"Performance: diálogos y acciones para construirse a sí misma" Memoria de Fabiola Núñez

7/25/2019 "Performance: dilogos y acciones para construirse a s misma" Memoria de Fabiola Nez

1/77

VCJ^FYQJGDG GF DYWFQ, AJFCAJDQ Z AL@VCJADAJC

Ndaumtdg gf Drtf, Gjsfl y Drqujtfaturd

Adrrfrd gf Drtfs ^jsudmfs y Nltlordnd

XFYNLY@DCAF2 GJMLOLQ Z DAAJLCFQ XDYD ALCQWYVJYQF D Q @JQ@D

Xrlyfatl pdrd lptdr dm Ordgl Dadg`jal gf Mjafcajdgd fc Drtfs ^jsudmfs yNltlordnd y dm Wjtuml Xrlnfsjlcdm gf Drtjstd ^jsudm y Nltordnd

Xrlnfslrd Oud2 Ylsd @ulz Alrrfd@ftlgmlol2 Euol Odrad Odrrjgl

Fstugjdctf2Ndijlmd Xdz Cfz Gdz

Jcamuyf vfrsjc gjojtdm, AG-YL@

Qdctjdol gf Aejmf, Gjajf`irf gf 9847


2/77

XFYNLY@DCAF2 GDMLOLQ Z DAAJLCFQ XDYD ALCQWYVJYQF D Q @JQ@D 9

Dordgfaj`jfctls

D `js pdgrfs plr dplydr`f gfsgf uc al`jfczl fc md fmfaajc gf fstd efr`lsd

adrrfrd y plr jcafctjvdr`f d alcsfoujr `j prlyfatl gf vjgd. D `js nd`jmjdrfs plr

su almdilrdajc.

D `js d`jols, plr su dyugd y al`prfcsjc plr `js dusfcajds audcgl `f

rfqujrjfrlc pdrd rfucjrcls y al`pdrtjr.

D `js al`pdfrls, alc mls quf al`pdrt md `dylr pdrtf gfm gd, al`l sj

nurd`ls ucd nd`jmjd, fc mdrods claefs gf vjojmjd fc md Vcjvfrsjgdg, qufgcglcls

d glr`jr, al`jfcgl al`pmftls y supfrdcgl mds mj`jtdajlcfs prlpjds gf md vjgd

ucjvfrsjtdrjd alc sus pfcds y dmfords, quf bd`s lmvjgdrf`ls y, plr slirf tlgl,plr fm al`pdfrjs`l quf cls irjcgd`ls sjf`prf fc mls `l`fctls gjnajmfs.

D Ylsd @ulz Alrrfd plr su jcfstj`dimf dyugd fc fstf mdrol ad`jcl, plr

mds ejstlrjds, plr mds alcvfrsdajlcfs, mls adns, mls adrjls y plr sfr al`l ucd

`dgrf fc md Vcjvfrsjgdg.


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cgjaf

Xo.

Yfsu`fc .............................................................................................................7

Jctrlguaajc .........................................................................................................6

Libftjvl Ofcfrdm ..................................................................................................?

Libftjvls Fspfanjals .........................................................................................?

Adptuml J

4.4 Xfrnlr`dcaf2 uc mfctf dcdmtjal ............................................................5

4.9 Jgfctjgdg, fm yl y md pfrnlr`dcaf ........................................................ 47

4.1 Aufrpl, slplrtf gfm gjsaursl .............................................................. 98

4.7 Md `lgjnjadajc gfm aufrpl, uc fbfrajajl jmfcdrjl .............................. 91

Adptuml JJ

9.4 Aufrpls quf gfbdc drads ................................................................. 17

9.9 Jgfctjgdg fc fm drtf ............................................................................. 1:

9.1 Aufrpls .............................................................................................. 77

Adptuml JJJ

1.4 Jgfctjgdg y ocfrl fc ucd slajfgdg daejstd .................................... 6?

1.9 Aufrpl, lgjnjadajc f jcstjtuajlcdmjgdg ............................................. >1

Alcamusjc ......................................................................................................... ?9

Yfnfrfcajds ........................................................................................................ ?6


4/77


Yfsu`fc

Fc fstf trdidbl sf dcdmjzd fm gfsdrrlmml ejstrjal quf ed tfcjgl md pfrnlr`dcaf fc

Aejmf y fc fm ùcgl, su rfmdajc alc efaels slajdmfs, plmtjals y aumturdmfs. Dstdìjc, mds nlr`ds quf sf edc utjmjzdgl pdrd jctfrdatudr alc fm fspfatdglr y mls

fnfatls quf fstl prlguaf fc fm drtjstd y su dugjfcajd. Fstl fs, adìjls `fctdmfs,

alrplrdmfs, dc`jals, mls m`jtfs quf dtrdvjfsd fm drtjstd dm gfsdrrlmmdr su lird.

