d Cng^mnVr :-

gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UyH$m Pmë`mda n{hë`mM gÌmV cmoH$g^m Amnë`mVyZ EH$m gXñ`mMr g^mnVråhUyZ {ZdS> H$aVmV Am{U Xþgè`m EH$m gXñ`mcm Cng^mnVrnXr {ZdS>co OmVo.

g^mnVrMm H$m ©H$mc cmoH$g oBVH$mM åhUOo 5 dfmªMm AgVmo. na§Vw cmoH$g^m {dg{O©VPmë`mZ§Va ZdrZ g^mnVtMr {ZdS> hmoB©n ªV g^mnVr Amnë`m nXmda amhÿeH$VmV. gd©gmYmaUnUoAer àWm Amho H$s, gÎmmYmar njmH$S>o g^mnVrnX Am{U {damoYr njmH$S>o Cng^mnVrnX {Xco OmVo.g^mJ¥hmMo H$m_H$mO {Z:nj nÜXVrZo Mmcmdo d `m _mJMm KQ>ZmH$mam§Mm hoVy hmoVm. g^mJ¥hmMog§MmcZ, {Z §ÌU H$aUo Am{U Ë`mg _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo Aer H$m } g^mnVr H$aVmo. g^mnVrÀ`mAZwnpñWVrV Cng^mnVr hr H$m } H$aVmo.

❀ ñnrH$a àmoQ>o_ :-

gd©gmYmaUV: ZdrZ cmoH$g^m {Z_m©U Pmë`mZ§Va amîQ´>nVr g^mJ¥hmVrc gdm©V Á oîR> gXñ`mMr"àmoQ>o_ ñnrH$a' åhUyZ {Z wŠVr H$aVmV. àmoQ>o_ ñnrH$a Zì`mZo {Zdm©{MV Pmcoë`m cmoH$g^m gXñ`m§MmenW{dYr H$m ©H«$_mMo n ©dojU H$aVmo Am{U Zì`m g^mnVrÀ`m {ZdS>rZo à{H«$ oMo AÜ`jñWmZyf{dVmo.

❀ cmoH$g oMo A{YH$ma d H$m } :-

cmoH$g^m ^maVr` OZVoMo IaoIwao à{V{ZYrËd J¥h Amho. Ë`m_wio cmoH$g ocm _hÎdmMo dì`mnH$ A{YH$ma àmßV Pmco AmhoV. amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc VaVwXrà_mUo dfm©VyZ H$_rV H$_r XmoZ doiogcmoH$g oMr ~¡R>H$ Am_§{ÌV Ho$cr nm{hOo. cmoH$g oMo A{YH$ma nwT>rc eãXm§V ñnîQ> H$aVm oVrc.

1. H$m`Xo{df`H$ A{YH$ma : cmoH$g^m g§KgyMr Am{U g_dVu gyMr_Ü o gm§{JVcoë`mH$moUË`mhr {df`mg§~§Yr H$m`Xm H$ê$ eH$Vo. H$moUVohr {dYo H$ XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmVyZ _mÝ` ìhmdo cmJVod Vo g§_V Pmë`mZ§Va amîQ´>nVrÀ`m ñdmjargmR>r nmR>{dÊ`mV oVo d amîQ´>nVrÀ`m ñdmjarZ§Va H$m`ÚmVê$nm§Va hmoVo. YZ{dYo H$ gmoSy>Z H$moUVohr {dYo H$ XmoÝhr nH$s H$moUË`mhr g^mJ¥hmV _m§S>Vm oVo.

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amÁ`g^m d cmoH$g^m `m XmoÝhrhr J¥hm§_Ü o YZ{dYo H$ gmoSy>Z H$moUË`mhr {dYo H$mMo ~m~VrV_V oX {Z_m©U Pmë`mg KQ>ZoÀ`m 108 H$c_mZwgma Vmo _V oX Zmhrgm H$aÊ`mgmR>r amîQ´>nVr XmoÝhrg^mJ¥hmMr g§ wŠV ~¡R>H$ ~mocmdVmo.

2. AW©{df`H$ A{YH$ma : g§gXr` emgZ ì`dñWo_Ü o cmoH$g^mJ¥hmcm AW©{df`H$A{YH$ma A{YH$ à_mUmV àmßV hmoVmV. H$c_ 109 Zwgma H$moUVohr YZ{dYo H$ cmoH$g oVM _m§S>mdocmJVo. H$c_ 110 Zwgma H$moUË`m {dYo H$mcm YZ{dYo H$ g§~moYm`Mo Vo R>a{dÊ`mMm A{YH$macmoH$g oÀ`m g^mnVrcm Amho. YZ{dYo H$ cmoH$g oZo g§_V Ho$ë`mZ§Va amÁ`g oH$S>o nmR>{dco OmVo.amÁ`g oZo Vo {dYo H$ àmßV Pmë`m {XdgmnmgyZ Mm¡Xm {Xdgm§À`m AmV Vo g§_V H$ê$Z AWdm Ag§_VH$ê$Z Amnë`m {e\$maetgh cmoH$g oH$S>o naV nmR>{dco nm{hOo, Ago KQ>ZmË_H$ ~§YZ Amho. Oa `mH$mcmdYrn ªV amÁ`g oZo H$moUVrhr H$m ©dmhr Z Ho$ë`mg Vo YZ{dYo H$ cmoH$g oZo Á`m ñdê$nmV _mÝ`Ho$co Ë`m ñdê$nmV Vo XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmV _mÝ` Ho$co Joco Ago g_Oco OmB©c. VgoM amÁ`g oZogwM{dcoë`m Xþgè`m qH$dm gyMZm _mÝ` H$aUo AJa nyU©nUo ZmH$maUo hm cmoH$g ocmM A{YH$ma Amho.1978 gmcÀ`m AW©{dYo H$m_Ü o H$moigm d {dÚwV `m§À`mdarc g§H$pënV H$a AmH$maUr~m~VXþéñË`m amÁ`g oZo gwM{dë`m hmoË`m, na§§Vw Ë`m cmoH$g oZo \o$Q>miyZ cmdë`m. YZ{dYo H$m~m~V XmoÝhrg^mJ¥hmV _V oX Pmë`mg XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§Mr g§ wŠV ~¡R>H$ ^aV Zmhr.

3. H$m ©H$mar A{YH$ma : XoemÀ`m H$m ©H$mar _§S>imda {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mMm A{YH$ma cmoH$g ocmAmho. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m H$c_ 75 Zwgma ""^maVmMo H|$Ðr` _§Ìr _§S>i gm_y{hH$[aË`m cmoH$g ocmO~m~Xma Agoc d cmoH$g oMm Omon ªV {dídmg Amho, Vmon ªVM Vo A{YH$mamda amhÿ eH$Vo.'' VgoMgaH$macm àíZ {dMmaUo, Ë`mÀ`m YmoaUm§da MMm© H$aUo, XþéñË`m gwM{dUo {Q>H$m H$aUo VgoMg^mJ¥hmÀ`m {d{dY g{_Ë`m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gaH$mada {Z §ÌU R>odV AgVo.

4. {ZdS>UyH${df`H$ A{YH$ma : amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m H$c_ 54 d H$c_ 66 `m A§VJ©VcmoH$g ocm {ZdS>UyH${df`H$ A{YH$ma àmßV Pmco AmhoV. cmoH$g oVrc {Zdm©{MV gXñ` amîQ´>nVr dCnamîQ´>nVrnXmÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$s_Ü o cmoH$g^m d amÁ`g^m `m§À`m g§ wŠV ~¡R>H$s_Ü o hr {ZdS> H$aVAgVmV. AmOn ªV amîQ´>nVr d CnamîQ´>nVr nXmÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$s_Ü o nyU©V: njr` AmXoe _mZyZM_VXmZ Ho$co OmVo.

5. KQ>Zm XþéñVr{df`H$ A{YH$ma : KQ>ZoÀ`m 368 H$c_mZwgma KQ>Zm XþéñVr{df`H$A{YH$ma cmoH$g ocm àmßV Pmcm Amho. ~XcË`m Am{W©H$ d amOH$s` n[apñWVrZwgma amÁ`KQ>Zo_Ü oXþéñË`m hmoUo Ano{jV Amho. amÁ`KQ>Zo_Ü o hmoUmè`m XþéñË`m d Ë`m AZwf§JmZo {Z_m©U hmoUmao H$m`Xoho OZVoÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo Amdí`H$M R>aVmV. KQ>ZmXþéñVrMo amÁ`g^m d cmoH$g^m `m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§ZmA{YH$ma AmhoV.

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6. BVa A{YH$ma : darc A{YH$mam§~amo~aM cmoH$g ocm H$mhr BVa A{YH$ma AmhoV.

A) gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mc`mMo Ý`m`mYre, CÀM Ý`m`mc`mVrc Ý`m`mYre, {ZdS>UyH$ Am wŠV Aemì`ŠVtZm AH$m ©j_Vm, J¡adV©Z Aem H$maUmdê$Z ~hþ_VmMm R>amd nmg H$ê$Z Ë`mì`ŠVtZm nXmdê$Z Xÿa H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma cmoH$g ocm Amho.

~) amîQ´>nVr-CnamîQ´>nVr `m§Zm _hm{^`moJ àñVmdmX²dmao Xÿa H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma.

H$) amîQ´>nVtÀ`m AmUr~mUrÀ`m {ZU© mcm _§Oyar XoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma.

❀ cmoH$g oMo ñWmZ d _hÎd :-

AemàH$mao cmoH$g^m ho Iè`m AWm©Zo cmoH$m§Mo à{V{ZYrËd H$aUmao J¥h Amho. Ë`m_wio H$m`Xo{df`H$,AW©{df`H$, emgZ{df`H$ gd© A{YH$mam§À`m~m~VrV cmoH$g ocm A{YH$ A{YH$ma àmßV Pmco AmhoV.g§gXr` nÜXVr ñdrH$maë`mZo cmoH$g oMo cmoH$m§Mo J¥h åhUyZ emgZmda {Z §ÌU AgVo. åhUyZMcmoH$g ocm OJmVrc gdm©V ~cemcr H${ZîR> J¥h åhQ>co OmVo.

❒ amÁ`g^m :-

amÁ`g^m ho ^maVr` g§gXoMo d[aîR> J¥h qH$dm {ÛVr` J¥h Amho.

❀ aMZm :-

amÁ`g oMr gXñ` g§»`m 250 BVH$s Amho. `m_Yrc 238 gXñ` ho amÁ`m§Mo d H|$Ðem{gVàXoem§Mo à{V{Z{YËd H$aVmV Va Cacoco 12 gXñ` amîQ´>nVtH$Sy>Z {Z wŠVr Ho$co OmVmV.

A) {Z wŠV gXñ` : amîQ´>nVr H$cm, gm{hË`, {dkmZ, gm_m{OH$ godm `m joÌm§_Yrc {deofkmZ qH$dm ì`mdhm[aH$ AZw d AgUmè`m ì`pŠV§Zm {Z wŠV H$aVmV.

~) amÁ`mMo à{V{ZYrËd : amÁ`m§Mo à{V{Z{YËd cmoH$g§» oÀ`m AmYmamda {ZpíMV Ho$co JocoAmho. ho gXñ` g§~§{YV amÁ`mÀ`m {dYmZg^m§À`m {Zdm©{MV gXñ`m§_m\©$V Ë`m KQ>H$amÁ`mVrc amÁ`g^mgXñ`m§Mr {ZdS> hmoVo. AemàH$mao amÁ`m§Mo à{V{ZYrËd H$aUmao à{V{ZYr AàË`j {ZdS>UyH$sÛmao{ZdS>co OmVmV. EH$c g§H«$_Ur` à_mUera à{V{ZYrËd nÜXVrMm Adc§~ `m_Ü o Ho$cm OmVmo.

H$) H|$Ðem{gV àXoemMo à{V{ZYrËd : KQ>ZoV åhQ>ë`mà_mUo ho à{V{ZYr Á`mà_mUo g§gXñnîQ> H$aoc Ë`mà_mUo {ZdSy>Z OmdoV Aer VaVyX Ho$cr Amho. `m VaVyXrà_mUo g§gXoZo H|$Ðem{gVàXoemMo à{V{ZYr Ë`m§À`m {ZdS>rgmR>r ImgnUo {Z_m©U Ho$coë`m {Zdm©MZ _§S>imÛmao Ho$cr Omdr d

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`m_Ü ohr EH$c g§H«$_Ur` à_mUera à{V{ZYrËd nÜXVrMm Adc§~ Ho$cm Omdm Ago gwM{dco Amho.Ë`mà_mUoM ho gXñ` {ZdSy>Z oVmV.

AemàH$mao amÁ`go o_Ü o amÁ`m§Mo d H|$Ðem{gV àXoem§Mo à{V{ZYr Agë`mZo g§KamÁ`mMo d¡{eîQ>çnamdVuV hmoVo, Ago Agco Var A_o[aHo$à_mUo gd© amÁ`m§Zm g_mZ à{V{ZYrËd ho VÎd ^maVmÀ`mamÁ`g oÀ`m ~m~VrV dmnaco Jocco Zmhr. ^maVm_Ü o `m à{V{ZYtMr g§»`m hr doJdoJir Agë`mMo{XgyZ oVo.

❀ H$m ©H$mc :-

amÁ`g^m ho ñWm`r g^mJ¥h Amho. amÁ`g oÀ`m gXñ`ËdmMm H$m ©H$mc 6 dfmªMm Amho. Xa XmoZdfmªZr 1/3 gXñ` {Zd¥Îm hmoVmV d Ë`mOmJr ZdrZ gXñ` {ZdSy>Z oVmV.

❀ nmÌVm :-

1) C_oXdma ^maVmMm ZmJ[aH$ Agcm nm{hOo. 2) C_oXdmamMo d` 30 df} nyU© Agco nm{hOo.3) 1951 À`m cmoH$à{V{ZYrËdmÀ`m H$m`ÚmZwgma Á`m KQ>H$ amÁ`mMo à{V{ZYrËd H$am`Mo Amho, Ë`mKQ>H$amÁ`mÀ`m _VXma g§Km_Ü o Ë`m C_oXdmamMo Zmd Agco nm{hOo.

❀ amÁ`g oMo AÜ`j d CnmÜ`j :-

CnamîQ´>nVr ho amÁ`g oMo nX{gÜX AÜ`j AgVmV. Va amÁ`g oVrc gXñ`m§_YyZ EH$ CnmÜ`jåhUyZ {ZdS>cm OmVmo.

❀ amÁ`g oMo A{YH$ma :-

1. H$m`Xo{df`H$ A{YH$ma : gd©gmYmaU {dYo H$mg amÁ`g oMr _§Oyar AgUo Amdí`H$AgVo. amÁ`g oÀ`m g§_Vr{edm` `m {dYo H$m§Mo H$m`Úm_Ü o ê$nm§Va hmoV Zmhr. AW©{df`H$ {dYo H$gmoSy>Z BVa {dYo Ho$ amÁ`g oV _m§S>Vm oVmV.

2. àemgH$s` A{YH$ma : amÁ`g^m _§Ìr_§S>imH$Sy>Z n§VàYmZm§H$Sy>Z AWdm g§~§{YV_§Í`m§H$Sy>Z Amdí`H$ Vr àemgH$s` _m{hVr _mJdy eH$Vo. amÁ`g o_Ü o AgUmao gXñ` AZw dr, Vkd Á oîR> åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVmV. Ë`m_wio amÁ`g o_Ü o hmoUmè`m MM}cm Aä`mgmË_H$ÑîQ>rZo _hÎdàmßV hmoV AgVo.

3. AW©{df`H$ A{YH$ma : AW©{df`H$ A{YH$mam§À`m ~m~VrV amÁ`g^m cmoH$g onojm

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Xþæ`_ Agë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. AW© {dYo H$ ho Ho$di cmoH$g oVM _m§S>Vm oVo. amÁ`g^m YZ{dYo H$ 14{Xdgm§gmR>r {dc§~ H$ê$ eH$Vo Am{U Ë`m _wXVrV amÁ`g oZo _mÝ` Ho$co Zmhr Va Vo _mÝ` Pmco AgoJ¥hrV YaÊ`mV oVo. VgoM amÁ`g oV AW©{dYo H$mÀ`m ~m~VrV Ho$coë`m gyMZm AWdm _m§S>coë`mXþéñË`m cmoH$g oda ~§YZH$maH$ ZmhrV. Ë`m_wioM Am{W©H$ ~m~VrV amÁ`g ocm gaH$mada {Z §ÌUR>odÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {XgV Zmhr.

4. KQ>Zm XþéñVr{df`H$ A{YH$ma : KQ>Zm XþéñVrÀ`m ~m~VrV amÁ`g ocm cmoH$g oÀ`m~amo~arZo A{YH$ma àmßV Pmcoco AmhoV. KQ>Zm XþéñVr {dYo H$mg amÁ`g oMr _§Oyar Amdí`H$ AgVo.Vr _§Oyar {Xë`mIoarO KQ>ZmXþéñVr hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. _hÎdmMo åhUOo `m g§X^m©V XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmV_V oX {Z_m©U Pmë`mg g§ wŠV ~¡R>H$sMr VaVyX Zmhr. `m_wio amÁ`g ocm cmoH$g oBVHo$M A{YH$ma àmßVPmco AmhoV.

5. {ZdS>UyH$ {df`H$ d Ý`m`{df`H$ A{YH$ma : amÁ`g^m amîQ´>nVtÀ`m {ZdS>UwH$s_Ü od _hm{^`moJm_Ü o gh^mJr hmoVo. amÁ`g^m, Ý`m`mYre, _w»` {ZdS>UyH$ Am wŠV, _hmcoImnmcBË`mXtÀ`m ~S>V\$u à{H«$ oV gh^mJr hmoV AgVo.

6. AmUr~mUr{df`H$ A{YH$ma : H$c_ 352, 356 d 360 AÝd o AmUr~mUr OmhraHo$cr Agë`mg Ë`mg amÁ`g oMr _mÝ`Vm cmJVo.

❀ amÁ`g oMo ñWmZ d _hÎd :-

amÁ`g^m ho ^maVr` g§gXoMo {ÛVr` d d[aîR> J¥h Amho. amÁ`g oÀ`m A{YH$mam§Mm Aä`mg H$aVmAgo cjmV oVo H$s, ^maVmMr amÁ`g^m B§½c§S>À`m cm°S²>©g g^mJ¥hmnojm loîR> Amho. na§Vw Vo A_o[aHo$À`m{gZoQ>nojm A{YH$maÑîQ>çm H${ZîR> XOm©Mo Amho. na§Vw cmoH$g oMo _hÎdnyU© {df`mda cj AmH${f©VH$aUo cmoH$g oMo {dgO©Z Pmë`mg Anwè`m am{hcoë`m {dYo H$mda MMm© H$ê$Z ZdrZ {ZdSy>Z oUmè`mcmoH$g oMo cj H|${ÐV H$aUo, VgoM AmUr~mUrÀ`mdoir cmoH$g oMo {dgO©Z Pmë`mg amîQ´>nVrda{Z §ÌU R>odUo `mgma»`m H$maUm§gmR>r g§{dYmZH$Ë`mªZr amÁ`g oMr Amdí`H$Vm Am{U _hÎd _mZy {VMr{Z{_©Vr Ho$cocr {XgyZ `oVo.

