Palma, Majorca
Transcript of Palma, Majorca
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Palma, Majorca 1
Palma, Majorca
Palma — Municipality —
Panoramic view of Palma in 2011
Flag
Coat of arms
Location in Spain
Coordinates: 39°34′N 2°39′E[1]
Country Spain
Autonomous community Balearic Islands
Province Balearic Islands
Island Majorca
Judicial district Palma de Mallorca
Founded 123 BC
Government
• Mayor Mateu Isern (2011) (PP)
Area
• Total208.63 km
2(80.55 sq mi)
Elevation 13 m (43 ft)
Population (2009)
• Total 401,270
•
Density 1,900/km2
(5,000/sq mi)
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Palma, Majorca 2
Demonym palmesà, palmesana (ca)
palmesano, palmesana (es)
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
• Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code 070XX
Dialing code 971
Official language(s) Catalan, Spanish
WebsiteOfficial website
[2]
Palma (/ ̍pɑːlmə /, Catalan: [ˈpaɫmə], Spanish: [ˈpalma]), in full Palma de Mallorca,[3]
is the major city and port on the
island of Majorca ( Mallorca) and capital city of the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands in Spain. The
names Ciutat de Mallorca (City of Majorca) and Ciutat (City) were used before the War of the Spanish Succession
and are still used by people in Majorca. However, the of ficial name was Mallorca, the same as the island.[4]
It is
situated on the south coast of the island on the Bay of Palma. As of the 2009 census, the population of the city of
Palma proper was 401,270, and the population of the entire urban area was 517,285, ranking as the twelfth largesturban area of Spain. Almost half of the total population of Majorca live in Palma. The Cabrera Archipelago, though
widely separated from Palma proper, is administratively considered part of the municipality. Its airport, Son Sant
Joan, serves over 22 million passengers each year. The Marivent Palace was offered by the city to the then Prince
Juan Carlos I of Spain. The royals have since spent their summer holidays in Palma.
HistoryPalma was founded as a Roman camp upon the remains of a Talaiotic settlement. The turbulent history of the city
saw it the subject of several Vandal sackings during the fall of the Roman Empire, then reconquered by the
Byzantine, then colonised by the Moors (who called it Medina Mayurqa), and finally established by James I of
Aragon.
Roman period
After the conquest of Majorca, it was loosely incorporated into the province of Tarraconensis by 123 BC; the
Romans founded two new cities: Palma on the south of the island, and Pollentia in the northeast - on the site of a
Phoenician settlement. Whilst Pollentia acted as port to Roman cities on the northwestern Mediterranean Sea, Palma
was the port used for destinations in Africa, such as Carthage, and Hispania, such as Saguntum, Gades, and Carthago
Nova. Though no visible remains of this period are seen in present day Palma, archaeological discoveries still occur
whenever excavating under the city centre.
La Seu, Palma Cathedral, built between 1229 and
1346.
Byzantine period
Though the period between the fall of the Western Roman Empire and
the Muslim conquest is not well understood (due to lack of
documents), there is clear evidence of a Byzantine presence in the city,
as indicated by mosaics found in the oldest parts of the Cathedral,
which was in early medieval times a paleo-Christian temple.
Muslim period
Between 902 and 1229, the city was under Islamic control.
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Palma, Majorca 3
Under the Caliphate
The arrival of Moors in the Balearic Islands occurred at the beginning of the 8th century. During this period, the
population developed an economy based on self-sufficiency and piracy, and even showed evidence of a relative
hierarchy. The dominant groups took advantage of the Byzantine withdrawal due to Islamic expansion, to reinforce
their domination upon the rest of the population, thus ensuring their power and the gradual abandonment of Imperial
structures.In 707, a Muslim fleet, under the command of Abd Allgaht ibn Musa, son of the governor of Ifriqiya, Musa ibn
Nusayr, stopped at the island. It appears that Abd Allah convinced the factional powers of the city to accept a peace
treaty. This treaty granted, in exchange for a tax, respect for social, economic and political structures to the
communities that subscribed it, as well as the continuity of their religious beliefs..