Dgf`s, a`l std sf rfmdajlcd alc md jgfctjgdg y md `lgjnjadajc gfm fctlrcl.

Ml dctfrjlr, `fgjdctf ucd mdilr jcvfstjodtjvd quf gd aufctd gf mls prlafslsquf nlr`dc pdrtf gf fstd gjsajpmjcd.

Fs plr fmml quf sf al`pjmdc gdtls gf gjstjctls `fgjls al`l2 tfxtls,

rfvjstds, drtjstds, lirds, glau`fctls, pojcds wfi, pfmjaumds, fctrf ltrds nufctfs.

Fm prlyfatl sf fstruaturd fc trfs adptumls. Fc fm adptuml J, sf gfsdrrlmmdc

mls alcafptls gf pfrnlr`dcaf, jgfctjgdg y aufrpl. Fc fm adptuml JJ, sf rfmdajlcdc

mls alcafptls alc rfnfrfctfs drtstjals y dugjlvjsudmfs. Fc fm adptuml JJJ, sf

gfsdrrlmmd fm prlafsl gf lird gf md drtjstd. Njcdm`fctf sf prfsfctdc mds

alcamusjlcfs gfm trdidbl.


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Jctrlguaajc

Fm trdidbl gf md drtjstd fc fm `ijtl gf md pfrnlr`dcaf, al`jfczd d gfsdrrlmmdrsf

audcgl aursdid fm tfrafr dl gf Vcjvfrsjgdg, prj`frl gf nlr`d `uy jctujtjvd; plal

d plal jcgdodcgl y fxpmlrdcgl fc md gjsajpmjcd.

Jcjaj su prlafsl gf lird jcvfstjodcgl gjvfrsls drtjstds quf gfsdrrlmmdidc

fstd gjsajpmjcd, sus trdidbls, mds tf`tjads dilrgdgds; pdrd alclafr fxprfsjlcfs,

gjc`jads y tjf`pls gf md pfrnlr`dcaf. Xlstfrjlr`fctf al`fcz d jgfctjnjadr

alcafptls quf tf`tjad`fctf sf rfmdajlcdrdc alc mls trdidbls quf vfcd

rfdmjzdcgl, pugjfcgl gfsdrrlmmdrmls y prlnucgjzdcgl fc fmmls `jfctrds alctjcudid

md adrrfrd. Mls alcafptls prjcajpdmfs fstc rfmdajlcdgls d2 jgfctjgdg y aufrpl,

fxpfrj`fctdgls d trdvs gf md pfrnlr`dcaf.

Fc uc al`jfczl md drtjstd sf aufstjlc md rfmdajc drtjstd-fspfatdglr, y ml

quf sf ofcfrd ucd vfz quf sf mmfvdid d adil md daajc. Xlstfrjlr`fctf mf jctfrfs

a`l, `fgjdctf md pfrnlr`dcaf, sf ofcfrdidc gdmlols y daajlcfs quf

pfr`jtjfrdc md alcstruaajc gf md jgfctjgdg, fspfanjad`fctf gf su prlpjd

jgfctjgdg.

Md jcvfstjodajc sf gjvjgf fc trfs adptumls. Fm prj`fr adptuml, sf gjvjgf fcaudtrl sui tf`ds; fm prj`frl mmd`dgl Xfrnlr`dcaf2 uc mfctf dcdmtjal, jcvfstjod md

pfrnlr`dcaf, fspfanjad`fctf su lrjofc, su gfsdrrlmml, sus fxplcfctfs `ds

gfstdadgls, tdctl fc Aejmf al`l fc ltrls alctfxtls; sus `dcjnfstdajlcfs y fm


6/77

XFYNLY@DCAF2 GDMLOLQ Z DAAJLCFQ XDYD ALCQWYVJYQF D Q @JQ@D >

fstdgl gf md pfrnlr`dcaf fc md datudmjgdg. Fm sfoucgl tf`d, Jgfctjgdg, fm yl y md

pfrnlr`dcaf, dpuctd d md alcstruaajc gf md jgfctjgdg, su rfmdajc alc fm fctlrcl;

fspfajdm`fctf al`l fxpfrjfcajd gf alcstruaajlc pfrslcdm y slajdm. Fm tfrafrl

mmd`dgl Aufrpl, slplrtf gfm gjsaursl, prlnucgjzd mds prlimf`tjads gfm aufrpl y

sus alcafpajlcfs slirf ml slajdm, ml plmtjal y ml ijlmojal. Njcdm`fctf sf alcamuyf

alc fm tf`d Md `lgjnjadajc gfm aufrpl, uc fbfrajajl `jmfcdrjl, ucd `jrdgd d mds

`lgjnjadajlcfs alrplrdmfs, sus lrofcfs, tjpls y alctfxtls, sus sjocjnjadgls

aumturdmfs, lgjnjadajlcfs alrplrdmfs fc fm ucgl drtstjal, fctrf ltrls.