2.3 gmam§e

`m KQ>H$m_Ü o AmnU {d{dY ì`dñWm§_Yrc g§gXr` g§ñWm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cm. `m_Ü o àm_w»`mZoB§½c§S>_Yrc d ^maVm_Yrc g§gXr` ì`dñWm d VoWrc g§gXoMo KQ>H$ AmnU nm{hco. B§½c§S>_Ü og§gXo_Yrc amUr d C_amdm§Mo g^mJ¥h d gm_mÝ`m§Mo g^mJ¥h ho g§gXoMo KQ>H$ AmhoV. `m_Ü o H$m ©H$mar

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_§S>i ho gm_y{hH$[aË`m g§gXocm O~m~Xma AgVo d g§gX hr gmd© m¡_ AgVo. ^maVr` g§gXr`

ì`dñWo_Ü o amîQ´>nVr d amÁ`g^m d cmoH$g^m `m XmoZ J¥hm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. `m_Yrc amÁ`g^m hr

amÁ` d H|$Ðem{gV àXoem§Mo à{V{ZYrËd H$aVo Va cmoH$g^m ho OZVoMo g^mJ¥h Amho. B§½c§S>à_mUoMoWohr O~m~Xma emgZì`dñWm Amho. AÜ`jr` ì`dñWo_Yrc g§gXr` g§ñWm§Mm Aä`mg H$aVmZm

AmnU A_o[aHo$_Yrc H$m±J«ogÀ`m {gZoQ> d à{V{ZYrJ¥h `m XmoZ J¥hm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cm. A_o[aHo$_Ü o

AÜ`jr` ì`dñWm AgyZ VoWo AÜ`j åhUOo H$m ©H$mar _§S>i, H$m`Xo_§S>imMm ^mJ ZgVo VgoM Vmo

g§gXocm O~m~Xma ZgVmo. na§Vw gÎmm {d^mOZ d {Z §ÌU d g§VwcZ `m VÎd§À`m Adc§~Zm_wio H$m`Xo

_§S>i _w»`Ëdo {gZoQ>H$S>o H$m ©H$mar _§S>imda {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mMo A{YH$ma AmhoV. VgoM VoWrc {gZoQ> ho

Ë`mcm AgUmè`m A{YH$mam§À`m Omoamda OJmVrc eŠVremcr d[aîR> J¥h åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVo. Vapñdg g§gXr` ì`dñWoMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm AmnU \o$S>ac Ag|ãcrÀ`m amîQ´>r` n[afX d amÁ`m§Mr n[afX

Aem XmoZ g^mJ¥hm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cm, Voìhm ho cjmV Amco H$s, oWrc g§gXoMr g^mJ¥ho Ë`m§Zm

Agcoë`m g_mZ A{YH$ma d gÎmm§_wio g_mZ XOm© {Xcm Jocm Amho. Varhr B§½c§S>À`m g§gXoà_mUo

gmd© m¡_Ëd oWrc \o$S>ac Ag|ãcrcm {XgV Zmhr. \o$S>ac Ag|ãcrZo Ho$coë`m H$m`Úm§da cmoH$_V

g§J«hm_wio _`m©Xm Amcoë`m {XgVmV.

AemàH$mao {d{dY ì`dñWm§_Ü o g§gXoMo ñdê$n doJdoJio {XgyZ oVo.

2.4 ñd §-AÜ``Z àíZ

(A) [aH$må`m OmJm ^am.

1. O~m~Xma emgZ ì`dñWm ho Imcrcn¡H$s ............... ì`dñWoMo d¡{eîQ>ç Amho.

(A) AÜ`jr` (~) g§gXr` (H$) pñdg (S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr.

2. ............... ho A_o[aHo$À`m H$m`Xo _§S>imMo d[aîR> J¥h Amho.

(A) C_amdm§Mo g^mJ¥h (H$) {gZoQ>

(~) amÁ`g^m (S>) à{V{ZYr J¥h.

3. g§gXoÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§Zm g_mZ XOm© ho ............... Xoem§Mo d¡{eîQ>ç Amho.

(A) pñdËPcªS> (~) ^maV (H$) A_o[aH$m (S>) B§½c§S>.

4. gd©gmYmaUnUo OJm_Ü o YZ{dYo H$ ho ............... J¥hm_Ü o _m§S>mdo cmJ§Vo.

(A) d[aîR> J¥h (~) H${ZîR> J¥h (H$) XmoÝhrhr (S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr.

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5. ............... g^mJ¥hmcm OJmVrc ~cemcr H${ZîR> J¥h åhQ>co OmVo.

(A) amîQ´>r` n[afX (H$) à{V{ZYr J¥h

(~) gm_mÝ`m§Mo J¥h (S>) cmoH$g^m.

(~) OmoS>çm Owidm.

"A' JQ> "~' JQ>

1. B§½c§S> (A) cmoH$g^m.

2. ^maV (~) O~m~Xma emgZ ì`dñWm.

3. pñdËPcªS> (H$) gm_mÝ`m§Mo g^mJ¥h.

4. g§gXr` ì`dñWm (S>) gÎmm{d^mOZ, {Z §ÌU d g§VwcZ.

5. AÜ`jr` ì`dñWm (B) amîQ´>r` n[afX.

2.5 ñd §-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao

A) 1. (~) g§gXr`.

2. (H$) {gZoQ>.

3. (A) pñdËPcªS>.

4. (~) H${ZîR> J¥h.

5. (S>) cmoH$g^m.

~) 1. (H$) gm_mÝ`m§Mo g^mJ¥h.

2. (A) cmoH$g^m.

3. (B) amîQ´>r` n[afX.

4. (~) O~m~Xma emgZ ì`dñWm.

5. (S>) gÎmm{d^mOZ, {Z §ÌU d g§VwcZ.

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(A) Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao Úm.

1. g§gXr` ì`dñWoMr d¡{eîQ>ço {chm.

2. AÜ`jr` ì`dñWo_Yrc g§gXoMo ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$am.

3. pñdg g§gXoÀ`m J¥hm§Mo A{YH$ma d H$m } gm§Jm.

4. B§½c§S>_Yrc g§gXr` ì`dñWoMo ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$am.

5. ^maVmVrc g§gXr` ì`dñWoMo ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$am.

(~) WmoS>Š`mV {Q>nm {chm.

1. g§g{X` ì`dñWm.

2. {gZoQ> Mo A{YH$ma d ñWmZ.

3. gm_mÝ`m§Mo g^mJ¥hmMo A{YH$ma d ñWmZ.

4. pñdg g§gX.

5. cmoH$g oMo A{YH$ma d ñWmZ.

2.7 g§X^© J«§W

1. Johari, J. C. (1996) : "Comparative Politics", Sterling Publishers Pvt.

Ltd., New Delhi.

2. Dr. Basu, D. D. (1999) : "Introduction to the Constitution of India",

Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

3. S>m°. T>mo~io, a_oe (2004) : "" ', {dÚm~wŠg npãceg©, Am¡a§Jm~mX.

4. àm. cmoQ>o, am. O. (2011) : ""VwcZmË_H$ emgZ Am{U amOH$maU'', qnnimnwao A°ÊS>H§$nZr npãceg©, ZmJnya.

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5. àm. Km§JaoH$a, qM. K. (2011) : ""VwcZmË_H$ amOH$s` ì`dñWm'', qnnimnwao A°ÊS>H§$nZr npãceg©, ZmJnya.

6. Maheshwari, S. R. (2010) : "Comparative Government and Politics",

Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

7. Clarke, M. G. (1975) : "Modern Political Constitutions", Sidgwick

and Jackson Ltd., London.

❒ ❒ ❒

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KQ>H$-4

g§gXoMo H$m ©(Functions of Parliament)

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

AZwH«$_{UH$m

4.0 C{ÔîQ>ço

4.1 àmñVm{dH$

4.2 {df` {ddoMZ

4.2.1 emgZmda g§gXr` {Z §ÌU

4.2.2 g§gXr` g{_Ë`m

4.2.3 g§gXoMo H$m`Xo{df`H$ Am{U Ý`m`{df`H$ H$m }

4.3 gmam§e





4.0 C{ÔîQ>ço

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m AÜ``ZmZ§Va AmnU -

✺

✺

✺

✺

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4.1 àmñVm{dH$

4.2 {df` {ddoMZ

4.2.1 emgZmda g§gXr` {Z §ÌU

g§gX hr g§nyU© XoemgmR>r gaH$maMr H$m`Xo ~Z{dUmar _hÎdmMr d EH$_od g§ñWm Amho, Ë`m_wiog§gXocm H$m`Xo_§S>i åhUVmV. gaH$maMo H$m`Xo_§S>i, H$m ©H$mar _§S>i d Ý`m`_§S>i hr VrZ _hÎdmMoA§Jo AgyZ Ë`mn¡H$s H$m`Xo_§S>i åhUOo g§gX qH$dm nmc©_|Q> ho A{Ve` _hÎdmMo A§J qH$dm KQ>H$Amho. OJmVrc gd© Xoem_Ü o H$m`Xo_§S>i AmT>iyZ oVo. g§gX EH$J¥hr qH$dm {ÛJ¥hr ñdê$nmMo AgyeH$Vo. emgZ nX²YVr H$moUVrhr Agmo, H$m`Xo {Z{_©Vr g§gX H$arV AgVo. H$m`Xo_§S>i _Ü o cmoH$m§Moà{V{ZYr {ZdSy>Z oV Agë`m_wio, ho g§nyU© XoemVrc OZVoMo à{V{ZYrËd H$arV AgVo. Ë`m_wiocmoH$m§À`m BÀN>m, AmH$m§jm, àíZ, AS>rAS>MUr `m§Zm gmoS>dÊ`mMo H$m } g§gX H$arV AgVo. cmoH$emhr_Ü oVa g§gXoV ~hþ_V Agcoë`m amOH$s` njmMo gaH$ma ~ZVo, Ë`m_wio g§gXr` cmoH$emhr_Ü o gaH$mag§gXocm O~m~Xma amhÿZ H$m_ H$aVo, Omon ªV g§gXoMm {dídmg gaH$mada Amho, Vmon ªV n§VàYmZ d_§{Ì_§S>imVrc _§Ìr gÎmoda amhVmV. na§Vw Oa Vo gm_y{hH$[aË`m O~m~Xma amhÿZ H$m_ H$aV Zgoc.g§gXoMm {dídmg J_mdcm Agoc Va g§gX A{dídmg R>amd _§Oya H$aVo, Ë`mZ§Va gaH$ma (H$m ©H$mar_§S>i) cm amOrZm_m Úmdm cmJVmo.

AmO OJmVrc gd© XoemMm amÁ`H$ma^ma cmoH$_VmZwgma MmcVmo, cmoH$emhr_Ü o OZVoMr g§_Vrd OZVoMr {Q>H$m `mÛmao g§gXo_Ü o H$m`Xo {Z{_©Vr hmoV AgVo, OZVoMo à{V{ZYrËd H$aUmao g§gX(nmc©_|Q>) Agë`m_wio g§gXoÀ`m BÀN>o{edm` qH$dm _mÝ`Vo{edm` gaH$mamcm H$moUVmhr H$m`Xm, {Z`_H$aVm oV Zmhr VgoM n¡emhr IM© H$aVm oV Zmhr. g§gX gaH$maÀ`m H$m`m©da {Z §ÌU R>odVo. g§gXoÀ`mA{YdoeZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gaH$macm Amdí`H$ Agcoë`m H$m`Úmcm _§Oyar XoVo, qH$dm emgZmÀ`mAÜ`mXoemcm g§gX _§Oyar XoVo. VgoM gaH$maÀ`m ~oH$m`Xoera H$m_mda, MwH$sda àíZ {dMmaco OmVmV.emgZmda doJdoJiçm _mJm©Zo {Z §ÌU R>odVo.

g§gX doJdoJiçm _mJm©Zo gaH$mada {Z §ÌU R>odVo ho nmhÊ`mnydu g§gX nmc©_|Q>{df`r WmoS>Š`mV_m{hVr KoUo A{Zdm` Amho.

g§gX åhUOo Legislative `m§Mm AW© H$m`Xo_§S>i, ^maVm_Ü o H$m`Xo_§S>i Parliament cmg§gX åhUVmV, Va B§½c§S>_Üò nmc©_|Q>, {MZ_Üò amîQ´>r` OZ H$m±J«og, Va A_o[aHo$_Üò H$m±J«og, Va

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\«$mÝg_Ü o g§gX Ago g§~moYco OmVo. XoemVrc gd© ZmJ[aH$m§Zr gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UwH$sÛmao Amnco à{V{ZYrg§gXoV {ZdS>co OmVmV. `m g§gXoVrc cmoH$à{V{ZYrÛmao (g§gX gXñ`mÛmao) H$m`Xo {Z_m©U Ho$co OmVmV,Amdí`H$ Agcoco ZdrZ H$m`Xo V`ma H$aUo, n[apñWVrZwgma H$m`ÚmV XþéñË`m H$aUo qH$dm H$mc~møH$m`Xo aÔ H$aUo Aer H$m } g§gX A{YdoeZ H$mimV Ho$cr OmVmV.

g§gX (H$m`Xo_§S>i) Mo EH$ J¥hr qH$dm {ÛJ¥hr AgVo, Ooìhm XoemV EH$ J¥hr H$m`Xo_§S>i AgVo.CXm. MrZ (amîQ´>r` OZ H$m±J«og) Voìhm EH$J¥hr H$m`Xo_§S>i Ago åhUVmV, Va Ooìhm H$m`Xo_§S>imVd[aîR> d H${ZîR> g^mJ¥h AgVo, Voìhm {ÛJ¥h H$m`Xo_§S>i Ago åhQ>co OmVo. MrZÀ`m H$m`Xo_§S>imVEH$M amîQ´>r` OZ H$m±J«og g^mJ¥h Amho, Ë`m_Ü o 3500 gXñ` AmhoV, `m§Mr {ZdS> OZVoH$Sy>Z 5dfmªgmR>r Ho$cr OmVo. Va ^maV, A_o[aH$m, B§½c§S> `m Xoem_Ü o H$m`Xo_§S>imV d[aîR> d H${ZîR> g^mJ¥hoAmhoV. H${ZîR> g^mJ¥h ho g§nyU© amîQ´>m§Mo, OZVoMo à{V{ZYrËd H$aVo Va d[aîR> g^mJ¥h KQ>H$ amÁ`m§Mod B§½c§S>_Ü o {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mo à{V{ZYrËd H$aVo.

H$m`Xo_§S>imMm H$mcmdYr doJdoJiçm Xoem_Ü o doJdoJim Amho. B§½c§S>, ^maV, \«$mÝg XoemVrcAZwH«$_o cmoH$g^m, hmD$g Am°\$ H$m°_Ýg, Z°eZc Ag|ãcr `m H${ZîR> g^mJ¥hmMm H$mcmdYr nmM(5) df} Amho. A_o[aHo$À`m hmD$g Am°\$ [aàoP|Q>oQ>rìh (House of Representative) Mm H${ZîR>g^mJ¥hmMm H$m ©H$mc \$ŠV XmoZ (2) df} Amho. Va d[aîR> g^mJ¥hmMm H$m ©H$mc AZwH«$_o hmD$g Am°\$cm°S>©g² (House of Lords) À`m gXñ`m§Mm AmOrdZ, amÁ`g^m 6 df} Va \«$mÝg {gZoQ>Mm 9 df} Am{UA_o[aHo$À`m {gZoQ> (Senate) Mm 6 df} BVH$m Amho. `m_wio J¥hmMm H$m ©H$mc H$_r Agoc Va Vog^mJ¥h \$mago Mm§Jco H$m_ H$aUma Zmhr, Va H$mcmdYr OmñV Agoc Va H$m`Xo {Z{_©Vr d emgZmda{Z §ÌU A{Ve` Mm§Jë`m àH$mao H$aVm oB©c.

H$m`Xo_§S>i {H$Vr _mR>o Agmdo, H$m`Xo_§S>imVrc gXñ`, à{V{ZYr {H$Vr Agmdo `mda EH$_VAmT>iV Zmhr. àË oH$ XoemÀ`m H$m`Xo_§S>imVrc g^mJ¥hm_Ü o gXñ` g§»`m doJdoJir AmT>iVo. CXm.B§½c§S>À`m hmD$g Am°\$ H$m_Ýg_Ü o 651, A_o[aHo$V hmD$g Am°\$ [aàoP|Q>oQ>rìh/à{V{ZYrJ¥hmV 435^maVmÀ`m cmoH$g oV 550, MrZÀ`m amï´>r` OZ H$m±J«og _Ü o 3500, \«$mÝgÀ`m Z°eZc Ag|ãcr 487,Va {d{dY XoemÀ`m H$m`Xo_§S>imV d[aîR> Amho, Ë`m g^mJ¥hmMr gXñ` g§»`m, doJdoJir AmT>iyZ oVo.A_o[aHo$À`m {gZoQ>_Ü o 100, B§½c§S>À`m hmD$g Am°\$ cm°S>© _Ü o 1178, ^maVmÀ`m amÁ`g oV 250,\«$mÝgÀ`m {gZoQ>_Ü o 283 BË`mXr gXñ` g§»`m AmT>iVo. H$m`Xo_§S>im_Ü o gXñ` cmoH$g§» oÀ`mà_mUmV Agmdo, Ë`mMà_mUo H$m`Xo_§S>imVrc gXñ` hþema, ~wpX²Y_mZ, H$m ©j_, H$V©ì`Xj VgoMO~m~Xma d¥VrMo Agcoco AgmdoV.

H$m`Xo_§S>i ho g§nyU© amîQ´>mVrc gd© OZVoMo à{V{ZYrËd H$arV AgVo Am{U cmoH$emhr Agmo H$s,hþHy$_emhr Agmo H$s, H$m`Xo_§S>imMo gaH$mada {Z §ÌU AgVo. g§gXr` emgZ nX²YVr_Ü o Á`m

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amOH$s` njmcm g§gXoV (H$m`Xo_§S>imV) ñnîQ> ~hþ_V {_iVo, Ë`m njmMo gaH$ma qH$dm n§VàYmZ d_§{Ì_§S>i ~Z{dco OmVo. Ë`m_wio n§VàYmZ d _§{Ì_§S>i gm_y{hH$[aË`m H$m`Xo_§S>imcm O~m~Xma amhÿZH$m_ H$aVo. Á`mdoir g§gXoV H$moUË`mM amOH$s` njmcm ñnîQ> ~hþ_V {_imco Zgoc Voìhm g§{_l qH$dmAmKmS>rMr gaH$mao {Z_m©U Ho$co OmVo. Ë`m_wio H$m`Xo_§S>imMm Omon ªV _§{Ì_§S>imda qH$dm gaH$mada{dídmg AgVmo, Vmon ªV gaH$ma gÎmoda AgVo, H$m`Xo_§S>imMm _§{Ì_§S>imZo {dídmg J_mdcm VoìhmH$m`Xo_§S>i A{dídmg R>amd _m§S>Vo d ~hþ_VmZo _§Oya Pmë`mg n§VàYmZ d _§{Ì_§S>imVrc gd© _§Ìr`m§Zm amOrZm_m Úmdm cmJVmo.