After 707, the city was inhabited by Christians who were nominally in allegiance to the sovereignty of the Caliphate
of Damascus, yet who, de facto, enjoyed an absolute autonomy. The city, being in Majorca, constituted an enclave
between westernChristian and Islamic territories, and this attracted and encouraged increased levels of piracy in the
surrounding waters. For wide sectors of the city's population, the sacking of ships (whether Muslim or Christian)
which passed through Balearic waters, was the first source of riches during the next fifteen decades. Eventually, the
continued piracy in the region lead to retaliation by Al-Andalus which launched its naval power against the city and
the whole of the Islands. The Islands were defended by the emperor Charlemagne in 799 from a Saracen pirate
incursion.
In 848 (maybe 849), four years after the first Viking incursions had sacked the whole island, an attack from Córdoba
forced the authorities to ratify the treaty to which the city had submitted in 707. As the city still occupied an
eccentric position regarding the commerce network established by the Caliph in the western Mediterranean, the
enclave was not immediately incorporated into Al-Andalus.
While the Caliphate of Córdoba reinforced its influence upon the Mediterranean, the interest of Al-Andalus for the
city increased. The logical consequence of this evolution was the substitution of the submission treaty by the
effective incorporation of the islands to the Islamic state. This incorporation took place in the last years of theEmirate. a squad under the command of Isam al-Jawlani took advantage of the instability caused by several Viking
incursions and disembarked in Majorca, and after destroying any resistance, incorporated Majorca, with Palma as its
capital, to the Córdobese dominions.
View of the tower of Porto Pí and the Fortress of
Sant Carles in the background.
The incorporation of the city to the Emirate sets the basis for a new
social organisation, far more articulated and complex than before.
Commerce and manufacture developed in a manner that was unknown
previously. This caused a considerable demographic growth, thereby
establishing Medina Mayurqa as one of the major ports for trading
goods in and out of the Caliphate of Córdoba.
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Palma, Majorca 4
Dénia - Balearic Taifa (1015 - 1087)
Sant Nicolau Church
The Umayyad regime, despite its administrative centralisation, mercenary army
and struggle to gain wider social support, could neither harmonise the various
ethnic groups inside al-Andalus nor dissolve the old tribal bounds which still
organised sporadic ethnic in-fighting. During the 11th century, the Caliphate's
control waned considerably. Provinces broke free from the central Córdobeseadministration, and became effectively sovereign states - taifas - under the same
governors that had been named by the last Umayyad Caliphs. According to their
origin, these "taifas" can be grouped under three broad categories: Arabian,
Berber, or Slavic origin.
Palma was part of the taifa of Dénia. The founder of this state was a client of the
Al-Mansur family, Muyahid ibn Yusuf ibn Ali, who could take profit from the
progressive crumbling of the Caliphate's superstructure to gain control over the
province of Dénia. Subsequently, Muyahid organised a campaign throughout the
Balearic Islands to consolidate this district and incorporated them to its "taifa" in early 1015.
During the following years Palma became the main port from where attacks on Christian vessels and coasts could be
launched. Palma was the base from where a campaign against Sardinia was launched between 1016 and 1017, which
caused the intervention of Pisans and Genoese forces. Later, this intervention set the basis for Italian mercantile
penetration of the city.
The Denian dominion lasted until 1087, a period during which the city, as well as the rest of the islands, was
relatively peaceful. Their supremacy at sea was still not rivalled by the Italian merchant republics, thus there were
few external threats.
The Balearic Taifa (1087 - 1115) and the Western Mediterranean
The Banu Hud conquest of Dénia and the incorporation of this to the Eastern district of the taifa of Zaragoza meant
the destruction of the work of Muyahid. The Islands got unbound from peninsular dominion and for a short time,
enjoyed independence, during which Medina Mayurqa was the capital.
The economy during this period depended on both agriculture and piracy. In the latter 11th century, Christian
commercial powers took the initiative at sea against the Muslims. After centuries of fighting defensively in the face
of Islamic pressure, Italians, Catalans and Occitans took offensive action. Consequently, the benefits of piracy
diminished causing severe economic stress on the city.
