Manual de boas prácticas para a xestión cooperativa

8/3/2019 Manual de boas prcticas para a xestin cooperativa

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>+>+0+ Fptj rmp m~efkcfrcwmp :>>+>+0+6+ ^jezhfijkrm bj ~|cij ckrj~km :>>+>+0+>+ M~efkcf`ck fbickcpr~frcwf :+>+0+0+ M~bj j |jprck bm rjitm :+>+0+2+ Pcprjifp bj ckgm~if`ck j `mizkc`f`ck 74>+>+0+:+ T~m`jpmp bj kjem`cf`ck j ~jpmhz`ck bj `mkghcrmp+ F nzp`f bm `mkpjkpm 76

>+>+2+ Fptj`rmp gm~ifrcwmp kfp `mmtj~frcwfp 7:>+>+2+6+) Gm~if`ck jk rjifp t~mgjpcmkfcp 7:>+>+2+>+) Gm~if`ck jk rjifp jit~jpf~cfcp j pm`cfcp 77>+>+2+0+) Fthc`f`ck bm Gmkbm bj Gm~if`ck j T~mim`ck @mmtj~frcwf 77

>+0 F \JPRCK JIT^JPF^CFH KF PM@CJBFBJ @MMTJ^FRCWF 73>+0+6+ Fptj rmp `mij~`cfcp 56>+0+>+ Fptj rmp t~mbzrcwmp 52

>+0+>+6+ @mit~fp 52>+0+>+>+ T~mwjbm~jp 57>+0+>+0+ \jprck bj fhif`k( prm`ap j ckwjkrf~cmp +0+0+ Fptj rmp gckfk`jc~mp +0+0+6+ Tf~rc`zhf~cbfbjp bf jpr~zrz~f bj gckfk cfijkrm >+0+0+>+ M j|`jbjkrj `mmtj~frcwm +0+0+0+ ^jkbfp bfp tj~pmfp pm`cfp +0+0+2+ Thfkjfijkrm Gckfk`jc~m 34


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>+0+2+ Fptj rmp `mkrfnhjp j gcp`fcp 32>+0+2+6+ R~fkptf~jk`cf kf ckgm~if`ck 32>+0+2+>+ Tf~rc`zhf~cbfbjp `mkrfnhjp bf pm`cjbfbj `mmtj~frcwf 32>+0+2+0+ Ckrj~wjk`ck j fzbcrm~f j|rj~kf 35>+0+2+2+ @mkrfnchcbfbj bj |jprck 35>+0+2+:+ Jptj`cgc`cbfbj km r~frfijkrm gcp`fh 3+2 F \JPRCK BM THFKJFIJKRM J F IJHHM^F @MKRCKZF 646

>+2+6+ Thfkjfijkrm jpr~fr|c`m 640>+2+>+ @fhcbfbj j ijhhm~f `mkrckzf 640>+2+0+ Bcijkpcmkfijkrm 645

0 FPTJ@RMP BJ @F^@RJ^ J\RJ^KM F @MKPCBJ^F^ KF \JPRCK @MMTJ^FRCWF 6430+6 M IJBCM ^Z^FH 666

0+6+6+ Fthc`f`ck bm t~ck`ctcm bj ckrj~jpj tmhf `mizkcbfbj 6600+6+>+ Fp jpr~frj|cfp bj bjpjkwmhwjijkrm ~z~fh 6600+6+0+ Fp pm`cjbfbjp `mmtj~frcwfp( f|jkrjp bj bjpjkwmhwjijkrm ~z~fh 662

0+> M FPM@CF@CMKCPIM J F CKRJ^@MMTJ^F@CK 665

0+>+6+ @mit~jkpck j fthc`f`ck bm t~ck`ctcm bj ckrj~`mmtj~f`ck 6630+>+>+ G~izhfp bj ckrj~`mmtj~f`ck 6>40+0 ^JHF@CKP @MFP FBICKCPR^F@CKP TNHC@FP? FPTJ@RMP \Z^BC@M)

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0+2 F CKKMWF@CK J MP FWFK@JP RJ@KMH\C@MP 6>30+2+6+ F C!B!c 606

0+2+>+ Fp KRC@(p 6000+2+>+6+ Fptj rmp ckr~mbzrm~cmp 6000+2+>+>+ Wfkrf|jp 6000+2+>+0+ Pmgruf~j 60:0+2+>+2+ Lf~buf~j 6070+2+>+:+ Lc|cjkj tmprz~fh j j~emkmif 6070+2+>+7+ Pjez~cbfbj 605

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>+6+> @zhrz~f jit~jpf~cfh `mmtj~frcwf

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63

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Fblj pck wmhzkrf~cf j fn j~ rf? fp `mmtj~frcwfp pmk jit~jpfp bj tm~rfp fnj~rfp( rfkrmf jkr~fbf `mim f pfbf bfp tj~pmfp pm`cfp hcn~j j wmhzkrf~cf( `zit~ckbm mp ~jvzcpcrmp ikcimpjprctzhfbmp tmhf t~mtcf `mmtj~frcwf tf~f gm~if~ tf~rj bm t~m|j`rm+

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Fp tj~pmfp ~jptmkpfnhjp bf `mmtj~frcwf( vzj pmk tmhm rfkrm fp tj~pmfp vzj bjnj~fk mprjkrf~ mhcbj~fbm( bjnjk pj~ m ~jgj~jkrj vzj rjk m ~jprm bm e~ztm tf~f f cbjkrcgc`f`ck `mp wfhm~jp+ @fkbm f `zhrz)~f bzklf `mmtj~frcwf gfc kgfpj km e~ztm j km bjpjkwmhwjijkrm bf m~efkcf`ck( cprm `m~~jptkbjpj`mk `mkgcfkf( im~fh fhrf j `~jbcnchcbfbj bfp tj~pmfp hbj~jp+

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>+6+0+ Cif|j j bj gj kpf b f gcez~f `mmtj ~frcwf

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F fzrmtj~`jt`ck( mz cif|j vzj bj pc ijpimp rjjk fp tj~pmfp vzj gm~ifk tf~rj bf `mmtj~frcwf(bc imcrm pmn~j m e~fm bj fzrmjprcif j pfrcpgf``ck `mf t~mtcf m~efkcf`ck j tmhm rfkrm pmn~j f nmfif~`lf bf `mmtj~frcwf+ Tm~k( jk m`fpckp( tj~pmfp pfrcpgjcrfp `mf pf pcrzf`ck j `mf bf `mmtj~frcwf(kmk jprk imc pjez~mp mz t~jpjkrfk bncbfp pmn~j fp nmkbfbjp bf `mmtj~frcwf `mim g~izhf m~efkcf)rcwf+ Kmk ckg~j`zjkrj wj~ `mim `mmtj~frcwfp vzj gzk`cmkfk njk `mim jit~jpf( fbmcrfk `fincf~ bj

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Zrchcf~ tfhfn~fp |jk~c`fp vzj pc ~jt~jpjkrfk m `mk|zkrm bj lmijp j izhhj~jp ,fp tj~pmfp( f|zwjkrzbj( m pj~ lzifkm( jr +#+

Jwcrf~ f zrchcf`ck bm pz|jcrm ,j|+ .^j`mikbfpj m zpm f|jcrfbm. jk wj bj.^j`mikbfpjhhjp p zpzf~cmp m zpm f|jcrfbm.#+

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Ifkzfh bj nm fp t~`rc`fp tf~f f |jprck `m mt j~frcwf

>>

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Jwcrf~ kmijf~ fp izhhj~jp `mim pz|jcrmp bjtjkbjkrjp( `mithjijkrf~cmp mz t~mtcjbfbjbmp lmijp ,j|+ .M~efkfkpj f`rcwcbfbjp `zhrz~fcp tf~f fp tj~pmfp vzj f`mitffk mp mke~jpcprfp. jk

wj bj .M~efkfkpj f`rcwcbfbjp `zhrz~fcp tf~f fp jptmpfp bmp `mke~jpcprfp.#+Kmk cbjkrcgc`f~ fp izhhj~jp tmhm pjz jprfbm `cwch mz tmhf pf ~jhf`ck `mp lmijp+ Mp lmijp

bjpekfkpj `mim .pjm~. tj~m fp izhhj~jp tmbjk pj~ .pjm~f( pjm~crf mz pjm~f bj.+Jwcrf~ m ijkmpt~jm vzj pj `mkrk jk ckpzhrmp mz g~fpjp gjcrfp+

Zrchcf~ zklf hckezf|j ~jptj`rzmpf vzj jwcrj fincecbfbjp+M t~ck`ctcm bj cezfhbfbj bj mtm~rzkcbfbjp t~m`z~f zk r~frm kmk bcp`~cickfrm~cm tf~f fp izhhj~jp(

bj |jcrm vzj pj gfwm~jf tmbj~ tf~rc`ctf~ thjkfijkrj kmp bcprckrmp incrmp bj bjpjkwmhwjijkrm bfp tj~)pmfp( kfp ijpifp `mkbc`ckp( bj~jcrmp j bjnj~jp `p wf~kp+ Jhcickf~ f bcp`~cickf`ck jpc|j f fthc`f`ckbj ijbcbfp jptj`gc`fp vzj t~mimwfk zklf pcrzf`ck ~jfh bj cezfhbfbj jkr~j izhhj~jp j wf~kp( `mkr~f)~~jprfkbm( bjprf gm~if( fp bjpcezfhbfbjp vzj pj t~mbz`jk tm~ ~fk bj |kj~m+

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mzr~fp jkrcbfbjp( f r~fwp bj?Ckgm~if`ck f rmbmp mp r~fnfhhfbm~jp j r~fnfhhfbm~fp+Gf`chcrfkbm f tf~rc`ctf`ck bfp izhhj~jp( ghj|cnchcfkbm lm~f~cmp j f|jcrfkbm `mkbc`ckp bjtf~rc`ctf`ck+Gfwm~j`jkbm f tf~rc`ctf`ck bj izhhj~jp jk `z~pmp ~jhf`cmkfbmp `mk f`rcwcbfbjp r~fbc`cmkfh)ijkrj ifp`zhckfp( kfvzjhjp pj`rm~jp t~mgjpcmkfcp kmp vzj jprk pzn)~jt~jpjkrfbfp j kmp bjp)jfbmp tf~f `fb~mp bc~j`rcwmp+

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Jk ifrj~cf b j `mkr~frf`ck( gmijkrfkbm f t~jpj kf b fp izhhj~jp j k tmprmp mz t~mgj)pckp kfp vzj pj f rmtfk pzn)~jt ~jpjkrfbfp?