H$m`Xo_§S>i _§{Ì_§S>imVrc gd© _§Í`m§À`m H$m`m©da {Z §ÌU R>odVo, Ë`m§À`m ImË`mÀ`m H$ma^mamda{Z §ÌU R>odVo. ImË`m_Ü o «îQ>mMma, J¡aì`dhma Pmë`mg H$m`Xo_§S>imV MMm© H$ê$Z g§~§{YV _§Í`mcmàíZ {dMmê$Z O~m~Xma Yaco OmVo. VgoM g§gXr` Mm¡H$er g{_Vr {Z wŠV H$ê$Z Mm¡H$er Ho$cr OmVo.`m g{_VrÀ`m Ahdmcmda H$m`Xo_§S>imV MMm© H$ê$Z H$R>moa H$m ©dmhr Ho$cr OmVo. VgoM H$m`Xo_§S>i{d{dY _mJm©Zo emgZmda {Z §ÌU R>odco OmVo. H$m`Xo_§S>imV gaH$macm, _§Í`mcm àíZ {dMmaUo, CnàíZ{dMmaUo, Vmam§{H$V, AVmam§{H$V àíZ {dMmaUo. eyÝ` H$mi, {d{dY àñVmd, ñWJZ àñVmd, cjdoYrqH$dm Ü`mZmH$f©U àñVmd, AÜ`m© Vmgm§Mr MMm©, AënH$mcrZ MMm©, hŠH$ §J àñVmd, qZXmì §OH$R>amd, A{dídmg R>amd, haH$VrMm _wÔm BË`mXr _mÜ`_mVyZ emgZmda {Z §ÌU R>odco OmVo.

❒ H$m`Xo_§S>imMo emgZmda {Z`§ÌU :-

H$m`Xo_§S>imMo emgZmda qH$dm _§{Ì_§S>imda Imcrc àH$mao {Z §ÌU R>odco OmVo.

1. àíZmoÎmamMm Vmg (Question Hour)

H$m`Xo_§S>imMo (g§gXoMo) A{YdoeZ Mmcy Pmë`mZ§Va XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmVrc qH$dm EH$J¥hr H$m`Xo_§S>iAgoc Ë`m g^mJ¥hmVrc H$m_H$mOmMm n{hcm Vmg àíZmoÎmamgmR>r amIyZ R>odcocm AgVmo. `m H$mimVH$m`Xo_§S>imMo gXñ` gaH$macm åhUOo _§Í`m§Zm àíZ {dMmaVmV. g^mJ¥hmÀ`m AÜ`jm§Mr nyd©nadmZJr(nyd© gyMZm XoD$Z) KoD$Z emgZmÀ`m H$ma^mamg§~§Yr _§Í`m§Zm H$moUVmhr àíZ {dMmaVmV. Voìhm g§nyU©g^mJ¥hm_Ü o _§Í`m§Zm àíZmMo CÎma g_mYmZH$maH$ CÎma Úmdo cmJVo. àíZmoÎmamÀ`m Vmgmcm àË oH$g^mgXmcm Ë`m-Ë`m{Xder àíZmoÎmamMr N>mnrc àV {_iVo. _yi àíZmÀ`m CÎmamda g§gX gXñ` CnàíZ{dMmaVm oVmV. Voìhm _§Í`mcm CnàíZmcmhr CÎmao Úmdr cmJVmV. àíZmer g§~§{YV gd© _m{hVrImË`mMm g{Md _§Í`mcm nwa{dVmo.

àíZmoÎmamÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ImË`mÀ`m àemgZmVrc AH$m ©j_Vm, cmMcwMnV, XßVa {Xa§JmB©BË`mXrda MMm© hmoD$Z Xmofr A{YH$mè`m§da Mm¡H$er g{_Vr {Z wŠVr Ho$cr OmVo d Xmofr A{YH$mè`m§da

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H$madmB© Ho$cr OmVo. gmh{OH$M àíZmoÎma VmgÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$m`Xo_§S>i _§{Ì_§S>i d emgZmda{Z §ÌU R>odVo. àíZmoÎma Vmgm_Ü o {d{dY àH$maMo àíZ {dMmaco OmVmV.

(A) Vmam§{H$V àíZ :-

Vmam§{H$V àíZ ho àíZmoÎmamÀ`m Vmgm_Ü o g§gX gXñ` _§Í`mZm qH$dm gaH$macm {dMmaco OmVmV.Vmam§{H$V àíZm§Mr CÎmao _§Ìr Vm|S>r ñdê$nmV XoV AgVmo. Vmam§{H$V àíZmÀ`m CÎmamda XmoZM nwadUr àíZ{dMmaVm oVmV. Vmam§{H$V àíZ {dMmaÊ`mMr H$maUo Úmdr cmJV ZmhrV. EH$m {Xdgm_Ü o 20 nojmOmñV àíZ {dMmaco OmV ZmhrV. Vmam§{H$V àíZmMr `mXr {haì`m H$mJXmda N>mncr OmVo, Am{U 10Vo 21 {XdgmMr nyd©gyMZm XoD$Z àíZ {dMmaVm oVmV.

(~) AVmam§{H$V àíZ :-

H$m`Xo_§S>im_Ü o gXñ` (cmoH$à{V{ZYr) gaH$macm qH$dm _§Í`mcm àíZmoÎmamÀ`m Vmgm_Ü o AVmam§{H$VàíZ {dMmaVmV, _mÌ `m àíZmMo CÎma {c{IV ñdê$nmV _§Í`mZm Úmdo cmJVo. _§Í`mZr H$_rV H$_r 3_{hÝ`mV {c{IV CÎmao ÚmdrV. A{YdoeZ H$mimV EH$m {Xdgm§À`m `mXr_Ü o 230 àíZ AgVmVAm{U AVmam§{H$V àíZ nm§T>è`m H$mJXmda N>mncr OmVmV.

(H$) Aën gyMZm àíZ :-

Aën gyMZm àíZ ho VmVS>rÀ`m gmd©O{ZH$ _hÎdmÀ`m ~m~ter g§~§{YV Agë`mZo H$_rV H$_r10 {Xdgm§À`m gyMZm XodyZ {dMmaco OmVmV. àíZ {dMmaÊ`mMr H$maUo Úmdr cmJVmV. g^mJ¥hmÀ`mAÜ`jm§À`m _§OyarZo, g§_ÎmrZo R>acoë`m {Xder EH$M àíZ {cñQ>da KoVm oVmo.

àíZmoÎmamÀ`m VmgmV _§Í`m§Zm àíZ {dMmê$Z gaH$macm Ymaoda Yaco OmVmV. àíZ AJmoXaM 10Vo 21 {Xdgm§nyduM {dMmaco OmVmV. gXZ g{Md àíZm§Mr `mXr V`ma H$ê$Z àíZmMr `mXr g§~§{YV_§Ìmc`mH$S>o 5 {Xdg AJmoXa nmR>{dÊ`mV oVo. àíZmda, CÎmamda g^mJ¥hmV dmX KmcVm oV Zmhr._mÌ CÎmamda nwadUr àíZ {dMmaco Omdy eH$VmV. àíZmoÎmamda H$mhr ~§YZo AmhoV.

1. à{V{XZr {dMmamd`mMo àíZ :-

cmoH$g oV d amÁ`g oV à{V{XZr AZwH«$_o 5 d 3 nojm OmñV àíZ {dMmaco OmV ZmhrV.

2. eyÝ` àha/eyÝ` H$mi (Zero Hour) :-

H$moUVrhr gyMZm Z XoVm VmVS>rMo, gmd©O{ZH$ àíZ g^mJ¥hmV àíZmoÎmamMm Vmg g§në`mZ§Va(gH$mir 11 Vo 12 Z§Va) 12 dmOVm åhUOo eyÝ`mnmgyZ gwê$ hmoUmam H$mi åhUOo eyÝ` H$mi,

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{Z`{_V gXZmMo H$m_ Mmcy hmoB©n ªV àíZ {dMmaco OmVmV. eyÝ` àha, eyÝ` H$mi (Zero Hour) hràWm ^maVm_Ü oM 1962 nmgyZ ApñVËdmV Amcr.

eyÝ` H$mimV _§Í`mZm H$moUVo àíZ {dMmaco OmVrc. H$moUË`m nX²YVrZo AS>MUrV AmUcoOmB©c, `m{df`r H$mhrM H$ënZm ZgVo. H$maU nyd©nadmZJr{edm` EoZdoir H$m`Xo_§S>imVrc gXñ`àíZ CnpñWV Ho$cm OmVmo. eyÝ` àham_Ü o àíZ {dMmê$Z H$m`Xo_§S>i gaH$mada {Z §ÌU R>odVo.

3. àñVmd (Motion) :-

H$mhr _hÎdmÀ`m {df`mda, gaH$maÀ`m Am{W©H$ IMm©_Ü o H$mQ>H$ga gyM{dÊ`mgmR>r H$m`Xo_§S>imMogXñ` Amnë`m g^mJ¥hm_Ü o {d{dY H$nmV àñVmd _m§S>VmV. àñVmd _m§S>Ê`mgmR>r g^mnVrMr g§_VrÚmdr cmJVo. Va H$mhr Am^mamgmR>r, A{dídmgmgmR>r, R>amd (àñVmd) _m§Sy>Z emgZmda {Z §ÌU R>odcoOmVo.

AZoH$doim _yi àñVmdmda MMm© hmoÊ`mnydu EImXm gXñ` n`m© r àñVmd _m§Sy> eH$Vmo.g^mJ¥hmV àñVmdmda MMm© hmoVo. _mÌ n`m© r àñVmdmda _VXmZ KoVco OmVo.

4. H$Q>m¡Vr àñVmd (Closure Motion) :-

g^mJ¥hmV Mmcy Agcocr MMm© ~§X (H$Q>) H$aÊ`mgmR>r gXñ` hm àíZ Wm§~{dÊ`mV `mdm `mgmR>rH$Q>m¡Vr àñVmd _m§Sy> eH$Vmo. hm àñVmd ñdrH$maë`mg AÜ`j g^mJ¥hmVrc MMm© Wm§~{dVmo d Ë`mda_VXmZ KoVco OmVo. H$Q>m¡Vr àñVmdmMo Mma àH$ma nS>VmV.

1) gmYmaU H$Q>m¡Vr àñVmd : A{YdoeZ H$mimV EImÚm _wÚmda nwaoer MMm© Pmcr AgyZË`mda VmËH$mi _VXmZ KoÊ`mV `mdo `mgmR>r hm àñVmd _m§S>cm OmVmo.

2) KQ>H${Zhm` H$Q>m¡Vr àñVmd : g^mJ¥hmV MM}nydu {dYo H$ qH$dm A{Y{Z`_m§À`m VaVwXrH$mhr JQ>m_Ü o {d^mOrV H$ê$Z JQ>{Zhm` MMm© hmoVo d nyU© JQ>M _VXmZmg Q>mH$cm OmVmo.

3) H$m§Jmê$ H$Q>m¡Vr àñVmd : H$m`Xo_§S>imMo A{YdoeZ Mmcy Agoc Am{U EImXo {dYo H$MM}cm Q>mH$co Agoc Va Ho$di _hÎdmÀ`m VaVyXrM MMm© d _VXmZmgmR>r KoD$Z BVaVaVyXr nmarV Ho$ë`m AmhoV Ago _mZco OmVo.

4) {JcmoQ>rZ H$Q>m¡Vr àñVmd : g^mJ¥hmV EImÚm {dYo H$mVrc doioA^mdr, Á`mÀ`mdaMMm© Ho$cr Jocr Zmhr Aem gd© {dYo H$ qH$dm A{Y{Z`_mVrc VaVyXr EH$Ì H$ê$Z MMm©Pmcoë`m VaVyXrg_doV _VXmZmgmR>r KoVco OmVmV. H$maU MM}gmR>r amIyZ R>odcocm doig§ncocr AgVmo.

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5. hŠH$ §J àñVmd :-

EImÚm _§Í`mZo g§gXr` {deofm{YH$mam§Mm §J H$aÊ`mg§X^m©V hm àñVmd Amho. Á`mdoir _§Í`mÛmaodñVwpñWVr gm§{JVcr OmV Zmhr qH$dm _§Ìr g^mJ¥hmV ImoQ>r _m{hVr XoVmo, Ë`m_wio g§gX gXñ`m§À`m{deofm{YH$mamMm §J hmoVmo. åhUOoM _§Í`mda, gaH$mada {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r Q>rH$m H$aÊ`mgmR>r ømA{YH$mamÛmao g§gX {Z §ÌU R>odVo.

6. cjdoYr gyMZm (Calling Attention Motion) :-

gmd©O{ZH$ÑîQ>çm _hÎdmÀ`m, VmVS>rÀ`m ~m~tH$S>o _§Í`mMo cj doYUo Am{U Ë`m KQ>Zo~m~V_§Í`mH$Sy>Z ImÌrera _m{hVr {_i{dUo, `mgmR>r H$m`Xo_§S>imMo gXñ` cjdoYr gyMZm _m§S>VmV. cjdoYrgyMZm ^maVmZo 1954 nmgyZ g§gXoV _§Í`mda d gaH$mada {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r Mmcy Ho$cr. hr ^maVr`g§H$ënZm Amho.

7. ñWJZ àñVmd (Adjournment Motion) :-

VmVS>rÀ`m, gmd©O{ZH$ÑîQ>çm _hÎdmÀ`m {d{eîQ> ~m~tH$S>o g^mJ¥hmMo cj d gaH$maMo cjdoYÊ`mgmR>r ñWJZ àñVmd g^mJ¥hmV _m§S>cm OmVmo. ñWJZ àñVmd _m§S>Ê`mgmR>r g^mJ¥hmVrc g^mJ¥hmMoX¡Z§{XZ H$m_H$mO Wm§~dyZ gaH$mada Q>rH$m Ho$cr OmVo. gaH$macm AS>MUrV AmUyZ gaH$mada {Z §ÌUR>odco OmVo. ñWJZ àñVmd g^mnVrÀ`m _§OyarZo _m§S>mdm cmJVmo. Xþnmar 4 Vo 6.30 dmOon ªV AS>rMVmg MMm© hmoVo, MMm© nyU© hmoB©n ªV _§Í`mZo gd© _m{hVr d g{dñVa CÎma XoB©n ªV g^mJ¥hmMo H$m_H$mOñW{JV hmoV Zmhr. `m _mÜ`_mVyZ _§{Ì_§S>imda g§gXr` {Z §ÌU AgVo.

8. qZXmì §OH$ àñVmd qH$dm qZXmOZH$ àñVmd :-

g§gXr` emgZ àUmcr_Ü o g§gX A{YdoeZ H$mimV cmoH$g oV hm qZXmì §OH$ àñVmd _m§S>cmOmVmo. hm àñVmd EH$m _§Í`m{déX²Y qH$dm _§{ÌJQ>m{déX²Y qH$dm g§nyU© _§{Ì_§S>i åhUOo gaH$ma {déX²Y_m§S>cm OmVmo. VgoM {d{eîQ> YmoaUo qH$dm H¥$Vr~m~V _§{Ì_§S>imda Q>rH$m H$aÊ`mgmR>r, {Z §ÌUR>odÊ`mgmR>r hm àñVmd _m§S>cm OmVmo. _mÌ hm àñVmd _§Oya Pmë`mg gaH$ma amOrZm_m _mÌ XoV Zmhr,na§Vw Amnë`m H$m_mV gwYmaUm H$arV AgVo. YmoaUmV d amÁ`H$ma^mamV gwYmaUm H$arV AgVo.

9. A{dídmg R>amd (àñVmd) :-

g§gXr` emgZ àUmcr_Ü o _§{Ì_§S>i d gaH$ma ho gm_y{hH$[aË`m cmoH$g ocm (g§gXocm)O~m~Xma d CÎmaXm`r AgVo. Omon ªV _§{Ì_§S>imda cmoH$g oMm (~hþ_VmZo) {dídmg AgVmo Vmon ªV_§{Ì_§S>i gÎmoda AgVo. _mÌ cmoH$g oMm (g§gXoMm) {dídmg _§{Ì_§S>imZo J_mdcm Voìhm cmoH$g^m

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gaH$maÀ`m {damoYmV A{dídmg R>amd _§Oya H$aVo. Voìhm _§{Ì_§S>imVrc _§Í`mZm amOrZm_m ÚmdmcmJVmo. H$m`Xo_§S>i g§gXr` emgZ àUmcr_Ü o A{dídmg R>amdmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gaH$mada {Z §ÌUR>odco OmVo.

10. haH$VrMm _wÔm :-

Á`mdoir g^mJ¥hmMo H$m_H$mO Zoh_rÀ`m {Z`_mZwgma hmoV Zmhr; gaH$ma Amnë`m gmo rZwgmagXZmMo H$m_H$mO Mmc{dV AgVo. g^mJ¥hmÀ`m H$m_H$mOmMo {Z`_ ~mOycm R>odVo Voìhm gaH$macmg^mJhmMo H$m_H$mO {Z`_mZwgma Pmco nm{hOoV, `mgmR>r {damoYr njmMo ZoVo, gXñ` haH$VrMm _wÔmCnpñWV H$aVmV d gaH$ma {Z`§ÌU R>odVmV.

11. AënH$mcrZ MMm© :-

A{YdoeZ H$mimVrc EImÚm {dYo H$mda MM}gmR>r {Xcocm XmoV VmgmMm doi H$_r Agë`m_wioAm{U gmd©O{ZH$ÑîQ>çm _hÎdmÀ`m VmVS>rÀ`m àíZmda {damoYr njmMo (g§gX) gXñ` AmnËH$mcrZMM}Mr _mJUr H$aVmV d Ë`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gaH$macm AënH$mcrZ MMm© H$aÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>VmV dgaH$mda {Z §ÌU R>odVmV.

12. Am{W©H$ ~m~VrV emgZmda g§gXr` {Z §ÌU :-

H$moUË`mhr emgZ nX²YVrV _§{Ì_§S>imda Am{W©H$ ñdê$nmMo {Z §ÌU g§gXoMo AgVo. H$maUgaH$macm cmoH$H$ë`mUmMr H$m_o d YmoaUmË_H$ {ZU© mMr A§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r {dÎm qH$dm n¡gmcmJVmo. hm n¡gm gaH$ma {d{dY H$amÀ`m, X§S>mÀ`m Am{U H$O©amo»`mVyZ d OmJ{VH$ ~±H$, Am§VaamîQ´>r`ZmUo{ZYr `m§MoH$Sy>Z O_m H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§gXoMr (cmoH$g oMr) _§Oyar Amdí`H$ AgVo. åhUOo Ogm n¡gmO_m H$aÊ`mgmR>r VemM àH$mao O_m Pmcocm n¡gm, g§{MV {ZYrVrc n¡gm {d{dY ImË`m_m\©$V {dH$mgH$m_mda, `moOZoda IM© H$aÊ`mgmR>rgwX²Ym g§gXoMr _§Oyar Amdí`H$ AgVo. `mgmR>r gaH$macm AW©g§H$ën_m§S>mdm cmJVmo d Vmo g§gXoH$Sy>Z (H$m`Xo_§S>imH$Sy>Z) _§Oya Pmcm nm{hOoV, Ë`m{edm` gaH$macm EH$én`mgwX²Ym IM© H$aVm oV Zmhr. åhUOoM H$a cmdUo, H$amV ~Xc H$aUo, AZmdí`H$ H$a aÔ H$aUo,VgoM AW©g§H$ënmVrc n¡gm H$_r nS>V Agoc Va nwadUr ~rc, YZ{dYo H$ qH$dm {dÎm {dYo H$mcmg§gXoMr _§Oyar Amdí`H$ AgVo. `m{edm` gaH$macm n¡gm IM© H$aVm oV Zmhr. åhUOo emgZmda g§gXAm{W©H$ ñdê$nmMo {Z §ÌU R>odVo.