The clearest proof of the new ruling relation of forces, from 1090, is the Crusade organised by the most important
mercantile cities of the Christian states against the Islands. This effort was destined to finally eradicate Muslim
piracy mainly based in Palma and surrounding havens. In 1115, Palma was sacked and later abandoned by an
expedition commanded by Ramon Berenguer III the Great, count of Barcelona and Provence, which comprised
Catalans, Pisans and other Italians, and soldiers from Provence, Corsica, and Sardinia, in a struggle to end
Almoravid control.
After this, the Islands became part of the Almoravid Caliphate. The inglobement of all the taifa to a larger state
helped to re-establish a balance along the frontier that separated western Christian states from the Muslim world.
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Palma, Majorca 5
Santa Eulalia church, in which James
II of Majorca was crowned on
September 12, 1276.
The period of the Banu Ganiya (1157 - 1203)
The situation changed in the mid-12th century, when the Almoravids, were
displaced from al-Andalus and western Maghreb by the Almohad. Almoravid
dominions, from 1157 on, were restricted to the Balearic Islands, with Palma
again acting as the capital, governed by Muhammad ibn Ganiya. Massive arrivalof al-Andalus refugees contributed to reinforce the positions of the last
Almoravid legitimatists, the Banu Ganiya, who, conscious of their weakness in
the Western Mediterranean context, started to get closer to the growing powers
represented by Italian maritime republics. Genoa and Pisans obtained in this
period their first commercial concessions in the city and the rest of the islands.
The Banu Ganiya, taking advantage of the great loss suffered by Abu Yuqub
Yusuf in the Battle of Santarém (1184), attacked Ifriqiya, where the Almohad
dominion had not been consolidated yet, in the same year. However, this attack
was repelled and the Almohad authorities encouraged anti-Almoravid revolts in
the Islands. The city was captured by the Almohads in 1203.
Christian Reconquest and late Middle Age
Bellver Castle, was the first circle castle in
Europe.
Royal Palace of La Almudaina, built in 1309 over
other former castle.
On December 31, 1229, after three months of siege, the city was
reconquered by James I of Aragon and was renamed Palma de
Mallorca. In addition to being kept as capital of the Kingdom of
Majorca, it was given a municipality that comprised the whole island.
The governing organ was the University of the City and Kingdom of
Majorca. After the death of James I of Aragon, Palma was joint capital
of the Kingdom of Majorca, together with Perpignan. His son, James II
of Majorca, championed the construction of statues and monuments in
the city: Bellver Castle, the churches of St. Francesc and St. Domingo,
reformed the Palace of Almudaina and began the construction of the
Cathedral of Majorca.
Abraham Cresques was a 14th-century Jewish cartographer of the
Majorcan cartographic school from Palma; Cresques is credited with
the authorship of the famous Catalan Atlas.
The river that cut through the city gave rise to two distinct areas within
the city; "Upper town" and "Lower town", depending upon which sideof the river they were situated.
The city's privileged geographical location allowed it to keep extensive
commerce with Catalonia, Valencia, Provence, the Maghreb, the
Italian republics and the dominions of the Great Turk, which heralded
a golden age for the city.
At the beginning of the 16th century, the Rebellion of the Brotherhoods (a peasant uprising against Charles V's
administration) and the frequent attack of Turkish and Berber pirates caused a reduction of commercial activities and
a huge inversion in defensive structures. As a consequence, the city entered a period of decadence that would last till
the end of the 17th century.
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Palma, Majorca 6
Palma's Silk Exchange, a masterpiece of the
Gothic architecture in Majorca. Built between
1420 and 1452.
17th to 19th centuries
The 17th century is characterised by the division of the city in two
sides or gangs, named Canamunts and Canavalls (from Majorcan
Catalan "the ones from the upper/lower side"), with severe social and
economical repercussions. During this period the port became a
corsairs haven. During the last quarter of the century, the Inquisition
reinforced its prosecution of the Jews, locally named xuetes.