Tmpcnchcrfkbm m f``jpm bfp izhhj~jp f tmprmp bc~j`rcwmp j bj ~jptmkpfnchcbfbj+Jprfnhj`jkbm ijbcbfp jptj`gc`fp bj bcp`~cickf`ck tmpcrcwf+Zrchcfkbm fp hcfp bj f|zbfp `mkr~frf`ck bj izhhj~jp jprfnhj`cbfp tmhf fbickcpr~f`ck+Fbftrfkbm f ~mztf bj r~fnfhhm( ck`m~tm~fkbm rfhhfp j `fhfbm f|jcrfbm tf~f fp izhhj~jp(

pmn~j rmbm jk tj~mbmp bj jinf~fm+T~jwj~ ckprfhf`ck bj wjprcf~cmp j pj~wcmp tf~f fp izhhj~jp+

Kf t ~mim`ck t~mgjpcmkfh( ftmcfkbm f t~jpj kf b j izhhj~jp rfkrm jk t mprmp bj bj `cpck`mim f b cwj~pcgc`f`ck b j rf~j gfp?

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Bjpjf~ t~me~fifp bj f`rzf`ck bc~c|cbmp f imrcwf~ fp izhhj~jp imnchcbfbj lm~cmkrfh jwj~rc`fh bjkr~m bf jit~jpf+

Wfhm~f~ jvzcrfrcwfijkrj fp lfnchcbfbjp j ftrcrzbjp bj izhhj~jp j wf~kp+

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hcbfbj gfichcf~ j m ~jkbjijkrm t~mgjpcmkfh bj rmbmp mp r~fnfhhfbm~jp+Gfwm~j`jkbm( bjpbj f jit~jpf( f frjk`ck f tj~pmfp bjtjkbjkrjp( jprfnhj`jkbm pj~wcmp bj

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Jk ifrj~cf bj pfbj hfn m~fh( jwcrfkbm fvzj hfp `mkbc`ckp bj r~fn fhhm vzj tmcbfk fgj`rf~f pfbj bfp izhhj~jp( m pjz n jkj prf~ gpc`m j t pvzc`m( jpt j`cfhijkrj j k pcrzf`ckp bjjin f~fm j hf`rfk`cf?

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jprj `mkhjwfpj ~cp`m mz tj~cem tf~f f pfbj+Gf`chcrf~ f fpcprjk`cf f `z~pmp tf~f t~jtf~f`ck tf~rm p r~fnfhhfbm~fp jinf~ffbfp j jptm)

pmp mz `mitfjc~mp+Rj~ jk `mkrf( km nmrcvzk bf jit~jpf( fp kj`jpcbfbjp jptj gc`fp bfp r~fnfhhfbm~fp+

Kf t ~mrj``ck bf bcekcbfbj km r~fn fhhm( jwcrfkbm m f`mpm gpc`m j tpvzc`m( ijb cfkrj?F ifkcgjprf`ck j|th`crf bf jit~jpf fkrj `fhvzj~f `mitm~rfijkrm `mkpcbj~fbm bj f`mpm+Mnpj~wf~ vzj mp `mitfjc~mp j `mitfjc~fp pj|fk r~frfbmp `mk ~jptj`rm j bcekcbfbj j

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ck`m~tm~fkbm f cezfhbfbj bj r~frm+

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Fp jit~jpfp vzj ~jt~jpjkrfk f izhhj~jp j lmijp zrchcfk zklf hckezf|j j t~mimwjk f`rcrz)bjp vzj kmk pznm~bckfk( kmk ckg~fwfhm~fk( kmk j| hjk j mzr~efkhhj f tfhfn~f f rmbfp fp tj~)pmfp vzj f `mitmjk( kzk `mit~micpm cezfhcrf~cm j ~jptj`rzmpm+

Ifkzfh bj nm fp t~`rc`fp tf~f f |jprck `mmt j~frcwf

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>:

Tf~f hjin ~f~Pjk `mit~micpm kmk lfc tf~rc`ctf`ck j pjk tf~rc`ctf`ck kmk lfc `mmtj~frcwf+Gm~ifimp tf~rj bzklf `mmtj~frcwf vzj rjk zklf `zhrz~f t~mtcf( gjcrf bj km~ifp( wfhm~jp

j `~jkfp vzj kmp cbjkrcgc`fk `mim e~ztm j `zk |jcrm bj gf`j~ fp `mzpfp+@im kmp wjimp j `im kmp wjk bc imcrm bj `mim f kmpf `mmtj~frcwf+

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>+> F \JPRCK TF^RC@CTFRCWF J PM@CJRF^CF KFPM@CJBFBJ @MMTJ^FRCWF


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>+>+6+ Fpt j`rmp pm`cjrf~ cmp

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~jt~jpjkrf`ck e~gc`f bf pf jpr~zrz~f m~efkcfrcwf?

Kjprj m~efkce~fif |jk~c`m( jprk ~jt~jpjkrfbmp( tf~rckbm bmp pm`cmp( mp bcgj~jkrjp ~efkmppm`cfcp+ F fpjinhjf |j~fh m i|cim ~efkm bj rmif bj bj`cpckp( pjezcbm bm `mkpjhhm ~jcrm~( ckrj~wjk)rm~jp bj `mkrfp j `micr bj ~j`z~pmp+ Fp ijpim( fhezklfp `mmtj~frcwfp( bjncbm pf bcijkpck j wmhz)ij bj kjem`cmp( jprk mn~cefbfp f kmijf~ zk hjr~fbm fpjpm~+ F tf~rc~ bj fvz frmtimkmp `mf bcijk)pck jit~jpf~cfh bf `mmtj~frcwf( ~j`fjkbm f i|cif ~jptmkpfnchcbfbj kf `mm~bckf`ck |j~fh ,bc~j``ckmz |j~jk`cf# vzj `mm~bckf mp bjtf~rfijkrmp mz ~jfp bj r~fnfhhm ,~j`z~pmp lzifkmp( fbickcpr~f`ck(i~ajrcke( t~mbz`ck j ckwjprcef`ck j bjpjkwmhwjijkrm#+


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Ifkzfh bj nmfp t ~`rc fp t f~f f |jprck `mmt j~frcwf

04

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`ck bm rctm bj pm`cm bj vzj pj r~frj+ Frjkbjkbm j|tmprm kf Hjc( fp tj~pmfp `fkbcbfrfp( pjezkbm fp `c~)`zkprfk`cfp( tmbjk pmhc`crf~ f jkr~fbf `mim?

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mp tf~f m bjpjinmhpm( jr +

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Km `fpm bfp `mmtj~frcwfp bj r~fnfhhm fpm`cfbm( bnjpj rj~ jk `mkrf vzj fp tj~pmfp fpfhf~cfbfp `mk


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icp bj bmzp fkmp bj tj~ifkjk`cf kf `mmtj~frcwf( bjnj~k pj~ fbicrcbfp `mim pm`cfp( pjk tj~mbm bjt~mnf( pj ~jkjk mp bjifcp ~jvzcpcrmp j fp m pmhc crfk+ Pj f cprm zkcimp vzj fp @RF(p rjjk( tf~f f `mk)r~frf`ck bj r~fnfhhfbm~jp fpfhf~cfbmp m hicrj bm 04* bm rmrfh bmp pjzp pm`cmp( mn~efkmp f `mcbf~ bj|jcrm jptj`cfh fp kmwfp ck`m~tm~f`ckp+ Km `ftrzhm >+>+>+ pjezckrj( gf~jimp ~jgj~jk`cf f bcprckrmp fptj`)rmp f rj~ jk `mkrf kf ck`m~tm~f`ck bj pm`cmp j r~fnfhhfbm~jp+

>+>+6+0+ Gzk`ckp j ~jpt mkpfn chcb fb j p b f Fpji n hjf \j~fh

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|f vzj `fbf ~efkm pm`cfh rjk fp pfp `mitjrjk`cfp j `mk`~jrfijkrj jprfp kmk hhj `m~~jptmkbjk+Fbjifcp( bj gf`jhm( j|cprjk bcgj~jkrjp imrcwmp vzj tm~fk jk tj~cem f nmf if~`lf bf jit~jpf( tmhf bcgc)`zhrfbj vzj pztk |jprcmkf~ zklf jit~jpf `mk?

Fpjinhjfp `mkprfkrjp tf~f bj`cbc~ rmbmp-fp pmn~j rmbm ,Fpjinhjrj#Gfhhf bj ckgm~if`ck j `zfhcgc`f`ck tf~f fpzic~ bj`cpckp bj |jprckE~fkbj f`rcwcbfbj bcf~cf+Bcptj~pck |jme~gc`f bmp pm`cmp+ ,km `fpm bfp `mmtj~frcwfp fe~f~cfp#Jhjwfbm kij~m bj pm`cmp+ ,km `fpm bfp `mmtj~frcwfp fe~f~cfp j kfhezklfp bj r~fnfhhm fpm`cf)

bm#Jr`++

>+>+6+2+ \j prck j m~e fkcf`ck bj fpj in hj fp j ~j zkckp

@mim wjimp( fp fpjinhjfp )bj |jcrm jptj`cfh) j rfik fp ~jzkckp ,bj r~fnfhhm( ckgm~ifrcwfp( jr +#pmk f`rmp bj e~fk citm~rfk`cf kf wcbf bf `mmtj~frcwf( vzj ~jvzc~jk bzk jpgm~m citm~rfkrj bj rmbfp fptj~pmfp vzj kjhfp tf~rc`ctfk+ Km `fpm bfp fpjinhjfp m f`rm km vzj pj j|t~jpf f wmkrfbj bmp pm`cmp+


06

FPJINHJF \J^FH~efkm pmnj~fkm bf pm`cjbfbj `mmtj~frcwf+@m~~jptkbjkhhj bcwj~pfp `mitjrjk`cfp( jkr~j fp vzj bjprf`fk fp ~jhfrcwfp kmijfijkrm j

~jwm`f`ck bmp pm`cmp vzj gm~ifk tf~rj bmp bcgj~jkrjp ~efkmp pm`cfcp+ ~jptmkpfnhj bj j|fickf~ f |jprck pm`cfh( bj ft~mnf~ fp `mkrfp vzj hhj t~jpjkrf m `mkpjhhm