AW©g§H$ënmVrc n¡gm `mo½` Ë`m VaVwXrZwgma `mo½` Ë`mM H$m_mgmR>r `mo½` doioV IM© Ho$cmH$s Zmhr ho VnmgÊ`mgmR>r gmd©O{ZH$ cmoH$ coImg{_VrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gaH$maÀ`m {dÎmr` H$m`m©da{Z §ÌU R>odVo.

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13. H$m`Xo{df`H$ {Z §ÌU :-

H$moUË`m XoemÀ`m emgZ nX²YVr_Ü o emgZmcm Amdí`H$ AgUmao H$m`Xo {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>rH$m`Xo_§S>imMr VaVyX Ho$cocr AgVo. H$m`Xm V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r gm_mÝ` qH$dm gd©gmYmaU{dYo Ho$ g§gXoV (_§OyargmR>r) gmXa Ho$co OmVmV. {dYo H$ åhUOo H$m`ÚmMm H$ÀMm _gyXm, åhUOoM{dYo H$ åhUOo H$m`Xo_§S>imZo (g§gXoÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmZo) _§Oya Ho$ë`mZ§Va amîQ´>nVtÀ`m ñdmjarPmë`mZ§Va H$m`Xm V`ma hmoVmo. _§{Ì_§S>imVrc EImÚm _§Í`mZo EImXo {dYo H$ H${ZîR> g^mJ¥hmV_m§S>co Agoc Va {dYo H$mda àW_ dmMZ, {ÛVr` dmMZ, g{_Vr AdñWm, {Vgao dmMZ Am{Ug^mJ¥hmZo _§Oya Ho$ë`mZ§Va Xþgè`m d[aîR> g^mJ¥hmH$S>o nmR>{dco OmVo, VoWohr `mM nX²YVrZo {dYo H$_§Oya Pmë`mZ§Va Vo {dYo H$ amîQ´>nVrH$S>o nmR>{dco OmVo d amîQ´>nVtÀ`m _§OyarZ§Va {dYo H$mMo H$m`ÚmVê$nm§Va hmoVo. åhUOo H$m`Xm {Z{_©VrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZgwX²Ym emgZmda g§gXr` {Z §ÌU _moR>çm à_mUmV{XgyZ oVo.

AemàH$mao H$moUË`mhr emgZ àUmcr_Ü o _J Vr g§gXr` emgZ àUmcr Agmo H$s AÜ`jr`emgZ àUmcr qH$dm gdªH$f åhUOo gmå`dmXr emgZ àUmcr Agmo. `m gd© àH$maÀ`m emgZ ì`dñWoVemgZmda {d{dY àH$maÀ`m g{_Ë`m_m\©$V {Z`{_VnUo Ë`m§À`m H$ma^mamda {Z §ÌU g§gX qH$dmH$m`Xo_§S>i R>odV AgVo VgoM g§gXoÀ`m A{YdoeZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gaH$mada _moR>çm à_mUmV {Z §ÌUR>odco OmVo. {damoYr nj gmVË`mZo gaH$maÀ`m YmoaUmda _moR>çm à_mUmV {Z §ÌU R>odV AgVo. {damoYrnj gaH$macm Ymaoda YaV AgVo, Am{U gaH$ma Oa O~m~XmarZo H$m_ H$aV Zgoc Va A{dídmg R>amd_§Oya H$ê$Z gaH$macm amOrZm_m XoÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>Vo. åhUOoM g§gX {d{dY _mJm©Zo gaH$mada {Z §ÌUR>odV AgVo.

4.2.2 g§gXr` g{_Ë`m :-

❀ KQ>Zm, aMZm, H$m ©H$mc :-

g§gXr` g{_Ë`m§da g§gXoÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥¥hmÀ`m gXñ`m§Mr g^mJ¥hmVyZ {ZdS>UyH$sÛmao Zo_UyH$hmoVo qH$dm g^mJ¥hmMm AÜ`j qH$dm g^mnVrH$Sy>Z Zo_UyH$m hmoVmV. {dYo H$ XþéñVr~m~V g§ wŠVg{_VrMr Zo_UyH$ g^mJ¥h R>amd H$ê$ZM hmoVo. {dÎmr` g{_Ë`m. CXm. cmoH$coIm g{_Vr, A§XmO g{_Vr,cmoH$CnH«$_ g{_Vr, VgoM AZwgy{MV OmVr d O_mVr H$ë`mU g{_Vr Am{U cm^àX nXmg§~§YrMrg§`wŠV g{_Vr. `m gd© g{_Ë`m§Mr Xadfu à_mUera à{V{ZYrËd nX²YVrZwgma EH$c g§H«$_Ur`_VXmZmÛmao gXñ`m§H$Sy>Z {ZdS> Ho$cr OmVo. Va BVa gd© g{_Ë`mÀ`m, gXñ`m§À`m Zo_UyH$m Ë`m-Ë`mg^mJ¥hmMo {nR>mgZ A{YH$mar H$arV AgVmV.

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H$mhr g{_Ë`m àË oH$ g^mJ¥h doJdoJiçm d ñdV§ÌnUo ñWmnZ H$aVmV. Va H$mhr g{_Ë`mg§ wŠVnUo XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmÀ`m_m\©$V ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m OmVmV. XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmÀ`m g§ wŠV g{_Ë`m_Ü og^mJ¥hmVrc g§»`m~cmZwgma gXñ`m§Mr {Z wŠVr hmoVo. åhUOo njZoVo qH$dm JQ>ZoVo njmMo à{V{ZYrËdH$aUmè`m gXñ`m§Mr Zmdo g^mJ¥h {nR>mgZ A{YH$mè`mH$S>o nmR>{dVmV. {nR>mgZ A{YH$mar gXñ`mVyZEH$mMr AÜ`j, CnmÜ`j `m§Mr {ZdS> `m g{_Ë`mda H$aVmV.

❀ gd© g{_Ë`m§Mm H$m ©H$mc :-

EH$ dfm©Mm qH$dm g^mJ¥hmÀ`m AÜ`jm§Zr {d{Z{X©îQ> Ho$cocm qH$dm ZdrZ g{_Vr ñWmnZhmoÊ`mn ªVMm AgVmo.

H$m_H$mO gëcmJma g{_Vr, {dZ§Vr AO© g{_Vr, {deofm{YH$am g{_Vr, {Z`_ g{_Vr øm Ë`m§MonwZJ©R>U hmoB©n ªV ApñVËdmV amhVmV. qH$dm Amncm H$m_H$mO Ahdmc nyU© hmoB©n ªV Am{U Ahdmcg^mJ¥hmcm gmXa hmoB©n ªV Vr Amnë`m nXmda AgVo.

❀ g§gXr` g{_VrÀ`m H$m ©nX²YVr :-

gd© g§gXr` g{_VrÀ`m ~¡R>H$m g§gX ^dZ qH$dm KQ>H$ amÁ`mV {d{Y_§S>im_Ü o hmoVmV. VgoMg^mnVrÀ`m nadmZJr g{_VrÀ`m ~¡R>H$m g^mJ¥h ~mhoahr KoVm oVmV. g{_Vrcm H$m_ H$arV AgVmZmEImXm coIr, Vm|S>r nwamdm KoÊ`mMm A{YH$ma AgVmo. Va EImÚm ì`ŠVrcm g{_Vrg_moa hOa amhÊ`mggm§Jy eH$Vmo. qH$dm H$mJXnÌo, A{^coI _mJdy eH$Vo. Oa H$moUr Amjon KoVë`mg ho àH$aUAÜ`jH$m§H$S>o nmR>dy eH$Vmo. AÜ`jm§Mm {ZU© A§{V_ AgVmo. g{_VrH$S>o gmon{dcoë`m àíZmÀ`mVmngUrgmR>r g{_Vr Amnë`mVyZM Cng{_Vr Zo_y eH$Vo. Cng{_Vr Amncm {e\$maergh AhdmcAmnë`m _w»` g{_Vrcm gmXa H$arV AgVo.

❀ ~¡R>H$m :-

g§gXr` g{_VrÀ`m ~¡R>H$s JwßV[aË`m hmoV AgVmV. g^mJ¥hmà_mUoM H$m ©nX²YVr AgVo. _mÌ Vrgwn[a{MV d AZm¡nMm[aH$ dmVmdaUmV hmoV AgVo. gXñ` {H$Vrhr doim _V _m§Sy> eH$Vmo. {ZU©~hþ_VmZo EImÚm àíZmda KoVcm OmVmo. g{_Vr ~¡R>H$s_Yrc {dMma_§WZmMo gma, cjmV KoD$ZH$m ©d¥Îmm§À`m AmYmamda Amncm Ahdmc V`ma H$aVo Am{U Ahdmcm_Ü o Amnë`m {e\$maerMmg_mdoe AgVmo. g{_VrMm AÜ`j Amnë`m g{_VrMm Ahdmc g^mJ¥hmcm gmXa H$aVmV qH$dmg^mJ¥hmg_moa _m§S>VmV. g^mJ¥hmV _§Oya Pmë`mZ§Va Vmo gmd©O{ZH$ hmoVmo d gmd©O{ZH$ XñVmEodO åhUyZ{e\$maer§gh Ahdmc àH$m{eV Ho$cm OmVmo.

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❀ g§gXr` g{_VrMr H$m } (The Role of Parliamentary Committees)

gmd©O{ZH$ {hVmgmR>r H$m`Xo H$aUo, H$m ©H$mar _§S>imda åhUOoM emgZmda, àemgZmda à^mdrnUo{Z §ÌU R>odUo, _§{Ì_§S>imÀ`m H$m`m©da XoIaoI H$aUo Am{U g§gXonwT>o oUmè`m gmd©O{ZH$ _wÚm§~m~Và^mdrnUo MMm© H$aUo, gmd©O{ZH$ àíZmda, g_ñ`mda qH$dm Xoem§_Ü o CX² dUmè`m AmnÎmrda MMm©d {dMma{d{Z`_ H$aÊ`mgmQ>r g§gX (nmc©_|Q>) IynM _hÎdmMr d XoemVrc gdm}ÀM g§ñWm Amho.g§gXoMr H$m_o hr {d{dY àH$maMr, Jw§VmJw§VrMr d ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmMr AgVmV. Vr gd© àH$maMr H$m_oVnercdmanUo H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§gXoH$S>o nwaogm doi ZgVmo, Ë`m_wio g§gXoMr H$m`Xo{df`H$ d BVa gd©àH$maMr df© a H$m_o H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§gX AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m g§gXr` g{_Ë`mMr Zo_UyH$ H$ê$Z Amnco H$m }nyU© H$arV AgVo. OJmVrc gd©M nmc©_|Q> (g§gX) _Ü o øm g§gXr` g{_Ë`m ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m OmVmV.`m gd© g{_Ë`m§_Ü o g§gXoMo gXñ`M gXñ` AgVmV. Ë`m_wio Vo g§gXocm ghmæ` yV H$m_o H$ê$ZAmncm Ahdmc g§gXocm gmXa H$aVmV d g§gX hm Ahdmc nQ>cmda R>odyZ MMm© H$ê$Z {e\$maergaH$macm gmXa H$aVo Am{U àemgZmda d emgZmda XoIaoI H$arV AgVo. g§gXr` g{_Ë`m§MrnwT>rcà_mUo H$m } :-

1) emgH$s` H$m`m©Mo {Z:njnmVr narjU H$aUo.

2) emgH$s` d àemgH$s` H$m_{JarMo _yë`_mnZ d XoIaoI H$aUo.

3) nwadUr A§XmOmMo narjU H$aUo.

4) Amnë`m g{_VrMm {e\$maerghrV Ahdmc g^mJ¥hmcm gmXa H$aUo.

❀ g§gXr` g{_Ë`m§Mo \$m`Xo :-

g§gXr` g{_Vr nX²YVrMo H$moUVo \$m`Xo hmoVmV Vo gd©àW_ Aä`mgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Vo

nwT>rcà_mUo :-

1. g§gXr` g{_Ë`m_wio g§gXoMm doi dmMVmo.

2. EImÚm ~m~tMr gyú_nUo VnmgUr d Ë`mda àXrK© MMm© H$aUo g{_Vrcm eŠ` hmoVo.

3. g^mJ¥hmV A{YdoeZmV ì`dpñWV MMm© H$aVm oV Zmhr. _mÌ g{_Vr_wio gXñ` g§~§{YV~m~rg§X^m©V d¡Mm[aH$ XodmU-KodmU OmñV gwc^nUo H$ê$ eH$VmV, VS>OmoS>rhr H$aUo eŠ`hmoVo.

4. g§gXoVrc H$m_H$mOmnojm g{_VrÀ`m H$m ©dmhr (Proceedings) A{YH$ cd{MH$ d

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Am¡nMm[aH$ AgVmV, Ë`m_wio g{_Vr g§~§{YV ~m~tda, àíZm§da A{YH$ n[anyU© d{ddoH$mZo {dMma H$ê$ eH$Vo.

5. gd©M g§gXr` g{_Vr_Ü o gÎmmYmar njmÀ`m gXñ`m~amo~aM {damoYr njmMo gXñ`mMmhrg_mdoe Agë`m_wio g^mJ¥hmà_mUoM Q>rH$m d gyMZm d {dMma{d{Z_` d EH$_V hmoVo.

6. g{_Ë`m øm emgZ-OZVm, g§gX-OZVm `m_Yrc Xþdm åhUyZ H$m } H$aVmV.

7. g§gXr` g{_Ë`m øm ZmJ[aH$m§Zm àË`j oQy>Z MMm© H$arV AgVmV åhUyZ AàË`jnUog§gX d emgZmÀ`m {ZU© d YmoaU Am{U H$m`Xm à{H«$ oV OZVm, ZmJ[aH$ AàË`jnUogh^mJr hmoVmV.

8. g§gXoÀ`m nhmaoH$ar (Watch dog) øm ZmË`mZo g§gXr` g{_Ë`m H$m_ H$arV AgVmV.

❀ ì`m»`m :-

Amnë`m amÁ`KQ>ZoZo g§gXr` g{_Ë`m, {d{Y_§S>i g{_Ë`mMr VaVyX H$c_ 88, 105 _Ü o

Ho$cocr Amho. na§Vw {VMo H$m } d aMZm `m{df`r g{dñVanUo VaVyXr H$aÊ`mV Amcocr Zmhr. WmoS>Š`mV,

cmoH$g oÀ`m {Z`_mdcrZwgma, g§gX gXñ` Agcocr àË oH$ g{_Vr qH$dm cmoH$g^m d amÁ`g^m

g^mJ¥hmÀ`m g^mnVrZo {Z wŠV Ho$cocr d g^mJ¥hmÀ`m gXñ`mMr {Z wŠVr Ho$cocr g{_Vr åhUOo g§gXr`

g{_Vr. g§gXr` g{_Vr hr g^mJ¥hmMo AÜ`j d g^mnVr (`m§Zr Zm{_V Ho$cocr) d `m§Mo {ZX}eZmImcr

H$m } H$aUo.

❀ g§gXr` g{_Ë`m§Mo àH$ma (Types of Parliamentary Committees) :-

g§gXr` g{_Ë`m§Mo àm_w»`mZo XmoZ àH$ma nwT>rcà_mUo AmhoV.

(1) ñWm`r g{_Vr (Standing Committee),

(2) AñWm`r qH$dm VXW© (Adhoc Committee) g{_Vr.

1. ñWm`r g{_Vr (Standing Committee) :-

XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmÀ`m EHy$U 45 ñWm`r g{_Ë`m AmhoV. `mn¡H$s XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmÀ`m ^maVm_Ü o24 g§ wŠV ñWm`r g{_Ë`m AmhoV Am{U EH$m g^mJ¥hmÀ`m Aem 21 ñWm`r g{_Ë`m AmhoV. åhUOo12 cmoH$g oÀ`m d 9 amÁ`g oÀ`m. VgoM 17 g§ wŠV ñWm`r g{_VrÀ`mn¡H$s 11 cmoH$g^mg{Mdmc`mMr godm KoVmV Va 6 amÁ`g^m g{Mdmc`mMr. AJXr AcrH$S>oM g§ wŠV ñWm`r g{_VråhUOo Womens Empowerment Committee _{hcm geŠVrH$aU qH$dm g~crH$aU g{_Vr.

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g^mJ¥hmÀ`m 21 ñWm`r g{_Ë`m§Mo XmoZhr g^mJ¥hmV gm_mÝ`nUo gmaIoM AgVo, H$m © nX²YVrhrgmaIrM AgVo.

ñWm`r g{_Vr g§gXo_Ü o Xadfu qH$dm doimodoir g^mJ¥h {Z wŠV H$aVo qH$dm g^mJ¥hmMo AÜ`j,g^mnVrZr Zm{_V Ho$cocr AgVo. øm g{_Ë`m H$m`_ ñdê$nr AgVmV, Ë`m df© a H$m_ H$arV AgVmV(g§gX A{YdoeZ Mmcy Zgoc Voìhm øm g{_Ë`m X¡Z§{XZ H$m_ H$aVmV).

❀ ñWm`r g{_Ë`mMo àH$ma :-

g§gX g^mJ¥hmÀ`m H$m_mÀ`m ñdê$nmZwgma ñWm`r g{_Ë`m§Mo ghm àH$mamV dJuH$aU Ho$co OmVo.

1) {dÎmr` g{_Ë`m :-

(1) cmoH$coIm g{_Vr (PAC).

(2) A§XmO g{_Vr (cmoH$g oMr).

(3) cmoH$ CnH«$_ g{_Vr.

2) {d^mJr` ñWm`r g{_Vr :-

3) J¥h g{_Vr (X¡Z§{XZ H$m_H$mOmgmR>r) :-

(1) AZwnpñWV gXñ`m§g§~§Yr g{_Vr.

(2) H$m_H$mO gëcmJma g{_Vr.

(3) ImOJr {dYo H$ àñVmd g{_Vr.

(4) {Z`_ g{_Vr.

4) Mm¡H$er g{_Vr :-

(1) {dZ§Vr AO© g{_Vr.

(2) {deofm{YH$ma g{_Vr.

(3) AmMaU g{_Vr.

5) N>mZZr g{_Ë`m :-

(1) gaH$mar AmídmgZmg§~§Yr g{_Vr.

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(2) àXÎm {dYr{dYmZ g{_Vr.

(3) nQ>cmda R>odcoë`m H$mJXnÌmg§~§Yr g{_Vr.

(4) SC, ST H$ë`mUg§~§Yr g{_Vr.

(5) _{hcm g~crH$aU g{_Vr.

(6) cm^mÀ`m nXm{df`r g{_Vr.

6) gXñ` godm g{_Vr :-

(1) gm_mÝ` à`moOZ g{_Vr.

(2) g^mJ¥h g{_Vr.

(3) J«§Wmc` g{_Vr.

(4) g§gX gXñ` doVZ, ^Îmo g{_Vr.