The fall of Barcelona in 1714 meant the end of the Spanish Succession
War and the defeat and destruction of the Crown of Aragon, and this
was reflected on the Decretos de Nueva Planta, issued by Phillip V of
Spain in 1715. This occupation decree changed the government of the
island and separated it from the municipality's government of Palma,
which became the official city name. By the end of the 19th century,
the name Palma de Mallorca was generalised in written Spanish, although it is still colloquially named Ciutat
("city") in Catalan. In the 18th century Charles III of Spain removed interdiction of commerce with Spanish colonies
in America and the port and commercial activity of the city grew once again.
City council of Palma
At the beginning of the 19th century, Palma became the refuge of
many who had exiled themselves from the Napoleonic occupation of
Catalonia and Valencia; during this period freedom flourished, until
the absolutist restoration. With the establishing of the contemporary
Spanish state administrative organization, Palma became the capital of
the new province of Balearic Islands in the 1833 territorial division of
Spain. The French occupation of Algeria in the 19th century ended the
fear of Maghrebi attacks in Majorca, which favoured the expansion of
new maritime lines, and consequently, the economic growth of the city,
which suffered a demographic increase, with the birth of new nucleus
of population.
Contemporary age
Population of Palma (1900-2006)
Since the 1950s, the advent of mass tourism
radically changed the face of both the city
and island, transforming it into a centre of
attraction for visitors and attracting workersfrom mainland Spain. This contributed to a
huge change in the traditions, the
sociolinguistic map, urbanisation and
acquisitive power.
The boom in tourism caused Palma to grow
significantly, with repercussions on
immigration. In 1960, Majorca received
500,000 visitors, in 1997 it received more
than 6,739,700. In 2001 more than
19,200,000 people passed through Son Sant Joan airport near Palma, with an additional 1.5 million coming by sea.
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Palma, Majorca 7
In the 21st century, urban redevelopment, by the so-called Pla Mirall (English "Mirror Plan"), attracted important
groups of immigrant workers from outside the European Union, especially from Africa and South America.
Geography
Palma pictured from the International Space
Station
Palma is the major city and seaport geographically located in the
south-west of Majorca. The city lies on the larger coastal Bay of Palma
in the western Mediterranean Sea. The land area of the city is about
21.355 km² with an altitude of 13 metres.
Palma is bordered by rocky inlets and marinas on the south side, whilst
many of the tourist resorts are positioned towards the east side of the
city. The central zone that extends from Palma is generally a flat fertile
plain known as Es Pla. There are two uninhabited islands, which are
located southeast of Palma and Dragonera which is west of Palma.[5]
Climate
Climate data for Palma de Mallorca ( Satelitte view [6])
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 15.2
(59.4)
15.7
(60.3)
17.1
(62.8)
18.7
(65.7)
22.1
(71.8)
25.9
(78.6)
28.9
(84)
29.5
(85.1)
27.1
(80.8)
23.4
(74.1)
19.2
(66.6)
16.5
(61.7)
21.6
(70.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 11.7
(53.1)
12.1
(53.8)
13.3
(55.9)
15.0
(59)
18.4
(65.1)
22.1
(71.8)
25.1
(77.2)
25.9
(78.6)
23.4
(74.1)
19.7
(67.5)
15.7
(60.3)
13.0
(55.4)
17.9
(64.2)
Average low °C (°F) 8.3(46.9)
8.5(47.3)
9.5(49.1)
11.3(52.3)
14.7(58.5)
18.4(65.1)
21.3(70.3)
22.2(72)
19.8(67.6)
16.1(61)
12.1(53.8)
9.7(49.5)
14.3(57.7)
Precipitation mm (inches) 43
(1.69)
34
(1.34)
26
(1.02)
43
(1.69)
30
(1.18)
11
(0.43)
5
(0.2)
17
(0.67)
39
(1.54)
68
(2.68)
58
(2.28)
45
(1.77)
427
(16.81)
Avg. precipitation days (≥
1 mm)
5 5 4 6 4 2 1 1 4 7 6 6 52
Mean monthly sunshinehours
165 168 204 231 280 307 342 313 228 204 165 154 2,763
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[7]
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Palma, Majorca 8
Main sights
Bus tour of the city
"Palma City Sightseeing"
Plaça d'Espanya
The Plaça d'Espanya is the transport hub of Palma. The Estació
Intermodal caters for buses and trains (the latter controlled by TIB).