~jcrm~ j bj bj`cbc~ pmn~j f bcpr~cnz`ck bj ~jpzhrfbmp+Tmbj bjnfrj~ pmn~j rmbmp mp fpzkrmp vzj pj|fk bj ckrj~jpj tf~f f `mmtj~frcwf( tj~m p tmbj~

rmif~ f`m~bmp mn~cefrm~cmp pmn~j ifrj~cfp vzj f hjc kmk `mkpcbj~j `mitjrjk`cf j|`hzpcwf bmzr~m~efkm pm`cfh+

Bjnj ckrj~wc~ bcfkrj bm `mkpjhhm ~jcrm~ `fkbm kmk mnrjf bjprj mp ~jpzhrfbmp jit~jpf~cfcp jpm`cfcp t~jwcprmp+

Mp pm`cmp bjnjk pj~ `mkp`cjkrjp bj vzj( zklf wj jhc|cbmp mp ~efkmp pm`cfcp( jprjp bjnjk`zit~c~ m pjz hfnm~( bjnjkbm jprf~ ckgm~ifbmp pmn~j f f`rzf`ck bj rmbmp jhjp+


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Fp ijpim( jpc|jk zkp gm~ifhcpimp hjefcp j pm`cjrf~cmp bj e~fk r~fp`jkbjk`cf gzkbfijkrfcp tf~f f if~)`lf bf `mmtj~frcwf+

Mp t~ck`ctfcp mn|j`rcwmp vzj pj tj~pjezjk tmbjk pj~ ~jpzicbmp jk?T~cijc~m mn|j`rcwm? T~m`z~f~ vzj pj `zit~fk fbj`zfbfijkrj mp mn|j`rcwmp j f icpck

tmhf vzj gmc `mkwm`fbf f fpjinhjf mz ~jzkck+ Kjprj mn|j`rcwm tbjpj pckfhf~ `mim t~cm~crf~cm fh`fk)f~?

Zklf nmf fkhcpj bmp rjifp r~frfbmp+Nmp `~crj~cmp bj wfhm~f`ck j bjnfrj+Bj`cpckp f|jcrfbfp p kj`jpcbfbjp bf `mmtj~frcwf+Nmf `mit~jkpck bf ckgm~if`ck+@zit~cijkrm bm lm~f~cm t~jwcprm+

Pj ezkb m mn |j `rcwm? Tmrjk`cf~ f tf~rc`ctf`ck bjim`~rc`f+ ^jpzhrfkbm t~cm~crf~cm?^j`mhhj~ j rmif~ jk `mkrf rmbfp fp mtckckp j pz|jprckp+Vzj rmbmp mp pm`cmp bcptmfk bf ijpif ckgm~if`ck kj`jpf~cf+Vzj fp bj`cpckp pj rmijk pjk citmpc`ckp kck `mf``ckp+

Vzj fp bj`cpckp pj rmijk t~jgj~cnhjijkrj tm~ `mkpjkpm j( pj kmk tmpcnhj( tm~ wmrf`ckifcm~crf~cf+

Rj ~`j c~m mn|j `rcwm?Fh`fkf~ zk `hcif pm`cfh fe~fbfnhj( nfpjfbm km ~jptj`rm izrzm(tf~f f ~jpmhz`ck bmp `mkghcrmp ficefnhjijkrj+ Tf~f cprm( bjnj t~mtc`cf~pj f `mkgcfkf pzgc`cjkrj tf~ffnm~bf~ mp rjifp j gfwm~j`j~ f `mizkc`f`ck j m f`m~bm+ Pjkbm t~cm~crf~cm?

Vzj m `hcif bj bjnfrj pj|f fe~fbfnhj j `jkr~fbm kmp rjifp f r~frf~+Vzj j|cprf zk fhrm kcwjh bj ~jptj`rm izrzm+Vzj mp `mkghcrmp pj ~jpmhwfk bj gm~if kmk wcmhjkrf+Vzj pj |j~j zk `hcif bj `mkgcfkf+

Jprjp r~jp mn|j`rcwmp bjnj~k m~cjkrf~ rmbmp mp tfpmp f bf~ kf `jhjn~f`ck bf ~jzkck mz fpji)nhjf? t~jtf~f`ck( t~jpjkrf`ck( imbj~f`ck( tf~rc`ctf`ck bmp bc~c|jkrjp j fpcprjkrjp j fwfhcf`ck gckfh bffpjinhjf mz ~jzkck+

F kcwjh pm cjrf~cm( fp ~jzkckp pmk m ckpr~zijkrm tf~f ef~fkrc~ f tf~rc`ctf`ck j cithc f`ck bme~ztm kf bckic`f bf jit~jpf `mmtj~frcwf+ F ~jzkck bf ifpf pm`cfh pjk `mkgm~if~ zklf Fpjinhjf,jprf ~jvzc~j bj bjrj~ickfbmp ~jvzcpcrmp gm~ifcp vzj pj ~j`mhhjk kmp Jprfrzrmp# tmbj pj~ bj r~fnfhhm mzckgm~ifrcwf( jk `fhvzj~f `fpm mkprcrj zk nm ckpr~zijkrm tf~f m~efkcf~( thfkcgc`f~ j bjpjkwmhwj~ r~fnf)hhmp jk jvzctm vzj ~jvzc~fk bf tmprf jk `mik bj cbjfp j t~mtmprfp+

Tf~f hme~f~ vzj zklf ~jzkck pj|f jgc`f( bjnjimp rj~ jk `mkrf jpj mn|j`rcwm( rfkrm kf pf `mkwm)`frm~cf j t~jtf~f`ck `mim km pjz bjpjkwmhwjijkrm+ Fhezklfp `zjprckp vzj bjnjimp rj~ jk `mkrf( jvzj tmbjk pj~ whcbfp rfik tf~f fp Fpjinhjfp pmk?

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Kf t ~` rc`f? Gfpjp km bjpjkwmhwjijkrm bfp ~jzkckp

T~jtf~f`ck@jhjn~f~ p fp ~jzkckp thfkcgc`fbfp j-mz ~jfhijkrj kj`jpf~cfp+T~jtf~f`ck t~jwcf bf bm`zijkrf`ck kj`jpf~cf+

Tf~f t ~jtf ~f~ mp rj ifp j |cprjk b cwj~pfp g~izhfp?

Jhfnm~f~ bm`zijkrmp t~jwcmp j gf`jhmp `ljef~ p pm`cmp+@mkpzhrf~ j bf~ f `mj`j~ kf fpjinhjf mz ~jzkck bm`zijkrmp mz ifrj~cfcp

pmn~j mp rjifp f bjnfrj+Gf`j~ ~jzkckp ckgm~ifrcwfp t~jwcfp fpjinhjf mz ~jzkck bj`cpm~cf mkbj pj

fkfhc`jk mp t~mnhjifp j fp fhrj~kfrcwfp `mk icp rjitm+J|thc`fkbm ckgm~ijp( `mkrfp mz ckgm~if`ckp `mithc`fbfp ijbcfkrj zklf hck)

ezf|j `mit~jkpcnhj tf~f rmbm m izkbm+

Bjrj~ickf~ m mn|j`rm bf ~jzkck j mp fpzkrmp f r~frf~+

@mkwm`f~ `mk fkrjhf`ck pzgc`cjkrj+@mkgc~if~ vzj mp tf~rc`ctfkrjp `mj`jk f m~bj bm bf+

BjpjkwmhwjijkrmTzkrzfhcbfbj? `mijf~ njk bjpbj m t~ck`ctcm+Jpr~zrz~f~ f ckgm~if`ck j m bjpjkwmhwjijkrm bf ~jzkck+T~jpjkrf~ bj gm~if `hf~f fp `zjprckp pmn~j fp vzj lfc vzj rmif~ zklf bj`cpck+@jkr~f~ m fpzkrm f r~frf~ j `mkr~mhf~ fp ckrj~wjk`ckp+

Jwcrf~ `mitjrjk`cfp jkr~j mp ijin~mp bm e~ztm+Kmk ~jptmprf~ fkrjp bj jp`mcrf~( kmk `m~rf~ fp ckrj~wjk`ckp+

Gckfhcf`ckKmk j|`jbj~ f bz~f`ck t~jwcprf+J|j`zrf~ mp ~jpzhrfbmp bf ~jzkck? t~me~fif~ fp bj`cpckp j bjrj~ickf~ vzjk fp hjwf~ f

`fnm+Thfkcgc`f~( kf ijbcbf bm tmpcnhj( f ~jzkck pjezckrj+


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T~jt f~f`ck bfp fpj in hj fp j ~jzkckp


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Tf~f zk bc~c|jkrj bzklf `mmtj~frcwf f f|jcrfbf t~jtf~f`ck bzklf ~jzkck zklf bfp pfp rf~jgfp`mim ~jt~jpjkrfkrj pm`cfh bf ijpif+ Kjprj pjkrcbm( ~jpzhrf gzkbfijkrfh vzj mp ~jcrm~jp( pm`cmp( |j~jkrjj r`kc`mp bf `mmtj~frcwf t~jtf~jk f fpjinhjf+

F kcwjh pm`cjrf~cm( fp ~jzkckp pmk m ckpr~zijkrm tf~f ef~fkrc~ f tf~rc`ctf`ck j cithc`f ck bme~ztm kf bckic`f bf jit~jpf `mmtj~frcwf+ F ~jzkck bmp pm`cmp jk fpjinhjf |j~fh tmbj pj~ bj `f~`rj~bj`cpm~cm ,f`jtrf`ck mz ~j|jcrfijkrm bj t~mtmprfp# j-mz ckgm~ifrcwm+

^j bf ``ck bf f`rf bfp ~j zkckp j- mz fpjin hj f

Fp f`rfp bzklf fpjinhjf j bm `mkpjhhm ~jcrm~ `mkgm~ifk m .hcn~m bj jit~jpf. mkbj rmbmp mppm`cmp pj bjnjk pjkrc~ ~j`mj`cbmp+ Mp hcn~mp bj f`rfp bjnjk ef~bf~pj `mk `jhm( jwcrfkbm j|r~fwmp( pjkbjc|fhmp f tj~pmfp fhhjfp `mmtj~frcwf( j pjit~j f bcptmpc`ck tf~f `mkpzhrf bmp pm`cmp kf pjbj bf jkrc)bfbj+