1. {dÎmr` g{_Ë`m :-

gaH$maZo Ho$coco H$amYmZmMo àñVmd Am{U IMm©Mo A§XmO VnmgyZ g§_V H$aUo. _§Oya H$aUo hrg§gXoMr O~m~Xmar Amho. ømgmR>r g§gXoMo (H$m`Xo_§S>imMo) AW©g§H$ënr` A{YdoeZ Agco VarA{YdoeZm_Ü o hmoUmar MMm© {dñV¥Vhr ZgVo qH$dm gImochr ZgVo.

AW©g§H$ënr` A{YdoeZm_Ü o Am{W©H$ ~m~tda g{dñVa MM}gmR>r CncãY doi \$ma H$_rAgVmo. AZoH$doim doioA^mdr AZoH$ _§Ìmc`mÀ`m qH$dm {d^mJmÀ`m _mJÊ`m MM}cmM KoVcm OmVZmhrV Am{U Guillotine åhUOo MMm©~§Xr Omhra H$aÊ`mV oVo. oWoM g§gXoÀ`m `m {dÎmr` g{_Ë`mgaH$mar IMm©Mr Am{U H$m_mMr Vnercdma N>mZZr H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ hmVr KoVmV.

EImXo YmoaU ZwgVo AmIÊ`mnojm Ë`m§Mr A§_c~OmdUr ZrQ> hmoUo ho OmñV _hÎdmMo AgVo,AÝ`Wm Ë`m YmoaUmMo C{ÔîQ>M ì`W© R>aVo. H$Yr-H$Yr àemgH$s` §ÌUmMm {ZîH$miOrnUm, {dc§~,CXm{gZVm, AH$m ©j_Vm qH$dm A§_c~OmdUrgmR>rMr `mo½` §ÌUm Oa gwg§KQ>rVnUo H$m_ H$aV ZgocVa YmoaU (Policy) Ë`m§Mr BpÀN>V C{ÔîQ>ço gmÜ` H$aÊ`mV An`er R>aVo, åhUyZ gaH$ma A§_cmVAmUrV Agoccr YmoaUo Am{U §ÌUm§Mr H$m ©nX²YVr BË`mXrMr ~maH$mB©Zo VnmgUr H$aUmam EImXm{ZH$m_ qH$dm g{_Vr (Body or Committee) {ZVm§V Amdí`H$ AgVmo. {dÎmr` g{_Ë`m ho gd© H$m_oH$ê$Z JaO ^mJ{dVmV.

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g§gXoMo nhmaoH$ar øm ZmË`mZo {dÎmr` g{_Ë`m \$ma _hÎdmMr y{_H$m ~OmdVmV. àemgZ hoàË`jnUo g§gXocm CÎmaXm`r ZgyZ AàË`jnUo _§Í`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ AgVo. Ë`m_wio àemgZmcm_§Í`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ AgVo. Ë`m_wio àemgZmcm, àemgH$s` A{YH$mè`mcm øm g{_Ë`mcm gm_moao OmdocmJVo. øm {dÎmr` g{_Ë`m J¡agaH$mar d gaH$mar A{YH$mè`m§er AZm¡nMm[aH$ MMm© H$aVmV. Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>ZVm|S>r nwamì`m{Zer _m{hVr Jmoim H$aVmV. AemàH$mao àemgZmda Am{W©H$ ~m~VrV gVV {Z §ÌU amhVo.

g§gXoZo _§Oya, g§_V Ho$cocr YmoaUo Am{U H$m ©H«$_ `m§Mr A§_c~OmdUr H$aVmZm hmoUmamAH$m ©j_ ì`dhma, CYinÅ>r Am{U ~oNy>Q>nUm øm VrZ {dÎmr` g{_Ë`m COoS>mV AmUVmV. `mg{_Ë`m§À`m Ho$coë`m H$R>moa {e\$maer_wio àemgZmcm gVV gVH©$, gmdY amhmdo cmJVo d Amnë`mH$m`m©V gwYmaUm H$amì`m cmJVmV. {dÎmr` g{_Ë`m_Ü o n{hcr g{_Vr åhUOo A§XmO g{_Vr hmo .

1. cmoH$g oVrc A§XmO g{_Vr (Estimates Committee) :-

`m g{_VrMr ñWmnZm Om°Z _WmB©À`m {e\$maerZwgma 1950 amoOr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcr. `mA§XmO g{_Vr_Ü o gÜ`m cmoH$g oVrc 30 gXñ` Amho. (nydu 25 gXñ`), `m A§XmO g{_Vr_Ü oamÁ`g oMm EH$hr gXñ` ZgVmo. hr g{_Vr ""H$mQ>H$ga g{_Vr'' åhUyZ H$m`_Mr g{_Vr AgVo.

❀ g{_VrMr H$m } :-

1) AW©g§H$ënr` IMm©À`m A§XmOm§Mr VnmgUr H$ê$Z gmd©O{ZH$ IMm©V H$mQ>H$ga gwM{dUo.

2) A§XmOnÌH$mVrc YmoaUo cjmV KoD$Z H$moUË`m àemg{ZH$ gwYmaUm qH$dm g§KQ>ZmË_H$gwYmaUm H$aVm oVrc, àemgH$s` H$m ©j_Vm H$er dmT>{dVm oB©c Am{U H$mQ>H$ga H$erH$aVm oB©c `m~Ôc Ahdmc V`ma H$aUo.

3) àemgH$s` H$m ©j_Vm d H$mQ>H$gargmR>r n`m© r YmoaUo gwM{dUo.

4) AW©g§H$ënmÀ`m A§XmOmÀ`m _wimer Agcoë`m YmoaUmZwgma n¡emMr {d^mJUr/dmQ>Ur~amo~a Pmcr qH$dm Zmhr Vo nmhUo.

5) ho A§XmO g§gXocm H$moUË`m Z_wÝ`mV gmXa H$amdoV ho R>a{dUo qH$dm `m~m~V gëcm XoUo.

A§XmO g{_VrMr Q>rH$m qH$dm gyMZm, {e\$maer gmd©O{ZH$ IMm©Mr CYinÅ>r amoIÊ`mV _XVH$aVmV. dm{f©H$ A§XmOnÌH$mMr H$gyZ VnmgUr hr g{_Vr H$aVo.

Aem [aVrZo hr g{_Vr A§XmOnÌH$m§Mr N>mZZr H$ê$Z IMm©Mr H$mQ>H$ga d àemgZmMrH$m ©j_Vm `m{df`r {e\$maer H$aÊ`mMo _hÎdmMo H$m © H$arV AgVo. gÜ`m `m g{_VrMo H$m ©joÌ

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dmT>coco Amho. `m g{_VrZo àemgH$s` d Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm gwM{dë`m AmhoV. Xm_moXa Kmar cmoH${ZJ_mÀ`mH$m`m©~m~V gyMZm {e\$maer Ho$ë`m AmhoV. ~oH$mar {Z_y©cZm~m~V {e\$maer Ho$coë`m AmhoV. H|$Ðr`g{Mdmc`mÀ`m aMZoV nwZK©Q>Zm H$aÊ`m~m~Vhr gyMZm Ho$coë`m AmhoV. `mdê$Z H$m_mMm ì`mn dmT>cmAgyZ {e\$magdOm _mJ©Xe©Zna H$m_ AgVo. åhUOo \$ŠV cmoH$g ocm {e\$mag, gyMZm H$aUo B.

❀ AZw_mZ/A§XmO g{_VrMo _hÎd d Cn wŠVVm :-

gmd©O{ZH$ àemgZm_Ü o H$m ©j_Vm, H$mQ>H$ga d ñW¡ © AmUÊ`mgmR>r `m g{_VrMo _hÎdnyU©`moJXmZ Amho. 1950 nmgyZ AmOn ªV `m g{_VrZo Á`m gaH$macm doimodoir {e\$maer Ho$coë`m AmhoVd gaH$maZo Ë`m ñdrH$maë`m_wio emgH$s` IMm©~amo~a gmd©O{ZH$ _hm_§S>io, gmd©O{ZH$ CÚmoJY§Xo dH§$nÝ`m `m§À`m Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamV H$mQ>H$gargmR>r `mo½` nmdco CMccr, Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mV gwYmaUmhrPmë`m AmhoV. _mÌ `m g{_VrZo H$mhr doim dmOdrnojm OmñV A{YH$ma dmnê$Z emgZmcm gyMZm,{e\$maer Ho$coë`m AmhoV Aem {e\$maer g§gXoZo \o$Q>micoë`m AmhoV.

_mOr {Z §ÌH$ d _hmcoImnarjH$ _m. AemoH$ M§Xm `m§Zr `m g{_Vrda Q>rH$m H$aVmZm åhUVmV,""AZw_mZ g{_Vr dñVw{ZîR> KQ>Zm§Mm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mEodOr Vr EH$ XmofXe©H$ §ÌUm ~ZV Amho. `mg{_VrZo gXñ` dma§dma ~XcV Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm àemgH$s` H$m ©nX²YVrMm AZw d d n[aM` H$_rAgVmo. Ë`m§Zr Ho$coë`m {e\$maer `mo½` AgVmVM Ago Zìho. AZoH$doim à{gÕrgmR>r A`mo½`, {e\$maerHo$ë`m OmVmV, Ë`m_wio gaH$ma Ë`m A`mo½`, AdmñVd d {e\$maer AZoH$ doim ZmH$maVo Voìhmg{_VrÀ`m à{VîR>oMm àíZ C^m amhVmo.

Aer Q>rH$m hmoV Agcr Varhr A§XmO g{_VrMo _hÎd AmOdaÀ`m {VÀ`m H$m`m©Mm AZw dAä`mgcm AgVm ZmH$maVm oV Zmhr. AmOn ªV emgZmda, àemgZmda {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r,àemgZmV H$m ©j_Vm, H$mQ>H$ga {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r Á`m {e\$maer emgZmcm Ho$ë`m Ë`mn¡H$s OdiOdi97% {e\$maer emgZmZo ñdrH$macocm AmhoV. Ë`m_wio emgZmda d àemgZmda Am{W©H$ {Z §ÌUmÀ`md H$mQ>H$gar~m~V, AdmñVd IMm©da {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r A§XmO g{_VrMo `moJXmZ g§gXr` àUmcr_Ü oIyn _moR>çm à_mUmV Amho.

2. cmoH$coIm g{_Vr (Public Account Committee) :-

`m g{_Vrcm gmd©O{ZH$ coIm g{_Vr Agohr åhUVmV. ^maVm_Ü o 1919 À`m H$m`ÚmVrcVaVwXrZwgma 1921 _Ü o cmoH$coIm g{_VrMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr. `m g{_Vrcm Voìhm Am{W©H$~m~VrV H$moUVohr A{YH$ma ZìhVo qH$dm gaH$mada H$moUVohr {Z §ÌU H$arV ZìhVr; na§Vw gmd©O{ZH$qH$dm cmoH$coIm g{_VrMr na§nam \$ma OwZr Amho. gÜ`m cmoH$coImg{_Vr _Ü o cmoH$g oVrc 15 gXñ`

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Am{U amÁ`g oVrc 7 gXñ` Ago EHy$U 22 gXñ` AmhoV. 1967 nmgyZ cmoH$coIm g{_VrMm gXñ`{damoYrnjmMm Zo_cm OmVmo.

❀ gXñ`mMr {ZdS> :-

g§gXoÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmVrc gXñ`m§_YyZ à_mUera à{V{ZYrËd nX²YVrZo EH$c g§H«$_Ur`_VXmZ VÎdmZwgma g§gX gXñ` {ZdS>Vo. _mÌ _§Í`mMr {ZdS> Ho$cr OmV Zmhr.

❀ H$m ©H$mc :-

cmoH$coIm g{_VrMo gXñ` Xadfu g§gX {ZdS>Vo. `m g{_VrÀ`m gXñ`mMm H$m ©H$mc EH$ df©AgVmo.

❀ cmoH$coIm g{_VrMo H$m } :-

1) amîQ´>nVrZo g§gXoV _m§S>coë`m {Z §ÌH$ d _hmcoIm narjH$mMm AhdmcmMo narjU H$aUo.

2) g§gXoZo Á`m CÔoemgmR>r Or aŠH$_ _§Oya Ho$cr hmoVr, Ë`mM C{ÔîQ>mda, {VVH$sM aŠH$_IM© Pmcr Amho H$s Zmhr ho nmhUo, VnmgUo.

3) EImÚm {dÎmr` qH$dm Am{W©H$ dfm©_Ü o EImÚm {d^mJmda, godogmR>r g§gXoZo _§Oya Ho$coë`maŠH$_onojm A{YH$ IM© Ho$cm Agoc Va Vmo H$m IM© Ho$cm `mMr ehm{Zem H$aUo, `mo½`H$maUo emoYyZ H$mT>Uo d g^mJ¥hmcm {e\$maer H$aUo.

4) gmd©O{ZH$ IMm©Mr VnmgUr H$aVmZm {Z`_~mø Aem Vm§{ÌH$ ÌwQ>r emoYUo Am{U«îQ>mMma, CYinÅ>r, AH$m ©j_Vm, Am{W©H$ ì`dhmamVrc C{Udm emoYUo.

5) A§XmO g{_Vr d cmoH$coIm g{_VrMo H$m © OdiOdi gmaIoM Agë`mZo A§XmOg{_VrMr Owir ~hrU Ago g§~moYco OmVo.

6) emgZmMm EImXm {d^mJ, ImVo emgH$s` n¡emMr CYinÅ>r H$arV Agoc Ë`mda H$moUmMohrH$moUVohr {Z §ÌU Zgoc Va cmoH$ coIm g{_Vr Ë`mMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z `m {d^mJmda VmeoaoAmoT>Vo d gyMZm d {e\$maer H$arV AgVo.

7) {Z`§ÌH$ d _hmcoIm narjH$ hm `m g{_Vrcm _XV H$arV AgVo hr g{_Vr CAG coImnarjU Ahdmc VnmgVo, VoM hr g{_Vr Amnë`m VnmgUrgmR>r Basic Material åhUyZKoV AgVo. Ë`m_wio {Z §ÌH$ d coIm narjH$ hm cmoH$coIm g{_VrMm {_Ì, VÎdk,_mJ©Xe©H$, H$mZ d S>moio AgVmo.

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`m g{_VrÀ`m y{_Ho$~m~V _mOr _hmcoIm narjH$ _m. AemoH$ M§Ð `m§Zr åhQ>co Amho H$s,""gmd©O{ZH$ IMmªda {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mV EH$ gm_Ï © eŠVr åhUyZ {dH${gV hmoB©c'' hr Anojm nyU©V:g\$c `m g{_VrZo Ho$cr Amho. AmO `m g{_Vr_wio gaH$maÀ`m IMm©da {Z §ÌU Amco AgyZ H$mQ>H$gaH$aUo ^mJ nS>V Amho. VgoM _§Oya aŠH$_ hr Á`m H$m_mgmR>r qH$dm `moOZogmR>r Agoc Ë`mM H$m_mgmR>rË`mM H$mcmdYrV IM© Ho$cr OmVo Amho. VgoM Am{W©H$ YmoaUo R>a{dÊ`mV _XV hmoV Amho. hr g{_VrBVa g{_Ë`mn¡H$s _hÎdmMr g{_Vr Amho.

3. gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$_ g{_Vr (Public Undertaking Committee) :-

Amnë`m XoemZo {Z`mo{OV Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMm _mJ© ñdrH$macm Amho, Ë`m_wio ^maV gaH$maZo{Z §{ÌV Ho$coco dm gaH$mar ì`dñWmnZmImcr Agcoco gd© Am¡Úmo{JH$ H¥${f{df`H$, dm{UÁ`{df`H$B. {d{dY àH$maMo CnH«$_ gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Amco AmhoV. àM§S> ^m§S>dc Agcoë`m AZoH$ gmd©O{ZH$åhUOo gaH$mar H§$nÝ`m, _hm_§S>io, {ZJ_ ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amco AmhoV. `mcmM gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$_qH$dm cmoH$ CnH«$_ åhUVmV. hr g{_Vr H¥$îU_oZZ g{_VrÀ`m {e\$maerZwgma 1964 _Ü o ñWmnZHo$cr. øm gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$_mV (CÚmoJY§ÚmV) Jw§V{dcoë`m ^m§S>dcmMm ~amM _moR>m ^mJ hm ^maVmÀ`mEH${ÌV {ZYrVyZ Amcocm Agë`m_wio ho CnH«$_ ì`dpñWVnUo MmcVmV qH$dm Zmhr ho nmhÊ`mMr,VnmgÊ`mMr, Ë`mda {Z §ÌU d XoIaoI H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar cmoH$g oMrM Amho, Ë`m_wio hr O~m~Xmarnma nmS>Ê`mgmR>r cmoH$g^m d amÁ`g^m Amncr g§gXr` g{_Vr ñWmnZ H$aVo. Vr åhUOo gmd©O{ZH$CnH«$_ g{_Vr.

❀ gXñ` g§»`m :-

gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$_ g{_Vr_Ü o cmoH$g oMo 15 d amÁ`g oMo 7 gXñ` AemàH$mao 22 gXñ`AgVmV. _mÌ `m g{_VrMm AÜ`j hm cmoH$g oVrc {ZdS>coë`m gXñ`mn¡H$s EH$ gXñ` Ho$cm OmVmo.

❀ gXñ` H$m ©H$mc :-

gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$_ g{_VrVrc gXñ`m§Mm H$m ©H$mc EH$ df© AgVmo. OmñVrV OmñV gXñ`m§Zmg{_Vrda H$m_ H$aVm `mdo `mgmR>r H$m ©H$mc EH$ df© R>odcm Amho.

❀ gXñ` {ZdS> :-

cmoH$g^m d amÁ`g^m AZwH«$_o 15 d 7 gXñ` à_mUera à{V{ZYrËd nX²YVrZo EH$cg§H«$_Ur` _VXmZ VÎdmZwgma Xadfu {ZdS>co OmVmV.

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❒ g{_VrMo A{YH$ma d H$m } :-

1) gmd©O{ZH$ CÚmoJ, CnH«$_mMo coIm d Ahdmc `m§Mo narjU H$aUo.

2) {Z §ÌH$ d _hmcoImnarjH$m§À`m gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$_mMo coImnarjUmMo {heo~ d AhdmcmMonarjU H$aUo.

3) gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$_m§Mr ñdm`ÎmVm d H$m ©j_Vm `m g§X^m©V Ë`mMo H$m_H$mO CËH¥$îR> CÚmoJVÎdm§Zwgma Am{U gyk ì`mnmar VÎdmZwgma Mmcy Amho `mMo narjU H$aUo.

4) cmoH$g^m g^mnVrZo gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$_m§g§X^m©V gmon{dcocr H$m_o H$aUo.

5) gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$_ OmñVrV OmñV 10 Vo 12 CnH«$_m§Mo narjU H$aUo.

6) gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$_mÀ`m {d{dY A§JmMo CXm. CËnmXZ, Am{W©H$ A§eXmZ (Contribution to

general economy) amoOJma {Z{_©Vr, CnCËnmXZmMr eŠ`Vm, Cn^moŠË`m§À`m (Consumer)

{hVg§~§Ym§Mo ajU B. g§~§YmVrc _yë`_mnZ d narjU H$aUo.