The two old buildings home to the tourist information and several cafés
sit either side of the two large escalators which lead into the Estació,
which interestingly enough sits underneath a large and popular park.
On the lawns are several glass boxes, which let in light and ventilation
to the station below ground. There are also train-themed playing
structures, each one shaped like a train carriage and named after towns
along the line of the Ferrocarril de Sóller, a railway dating back to
1911 which has its Palma Station right next to the park. Just down the
street from here a new bus station is under construction.
The Cathedral Area
Palma is famous for La Seu, its vast cathedral originally built on a previous mosque. Although construction began in
1229, it did not finish until 1601 and local architect Antoni Gaudí was drafted in during a restoration project in 1901.
The Parc de la Mar (Park of the Sea) lies just south overlooked by the great building which sits above it on the city's
stone foundations. Between these two are the town walls. Here there is a vast blue and yellow canopy strung over a
lower area, shading rows of wooden benches.
The Old City
El Pueblo Español
The Old City (in the south-east area of Palma behind the Cathedral) is afascinating maze of streets clearly hinting towards an Arab past. With the
exception of a few streets and squares which allow traffic and are more
populated with tourists most of the time, the walkways of this city quarter are
fairly narrow, quiet streets, surrounded by a diverse range of interesting
buildings, the architecture of which can easily be compared with those in streets
of cities such as Florence (Italy), for example. The majority are private houses,
some of which are open to the public as discreet museums or galleries. The tall
structures, characteristic window boxes, detailed metal carvings and overhanging
eaves of these buildings make a stark contrast with the view of the bay that is
obtained by stepping out of the shady alleyways next to the cathedral and ontothe old city walls. The Old City is also home to the Ajuntament (or Town Hall),
the Convent of the Cathedral and the Banys Àrabs.
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Palma, Majorca 9
Old streets in Palma
Banys Àrabs
Colom street
View of the ancient mills of El Jonquet
The Banys Àrabs, or Arab Baths, one of the few remnants of Palma's
Moorish past, are accessed via the quiet Ca'n Serra street near the
Convent of the Cathedral, and include the lush gardens of Ca'n
Fontirroig, home to Sardinian warblers, house sparrows, cacti, palm
trees, and a wide range of flowers and ferns. The small two-roomed
brick building that once housed the bath is in fact of Byzantine origin,
dating back to the 11th century and possibly once part of the home of a
Muslim nobleman. The bath room has a cupola with five oculi which
let in dazzling light. The twelve columns holding up the small room
were pillaged from an earlier Roman construction. The floor over the
hypocaust has been worn away by people standing in the centre,
mainly to photograph the entrance and the garden beyond it. The whole
room is in a rather disreputable condition. The other room is a brick
cube with a small model of the baths as they once were in the corner.
Unfortunately one of the columns in this model has fallen over.
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Palma, Majorca 10
Rubbish containers
Palma rubbish bins
Harbour of Palma with the Castle of Bellver in
the background
Rather more modern additions to the old parts of the city are the
attractive and discreet bronze rubbish collecting bins. They operate
under the simple method of putting one's refuse into the cylinder at the
top of the machine and turning a handle which then revolves the
cylinder, tipping it into the lower area of the bin.
Sports
Football is the most important sport on the island, led by the Primera
División football league team Real Mallorca with its stadium placed at
Palma. Segunda División B team CD Atlético Baleares also play in
Palma and Real Mallorca B.
Because of its island condition all the sea sports have also a big
presence in Palma. Maybe the most important event is the Trofeo
Ciutat de Palma.
Road cycling is very popular in Mallorca, with many enthusiasts from
northern European countries coming to enjoy the relatively pleasant
weather in winter and spring, as well as the opportunity to tackle
several fine mountain climbs in the north of the island. An
international race for professional cyclists, the Vuelta a Mallorca, is
held in February, the first day of which consists of a circuit race around
the streets of Palma.
Palma was the host of the tennis event Battle of Surfaces.