HCN^MP BJ F@RFP

MN\J@RCWM? ^j|cpr~f~ rmbmp mp `mit~micpmp fh`fkfbmp kf ~jzkck( tf~f `mj`j~( ~j`m)

j`j~ j hjin~f~ mp rjifp r~frfbmp j( tf~rckbm bj fkrcefp bj`cpckp( fbmtrf~ kmwfp bj`cpckp

@MKRCBM? Bjnjk ~j`mhhj~?F m~bj bm bf( fpcprjkrjp j ck`cbjk`cfp+Fp bj`cpckp fbmtrfbfp j `mit~micpmp fh`fkfbmp+Kmk t~j`cpm r~fkp`~cnc~ rmbm m pz`jbcbm kf ~jzkck+

^JPTMKPFNCHCBFBJ? M ~jptmkpfnhj bf pf jhfnm~f`ck m pj`~jrf~cm( vzj bjnj ~jbf`rf)hfp `mk nmf hjr~f( r~fp t~jprf~ imcrf frjk`ck bjpjkwmhwjijkrm bf ~jzkck ~j|cpr~f~ rmbmp mp`mit~micpmp fh`fkfbmp kf ~jzkck( tf~f `mj`j~( ~j`mj`j~ j hjin~f~ mp rjifp r~frfbmp j( tf~)

rckbm bj fkrcefp bj`cpckp( fbmtrf~ kmwfp bj`cpckp

GZK@CKP? @zit~jk zklf gzk`ck hjefh imc ~jezhfbf tmhf km~ifrcwf `m~~jptmkbjkrj(tj~m fbjifcp pj~wjk tf~f `mit~mnf~ vzj pj `zit~jk mp f`m~bmp( j fwfkf~ `mk kmwfp bj`cpckpkm bjpjkwmhwjijkrm bf @mmtj~frcwf+

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M `mkpjhhm ~jcrm~ r~fkpg~ifpj km n~fm j|j`zrcwm bf fpjinhjf |j~fh+ Tmk jk t~`rc`f fp bj`cpckpbf fpjinhjf |j~fh+ Mp `mijrcbmp |jk~c`mp bm `mkpjhhm ~jcrm~ pmk?

@minckf`ck trcif bmp ~j`z~pmp bcptmcnhjp? lzifkmp j bj `ftcrfh+@~jf`ck bm fincjkrj ckrj~km tf~f hme~f~ fp ijrfp? ~jhf`ck pm`cfh+

Fbj`zf`ck bfp f`rcwcbfbjp p `c~`zkprfk`cfp bm `mkrm~km? thfkcgc`f`ck+


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@MKPJHHM ^JCRM^@m~~jptkbjhhj jk j| hzpcwf m emnj~km( f |jprck j ~jt~jpjkrf`ck bf `mmtj~frcwf+ J|j~`j

rmbfp fp gzk`ckp vzj kmk jprjfk j|t~jpfijkrj ~jpj~wfbfp f mzr~mp ~efkmp pm`cfcp+M T~jpcbjkrj f tj~pmf vzj ~jt~jpjkrf j pckrjrcf f f`rzf`ck j bj`cpckp bm `mkpjhhm ~jcrm~+

f `fnjf wcpcnhj bf `mmtj~frcwf( jhc|cbm bc~j`rfijkrj tmhf fpjinhjf bcfkrj bf `fh ~jkbj `mkrfp jkkmij j ~jt~jpjkrf`ck bm `mkpjhhm+

M `mkpjhhm ~jcrm~ j|j`zrf fp bj`cpckp bf fpjinhjf |j~fh( pjkbm fp pfp `mitjrjk`cfp npc`fp?

^jt ~jpj krf`ck bf pm`cjb fbj `mmtj ~frcwf?F`rzf~ `mk wcpck ckrje~fbf( `mim zk rmbm+Fpzic~ f`rcwfijkrj f ckrj~`mmtj~f`ck+ Fwfhcf~ fhcfkfp+^jt~jpjkrf~ f `mmtj~frcwf km j|rj~cm~+

M emn j~ km bc~j`rm bf pm`cjb fbj `mmtj~frcwf?^jptmkpfnchcf~pj( jk j|`hzpcwf( bm tfr~cimkcm+Bj`cbc~ `mhj|cfbfijkrj+Nzp`f~ m `mkpjkpm+\jprcmkf~ f bjim`~f`cf ckprcrz`cmkfh ckrj~kf+

M emn j~ km tm~ b jhjef`ck bf `mmtj~frcwf?@mizkc`f~ fp bc~j`r~c`jp wf j|j`zrcwf bjptmcp bj rmif~ fp bj`cpckp+ If~`f~ fp e~fkbjp

bc~j`r~c`jp bf |jprck+@mhfnm~f~ `mf bc~j``ck j |jprck+Pztj~wcpf~ f bc~j``ck j |jprck( `mkr~mhfkbm vzj `zit~fk mp mn|j`rcwmp+

Bchji f ` ~z`cfh bm `mkpjhhm ~jcrm~? jgj`rcwcbfb j mz b jim`~f`cf+ @mim fpjez~f~ vzj fpbj`cpckp vzj bjnj rmif~ pmk ftmcfbfp tmhf fpjinhjf |j~fh=+ M bchjif mn~cef f jhc|c~ jkr~j rmif~ ckc`cf)rcwfp ckbcwcbzfcp jk t~m bzklf |jprck ~tcbf j jgj`rcwf `m ~cp`m bj kmk `mkrf~ `m ftmcm gckfh bmp pm`cmp(mz jhjwf~ pz|jprckp fpjinhjf tf~f vzj jprf pj|f f vzj fpzif f ~jptmkpfnchcbfbj gckfh bf bj`cpck+

Kj`jpcrf hme~f~ m jvzchcn~cm j tf~f cpm `mkrf `mk fhekp ij`fkcpimp npc`mp?Jprizhm bf tf~rc`ctf`ck f`rcwf kf fpjinhjf |j~fh( if~`m bfp bj`cpckp jpr~fr|c`fp( bfp.e~fkbjp bj`cpckp.+

@~jf`ck bzk pcprjif bj `mizkc`f`ck jgc`cjkrj jkr~j `mkpjhhm ~jcrm~ j ifpf pm`cfh+F `mkgcfkf kf bc~j``ck tj~icrc~ rmif~ bj`cpckp pjk rj~ mtm~rzkcbfbj bj `mkpzhrf~ mp

pm`cmp+ Bjhjef~ fzrm~cbfbj pcekcgc`f `mkgcf~ j ftmcf~ fp bj`cpckp+F `ftf`cbfbj t~mgjpcmkfh bm `mkpjhhm ~jcrm~( pjkbm ~jptmkpfnchcbfbj bmp pm`cmp f t~jm`z)

tf`ck tf~f vzj bcptmfk bj ckpr~zijkrmp t~mgjpcmkfcp tf~f `zit~c~ f icpck ,|j~jk`cf( r`kc`mp( +++#+

Gzk`ckp j ~jpt mkpfn chcbf bjp b f |j~jk`cf

\J^JK@CF^jt~jpjkrf m incrm bf |jprck jit~jpf~cfh j pm`cfh bf `mmtj~frcwf+@mm~bckf f |jprck bm bf f bf bf jit~jpf j jprfnhj`j fp nfpjp jpr~fr|c`fp tf~f m gzrz~m+Bjnj wcwc~ m gjcrm `mmtj~frcwm j tf~rc`ctf~ km pjz bjpjkwmhwjijkrm+ Kmk `zit~c~ f|jcrfbf)

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ijkrj jprj hfnm~ vzjk kmk `~jf kjprj imbjhm bj jit~jpf+Bjnj pj~ zk jhjijkrm bckficfbm~ bf wcpck j bjpjkwmhwjijkrm jit~jpf~cfh bf `mmtj~frcwf+

Bjnj f`ljef~ `mkpjhhm ~jcrm~ f ckc`cfrcwf j fp ckvzjbfkfp tf~f t~mimwj~ m bjpjkwmhwjijkrm j ffbftrf`ck bf jit~jpf p pcrzf`ckp jk vzj pj bjpjkwmhwj m ij~`fbm km vzj mtj~f f `mmtj~frcwf+

m jhjijkrm imrm~ bf f``ck kf jit~jpf( tmcp zklf wj ft~mnfbm zk thfk tmhm `mkpjhhm~jcrm~( rjk vzj tmjhm jk if~`lf j gf`j~ vzj pj hjwj f nm gck+

Bjnj gf`chcrf~ pjz `mkpjhhm ~jcrm~ f gzk`ck bj `mkr~mh j( tm~ rfkrm( bjnj jprf~ bcptmprm f bf~

j jhfnm~f~ rmbf f ckgm~if`ck vzj jprj hhj pmhc`crj+

>+>+6+7+ M t ~m`jpm b j bc~j ``ck j |j prck kfp `mmt j ~frcwfp

Zklf n mf bc~j``ck ~jv zc~j b zk jv zctm f |jcrfbm ( vzj `mkrjithj tj~pmfp `mk `f~f`rj~prc)`fp `mithjijkrf~cfp+ M r~fnfhhm jk jvzctm jkr~ff kj`jpf~cfijkrj `mkg~mkrf`ckp( bjnfrjp j bcp`zpckpvzj kmk pj bjnjk jhzbc~ tf~f `mkwj~rjhmp jk jk`mkr~mp `mkpr~zrcwmp( tf~f cprm npc`m m ~jptj`rm izrzm(m vzj pcekcgc`f f f`jtrf`ck bf pmnj~fkf bmp tf~rc`ctfkrjp( ftj~rz~f tf~f jp`mcrf~( j wfhm~f`ck bfp `mk)r~cnz`ckp+

F bc~j``ck j f rmif bj bj`cpckp kf `mmtj~frcwf fbmcrf pj~ jk m`fpckp zklf gmkrj bj t~mnhjifp+Jk m`fpckp kmk pj vzj~j fpzic~( tm~vzj f kckezk hhj ezprf .ifkbf~ j rmif~ bj`cpckp bcg`chjp.1 kmz)r~fp m`fpckp fhezk rmif rmbfp fp bj`cpckp .pjk `mkrf~ kzk`f `mk kckezk. + Fp ijpim( lfncrzfhvzj mp pm`cmp kmk pfcnfk bcprckezc~ kf `mmtj~frcwf jkr~j T^MTCJBFBJ( TMBJ^ J FZRM^CBFBJ( pj~ rmbmp pm`cmp .ifkbfimp rmbmp.+ M `j~rm vzj f rmif bj bj`cpckp zklf gzk`ck icp vzjfhezk bjnj hjwf~ f `fnm kf `mmtj~frcwf+ Vzjk fpzif jprf gzk`ck ,vzjk tmcbf( vzjc~f j pfcnf# bjnjjprf~ t~jtf~fbm( f pf fzrm~cbfbj bjnj jprf~ nfpjfbf rfik kzklf fzrm~cbfbj im~fh j jprf( pf wj(nfpjfbf kf `mit~jkpck( tm~ tf~rj bmp vzj mnjbj`jk( bfp ~fkp bfp ckpr~z`ckp vzj pj ~j`cnjk( ijpim`fkbm p wj`jp kmk pj `mitf~rfk+


05

Bj v zj bj tjkbj f `fhcbfbj bfbc~j``ck=+ Bj b mzp gf`rm~jp ckrj~b jt jk)bjkrjp?