4. BVa g{_Ë`m :-

A) {d^mJr` g{_Ë`m :-

cmoH$g oÀ`m {Z`_ g{_VrZo 1989 _Ü o EH$ àñVmd _mÝ` Ho$cm. `m àñVmdmZwgma H¥$fr,n`m©daU, dZo Am{U {dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ `m VrZ joÌmgmR>r {d^mJdma ñWm`r g{_Ë`m ñWmnZH$amd`mÀ`m hmoË`m. 18 Am°JñQ> 1989 _Ü o àemgZmÀ`m gd© {d^mJmda g§gXoMo {Z §ÌU dXoIaoI amhmdr `mgmR>r `m g{_Ë`m ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. 1993 _Ü o 17 g{_Ë`m Am{U 2004_Ü o 7 g{_Ë`m Aem gÜ`m {d{dY _§Ìmc`mÀ`m 24 {d^mJr` g{_Ë`m ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amë`mAmhoV.

1) àË oH$s _§Ìmc`mÀ`m {d^mJr` ñWm`r g{_Vr_Ü o cmoH$g oVrc 21 gXñ` d amÁ`g oVyZ10 gXñ` Agco 31 gXñ` AgVmV.

2) {d^mJr` g{_Vr gXñ`mMm H$m ©H$mc 1 df© AgVmo. H$moUË`mhr {d^mJr` g{_Vrda _§ÌrgXñ` åhUyZ H$m_ H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr.

3) EHy$U 24 {d^mJr` ñWm`r g{_Ë`mn¡H$s 16 g{_Ë`m cmoH$g oÀ`m {Z §ÌUmImcr Am{U8 g{_Ë`m amÁ`g oÀ`m {Z §ÌUmImcr H$m_ H$aVmV.

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dm{UÁ` d CÚmoJ _§Ìmc`.

J¥h H$m_H$mO, B©emÝ` joÌmMm {dH$mg.

_mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg, wdH$ ì`dhma d {H«$S>m.

AdOS> CÚmoJ, gmd©O{ZH$ CnH«$_, cKwCÚmoJ, H¥$frCÚmoJ d H«$sS>m Ago J«m_rU CÚmoJ.

{dkmZ d V§ÌkmZ, AdH$me, AmpÊdH$ D$Om©, n`m©daUd dZo.

ZmJar hdmB© dmhVyH$, Oc, añVo d _hm_mJ© dmhVyH$g§ñH¥$Vr d n ©Q>Z.

Amamo½` d Hw$Qw>§~ H$ë`mU.

H$m`Xm d Ý`m`, H$m{_©H$ gmd©O{ZH$ VH«$mar d {Zd¥ÎmrdoVZ.

H¥$fr, AÝZ à{H«$`m CÚmoJ.

g§Mma, _m{hVr V§ÌkmZ, _m{hVr d àjonU.

g§ajU.

ZdrZ d Zdr{ZH$aUr` D$Om©, D$Om©.

naamîQ´> ì`mnma, A{Zdmgr ^maVr`mg§X^m©V H$m_H$mO.

{dÎm, H§$nZr d ì`dhma, {Z`moOZ, gm§p»`H$s.

J«mhH$ ì`dhma, AÝZ d gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU.

A.Z§. g{_VrMo Zm§d A{YH$majoÌmVrc _§Ìmc`o/{d^mJ

1. dm{UÁ` g{_Vr

2. J¥h H$m_H$mO g{_Vr

3. _mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg g{_Vr

4. CÚmoJ g{_Vr

5. {dkmZ V§ÌkmZ, n`m©daU d dZog{_Vr

6. dmhVyH$ n ©Q>Z d gm§ñH¥${VH$ g{_Vr

7. Amamo½` d Hw$Qw>§~ H$ë`mU g{_Vr

8. Am{W©H$, gmd©O{ZH$ VH«$mar, H$m`Xmg{_Vr d Ý`m` g{_Vr.

9. H¥$fr g{_Vr

10. _m{hVr V§ÌkmZ g{_Vr

11. g§ajU g{_Vr

12. D$Om© g{_Vr

13. naamîQ´> ì`dhma g{_Vr

14. {dÎm g{_Vr

15. AÞJ«mhH$ ì`dhma d gmd©O{ZH${dVaU g{_Vr

cmoH$g oÀ`m AIË`m[aV g{_Vr

amÁ`g oÀ`m AIË`m[aV g{_Vr

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darc {d^mJr` ñWm`r g{_Ë`m AgyZ Ë`m§Mr H$m } Imcrcà_mUo AmhoV.

1) cmoH$g oV MMm© hmoÊ`mnydu d _VXmZ hmoÊ`mnydu g§~§{YV _§Ìmc`mÀ`m d {d^mJmÀ`mAZwXmZmÀ`m _mJÊ`mda {dMma{d{Z_` H$aUo.

2) g§~§{YV _§Ìmc`mer d {d^mJmer {ZJS>rV {dYo H$m§Mo narjU H$aUo.

3) g§~§{YV _§Ìmc`mÀ`m qH$dm {d^mJmÀ`m dm{f©H$ Ahdmcmda {dMma{d{Z_` H$aUo.

4) gXZmcm qH$dm g^mJ¥hmcm gmXa Ho$coë`m XrK© nëë`mÀ`m _yc yV YmoaUmda {dMma{d{_Z` H$aUo.

❀ g{_VrÀ`m H$m`m©da _`m©Xm qH$dm ~§YZo :-

1) g{_VrZo g§~§{YV _§Ìmc`mÀ`m qH$dm {d^mJmÀ`m X¡Z§{XZ H$m_H$mOmV hñVjon H$ê$ Z o,cj Kmcy Z o.

2) BVa g§§gXr` g{_Ë`m§À`m H$m_mV hñVjon H$ê$ Z`o.

3) {d^mJr` g{_Ë`m \$ŠV {d^mJmcm {e\$mag, gyMZm H$aVmV. _mÌ Ë`m ñdrH$maë`mMnm{hOoV Ago _§§Ìmc`mda ~§YZH$maH$ ZgVo.

16. l_ g{_Vr

17. noQ´>mo{c`_ d Z¡g{J©H$ dm y g{_Vr

18. aoëdo g{_Vr

19. ehar {dH$mg g{_Vr

20. Ocg§YmaU g{_Vr

21. agm`Zo d IVo g{_Vr

22. J«m_rU {dH$mg g{_Vr

23. H$moigm d nmocmX g{_Vr

24. gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` d g~crH$aUg{_Vr

A.Z§. g{_VrMo Zm§d A{YH$majoÌmVrc _§Ìmc`o/{d^mJ

H$m_Jma, ZmoH$è`m, dñÌmoÚmoJ.

noQ´>mo{c`_ d Z¡g{J©H$ dm y.

aoëdo

ehar {dH$mg, J¥h{Z_m©U d ehar J[a~r {Z_y©cZ.

Ocg§YmaU.

agm`Zo d IVo.

J«m_rU {dH$mg, n§Mm`V amÁ`.

H$moigm, ImUr d nmocmX.

gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` d g~crH$aU, Am{Xdmgr H$m_H$mO.

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~) g^mJ¥h g{_Ë`m :-

g§gXoÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§À`m X¡Z§{XZ H$m_H$mO nmhÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr g{_Ë`m ñWmnZ Ho$ë`mOmVmV. Ë`m nwT>rcà_mUo AmhoV.

1. H$m_H$mO gëcmJma g{_Vr :-

àË oH$ g^mJ¥hmMr EH$ H$m_H$mO gëcmJma g{_Vr AgVo. hr g{_Vr g^mJ¥hmMo H$m_H$mO dH$m_H$mOmMr nX²YVr, doimnÌH$ `m§Mo {Z`_Z H$aVo. `m g{_Vr_Ü o g^mnVrg{hV 15 gXñ`cmoH$g oÀ`m H$m_H$mO gëcmJma g{_Vr_Ü o AgVmV. Va amÁ`g oÀ`m AÜ`jmgh 11 gXñ`AgVmV.

❀ H$m } :-

1) gaH$maZo àñVm{dV Ho$coë`m d¡Ym{ZH$ d AÝ` àH$maÀ`m H$m_H$mOmgmR>r doi dmQy>Z KoUo.

2) J¡agaH$mar gXñ`m§Zm {dYo Ho$ d àñVmd `m§À`m MM}gmR>r {H$Vr doi Úmdm hr g{_VrR>a{dVo.

3) EImXm {d{eîQ> {df` MM}gmR>r g^mJ¥hmg_moa AmUÊ`mMr {e\$mag H$aUo.

4) g^mnVr gmondVrc qH$dm Ë`mÀ`m AmXoemZo H$m_o H$aUo.

2. ImOJr gXñ`m§Mr {dYo Ho$ d R>amd `m~m~V g{_Vr :-

hr g{_Vr gaH$mar {dYo Ho$ gmoSy>Z ImOJr/J¡agaH$mar gXñ`m§Zr _m§S>coë`m {dYo Ho$ d R>amdmModJuH$aU H$ê$Z Ë`mda MM}gmR>r doi R>adyZ XoVo. hr cmoH$g oMr Img/{deof g{_Vr AgyZCng^mnVr hm AÜ`j AgVmo d BVa 14 gXñ` Ago 15 gXñ` AgVmV. hr g{_Vr amÁ`g oVZgVo.

3. {Z`_ g{_Vr :-

hr g{_Vr g^mJ¥hmÀ`m H$m_H$mOmMr à{H«$`m d nX²YVr, {Z`_ `mda {dMma{d{Z_` H$aVo.J¥hmÀ`m {Z`_m_Ü o XþéñVr qH$dm ZdrZ {Z`_m§Mr {e\$maer H$aVo. cmoH$g oÀ`m {Z`_ g{_VrVg^mnVrg{hV 15 gXñ` Va amÁ`g oV AÜ`jmg{hV 16 gXñ` AgVmV.

4. g^mJ¥hmV gXñ`mÀ`m AZwnpñWVr~m~V g{_Vr :-

hr g{_Vr g^mJ¥hmÀ`m H$m_H$mOmV, ~¡R>H$sV, A{YdoeZm_Ü o J¡ahOa, AZwnpñWV amhÊ`mg§~§Yr

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gXñ`m§H$Sy>Z Amcoë`m gd© AOm©~m~V {dMma{d{Z_` H$aVo. {dZmnadmZJr gVV 60 {Xdgmnojm OmñVAZwnpñWV amhUmè`m gXñ`m§À`m ~m~rMo narjU H$aVo. cmoH$g oV hr g{_Vr AgyZ EHy$U 15 gXñ`mAgVmV.

H$) Mm¡H$er g{_Vr :-

1. {dZ§Vr AO©/AmdoXZ g{_Vr :-

g§gXoÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm_Ü o hr g{_Vr AgVo. cmoH$g oV `m g{_Vr_Ü o 15 gXñ` VaamÁ`g oV `m g{_VrV 10 gXñ` AgVmV. g^mJ¥hmH$S>o gXñ`mH$Sy>Z Amcocm àË oH$ AmdoXZ, {dZ§VrAO© `m g{_VrH$S>o nmR>{dco OmVmV. Aem AOm©da {dMma{d{Z_` H$aVo. g{_Vrcm `mo½` dmQ>oc Aemnwamì`m{Zer Mm¡H$er H$ê$Z AOm©Vrc VH«$mar~Ôc g{_Vr Amncm Ahdmc {e\$maerg{hV g^mJ¥hmcmgmXa H$aVo.

gm_mÝ` ZmJ[aH$mcm AÝ` H$moR>ohr Ý`m` {_iV Zgoc Va Ë`m§Zr g^mJ¥hmH$S>o AO© Ho$cm AgocVa Aem AOm©da {dMma{d{Z_` H$ê$Z Mm¡H$er H$ê$Z g^mJ¥hmcm {e\$magrghrV gyMZm d AhdmcgmXa H$aVo. Ë`m_wio gm_mÝ` _mUgmcm g§gXoMm AmYma {_idyZ XoUmar hr g{_Vr daXmZM R>acocrAmho.

2. {deofm{YH$ma g{_Vr :-

g§gXoÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmVrc gXñ`m§Zm {deofm{YH$ma AgVmV, {deofm{YH$mamMm §J Pmë`mgVoìhm hm àíZ `m g{_VrH$S>o gmon{dVmV. cmoH$g oV 15 gXñ` Va amÁ`g oV 15 gXñ` `m g{_Vr_Ü oAgVmV. XmoÝhr J¥hmÀ`m g{_Ë`m ñdV§Ì AgVmV.

S>) n[a{ZarjU, {Z §ÌU g{_Vr (N>mZZr g{_Vr) :-

1. AmídmgZ g{_Vr :-

hr g{_Vr g^mJ¥hm_Ü o _§Í`mZr (gaH$maZo) doimodoir {Xcoco AmídmgZo, dMZo, ½dmhr `m§MonarjU H$aVo Am{U Vr {H$Vr nyU© H$aÊ`mV Amcr `m{df`r Ahdmc g^mJ¥hmcm gmXa H$aVo. cmoH$g oV`m g{_VrV 15 gXñ` Va amÁ`g oV `m g{_VrV 10 gXñ` AgVmV.

2. Xþæ`_ H$m`Úmg§~§Yr g{_Vr :-

g§gXoZo qH$dm amÁ`KQ>ZoZo H$m ©H$mar {d^mJmH$S>o qH$dm Xþæ`_ àm{YH$aUmH$S>o gmon{dcoë`m

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A{YH$mam§Zwgma {Z`_, Cn{Z`_, Xþæ`_ H$m`Xo, CnH$m`Xo ~Z{dco OmVmV H$m`? Am{U H$go ~Z{dco

OmVmV. H$m ©H$mar {d^mJ `m A{YH$mamMm J¡admna Va H$aV Zmhr Zm. `mda g§gX ~maH$mB©Zo cj

R>odÊ`mgmR>r, {Z §ÌU R>odÊ`mgmR>r `m g{_VrMr Zo_UyH$ H$aVo. `m g{_Vr_Ü o 15 gXñ` AgyZ 1953_Ü o ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amcr.

3. nQ>cmdarc gmXa Ho$coë`m H$mJXnÌm~m~V g{_Vr :-

àË oH$ A{YdoeZm_Ü o gaH$ma g^mJ¥hmÀ`m nQ>cmda {d{dY {ddaUnÌo, Ahdmc, H$mJXnÌo

R>odV AgVmV. hr g{_Vr nQ>cmda R>odcoco gd© H$mJXnÌo (_§Í`mH$Sy>Z) VnmgVo Ë`m§Mo narjU H$aVo Vo{Z`_mZwgma AmhoV H$m`? `mMohr narjU H$aVo. `m g{_VrMr ñWmnZm 1975 _Ü o H$aÊ`mV Amcr.

cmoH$g oV `m g{_Ë`mV 15 gXñ` Va amÁ`g oV `m g{_VrV 10 gXñ` AgVmV.

4. AZwgy{MV OmVr d O_mVr H$ë`mU g{_Vr :-

^maVm_Ü o AZwgy{MV OmVr d O_mVrÀ`m g§ajUmgmR>r AZoH$ VaVyXr g§{dYmZm_Ü o AmhoV. `m

VaVwXtMr A§_c~OmdUr hmoVo H$s Zmhr `mgmR>r doJdoJiçm §ÌUm d Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm Ho$cr Amho.AZwgy{MV OmVr, O_mVr, amîQ´>r` Am`moJ `m§Zr gmXa Ho$coë`m {e\$magrg{hV Ahdmcmda hr g{_Vr

{dMma{d{Z_` H$aVo d g^mJ¥hmcm Ahdmc gmXa H$aVo. `m g{_Vr_Ü o cmoH$g oMo 20 Am{U

amÁ`g oMo 10 gXñ` Ago EHy$U 30 gXñ` AgVmV.

5. g^mJ¥hgodm g{_Vr (House Keeping Committees) :-

g^mJ¥h godm g{_Vr BVa H$moUË`mhr g§gXr` g{_VrÀ`m A{YH$ma joÌmV Z oUmè`m J¥hmÀ`m

ì`dhmamg§~§{YV _wÚmda {dMma{d{Z_` H$aVo, gëcm XoVo. hr g{_Vr gXñ`m§Zm nwa{dÊ`mV Amcoë`m

{d{dY àH$maÀ`m godm, gmo r-gw{dYm qH$dm g§gX g^mJ¥hmÀ`m gXñ`m§Zm Amncr H$m_o gwc^nUo H$aVm

oVrc. `mgmR>r H$mhr godm g{_Ë`m ñWmnZ Ho$ë`m OmVmV.

1) {Zdmg g{_Vr : hr g{_Vr g^mJ¥h gXñ`m§À`m {ZdmgmMr gmo Am{U {XëcrV Ë`m§À`mKar, nwa{dë`m OmUmè`m AÝZ, d¡Ú{H$` _XV, Q>o{c\$moZ B. godm H$em nX²YVrZo {_iVmV `mgmR>r

g§gXoMr {Zdmg g{_Vr H$m_ nmhVo.

2) J«§Wmc` g{_Vr : XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmVrc gXñ`m§Zm d _§Í`m§Zm J«§Wmc`mMr godm nwa{dÊ`mgmR>r

_XV H$aUo. J«§Wmc`mV ZdrZ J«§WgmR>m H$aUo, gd© X¡{ZH$ d¥ÎmnÌo oVmV H$s Zmhr ho nmhUo. `m g{_VrV

cmoH$g oVrc 6 d amÁ`g oVrc 3 gXñ` Ago EHy$U 9 gXñ` AgVmV.

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3. g§gX gXñ`m§Mo doVZ d ^Îmo g{_Vr : hr g{_Vr g§gX gXñ`m§Mo _hmJmB©Zwgma doVZ,^Îmo d {Zd¥Îmr doVZ {ZpíMV H$aVo. 1954 _Ü o hr g{_Vr ñWmnZ Ho$cr. `m g{_VrV cmoH$g oVrc10 gXñ` d amÁ`g oVrc 5 gXñ` Ago 15 gXñ` AgyZ hr g{_Vr g§gX gXñ`m§Mo dmT>rd doVZ,^Îmo dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r g^mJ¥hmcm {e\$mag H$aVo.

6. _{hcm g~crH$aU g{_Vr :-

hr g{_Vr 1997 _Ü o ñWmnZ Ho$cr AgyZ cmoH$g oVrc 30 Am{U amÁ`g oVrc 10 gXñ`Aer 30 gXñ`mMr Amho. hr g{_Vr amîQ´>r` _{hcm Am`moJmÀ`m Ahdmcmda {dMma{d{Z_` H$aVo._{hcm§Zm Ý`m`, à{VîR>m, gÝ_mZ, g_mZVm {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r H|$Ð gaH$maÀ`m `moOZm§Mo narjU H$aVo.AemàH$mao g§gXr` g{_Ë`m øm g§gXr` àUmcr_Ü o AgyZ Ë`m emgZmcm d g§gXocm gëcm XoVmV,VgoM emgZmda {Z §ÌU XoIaoI H$aVmV.