Platja de Palma in El Arenal
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Palma, Majorca 11
Transport
Correfocs in Palma
•• Palma de Mallorca Metro
•• Majorca rail network
•• Palma de Mallorca Airport
•• The city bus system, which includes a loop line through the historic
centre, is run by the EMT (See external link below).
•• There is also a bus system run by the TIB. This includes routes to
and from the municipalities Calvià and Palma.
Notes
[1] http:/ / tools.wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Palma,_Majorca&
params=39_34_N_2_39_E_region:ES_type:city
[2] http:/ / www. palmademallorca. es/ portal/ PALMA/ home. jsp?codResi=1& language=en
[3] Palma (http:/ / www.britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 440117/ Palma). Encyclopædia Britannica.
[6] http:/ / toolserver. org/ ~geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Palma,_Majorca& params=39_33_N_2_37_E_region:ES_type:city
Further reading• "Palma" (http:/ / www. archive.org/ stream/ spainportugalhan00karlrich#page/ n459/ mode/ 2up), Spain and
Portugal: handbook for travellers (3rd ed.), Leipsic: Karl Baedeker, 1908, OCLC 1581249 (http:/ / www.
worldcat.org/ oclc/ 1581249)
• "Palma" (http:/ / archive. org/ stream/ encyclopdiabri20chis#page/ 642/ mode/ 2up), The Encyclopaedia
Britannica (11th ed.), New York: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1910, OCLC 14782424 (http:/ / www.worldcat.
org/ oclc/ 14782424)
External links• Ajuntament de Palma (http:/ / www. a-palma. es/ )
• Alojamiento en Mallorca (http:/ / www.mallorca-finca. es/ )
• Allround-multimedia information Mallorca, IPTV 24/7, OTT (http:/ / www. teleweb-mallorca. com/ en/ )
• Alternative guide of Palma de Majorca: shops, hotels, to do... (http:/ / www.ahiddenplace. es/ en/ )
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Article Sources and Contributors 12
Article Sources and ContributorsPalma, Majorca Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=557866659 Contributors: *drew, A Nobody, Achangeisasgoodasa, Ahoerstemeier, Ahuskay, Airwolf, Andrij Kursetsky,
Andromeda, Andy M. Wang, Angelo.romano, Arpingstone, Attilios, Bcorr, Bolivian Unicyclist, Briantist, Burn, Burndownthedisco, CJLL Wright, CRKingston, Carlossuarez46, Chagai,
ChrisGualtieri, Cnoguera, Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, Conscious, D6, DanMS, Daondo, DavidHallett, Deb, Deflective, Dekimasu, Demophon, Dimartorell, Donner60, Download,
DrumCarton, EagerToddler39, EdBever, Ekren, Enric Naval, Eratóstenes de Cirene, Error, FMasic, Fallschirmjäger, FayssalF, Fernando, Ferransancho, Flauto Dolce, FocalPoint, Friedfish,
Gennarous, George955, Gershwinrb, Gilgamesh, GraemeL, Guaca, Heralder, Hinzel, Hmains, Hopwas2007, Hu12, Ian Pitchford, Igiffin, Indon, Inter-man, JHunterJ, James5555, Jameswilson,
Jaraalbe, Jeff3000, Jengod, Jmabel, Jose piratilla, Karl-Henner, Keycard, Kman543210, Koavf, Kralizec!, Lavishlova, Liface, Lliura, Llull, Loqu, Lova Falk, Ludraman, M2545, MChew,
Magicmonster, Mainzer1992, Majorcasun, Mallorca Now, Maor X, Marcbel, Marcoil, Marek69, MarianPlange, MaxSem on AWB wheels, Mean as custard, Mets501, Michellecrisp, Mmounties,MontanNito, Montrealais, Morgan1806, MsgrCloche, Mtaylor848, Mtiedemann, NAZONAZO, Nativebreed, Nauka, Neofung, Nick Number, Nimora, Num1dgen, Onlineediting, Panairjdde,
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Spiridens, Stiivyn, Subtropical-man, Suriel1981, Sw2nd, Tanger, Tashulina, Tobypocock, Toniher, Top Cat 14, Tovkal, Tpbradbury, Tzartzam, Ugly Elephant, Unf, Vald, Valenciano, Van
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