@fhcbfb j bf bc~j``ck 9 `fhcbfb j bfbj `cpck | jgc`cj k`cf kf tmprf j k if~`lf+

Pjezkbm mp j|tj~rmp( zklf nmf bc~j``ck`mmtj~frcwf cithc`f .bjim`~f`cf. kf rmif bf bj`c)pck j zklf .bcrfbz~f. kf j|j`z`ck bfp bj`cpckp

,ckc`cfbf f j|j`z`ck bzklf bj`cpck kmk kfbfjgj`rcwm fincfhf#+

Bj vzj bj tjkbj f `fhcbfbj bf b j`c)pck=+ Bj b mzp gf`rm~jp ckrj ~bj tj kbj krjp+

@fhcbfb j b f bj `cpck9 j gj`rcwcbf bj |fthc`fnchcbfbj j-mz f`jtrf`ck+

Jgj`rcwcbfbj? vzj ~jpmhwf mp t~mnhjifp`mp ijkm~jp ~j`z~pmp+

Fthc`fn chcbfb j j - mz f`jt rf`ck? vzjpj|f gf`rcnhj j-mz f`jtrfnhj+

F `fhcbfbj bf bj`cpck bjtjkbj bmp `mj`j)ijkrmp( ckgm~if`ck j j|tj~cjk`cf+


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0+>+6+5+ Gzk`ckp j ~jpt mkpfn chcb fb j p b f ckrj ~wjk`ck

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pf t~jpjkrf`ck fpjinhjf |j~fh( fp `mim f t~mtmprf bj bcpr~cnz`ck bj j|`jbjkrjp mz citzrf)`ck bj tj~bfp+

Tf~f tmbj~ ~jfhcf~ f `jkpz~f bj `mkrfp bf `mmtj~frcwf `mk ef~fkrfp( mp ckrj~wjkrm~jp bjnjkrj~ zklf gm~if`ck fbj`zfbf+

Mp ckrj~wjkrm~jp rjjk vzj mnrj~ f gm~if`ck kj`jpf~cf tf~f hjwf~ f `fnm fp pfp gzk`ckp jjpc|c~ `mkpjhhm ~jcrm~ vzj t~mtm~`cmkj mp ijbcmp kj`jpf~cmp tf~f cpm+

Mp ckrj~wjkrm~jp bjnjk f`zbc~ fpjpm~fijkrm bj t~mgjpcmkfcp j|rj~kmp `mmtj~frcwf kfvzj)

hfp `zjprckp vzj `mkpcbj~jk kj`jpf~cfp tf~f m `zit~cijkrm bfp pfp gzk`ckp+Pj f `mmtj~frcwf fzbcrfpj j|rj~kfijkrj fp pfp `mkrfp( j|cic~fpj mp ckrj~wjkrm~jp bf mn~cefrm)

~cjbfbj bj jicrc~ ckgm~ij bj `jkpz~f bj `mkrfp fkzfcp+Mp ckrj~wjkrm~jp bjnjk ef~bf~ pje~jbm pmn~j mp bfrmp p vzj rjfk f``jpm km j|j~`c`cm bf

pf gzk`ck ckrj~wjkrm~f( pfhwm fvzjhjp vzj gf`chcrjk f r~fwp bfp `fkhjp jprfnhj`cbfp hjefh j jprfrzrf)~cfijkrj+

Mp Ckrj~wjkrm~jp pmhc`crf~k bm `mkpjhhm ~jcrm~ rmbf fvzjhf ckgm~if`ck pmn~j f if~`lf bf`mmtj~frcwf vzj `mkpcbj~jk mtm~rzkf kfp pfp gzk`ckp+

>+>+6+


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24

thfkjfijkrm( j|j`z`ck( `mkr~mh j fwfhcf`ck pm`cfh+M imbj hm bj Nfhfk`j Pm`cfh nfpfpj kf ijbc`ck bm `zit~cijkrm bmp t~ck`ctcmp `mmtj~frcwmp f

r~fwp bj ckbc`fbm~jp pm`cmj`mkic`mp `zfkrcrfrcwmp j `zfhcrfrcwmp j|t~jpfbmp jk bcgj~jkrjp zkcbfbjp bjijbcbf>+

p t~ck`ctcmp `mmtj~frcwmp fpekfkpjhhjp wf~cfp bcijkpckp( jkrjkbcbfp jprfp `mim `frjem~fp|jk~c`fp vzj cbjkrcgc`fk fhek fptj`rm citm~rfkrj bm t~ck`ctcm jk `zjprck+ J pj~ f jprfp bcijkpckp pvzj pj hhjp fpcekjk zkcbfb jp bj ijb cbf fbj `zfbfp( `mfp vzj `mkgj``cmkf~ mp ckbc`fbm~jp `mmtj)~frcwmp tf~f f fwfhcf`ck bm e~fm bj `zit~cijkrm bjprjp t~ck`ctcmp+

Kf t ~` rc`f?F imbm b j j |jit hm( tf~f m pjezkbm t~ck`ctcm `mmtj~frcwm .\jprck bjim`~rc`f. tbj)

pj pjhj``cmkf~ `mim bcijkpck ftf~rc`ctf`ck kf |jprckj `mim ckbc`fbm~ pm cfh bjprf( f fpcprjk`cf pfpjinhjfp+

T~ck`ctcm CC? \jprck bjim`~rc`f

CC+f Tf~rc`ctf`ck j |jprck bjim`~rc`f

CC+f+6 Fpcprjk`cf p fpjinhjfp

E~f`cfp f jprj ckpr~zijkrm( f `mmtj~frcwf `mkrf~ `zk ijbcm f|jcrfbm tf~f ijbc~ m e~fm bj f`lj)efijkrm mz fgfprfijkrm vzj rjf `mk ~jptj`rm `zit~cijkrm bmp pjzp mn|j`rcwmp( hz bmp pjzp t~ck)`ctcmp j wfhm~jp+

\krfpj imbjhm bj Nfhfk`j Pm`cfh @mmtj~frcwm?

>+ .T~msj`rm bj Nfhfk`j bj Cbjkrcbfbj @mmtj~frcwf. jk Fkzf~cm bj Jprzbcmp @mmtj~frcwmp 633 @fzpfp b j nfc|fp bj pm`cmp,/# Tm~`jkrf|j ~j ptj `rm rmrfh bj n fc|fp bz~fkrj m j |j~`c`cmNfc|f wmhzkrf~ cf *

Gfhj`jijkrm *

J|tzhpck *

Mzr~fp `fzpfp *

Rmrfh bj n fc|fp bm j|j~`c`cm 644 *

@fkrcb fb j Tm~`j krf|j ,/#CC+f+6 Fpcprjk`cf f fpj in hjfp,/# Tm~`jkrf|j ~j ptj `rm rmrfh bj pm`cmpFpcprjkrjp f fpj in hjf m~bckf~cf *

T~mijb cm bj fpcprjkrjp f fpjin hjfp j|r~fm~bckf~cfp *CC+f+> Lmij p j i zhhj~j p kmp ~ef kmp b j |jprck bf `mmt j~frcwf,/# Tm~`jkrf|j ~jpt j`rm rmrfh bj ij in ~mpLmijp vzj m`ztfk `f~emp *

Izhhj~jp vzj m`ztfk `f~emp *

Rmrfh bj `f~e mp 644 *

NFHFK@J PM@ CFH @MMTJ^FRCWMCKBC@FBM^JP @ZFKRCRFRCWMP BM @ZIT^CIJKRM BMP T^CK@CTCMP @MMTJ^FRCWMP

C+f+ Ftj ~rz~f `mmt j~frcwf

T~ ck` ct cm C+ FPM@CF@CK WMHZKRF CF J FNJ^RF

T~ ck` ct cm CC+ \JPRCK BJIM@^RC@F TM^ TF^RJ BMP PM@CMP

CC+f+ Tf~rc`ctf`ck j |jprck b ji m`~rc`fJ|j~`c`cm f`rzfh


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CC+n+ Ckgm~i f`ck

CC+n+6 Ckwj~p ck jk ckgm~i f`ck,/# Tm~`jkrf|j ~jpt j`rm rmrfh ckwjprcbm jk ckgm~if`ck

Ckgm~if`ck b c~j`rf bj prckfbf p pm`cmp *

Ckgm~if` ck bc~j`rf bj prckfb f p r~fnfhhfbm~jp

Ckgm~if`ck b jprckfbf t n hc`m jk |j ~fh *

Rmrfh ckwjprcbm jk ckgm~if`ck 644 *T~ck` ct cm CCC+ TF RC@CTF@CK J@ MKIC@F BMP PM@ CMP

@fkrcb fb j Tm~`j krf|j ,/#

CCC+f+6 ji zkj~f` ck f `zmrfp pm`cfcp j t~ prfimp,/# Tm~`jkrf|j ~j ptj `rm rfpf ij bcf b j ckrj~jp j f kzfh bm N+K+F+)T~fm gc|m

Rfpf ij b cf b j ckrj ~j pj fkzfh tf~f zmrfp pm`cfcp * *

Rfpf ij b cf b j ckrj ~j pj fkzfh tf~f t ~ prfimp b mp pm`cmp * *

CCC+n+ Tmhrc f pm`cfh ckrj~ kf bf `m mt j ~frcwf

CCC+n+6 Pj~ wcmp pm `cfcp t f~f pm`cmp j r~fnfhhfbm~j p,/# Tm~`jkrf|j ~j ptj `rm rmrfh ckwjprcbm j k pj ~wcmp pm` cfcp