4.2.3 g§gXoMo H$m`Xo{df`H$ Am{U Ý`m`{df`H$ H$m }

g§gX hr ^maVr` g§KamÁ`mÀ`m gaH$maMr H$m`Xo ~Z{dUmar g§ñWm Amho. AmO g§gX \$ŠVd¡Ym{ZH$ÑîQ>çm H$m`Xo H$aUmar g§ñWm am{hcr Zmhr Va Vr ~hþ{dY H$m © H$aUmar, g§nyU© XoemVrcOZVoMm AmdmO, g§nyU© cmoH$m§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r `moOZm R>a{dUmar, XoemVrc OZVoÀ`m VH«$mar, JmèhmUogmoS>dyZ Ë`m§Zm Ý`m` {_idyZ XoUmar, AMmZH$ AmnÎmr CX² dcr Agoc Va VmËH$mi gaH$macmcjdoYrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ AmnÎmr_Ü o _XV H$am`cm ^mJ nmS>Umar, gaH$mada {Z §ÌU R>odUmar,gaH$maÀ`m H$m_mMo _yë`_mnZ H$aUmar, gaH$ma Mm§Jco H$m_ H$arV Zgoc, gm_y{hH$[aË`m O~m~Xma amhÿZH$m` H$arV Zgoc Va A{dídmg R>amd _§Oya H$ê$Z gaH$macm amOrZm_m XoÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>Umar, XoemMr,Am§VaamîQ´>r` ñVamda à{VîR>m {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r gaH$macm gëcm XoUmar, Aer y{_H$m ~XcË`m H$mimV{Z_m©U Pmcocr Amho.

g§gXo_Ü o g§nyU© XoemVrc OZVoMo à{V{ZYr OZVo_m\©$V {ZdS>co OmVmV, Ë`m_wio {d{dY àXoemMo,OmVrMo, ^mfoMo, Y_m©Mo, g§ñH¥$VrMo Jar~, lr_§V, eoVH$ar, CÚmoJnVr, H$m_Jma Aem {d{dY àH$maMocmoH$ AmO Amnë`m g§gXoV OZVoMo à{V{ZYrËd H$arV AmhoV. Ë`m_wio AmO {~«{Q>e H$mimVrc g§gXam{hcocr Zmhr Va AmO Amnë`m g§gXo_Ü o àË oH$ àíZmda, EImÚm KQ>Zoda MMm©, {damoY, g_W©Z,{dZmoX, H$mhr eoa, Va H$Yr H${dVm, H$Yr dmX, H$Yr g§dmX, Mm§Jco ZoV¥Ëd d H$V¥©Îd d dŠV¥Îd,_mZ Va H$moUmMr MoîQ>m-_ñH$ar, Va AZoH$doim {ZîR>m-à{VîR>m, gdmc-O~m~, Amdoe, AZoH$doimhm¡XmV CS>çm Va H$Yr H$moUmMr H$m°ca nH$S>cr OmVo. H$Yr ^mfU ~§X nmS>co OmVo, Va H$Yr ~|MdmO{dVmV Va H$Yr EImXo {dYo H$ 1 dfm©nmgyZ 10 dfm©n ªV {^OV R>odVmV Va g§gX gXñ`m§Mo doVZ^Îmo {dYo H$ 5 Vo 10 {_{ZQ>mV§V _§Oya H$aVmV. Aem AZoH$ JmoîQ>rMm {_cm\$, g§J_ åhUOo Amncr

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^maVr` g§gX. _mÌ AmVm g§gXoMo nm{dÍ`, à{VîR>m _mZ-gÝ_mZ H$moU amIUma H$maU g§gXoV ~gUmao~hþVm§e gXñ` ho JwÝhoJmar àd¥ÎmrMo, AZoH$m§da JwÝho AmhoV; Vo doimodoir àgma_mÜ`_mZo Omhra Ho$cocoAmho.

^maVr` g§gX {~«{Q>e nmc©_|Q>à_mUo AgyZ {~«Q>ZMr g§gXr` emgZ nX²YVrà_mUo ^maVm_Ü og§gXr` emgZ nX²YVr ñdrH$macocr Amho. ^maVmÀ`m amOH$s` ì`dñWo_Ü o gdm}ÀM ñWmZ g§gXocmAmho. ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m nmMì`m ^mJm_Ü o H$c_ 79 Vo 122 _Ü o g§gXoMr aMZm, H$m_H$mOnX²YV, {deofm{YH$ma nXm{YH$mar Am{U A{YH$ma d H$m } BË`mXrg§~§YrMr VaVyX KQ>ZmH$mam§Zr Ho$cocrAmho. ^maVr` KQ>ZoZwgma g§gXoMo VrZ ^mJ AmhoV. amîQ´>nVr, amÁ`mMr n[afX (amÁ`g^m) Am{UcmoH$m§Mo g^mJ¥h (cmoH$g^m). amÁ`g^m ho darc J¥h Va cmoH$g^m ho H${ZîR> g^mJ¥h Amho. amÁ`g^mho ^maVr` g§KamÁ`mMo åhUOo KQ>H$amÁ`mMo à{V{ZYrËd H$aVo, Va cmoH$g^m ho g§nyU© ^maVmMo, ^maVr`cmoH$m§Mo à{V{ZYrËd H$aVo. amîQ´>nVr hm g^mJ¥hmMm gXñ` Zgcm qH$dm ~¡R>H$scm hOa amhV Zgcm VarVmo g§gXoMm A{d^mÁ` ^mJ Amho. g§gXoÀ`m XmoÝhr J¥hm§Zr _§Oya Ho$coë`m H$moUË`mhr {dYo H$mcm Omon ªVamîQ´>nVrMr _§Oyar {_iV Zmhr, Vmon ªV {dYo H$m§Mo H$m`ÚmV ê$nm§Va hmoV Zmhr. VgoM Vmo g§gXoMoA{YdoeZ ~mocmdVmo, ñW{JV H$aVmo, Img A{YdoeZ ~mocm{dVmo, A{^^mfU H$aVmo, cmoH$g^m~aImñV H$aVmo Am{U AÜ`mXoe qH$dm dQ>hþHy$_ H$mT>Vmo. `m_wio g§gXo_Ü o amîQ´>nVr, cmoH$g^m,amÁ`g^m `m VrZ KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

cmoH$g^m ho àW_ H${ZîR> d OZVoMo g^mJ¥h AgyZ cmoH$g oMr H$_mc gXñ` g§»`m 552{ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho. `mn¡H$s 530 gXñ` OZVo_m\©$V àË`j àm¡T> _VXmZ nX²YVrZogmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UyH$sÛmao {ZdS>co OmVmV Va 20 gXñ` ho H|$Ðem{gV àXoemMo à{V{ZYrËd H$aUmaogXñ` {ZdS>co OmVrc d amîQ´>nVr A±½cmo B§{S>`Z g_mOmMo 2 gXñ` Zm_{ZX}{eV ({Z wŠV) H$aVmo.`m g^mJ¥hmMm d gXñ`m§Mm H$m ©H$mc 5 df} AgVmo. gÜ`m cmoH$g oV KQ>H$ amÁ`mMo 530 Am{UH|$Ðem{gV àXoemMo 13 Am{U A±½cmo B§{S>`Z g_mOmMo 2 gXñ` Ago EHy$U 545+2 gXñ`AmhoV.

amÁ`g^m ho d[aîR>, {ÛVr` d g§KamÁ`mVrc KQ>H$amÁ`mMo à{V{ZYrËd H$aUmao g^mJ¥h AgyZ `mg^mJ¥hmV KQ>H$amÁ`mMo 238 gXñ` + amîQ´>nVr {Z wŠV 12 gXñ` åhUOo 250 gXñ` OmñVrVOmñVAgVmV. (amÁ`g oV 229 KQ>H$ amÁ` + {Xëcr 3 + nm±S>oMar 1 + amîQ´>nVr {Z wŠV 12 = 245gXñ` AmhoV) ho H$m`_ñdê$nr J¥h AgyZ Xa 2 dfmªZr 1/3 gXñ` {Zd¥Îm hmoVmV d VodT>oM Zì`mZo{ZdS>co OmVmV. Va gXñ`m§Mm H$m ©H$mc _mÌ ghm dfmªMm AgVmo.

AemàH$mao XmoÝhr g^mJ¥h åhUOo g§gX ^maVm_Ü o V`ma Pmcocr AgyZ {Vcm nwT>rcà_mUoA{YH$ma àmßV Pmcoco Amho.

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❒ g§gXoMo H$m`Xo{df`H$ A{YH$ma :-

emgZ g§ñWoÀ`m {VÝhr KQ>H$mn¡H$s H$m`Xo_§S>i (g§gX) hm KQ>H$ AË §V _hÎdmMm Am{UAmdí`H$ _mZcm OmVmo. H$m`Xo_§S>i ho g§nyU© amîQ´>mgmR>r H$m`Xo {Z{_©VrMo d YmoaU {Z{_©VrMo H$m © H$arVAgVo Vo nwT>rcà_mUo gm§JVm oVrc.

1. H$m`Xo{Z{_©Vr H$aUo :-

H$m`ÚmMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo ho _hÎdnyU© H$m } H$m`Xo_§S>imH$Sy>Z Ho$co OmVo. XoemÀ`m g§ajUmgmR>rd XoemÀ`m gdmªJrU {dH$mgmgmR>r, ZmJ[aH$m§À`m _wc yV JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmaoH$m`Xo, `moOZm, AW©{dYo H$ A§XmOnÌH$ BË`mXtZm _§Oyar XoÊ`mMo, _hÎdnyU© H$m } H$m`Xo_§S>i (g§gX)H$arV AgVo. H$m`Xo {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mgmR>r {dYo`H$ {Z{_©Vr, Ë`mg g§_Vr Amdí`H$ AgVo.

2. {dYo H$mMo H$m`ÚmV ê$nm§Va H$aUo :-

H$m`Xm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m`ÚmMm H$ÀMm _gyXm qH$dm H$m`ÚmMr nyd© AdñWm åhUOo{dYo H$. {dYo H$ XmoZ àH$maMr g§gXoV gmXa H$aÊ`mV oVmV. gaH$mar {dYo H$ Am{U ImOJr {dYo H$XmoÝhr {dYo H$m_Ü o Imcrcà_mUo \$aH$ gm§JVm oB©c.

1. ho gaH$mar åhUOo gmd©O{ZH$ {dYo`H$g§gXo_Ü o _§Ìr gmXa H$aVmo.

2. gaH$mar {dYo H$mVyZ gÎmmê$T> njmMo YmoaUì`ŠV hmoVo.

3. ho {dYo H$ cJoMM g§gXoV _§Oya hmoVo.

4. ho {dYo H$ g§gXo_Ü o _§Oya Pmco Zmhr VagaH$maMo g§gXoV ~hþ_V ZgyZ gaH$maZo g§gXoMm{dídmg J_mdcm Agm AW© hmoV AgyZ_§{Ì_§S>imcm amOrZm_m Úmdm cmJVmo.

5. {dYr ImË`mer {dMma{d{Z_` H$ê$Z {dYo H$_§Ìr V`ma H$aVmo.

gaH$mar {dYo H$ ImOJr {dYo`H$

1. ho ImOJr qH$dm J¡agaH$mar {dYo H$ _§ÌrZìho Va H$moUVmhr g§gX gXñ` g§gXoV gmXaH$aVmo.

2. `m {dYo H$mVyZ gmd©O{ZH$ _wÚm~m~V {damoYrnjmMr y{_H$m ì`ŠV hmoVo.

3. ho {dYo H$ g§gXo_Ü o ghgm _§Oya hmoV Zmhr.

4. ho {dYo H$ _§Oya Pmco Zmhr Va Ë`m§MmgaH$mada H$mhrhr n[aUm_ hmoV Zmhr.

5. {dYo H$ g§~§{YV gXñ` ~Z{dVmo.

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AmO g§gXo_Ü o Odi Odi 90 Vo 95% {dYo Ho$ gaH$mar åhUOo _§Í`mH$Sy>Z _m§S>co OmVmV.ImOJr {dYo Ho$ ho \$maM H$_r à_mUmV (AË`ën) g§gXoV gmXa Ho$co OmVmV. Ë`m§Mm CÔoe EImÚm_hÎdmÀ`m {df`mH$S>o H$m`Xm gaH$maZo H$amdm `mgmR>r cmoH$m§Mo d gaH$maMo cj doYUo ho AgVo.

❒ {dYo H$mMo àH$ma :-

g§gXoV _m§S>coë`m {dYo H$m§Mo Mma àH$ma nS>VmV.

1. gd©gmYmaU {dYo H$ : {dÎm, AW© {df` gmoSy>Z H$moUË`mhr {df`mdarc {dYo H$(General Bill).

2. AW© {dYo H$ : H$a, gmd©O{ZH$ IM© Aem Am{W©H$ {df`mer g§~§{YV {dYo H$ (Money

Bill).

3. {dÎmr` {dYo H$ : ho gwÕm Am{W©H$ {df`mer g§~§{YV nU AW© {dYo H$mnojm doJio AgVo(Financial Bill).

4. KQ>ZmXþéñVr {dYo H$ : ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc H$c_m_Ü`o, VaVwXr_Ü`o XþéñVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r{dYo H$ (Constitutional Amendment Bill).

1. {dYo H$ g§gXoV gmXa H$aUo :-

gd©gmYmaU {dYo H$ g§gXoÀ`m H$moUË`mhr J¥hmV gmXa Ho$co OmVo Va AW©{df`H$, A§XmOnÌH$,{dÎmr` {dYo H$ ho \$ŠV cmoH$g oVM (H$[ZîR> J¥hmV) g§~§{YV _§Ìr gmXa H$aVmo. g§gXo_Ü o _§Ìr{dYo H$mMo erf©H$ Am{U CÔoe dmMyZ {dYo H$ gmXa H$aVmo. n{hë`m dmMZmdoir gXñ`m§Zm {dYo H$m§À`màVr dmQ>ë`m OmVmV qH$dm ^maVr` amOnÌmV à{gX²Y H$amdo cmJVo. Ë`mZ§Va AmR> {XdgmZ§Va/AmR>dS>çmZ§Va g^mnVr gm§JVrc Ë`m {Xder Xþgao dmMZ hmoVo.

Xþgao dmMZ : Xþgè`m dmMZmdoir {dYo H$mda gd©gmYmaU MMm© hmoVo d Vnercdma narjUhmoVo Am{U Ë`mcm A§{V_ ñdê$n {_iVo. hm H$m`Xm {Z{_©Vr_Ü o _hÎdmMm Q>ßnm AgVmo. `m_Ü o VrZQ>ßno AgVmV.

1. gd©gmYmaU MMm© : {dYo H$mÀ`m N>mnrc àVr gXñ`m§Zm {dV[aV Ho$ë`m OmVmV.{dYo H$mVrc _hÎdmMo VÎdo d VaVyXr `mda gd©gmYmaU MMm© hmoVo. `m Q>ßß`mda Imcrc Mma n¡H$sEH$ {ZU© KoVcm OmVmo.

(A) ho {dYo H$ cJoM MMm© H$ê$Z _VXmZmg Q>mH$mdo.

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(~) ho g^mJ¥hmÀ`m {M{H$Ëgm g{_VrH$S>o nmR>dmdo.

(H$) ho XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmÀ`m g§ wŠV g{_VrH$S>o nmR>dmdo.

(S>) cmoH$_V AO_mdÊ`mgmR>r cmoH$m§H$S>o nmR>dmdo.

eodQ>r ho {dYo H$ g^mJ¥hmÀ`m {M{H$Ëgm g{_VrH$S>o nmR>{dÊ`mMr KQ>ZmË_H$ àWm Amho. hrg{_Vr `m {dYo H$mda Vnercdma, Aä`mg H$aVo, narjU H$aVo. {dYo H$m_Ü o _yi Mm¡H$Q> Z ~XcVmgwYmaUm d {e\$maerg{hV g^mJ¥hmcm gmXa H$aVo.

g^mJ¥hmV R>acoë`m {Xder `m g{_VrZo gmXa Ho$coë`m gwYm[aV {dYo H$mda, Ë`m {dYo H$mVrcàË oH$ H$c_mda MMm© hmoVo, gXñ` Amnco _V _m§S>VmV d eodQ>r gwYmaUm gwM{dVmV.

{Vgao dmMZ : {Vgè`m dmMZmdoir `m {dYo H$mda MMm© Ho$cr OmV Zmhr, Va ho {dYo H$ _§OyaH$amdo H$s Zm_§Oya H$amdo `m{df`r MMm© Ho$cr OmVo. {dYo H$ _VXmZmg Q>mH$co OmVo d CnpñWVgXñ`m§Zr {dYo H$ _§Oya Ho$co Va {dYo H$ _§Oya hmoVo d Xþgè`m g^mJ¥hmH$S>o nmR>{dco OmVo. g§gXoÀ`mXþgè`m g^mJ¥hm_Ü o (amÁ`g^m) àW_ dmMZ, {ÛVr` dmMZ g{_Vr AdñWm d V¥Vr` dmMZ hmoVo dVoWohr ~hþ_VmZo _§Oya Pmë`mZ§Va åhUOo g§gXoÀ`m XmoÝhr J¥hm§Zr {dYo H$ _§Oya Ho$ë`mZ§Va amîQ´>nVrMrghr hmoVo d Ë`mZ§Va {dYo H$m§Mo H$m`ÚmV énm§Va hmoVo.

AemàH$mao g§gX H$m`Xo {Z{_©VrMo H$m`© H$arV AgVo.

2. AW©{dYo H$ _§Oya H$aUo :-

g§gXoMo Xþgao H$m`Xo{df`H$ H$m © åhUOo amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc H$c_ 110 à_mUo {d{dY ñdê$nmMrAW© {dYo Ho$ _§Oya H$aUo. AW© {dYo H$ åhUOo {dYo H$mVrc H$mhr qH$dm gd© _wÔo Am{W©H$ ~m~rg§X^m©V AgVrc Vr gd© {dYo Ho$ AW© {dYo H$ g_OÊ`mV oVrc.

AW© {dYo H$mV nwT>rc {df`/~m~tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

1) H$moUË`mhr H$amMr AmH$maUr H$aUo, H$a aÔ H$aUo, H$amV gyQ> XoUo, H$amV ~Xc H$aUoB.g§~§Yr {dYo H$.

2) H$O© KoUo, H$O© \o$S>Uo, H$Om©Mo ì`mO XoUo, H$O©amoIo C^maUo.

3) ^maVmMm g§{MV {ZYr, AmH$pñ_H$ {ZYr gwa{jV R>odUo, n¡go ^aUo d H$mT>Uo.

4) g§{MV {ZYrMm dmna, gmd©O{ZH$ ImË`mV O_m Pmcocm n¡gm, amÁ`mMo coImnarjUH$aUo.

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5) darc g§X^m©V gd© {dYo H$ AW© {dYo H$ AmhoV. EImXo {dYo H$ YZ {dYo H$ Amho qH$dmZmhr ho cmoH$g oMo g^mnVr {ZpíMV H$aVmo.