@fkrcbfb j ckwjprcbf jk pj~ wcmp pm`cfcp tf ~f fpm`cfbmp *

@fkrcbfb j ckwjprcbf jk pj~ wcmp pm`cfcp tf~f r~fnfhhfbm~j p *

Rmrfh ckwjprcbm jk pj ~wcmp pm`cfcp 644 *

M~fijkrm fkzfh ft~mnfbm tf~f pj~wcmp pm`cfcp,/# Tm~`jkrf|j? Rmrfh ckwjprcbm ~jpt j`rm m~ fijkrm fkzfh ft ~mnf )b m

*

CCC+n+> Tmhrc`f ~jr~ cnzrcwf ckrj~ kfTm~`jkrf|jp ~jpt j`rm f ? ,/# ^ji zkj~f` ck i|cif ,//# Pfhf~cm ikc)im b j `mkwjkcm

^ji zkj~f `ck ikcif fkzfh ,/# *^ji zkj~f `ck ij bcf ikcif ij kpzfh ,//# *

CCC+n+0 Pje z~cbfb j j lc|cjkj km r~fn fhhmTm~`jkrf|jp ~jpt j`rm rmrfh bj? ,/# Lm~fp hfnm~fn hjp bm j|j ~`c`cm,//#R~fnfhhfbm~jp

Lm~fp tj ~bcbfp tm~ f``cbjkrjp hfnm~fcp ,/# *

R~fn fhhfb m~jp f``cbj krfbmp ,//# *


CW+f+6 Tf~rc`ctf `ck k mzr~fp m~e fkcf`ckpFtm~ rjp b f `mmt j~frcwf `ft crfh bmzr~fp m~efkcf`ckp,/# Tm~`jkrf|j ~jpt j`rm rmrfh bm `f tcrfh bf mzr~f pm`cjbf bj

*

@f~e mp kmzr~fp m~efkcf`ckp,/# Tm~`jkrf|j ~jpt j`rm rmrfh bj `f~emp b fp mzr~fp m~efkcf`ckp

*

CW+f+> Tf~ rc`ct f`ck b mzr~fp m~e fkcf`ckp kf `mm tj ~frcwf

Tf~rc`ctf`ck bmzr~fp m~efk cf`ckp fpm`cfbfp j k `f~emp `mmt j~frc)wmp,/# Tm~`jkrf|j ~jpt j`rm rmrfh bj `f ~emp b f `mmtj ~frcwf

*


26

CCC+f+ ^ji zkj~f` ck bfp f tm~ rf`ckp `f tcrfh pm`cfh bmp pm `cmp

CW+f+ F`m~b mp `mk mzr~fp m~e fkcf`ckp

T~ ck` ct cm CW+ FZRMKMIF J CKBJTJKBJK@CF

J|j~`c`cm f`rzfh

J|j~`c`cm f`rzfh


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T~ck` ct cm W+ GM^IF@CMK KF @M MTJ^FRCWF

W+f+ Tmhrc`f gm~if rcwf bf `mmt j ~frcwfJ|j~`c`cm f`rzfh


W+f+6 Ckwj prcijk rm j k gm~if `ck,/# Tm~`jkrf|j ~j ptj `rm rmrfh ckwjp rcbm jk gm~if`ck

6+ Bjprckfbf f pm`cmp j r~fnfhhfbm~jp

)F`rcwcbf bj p bj gm~if`ck `mmtj ~frcwf *)F`rcwcbf bj p bj gm~if`ck r`kc`f *

)F`rcwcb fbj p `zhrz~fcp( bj tm~ rcwfp( j r`+ *

>+ Bjprckfb f `mizkcbfb j *

Rmrfh ckwjprcbm jk gm~if`ck 644 *

Gmkbm bj Gm~if`ck j T~mim`ck `mmt j~f rcwm,/# Tm~`jkrf|j? Rmrfh ckwjprcbm ~j ptj `rm j|`j bj krj b m j|j~`c`cm

*

W+n Tf~ rc`ctf `ck jk f `rcwcbfb jp gm~i frcwfp

W+n+6 Fpcprjk` cf ijb cf bj r~fnfhhfbm~j p f rmbm rctm bj f`rcwcbf bj p

gm~ifrcwfp,/# Tm~`jkrf|j ~jpt j`rm rmrfh bj r~fn fhhfb m~jp

)F`rcwcbf bj p bj gm~if`ck `mmtj ~frcwf *

)F`rcwcbf bj p bj gm~if`ck r`kc`f *


Fpcprjk`cf ijb cf rmrfh b j r~fn fhhfbm~j p *

W+n+> Fpcprjk` cf |j~fh p f`rcwcbf bj p m~e fkcfb fp t mhf `mmt j~f rcwf,/# Tm~`jkrf|j ~j ptj `rm rmrfh bj fpcprjkrjp

)F`rcwcbf bj p bj gm~if`ck `mmtj ~frcwf *

)F`rcwcbf bj p bj gm~if`ck r`kc`f *


Rmrfh bj fpcprj krj p 644 *

T~ ck` ct cm WC+ CKRJ^@M MTJ^F@CK JKR^J @MMTJ^FRCWFP

WC+f+ Ckrj~`mmt j~f` ckJ|j~`c`cm f`rzfh


WC+f+6 Mtj ~f`ckp `mij ~`cfcp j gckfk`jc~fp j kr~j `mmt j~f rcwfp,/# Tm~`jkrf|j ~jpt j`rm rmrfh bj mt j~f` ckp

Wjkb fp f `mmt j~frcwfp *

@mit~fp f `mmtj~frcwfp *

T~prfimp mk`jbcbmp f `mmtj~frcwfp *

T~prfimp ~j`cncbmp bj `mmtj~frcwfp *

WC+n+ Ckrje ~f`ck `mmt j~frcwf

WC+n+6 jt ~jpj krf`ck ckprcrz`cmkfh jk `mmt j~f rcwfp bj e~fm pztj )~cm~,/# Tm~`jkrf|j ~j ptj `rm rmrfh bj `f~emp ckprcrz`cmkfcp

@f~em p ckprcrz`cmkfcp vzj m`ztf f `mmt j~f rcwf *

WC+n+> Tf~rc`ctf`ck jk fpjinhjfp bj `mmtj~frcwfp bj e~fm pztj~cm~,/# Tm~`jkrf|j ~jpt j`rm rmrfh bj fpj in hjfp

Fpjin hjfp kfp vzj tf~rc`ctmz f `mmtj~frcwf *

2>


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>+>+>+ j `z~pmp lzifkmp

>+>+>+6+ Fpt j `rmp |j ~fcp

M t~ ck`ctfh wfhm~ bfp `mmtj ~frcwfp( m pjz t zkrm gm~rj t m~ j |`jhjk`cf pmk fptj~pmfp+ Jprj m t~ck`ctfh ~j`z~pm `mk vzj `mkrfk( |f vzj jhfp `mkgm~ifk m jpt~crm vzj tmbj fkcif~(imwj~ j chzpcmkf~ rmbm m jkr~fifbm bj ivzckfp( `ftcrfcp j njkp( ~jezhfijkrmp( jprfrzrmp( r~fnfhhm( t~m)bzrmp++ + Pj rjimp `hf~m vzj mp ~j`z~pmp lzifkmp pmk m t~ck`ctfh f`rcwm f jhjp bjnjimp t~jprf~ jptj`cfhfrjk`ck+

Lfc bmzp e~fkbjp e~ztmp bj tj~pmfp kfp `mmtj~frcwfp? pm`cfp j kmk pm`cfp( mz bcrm bmzr~m |jcrm?pm`cfp j r~fnfhhfbm~fp+ J|cprjk `j~rfp bcgj~jkfp jkr~j zklfp j mzr~fp( jkr~j zkp j mzr~mp( bj~cwfbfp bmgjcrm bj pj~jk mz kmk t~mtcjrf~cmp( bm `mit~micpm j cithc`f`ck kf ijpif( bf fpzk ck bj ~cp`mp( bfpbcprckrfp gzk`ckp j ~jptmkpfnchcbfbjp km incrm jit~jpf~cfh j pm`cjrf~cm vzj fpzijk( tj~m kmk lfc bcgj)~jkfp kzk gjcrm? rmbmp gm~ifk tf~rj bzk ijpim t~m|j`rm jit~jpf~cfh `mmtj~frcwm vzj r~frfk bj pf`f~fbcfkrj `m pjz r~fnfhhm+ .M |crm kf `mmtj~frcwf mz `mhj`rcwm mz kmk bj kckezk.


20

T~ck` ct cm WCC+ T^JM@ ZTF@CK TMHF @MIZKCBFBJ

WCC+f+ Tmhrc`f p m`cfh j|rj~ kf bf `mmt j~frcwfJ|j~`c`cm f`rzfh

@fkrcb fb j Tm~`j krf|j ,/#WCC+f+6 @mkr~cnz`ckp tf ~f m b jpj kwmhwji jkrm `mi zkcrf~cm,/# Tm~`jkrf|j ~j ptj `rm imkrm rmrfh ckwjprcbm t f~f m b jpj kwmhwj)ij krm `mizkcrf~cm@fkrcbfb j ckwjprcbf j k t~me~fifp j - mz t~m|j`rmp bj ij bcmfincjkrj

*

@fkrcbfb j ckwjprcbf j k t ~me~fifp j - mz t ~m|j`rmp pm`cfcp *@fkrcbfb j ckwjprcbf j k t ~me~fifp j - mz t ~m|j`rmp zhrz~fcp *@fkrcbfb j ckwjprcbf j k t ~me~fifp j - mz t ~m|j`rmp bj tm~ rcwmp *@fkrcbfb j ckwjprcbf j k t ~me~fifp j - mz t ~m|j`rmp jb z`frcwmp *Mzr~mp *Rmrfh ckwjprcbm jk b j pjkwmhwjij krm mizkcrf~ cm 644 *WCC+f+> Mzr~fp ` mkr~cn z`ckpRmrfh bj r~cnzrmp tfe fb mp tmhf `mmt j~frcwf ,j|`hzbf p `mkr~cnz)`ckp pm `cfcp#

Tf~f hjin ~f~

@fbf ~efkm pm`cfh rjk fp pfp t~mtcfp gzk`ckp j ~jptmkpfnchcbfbjp+ Kf bjhjef`ck bjgzk`ckp j kf fpzk`ck jk `mk`cjk`cf bfp t~mtcfp ~jptmkpfnchcbfbjp( jpr~cnf m |crm+

Fp fpjinhjfp j ~jzkckp pmk ckpr~zijkrmp bf i|cif citm~rfk`cf kf `mmtj~frcwf+ Lfcvzj fbc`f~ rjitm j jpgm~mp pf t~jtf~f`ck j bjpjkwmhwjijkrm+

F ck`m~tm~f`ck bj tj~pmfp pm`cfp( vzj `mitf~rfk m t~m|j`rm j `zit~fk mp ~jvzj~cijk)rmp t~j`cpmp zk gjcrm tmpcrcwm vzj tj~icrj `mmtj~frcwf `~j`j~ j bjpjkwmhwj~pj+

Kf kfhcpj bmp ~jpzhrfbmp kmk tmbjimp jpvzj`j~ vzj |zkrm p fptj`rmp j`mkic`mp fr)tfkpj mp ~jpzhrfbmp pm`cfcp+ Kmk pj~wj bj imcrm mnrj~ e~fkbjp ~jpzhrfbmp j`mkic`mp pj bjp`mcbfimpmp mn|j`rcwmp pm`cfcp `mim `mmtj~frcwf( kck mnrj~ e~fkbjp ~jpzhrfbmp pm`cfcp pjk ~jpzhrfbmp j`mkic`mptmpcrcwmp+


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22

@fbf tj~pmf rjk bcprckrfp gzk`ckp j ~jptmkpfnchcbfbjp kjpj t~m|j`rm( rjk vzj bjpjkwmhwj~ bcwj~pfpf`rcwcbfbjp vzj `mkgcez~f~k m pjz tmprm bj r~fnfhhm+ @mj`j~ `hf~fijkrj `fhjp pmk jprfp gzk`ckp j ~jp)tmkpfnchcbfbjp( `fhjp mp mn|j`rcwmp j ijrfp f f`fbf~ tmbj pj~wc~ bj e~fk f|zbf tf~f m bjpjitjm bfprf~jgfp j tf~f pjkrc~pj `mit~mijrcbm kmp hme~mp+ ^jpzhrf tmhm rfkrm bj pzif citm~rfk`cf( frmtf~ fp tj~)pmfp vzj ijhhm~ pj fbftrfk p `f~f`rj~prc`fp bzk tmprm( mz wcprm bjkbj m mzr~m tzkrm( wj~ vzj tmprm pjfbftrf ijhhm~ p `f~f`rj~prc`fp bf tj~pmf+ Kf ck`m~tm~f`ck bj pm`cmp j r~fnfhhfbm~jp `mmtj~frcwf kmkbjnjimp jpvzj`j~ jprf cbjf( tm~vzj rfkrm f zkp `mim f mzr~mp( fkbf vzj f bcgj~jkrjp kcwjcp( lfnimp)

hhjp tjbc~ mit~micpm( bjbc`f`ck( cithc f`ck j ~jptmkpfnchcbfbj+Jk ~jhf`ck `m fkrj~cm~( kmk ckg~j`zjkrj frmtf~ `mmtj~frcwfp vzj kjprf ck`m~tm~f`ck t~cifk

icp ~jhf`ckp bj tf~jkrjp`m( t~m|cicbfbj |jme~gc`f( ficfbj vzj f ftrcrzbj j `ftf`crf`ck tf~f m bjp)jitjm bfp rf~jgfp+ @mk cpm nzp`fk zklf ifcm~ `mkgcfkf kf tj~pmf( cithc`f`ck j f`fpm zk ifcm~ `mi)t~micpm vzj kmk pjit~j jprf~ ef~fkrcbm( f `fincm bj bjpfrjkbj~ f gf`jrf t~mgjpcmkfh+ Tm~ `mkr~f( lfc`mmtj~frcwfp t~jm`ztfbfp jk j|`jpm tm~ frmtf~ nmp t~mgjpcmkfcp `ftf`crfbmp( bjpfrjkbjkbm f pf cithc)`f`ck( `mit~micpm j `mkgcfkf+ T~mgjpcmkfcp vzj fbjifcp bj kmk tf~rc`ctf~ bmp t~ck`ctcmp kck `zhrz~fbf m~efkcf`ck( fnfkbmkfk m t~m|j`rm t~cijc~f bj `fincm( bcfkrj bzklf mgj~rf j`mkic`f icp pfrcp)gf`rm~cf+ Jkr~j finmp mp bmzp j|r~jimp( bjnjimp gf`j~ zk jpgm~m kf pjhj``ck bj tj~pmfp `ftf`jp( jgc)`cjkrjp j `mit~mijrcbfp( r~frfkbm bj cithc`fhfp kmp mn|j`rcwmp j ijrfp f f`fbf~( kf wcpck bj `mk|zkrm

bf `mmtj~frcwf+ Tj~pmfp vzj kfhek imijkrm tmbj~k tfpf~ f gm~if~ tf~rj bm t~m|j`rm `mim pm`cmpr~fnfhhfbm~jp ,km `fpm bfp `mmtj~frcwfp bj r~fnfhhm fpm`cfbm# mz `mim pm`cmp bj r~fnfhhm ,km `fpm bfp`mmtj~frcwfp fe~f~cfp#+

Kmk tmpcnhj kjprj ifkzfh gf`j~ ~jgj~jk`cf f rmbmp mp fptj`rmp vzj pj bjnjk rj~ jk `mkrf tf~fzklf f|jcrfbf |jprck bmp ~j`z~pmp lzifkmp vzj gm~ifk tf~rj bf m~efkcf`ck( tm~k( emprf~fkmp gf`j~~jgj~jk`cf f fhekp fptj`rmp vzj `mkpcbj~fimp bj citm~rfk`cf?

M r~fnfhhm jk jvzctm t~jpjkrf ihrcthjp wfkrf|jp j tmbj gf`j~ wfhcmpfp f`ljefp m~efkcf)`ck j p pjzp ijin~mp? gfc tmpcnhj f ~jfhcf`ck bj kzij~mpfp rf~jgfp( zklf mtm~rzkcbfbj tf~fm bjpjkwmhwjijkrm t~mgjpcmkfh j tj~pmfh( ijhhm~f f `mizkc`f`ck( fp ~jhf`ckp ckrj~tj~pmfcp j b

hzef~ f vzj pj `~jjk wjk`jhhmp icp jpr~jcrmp jkr~j mp ijin~mp bf `mmtj~frcwf+ M r~fnfhhm jk jvzc)tm pztk ckrj~bjtjkbjk`cf j f ckrj~bjtjkbjk`cf cithc`f `mmtj~f`ck+@fkbm gmijkrfimp f tf~rc`ctf`ck bfp tj~pmfp( t~mnfnhj vzj pj pckrfk ijhhm~( vzj pj

ckwmhz`~jk icp km hme~m bmp mn|j`rcwmp( ~jbz`cimp f pf ck`j~rcbzij j ijhhm~fimp f pf fzrmjp)rcif( f`jtrf`ck j bjpjkwmhwjijkrm t~mgjpcmkfh+

F t~mbzrcwcbfbj j f `fhcbfbj pmk bc~j`rfijkrj t~mtm~`cmkfcp imrcwf`ck bfp tj~pmfp( e~fm bj `mljpck bm jvzctm j tf~rc`ctf`ck kf rmif bj bj`cpckp+ F ijhhm~f `mkrckzf p tmpc)nhj `fkbm pj `mitf~rjk mp mn|j`rcwmp bfp rf~jgfp+

Lfc rjitm vzj fp r`kc`fp bj bc~j``ck bj tj~pmfp rjjk jk `mkrf jprjp fptj`rmp( pjkbm lm|j jkbf lfncrzfh f `mkprcrz`ck bj jvzctmp bj r~fnfhhm m~cjkrfbmp `mkpj`z`ck bj mn|j`rcwmp( kmp vzj mp

t~mtcmp ijin~mp bm e~ztm pj gfk ~jptmkpfnhjp bf nmf if~`lf bm ijpim j bj f`fbf~ mp bcgj~jkrjpmn|j`rcwmp gm~izhfbmp+ Fp tj~pmfp `mk ~jptmkpfnchcbfbj |j~jk`cfh mz bj bc~j``ck bj tj~pmfp( bjnj~fkrj~ jk `mkrf vzj tf~f gmijkrf~ m r~fnfhhm jk jvzctm kj`jpf~cm?

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2:

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27

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49/147


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0

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PC KMK

PC KMK

PC KMK

PC KMK

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51/147


:4

T^MTMPRF BJ IJHHM^F\JPRCK F@RZFH

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60

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wf`ckp bfp rf~jgfp bm tj~pmfh pjz `f~em+PC KMK


52/147


:6

T^MTMPRF BJ IJHHM^F\JPRCK F@RZFH

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65

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@mkr~hfpj vzj mp r~fnfhhmp f pzn`mkr~f)rfp pj ~jfhcfk jk `mkbc`ckp pjez~fp+

6< @mcbf~ vzj kmp `mkr~frmp gcez~jk jptj`cgc`f)`ckp tf~f vzj mp r~fnfhhmp pj ~jfhc`jk bj|jcrm pjez~m+ Wc|cf~ m pjz `zit~cijkrm+PC KMK

Fth`fpj bj |jcrm |jkj~fhcfbm f hj|cphf)`ck kmp hzef~jp bj r~fnfhhm+63 @zit~c~ `m hj|cphfbm( zrchcfkbm pckfcp bjt~mlcnc`ck( fbwj~rjk`cf bj tj~cem mz ckgm~)

if`ckp bj zpm mn~cefrm~cm mz mzr~fp+PC KMK

J|cprj tj~pmfh fbjpr~fbm jk t~cijc~mpfz|chcmp j ckrj~wjk`ckp fkrj tmpcnhjp

jij~|jk`cfp( j|cprckbm t~m`jbjijkrm ~jp)tj`rm+

>4

Bjnj lfnj~ tj~pmfh fbjpr~fbm tf~f f`rzf~`mk `jhj~cbfbj jk f``cbjkrjp j jij~|jk`cfp+Jhfnm~f~ thfkp bj jij~|jk`cf+PC KMK

Fp f`rcwcbfbjp t~jwjkrcwfp vzj pj ~jfhcfkjprk ~j`mhhcbfp bm`zijkrfhijkrj+>6

Rmbf f ckgm~if`ck |j~fbf bjnj~f jprf~bm`zijkrfbf j f bcptmpc`ck bf fzrm~cbfbjhfnm~fh+PC KMK