3. cmoH$g oV AW© {dYo H$ gmXa H$aUo :-

AW© {dYo H$ gd©àW_ H${ZîR> J¥hmVM åhUOo cmoH$g oVM gmXa Ho$co OmVo. cmoH$g^m `m{dYo H$m§da MMm© H$aVo. `m {dYo H$m§_Ü o MM}A§Vr H$mhr H$nmV àñVmd _m§Sy>Z Ë`mda _VXmZ KoVcoOmVo d eodQ>r _mJÊ`mda _VXmZ hmodyZ ~hþ_VmZo _§Oya Ho$co OmVo, Ë`mZ§Va amÁ`g oH$S>o _§OyargmR>rYZ{dYo H$ nmR>{dco OmVo. amÁ`g ocm 14 {Xdgm§Mr _wXV {dYo H$ _§OyargmR>r {Xcr OmVo, VoìhmamÁ`g^m gwYmaUm d XþéñË`m gwM{dVo d 14 {XdgmÀ`m AmV naV cmoH$g oH$S>o nmR>{dVo AÝ`WmamÁ`g ocm {dYo H$ _§Oya Amho Ago g_OyZ cmoH$g^m amîQ´>nVrÀ`m ghrgmR>r amîQ´>nVrH$S>o nmR>{dcoOmVo. amîQ´>nVrÀ`m ñdmjarZ§Va g§gX YZ{dYo H$ _§Oya H$aVo. åhUOoM AW© {dYo H$ _§Oya H$aÊ`mMmA{YH$ma g§gXocm Amho.

4. {dÎm{dYo H$ _§Oya H$aUo :-

{dÎm {dYo Ho$ _§Oya H$aUo. g§gXoMo _hÎdmMo H$m © Amho. {dÎm {dYo H$m§À`m _§Oyar{df`r ^maVr`KQ>ZoÀ`m H$c_ 117 Zwgma VaVwXr Ho$coë`m AmhoV.

^maVmÀ`m g§{MV {ZYrVyZ IMm©g§~§YrÀ`m VaVwXr `m {dÎm {dYo H$mV AgVmV. ho gd©gmYmaU{dYo H$mà_mUo {dÎm {dYo H$ AgyZ Ë`m§Mr H$m`Xm{Z{_©Vr à{H«$`mhr gd©gmYmaU {dYo H$mà_mUoMAgVo. amîQ´>nVrÀ`m {e\$maer{edm` H$moUË`mhr g^mJ¥hmV _m§S>Vm oVo. _mÌ XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmMr _§Oyar{_imë`mZ§Va amîQ´>nVrH$S>o ñdmjargmR>r nmR>{dco OmVo d amîQ´>nVrÀ`m ñdmjar Pmë`mZ§Va {dÎm{dYo H$m§Mo H$m`ÚmV ê$nm§Va hmoVo d g§{MV {ZYrVyZ IM© H$aÊ`mg, g§gXoMr _§Oyar {_iVo.

5. KQ>ZmXþéñVr {dYo H$ _§Oya H$aUo :-

^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m 368 H$c_mZwgma amÁ` KQ>Zo_Ü o H$moUË`mhr H$c_m_Ü o XþéñVr H$aVmoVo. ^maVmÀ`m g§gXo_Ü o gmÜ`m ~hþ_VmZo, {d{eîQ> ~hþ_VmZo Am{U g§gXo_Ü o 2/3 ~hþ_V Am{U

{Zåå`mnojm OmñV KQ>H$amÁ`mÀ`m {d{Y_§S>imZr _§Oyar {Xë`mg KQ>Zm XþéñVr hmoVo, åhUOo g§gX KQ>ZmXþéñVrMo {dYo`H$ _§Oya H$ê$Z KQ>ZoV XþéñVr H$ê$ eH$Vo.

6. A§XmOnÌH$ _§Oya H$aUo :-

g§gXr` cmoH$emhr_Ü o gaH$macm H$moUË`mhr H$m_mgmR>r {dH$mg `moOZmgmR>r n¡gm cmJVmo Am{U

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hm n¡gm g§gXoÀ`m _§Oyar{edm` IM© H$aVm oV Zmhr, Ë`m_wio gaH$ma AW©g§H$ën V`ma H$aVo, AW©_§Ìrg^mJ¥hmV gmXa H$aVmo. cmoH$g oZo _§Oya Ho$ë`mZ§Va amÁ`g oH$S>o nmR>{dcm OmVmo. amÁ`g oZo _§OyaHo$ë`mZ§Va amîQ´>nVrÀ`m ghrZ§Va gaH$macm IM© H$aÊ`mg g§_Vr {_iVo. AemàH$mao g§gX H$m`Xo _§OyaH$arV AgVo. H$m`Xo {Z{_©Vr AJmoXa {dYo`H$ {Z{_©Vr d Ë`mg g§gXoMr _§Oyar ¿`mdr cmJVo. g§gXoVrcgd© gXñ` H$m`Xo {Z{_©VrÀ`m _gwÚmda g{dñVa H$c_dma MMm© H$aVmV, {ZU© KoVmV. g§gXoV H$m`Xo{Z{_©Vr à{H«$ oV VrZ dmMZo hmoVmV, g{_VrH$S>o nmR>dyZ Ë`mda Vnerc Aä`mg d gyMZm d{e\$maerg{hV gwYmaUm g{_Vr H$aVo Am{U g{_VrÀ`m gwYmaUmMm {dMma H$ê$Z _VXmZmZo {dYo H$_§Oya Ho$co OmVo d XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmÀ`m _§OyarZ§Va amîQ´>nVrMr _§Oyar {_imë`mZ§Va {dYo H$m§Mo H$m`ÚmVê$nm§Va hmoVo.

g§gXoV ZdrZ H$m`Xo Ho$co OmVmV. g§gX OwÝ`m H$m`ÚmV ~Xc H$ê$ eH$Vo qH$dm AZmdí`H$H$m`Xo aÔ H$ê$ eH$Vo ho gd© A{YH$ma g§gXocm KQ>ZoZo ~hmc Ho$co AmhoV.

VgoM A§XmOnÌH$mcm, AW© {dYo H$mcm, {dÎm {dYo H$mcm _§Oyar XoÊ`mMo _hÎdnyU© H$m ©H$m`Xo_§S>imcm g§gXocm H$amdo cmJVo. gd© àH$maMo H$m`Xo g§gX H$aVo. gd© àH$maÀ`m {dYo H$mcm g§gX_§Oyar XoVo. g§gXoÀ`m _§Oyar{edm` gaH$macm gmd©O{ZH$ n¡gm IM© H$aVm oV Zmhr, VgoM H$moUVmhrZdrZ H$a cmdVm oV Zmhr. H$am_Ü o ~Xc H$aVm oV Zmhr. EImXm H$a aÔ H$aVm oV Zmhr qH$dmg§gXoÀ`m _§Oyar{edm` g§{MV {ZYrVyZ n¡gm IM© H$aVm oV Zmhr. WmoS>Š`mV, H$m`Xo{df`H$ H$m } nmanmS>Ê`mMo H$m © g§gX (H$m`Xo_§S>i) A{Ve` O~m~XmarZo nma nmS>rV Amco Amho. ^maVm_Ü o H|$ÐgyMrVrc99 Am{U gm_m{`H$ gyMrVrc 52 {df`mda H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mMo H$m © H$arV AgVo.

❒ g§gXoMo Ý`m`{df`H$ H$m }

amîQ´>mÜ`j, CnamîQ´>mÜ`j, gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mc`mMo gaÝ`m`m{Ye, AÝ` àemgH$s` d[aîR> A{YH$mar`m§À`mda Ë`m§À`m nX «îQ>VoÀ`m, J¡adV©ZmÀ`m qH$dm KQ>Zm{damoYr H¥$Ë`m§~m~V _hm{^`moJmMm IQ>cmMmc{dÊ`mMm A{YH$ma g§gXocm (H$m`Xo_§S>imcm) AgVmo Am{U Ë`m§À`m{damoYr JwÝhm {gÕ Pmë`mZ§VaË`m§Zm g§gX nXmdê$Z Xÿa H$aVo.

1. g§gX amîQ´>nVrÀ`m{damoYr _hm{^`moJmMm IQ>cm MmcdyZ Ë`m§Zm nXmdê$Z XÿaH$aVo :-

amîQ´>nVrZo amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc VaVwXrMm §J Ho$cm Agoc, Ë`mZo KQ>Zm{damoYr dV©Z Ho$co Agoc qH$dmË`m§Zr nX «îQ> Ho$co Agoc, cÁOmñnX dV©Z Ho$co Agoc, J¡adV©Z Ho$co Agoc Va g§gX amîQ´>nVr{déX²Y_hm{^`moJ IQ>cm MmcdyZ Ë`mcm nXÀ wV H$aVo.

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_hm{^`moJmgmR>r amîQ´>nVr{déX²Y AmamonnÌ g§gXoÀ`m H$moUË`mhr g^mJ¥hmV (cmoH$g^m qH$dmamÁ`g^m) _m§S>co OmD$ eH$Vo. Á`m g^mJ¥hmV AmamonnÌ _m§S>co OmB©c Ë`m J¥hmÀ`m 1/4 gXñ`m§ZAmamon nÌmda ñdmjar Ho$cr nm{hOo. amîQ´>nVrcm 14 {Xdgm§Mr nyd©gyMZm {Xcr nm{hOo. `m g^mJ¥hmZrMm¡H$er H$ê$Z 2/3 ~hþ_VmZo amîQ´>nVr{déX²Y _hm{^`moJmMm R>amd _§Oya Ho$cm Va Vmo R>amd Xþgè`mg^mJ¥hmH$S>o nmR>{dcm OmVmo. Vo J¥h Ë`m§Mr gImoc Mm¡H$er H$aVo. Aemdoir amîQ´>nVrcm Amncr ~mOyg^mJ¥hmg_moa _m§S>Ê`mMm A{YH$ma AgVmo. Xþgè`m g^mJ¥hmV Mm¡H$erV amîQ´>nVrdarc Amamon Iao R>aco,Am{U 2/3 ~hþ_VmZo _hm{^`moJmMm R>amd _§Oya Pmcm Va amîQ´>nVrnXmdê$Z ~S>V\©$ hmoVmo.

g§gXo_Ü o _hm{^`moJ Mmc{dUo hr AY©Ý`m{`H$ à{H«$`m Amho. H$maU g§gXoVrc amîQ´>nVr {Z wŠVgXñ` _hm{^`moJ IQ>ë`mV gh^mJr hmoD$ eH$VmV Am{U amîQ´>nVrÀ`m {ZdS>UyH$sV gd© amÁ`mMo{d{Y_§S>imMo d {Xëcr, nm±S>oMar `m H|$Ðem{gV àXoemMo {dYmZg^m gXñ` gh^mJr AgyZ _hm{^`moJIQ>ë`mdoir Vo gh^mJr hmoV ZmhrV. na§Vw AmVmn ªVÀ`m ^maVmÀ`m amOH$s` B{VhmgmV g§gXoZoH$moUË`mhr amîQ´>nVr d CnamîQ´>nVrda _hm{^`moJmMm IQ>cm Mmc{dcocm Zmhr ~S>V\©$ Ho$coco Zmhr.

2. ^maVmÀ`m CnamîQ´>nVr{déX²Y _hm{^`moJ IQ>cm Mmc{dUo :-

^maVmÀ`m CnamîQ´>nVrZo KQ>Zm{déX²Y dV©Z Ho$co Agoc, KQ>ZmË_H$ VaVwXrMo Cëc§KZ Ho$coAgoc, J¡adV©Z qH$dm cÁOmñnX dV©Z Ho$co Agoc Va g§gX CnamîQ´>nVr{déX²Y _hm{^`moJmMm IQ>cmMmcdyZ CnamîQ´>nVrcm nXmdê$Z ~S>V\©$ H$aVo.

CnamîQ´>nVr{déX²Y _hm{^`moJ nÕV : CnamîQ´>nVr{déX²Y J¡adV©UyH$, KQ>Zm{déX²Y dV©ZmMmAmamon Agoc Va amÁ`g oV _hm{^`moJ R>amd _m§S>cm OmVmo, `mMr nyd©H$ënZm 14 {Xdg AJmoXaCnamîQ´>nVrcm {Xcr OmVo. Amncr ~mOy _m§S>Ê`mMr g§Yr CnamîQ´>nVrcm amÁ`g^m g^mJ¥hmg_moa {XcrOmVo. amÁ`g oZo Amamon {ZpíMV Ho$ë`mZ§Va gmÜ`m ~hþ_VmZo _hm{^`moJ R>amd _§Oya Ho$ë`mZ§Va cmoH$g^mAmamonmMr Mm¡H$er H$aVo d cmoH$g oZo Amamon {gX²Y Ho$ë`mg, gmÜ`m ~hþ_VmZo _hm{^`moJ _§Oya Ho$ë`mgCnamîQ´>nVrcm nXÀ`wV H$aVm `oVo.

na§Vw AmVmn ªV H$moUË`mhr CnamîQ´>nVr{déX²Y _hm{^`moJ MmcdyZ ~S>V\©$ Ho$coco Zmhr.

3. gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mc`mMo gaÝ`m`m{Ye{déX²Y _hm{^`moJ IQ>cm Mmc{dUo :-

^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoZwgma amîQ´>nVr gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m gaÝ`m`m{Ye d BVa Ý`m`m{Yem§MrZo_UyH$ H$arV Agë`m_wio amîQ´>nVr gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m Ý`m`m{Yemcm KQ>Zm{damoYr dV©Z, J¡adV©Z,«îQ>mMma BË`mXr H$maUmdê$Z nXÀ wVrMm AmXoe H$mTy> eH$Vmo. _mÌ `m AmXoemcm XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hmMr

CnpñWV gXñ` g§» oÀ`m 2/3 ~hþ_VmZo Ý`m`m{Yemdarc Amamon {gX²Y Pmcm nm{hOoV.

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Ý`m`m{Ye Mm¡H$er H$m`Xm 1968 Zwgma gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m Ý`m`m{Yemcm g§gX _hm{^`moJmMmIQ>cm MmcdyZ nXmdê$Z Xÿa H$aoc, ~S>V\©$ H$ê$ eH$Vo.

gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mc`m{déX²Y _hm{^`moJ : gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m Ý`m`m{Yemcm J¡adV©Zmdê$Z,KQ>Zm{damoYr dV©Zmdê$Z nXÀ wV H$aÊ`mMm àñVmd cmoH$g o_Ü o 100 gXñ`mÀ`m ñdmjarZo qH$dmamÁ`g oÀ`m 50 gXñ`mÀ`m ñdmjarZo g^mnVr, AÜ`jmH$S>o àñVmd gmXa Ho$cm OmVmo. `m Ý`m`m{YemÀ`mAmamonmMr Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mgmR>r cmoH$g^m g^mnVr qH$dm amÁ`g^m AÜ`j VrZ gXñ`m§Mr g{_VrñWmnZ H$aVmo. `m g{_Vrcm Amamon Iam R>acm Am{U Ý`m`m{Ye H$m_ H$aÊ`mg gj_ Agë`mgg^mJ¥h àñVmdmda {dMma{d{Z_` H$aVo.

g§gXoÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§Zr {deof ~hþ_VmZo _hm{^`moJmMm R>amd _§Oya Ho$ë`mg Ý`m`m{YemcmnXÀ wV H$aÊ`mg amîQ´>nVrcm {ZdoXZ gmXa Ho$co OmVo Am{U amîQ´>nVr Ý`m`m{Yemcm nXÀ wV H$aVmo.

AmVmn ªV _hm{^`moJ IQ>ë`mÛmao EH$mhr Ý`m`m{Yemcm nXÀ wV Ho$coco Zmhr. _mÌ ìhr.am_mñdm_r `m gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m Ý`m`m{Yemda J¡adV©UwH$sgmR>r _hm{^`moJ R>amd XmIc Ho$cmhmoVm, na§Vw cmoH$g oZo hm R>amd Zm_§Oya Ho$cm (H$m±J«ogZoZo _VXmZ Ho$co Zmhr) Ë`m_wio ìhr am_mñdm_r(1991-93) `m§Zm Ý`m`m{Ye nXmdê$Z ~S>V\©$/nXÀ wV Ho$co Zmhr.

4. ^maVmÀ`m {Z §ÌH$ d _hmcoIm n[ajH${déX²Y _hm{^`moJ Mmc{dUo :-

^maVmÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m H$c_ 148 Zwgma {Z §ÌH$ d _hmcoImn[ajH$mMr VaVyX Ho$cr Amho.Vmo H|$Ð gaH$ma d amÁ`gaH$mamMm g§nyU© {dÎmr` àUmcrMo, ì`dñWoMo {Z §ÌU H$aVmo. ^maVr`amÁ`KQ>ZoMo {eënH$ma S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>ZoV _hmcoIm narjH$ (GAG) hmgdm©V _hÎdmMm A{YH$ma Amho Ago åhQ>co Amho.

_hmcoIm narjH$m§Zr J¡adV©Z, «îQ>mMma, KQ>Zm{damoYr dV©Z Ho$co Agoc Va gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mc`mÀ`mÝ`m`m{Yemcm Á`m _hm{^`moJmÀ`m nÕVrZwgma nXmdê$Z H$mT>Vm oVo. g§gXoÀ`m XmoÝhr g^mJ¥hm§À`m{deof ~hþ_VmZo _hm{^`moJ IQ>cm _§Oya Pmë`mg _hmcoIm narjH$mcm nXmdê$Z H$mT>Vm oVo. {d{dYAm`moJmMo AÜ`j d CnmÜ`j Am{U darc àemgH$s` A{YH$mar `m§Zm g§gX J¡adV©Z KQ>Zm{déX²YdV©Z Ho$ë`m_wio _hm{^`moJmMm IQ>cm MmcdyZ Amamon ~hþ_VmZo {gÕ Pmë`mg (_hm{^`moJ R>amd _§OyaPmë`mg) darc A{YH$mè`m§Zm amîQ´>nVr nXÀ wVrMm AmXoe XoVo.

4.3 gmam§e

AemàH$mao ^maVr` g§gX H$m`Xo {Z{_©Vr~amo~aM Ý`m{`H$ joÌmV, Ý`m`{df`H$ H$m`} H$arV

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>34

AgVo. ^maVmÀ`m amîQ´>nVr, CnamîQ´>nVr, gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mc`mMo gaÝ`m`m{Ye, BVa Ý`m`m{Ye, CÀMÝ`m`mc`mMo Ý`m`m{Ye, {Z_§ÌH$, _hmcoImnarjH$ darîR> àemgH$s` A{YH$mar d {d{dY Am`moJmMoAÜ`j `m§À`m{déX²Y _hm{^`moJmMm IQ>cm MmcdyZ ~hþ_VmZo _hm{^`moJmMm R>amd _§Oya H$ê$ZnXmdê$Z Xÿa H$aVo.


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1. H$í`n gw mf : ""Amncr g§gX'', Z°eZc ~wH$ Q´>ñQ> B§{S>`m, {Xëcr (AZwdmX : Z. ~.nmQ>rc)

2. E_. cú_rH$m§V : ""B§{S>`Z nm°{cQ>r'', Ho$.gmJa npãcHo$eZ, nwUo (AZwdmX : JmoIcolrH$m§V)

3. qeXo _hoe (g§nm.) : ""Amnco g§{dYmZ'', kmZXrn A°Ho$S>_r, nwUo.

4. ^moio ^m. c. : ""^maVr` JUamÁ`mMo emgZ Am{U amOH$maU''.

5. nmQ>rc ~r.~r. : ""AmYw{ZH$ emgZ'', àH$meH$ : \$S>Ho$ àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.

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M. A. I PS Sem. II Com Par Inst title 2019/M... · 2019-10-13 · 1.1 àmñVm{dH$ "g§gXr`...

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Transcript of M. A. I PS Sem. II Com Par Inst title 2019/M... · 2019-10-13 · 1.1 àmñVm{dH$ "g§gXr`...