Mp r~fnfhhfbm~jp `mk ~jhf`ckp bj r~fnfhhmrjitm~fcp rjjk m ijpim kcwjh bj t~mrj`)

`ck vzj mp ~jprfkrjp r~fnfhhfbm~jp+

>>Bjnjk ~j`cnc~ frjk`ck jptj`cfh ~jptj`rm ckgm~if`ck j gm~if`ck tf~f f ~jfhcf`ckpjez~f bfp pfp rf~jgfp+PC KMK

Ef~krjpj f wc|chfk`cf tj~cbc`f bfpfbj bmp r~fnfhhfbm~jp+

>0 ^jfhfpj jk gzk`ck bmp ~cp`mp cklj~jkrjp r~fnfhhm( j `m `mkpjkrcijkrm j ~jptj`rfkbm f

ckrcicbfbj bmp r~fnfhhfbm~jp+PC KMK

@^CRJ^CMP BJ WFHM^F@CK?@m~~j`rm? Pj kmk pj ~jptmkbj kckek KMK+Ijhhm~fnhj? Pj pj ~jptmkbjk KMK bmp kij~mp 6> fm >0+Bjgc`cjkrj? Pj pj ~jptmkbj KMK bmp kij~mp 6 fm 66+ Kjprjp `fpmp lfc jpc|jk`cf hjefh

jptj`gc`f+Imc bjgc`cjkrj? Pj pj ~jptmkbj `ck`m mz icp KMK kmp 66 t~cijc~mp kij~mp+


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>+>+0+ Fpt j`rmp m~efkcfrcwmp

>+>+0+6+ ^j ezhfijkrm b j ~ |cij ckrj ~km

Bm`zijkrm ckrj~km vzj bjgckj fp ~jhf`ckp bj kbmhj hfnm~fh j m~efkcfrcwf bf `mmtj~frcwf? m~efkc)e~fif( ~je~fp bj gzk`cmkfijkrm( ~jfp bj r~fnfhhm( ~jptmkpfnchcbfbjp( tmhrc`f ~jr~cnzrcwf( jr + jhfnm~f)

bm tm~ rmbfp fp tj~pmfp pm`cfp bf `mmtj~frcwf j ft~mnfbm tmhf fpjinhjf |j~fh+ F pf j|cprjk`cf kmk mn~cefrm~cf( tj~m f`mkpjhhfnhj tf~f zk nm bjpjkwmhwjijkrm bf jit~jpf+F bcgj~jkf bmp Jprfrzrmp( km rjk vzj jhjwf~pj f jp`~crz~f tnhc`f kck jprf~ ckp`~crm km j|cpr~m bj

@mmtj~frcwfp+ F jpr~zrz~f bm ^^C wf~cfnhj( `fbf `mmtj~frcwf bjnj~ bjgckc~ f pf( `mkr~cnzkbm fprfkrm f jwcrf~ `mkghcrmp `mim ifbz~f`ck bm t~m|j`rm `mmtj~frcwm( ijbcfkrj m r~fnfhhm jk e~ztm+Bjnj~ pj~ ~jwcpfbm j ijhhm~fbm rfkrfp wj`jp `mim gfef gfhrf+

M ~jezhfijkrm bj ~|cij ckrj~km ,^^C# ~j`mhhcbm kf Hjc :-633< bj @mmtj~frcwfp bj Efhc`cf( ~jg~j)pj bj pjkwmhwjij krm bj `mk`jt rmp jprfrzrf~cmp ,gzkbfijkrfhijkrj ~jhf`cmkfbmp `m `mkpjhhm~jcrm~( ckrj~wjkrm~jp bj `mkrfp( fpjinhjf bf `mmtj~frcwf( # j `fhvzj~f mzr~m fptj`rm bmp jprfrzrmp j bfHjc+

Jprjp ftzkrfijkrmp t~jrjkbjk pj~ icp fithmp vzj m ~j`mhhcbm kf hj|cphf`ck0 j ck`hz~ fptj`rmp~jhf`cmkfbmp `mf mtj~frcwf bj |jprck( fbickcpr~frcwf( t~mbzrcwf j `mij~`cfh bf `mmtj~frcwf nfc|m m ~jez)hfijkrm bj ~|cij ckrj~km ,^^C#+

Fkrjp bj `mkrckzf~( `mkwk bjc|f~ `hf~m vzj kmk fbj`zfbm hcicrf~ f mtj~frcwf `mij~`cfh j f t~m)tcf |jprck bf jit~jpf nfhjc~fkbm bj `ftf`cbfbj mp pjzp ~efkmp bj |jprck bf jkrcbfbj j( tmhm rfkrm(bfkfkbm e~fwjijkrj f `ftf`cbfbj bj ~jptmprf `mij~`cfh j jit~jpf~cfh bf `mmtj~frcwf+

Bj rmbmp mp |jcrmp( j|cprjk fptj`rmp t~mbzrcwmp j `mij~`cfcp jk ~jhf`ck p pm`cmp( km `fpm bfp`mmtj~frcwfp fe~f~cfp( j bj m~efkcf`ck bm r~fnfhhm km `fpm bfp `mmtj~frcwfp bj r~fnfhhm fpm`cfbm( vzj~jpzhrf ck`hzpm mtj~frcwm vzj pj|fk ft~mnfbmp kzk ^^C( mz km~ifp bj `fitff ,`mim rfik pj bjkm)ickf kfp `mmtj~frcwfp fe~f~cfp#+ Jk bjgckcrcwf( mp pjezckrjp ftzkrfijkrmp t~jrjkbjk fnf~`f~ fhekp bmpfptj`rmp tz~fijkrj |z~bc`mp j rctcgc`fbmp `mim ^^C kf Hjc( `mk|zkrfijkrj `mk mzr~mp imcrmp fptj`)

rmp mtj~frcwmp( t~mbzrcwmp( mz bj `fhvzj~f mzr~m rctm( `mkgcez~fkbm m vzj bj |jcrm icp fithm tmbj~f)imp `lfif~ ~jezhfijkrm bj ~|cij ckrj~km j km~ifp j t~me~fifp bj gzk`cmkfijkrm ckrj~km+

F j hfn m~f`ck bzk ~je zhfij krm b j ~ |cij ckrj ~km+

M ^^C rjk tm~ gckfhcbfbj( jkr~j mzr~fp( `mk`~jrf~ fp km~ifp jprfrzrf~cfp ~jhf`cmkkbmfp `mf mtj~f)rcwcbfbj pm`cjrf~cf+

@mim pj jhfnm~f m ^^C= Km~ifhijkrj fp `mmtj~frcwfp `ljefk f bcptmj~ bzk ^^C bjptmcp bjwf~cmp fkmp bj f`rcwcbfbj( j bjptmcp bj rj~ imc bjnfrcbm mp bcgj~jkrjp fptj`rmp bj gzk`cmkfijkrm ckrj~kmvzj pj t~jrjkbj `mk`~jrf~ km ^^C+ Tm~k( tmbj ~jpzhrf~ rch `mkrf~ `zk imbjhm npc`m bj ^^C ,jptj`cfh)

ijkrj kfp `mmtj~frcwfp bj r~fnfhhm fpm`cfbm# vzj bjgckf mp `mkrcbmp ikcimp bm vzj bjnj pj~ f m~efkc)f`ck bm r~fnfhhm( tmhrc`f ~jr~cnzrcwf( jr +

M ^^C zklf km~if b j zrchcf`ck mn~ cefrm~cf( bfbm vzj ft~mnfbf tmhf fpjinhjf |j~fhbf @mmtj~frcwf( j tmhm rfkrm( bjnj pj~ `mj`cbf j f`frfbf tm~ rmbfp fp tj~pmfp vzj gm~ifk tf~rj bf `mm)tj~frcwf+ M ^^C vzj cimp r~frf~ t~jrjkbj bjgckc~ f mtj~frcwcbfbj bf jit~jpf( fp jpc|jk`cfp `mf t~mbz)`ck( fp jpc|jk`cfp `mp mtj~fbm~jp vzj r~fnfhhfk `mf `mmtj~frcwf( fp `fhcbfbjp( mp fptj rmp pfkcrf~cmp( mm~efkce~fif bj gzk`ckp bj pm`cmp j r~fnfhhfbm~jp( jr`+

M ^^C bjnj pj~ ft~mnfbm tmhf fpjinhjf bf `mmtj~frcwf? ~j`mijkbfnhj vzj( kfp `mmtj~frcwfpkmwfp( f Fpjinhjf f`m~bj wf~cmp fkmp bj tmprf jk t~`rc`f bm ^^C bj |jcrm t~mwcpcmkfh pzp`jtrcnhj bj pj~

0+ F Hjc :-3< gfhf bm ^^C mk `f~`rj~ |j~fh jk bmzp pcrcmp? F~rcem 64 bfp pj``ckp bj `~bcrm( j 06+6+e( bfp `mitjrjk)

`cfp bf fpjinhjf |j~fh


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imbcgc`fbm+Zk ~jezhfijkrm imc j|th`crm bf |jprck bf `mmtj~frcwf tmbj bj~cwf~ kzk `m~p vzj hcicrf fp tmpc)

nchcbfbjp bj mnrj~ ijhhm~jp ~jpzhrfbmp f r~fwp bf |jprck+ F `mmtj~frcwf bjnj jwcrf~ vzj cprm pz`jbf kf~jbf``ck bm ^^C+

Kmzr~fp m`fpckp( jk `fincm( imcrmp bmp f`m~bmp mz km~ifp npc`fp bf m~efkcf`ck ckrj~kf vzjtj~icrjk gzk`cmkf~ `mmtj~frcwf jk m`fpckp bfkpj tm~ pfncbfp mz pmk g~mcrm bm `mprzij+ Kmzr~fp m`f)pckp pmk km~ifp ~j`mhhcbfp jk bcgj~jkrjp fpjinhjfp vzj bjnj~fk gcez~f~ km Hcn~m bj F`rfp+ Tf~`jkmp

citm~rfkrj m gjcrm bj gm~ifhcf~ rmbm cprm kzk bm`zijkrm ~frcgc`fbm tmhf Fpjinhjf vzj tmcbf pj~mn|j`rm bj `mkpzhrf j `fkbm pj|f kj`jpf~cm ~jwcpck+ Jprfimp `mkwjk`cbmp bj vzj tmbj pj~ zklf nmfgj~~fijkrf tf~f jwcrf~

Manual de boas prácticas para a xestión cooperativa

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