Fm sfoucgl adptuml y sus suitf`ds, dilrgdc mds lirds gf mls sjoujfctfs

drtjstds2 @drjcd Dird`lvja, Yfojcd Bls Odmjcgl, Xjfrrf @lmjcjfr y @lcd Edtlu`,

dgf`s gfm dcmjsjs gf mds pfmaumds Wef dgvfcturfs ln Xrjsajmmd, quffc ln tef

gfsfrt y Md pjfm quf edijtl, fstdimfajfcgl ucd rfmdajc alc mds tf`tjads

dilrgdgds plr md drtjstd fc sus pfrnlr`dcafs.

Fm tfrafr y mtj`l adptuml sf gjvjgf fc gls tf`ds, fm prj`frl Jgfctjgdg Z

Ocfrl fc ucd slajfgdg `daejstd y fm sfoucgl Aufrpl, `lgjnjadajc f

jcstjtuajlcdmjgdg; dmm sf rfvjsdc mds lirds quf ed gfsdrrlmmdgl md drtjstd d ml mdrol

gf su adrrfrd y sf rfalclafc mds tf`tjads trdtdgds.

Njcdm`fctf, sf jctfctdc dmoucds alcamusjlcfs y rfnlrùmdc prfouctds quf

pufgfc ofcfrdr gjstjctds vjsjlcfs alc rfspfatl d md pfrnlr`dcaf y su gfsdrrlmml,

cl slml fc fm ìjtl drtstjal, sjcl fc ùaels ltrls, md pfrnlr`dcaf al`l `fgjl

gf alcstruaajlc gf jgfctjgdg y md nucajc gfm aufrpl gfctrl gf fstf prlafsl.


7/77

XFYNLY@DCAF2 GDMLOLQ Z DAAJLCFQ XDYD ALCQWYVJYQF D Q @JQ@D ?

Libftjvl Ofcfrdm

Jgfctjnjadr md rfmdajc gf md pfrnlr`dcaf al`l fxprfsjc gf drtf, alc mls prlafsls

gf alcstruaajc gf jgfctjgdg gf md drtjstd.

Libftjvls Fspfanjals

Lisfrvdr md pfrnlr`dcaf y su gfsdrrlmml ejstrjal fc rfmdajc d mds

prlimf`tjads slajdmfs, aumturdmfs y plmtjads.

Jgfctjnjadr rfmdajlcfs fctrf jgfctjgdg y pfrnlr`dcaf fc md lird gf dmoucls

drtjstds.

Alcstrujr jgfctjgdg `fgjdctf md ucjc gf mls sfctj`jfctls y md rdajlcdmjgdg.


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ADXWVML J

4.4 Xfrnlr`dcaf, uc mfctf dcdmtjal

Md pfrnlr`dcaf sf f`pjfzd d gfsdrrlmmdr fc fm sjoml UU, fc vdcoudrgjds al`l fm

Nuturjs`l y fm Gdgdjs`l, dgf`s gf ltrds jcnmufcajds al`l fm Daajlcjs`l

^jfcs.

Ds fs al`l Gdg prlamd`d fm rfaedzl y md rfifmgd nrfctf d mds clr`ds

fstdimfajgds, edy uc sfctj`jfctl gf gfsfspfrdajc y sf prlguaf ucd arsjs fc fm

fsprjtu gf mls drtjstds.

Fstf ocfrl sf adrdatfrjzd plrquf sf prfsfctd fc vjvl plr fm drtjstd, fc

dmoucls adsls buctl d almdilrdglrfs u ltrls pfrnlr`jstds, ùaeds vfafs alc ucd

j`plrtdctf glsjs gf j`prlvjsdajc. Fm drtjstd iusad ofcfrdr dslìrl l

prlvladajc.

Md pfrnlr`dcaf sf gjnfrfcajd gfm rfstl gf mds prlpufstds drtstjads, plrquf

sf gfsdrrlmmd fc uc muodr gftfr`jcdgl, gurdctf uc pfrlgl gf tjf`pl alcarftl y

`jfctrds fm drtjstd rfdmjzd su jgfd, fc dmoucls adsls, mds daajlcfs sf rfojstrdc

`fgjdctf vjgfl y nltlordnd, gf `dcfrd gf oudrgdr uc rfojstrl gfm trdidbl

rfdmjzdgl, yd quf sjc fmmls cl plgrd`ls tfcfr glau`fctdajc gf mds

pfrnlr`dcafs gfsdrrlmmdgds.

@uaed ofctf ed alcsjgfrdgl fm drtf alrplrdm al`l dmol pfrturidglr, ml

adtdmlodc gf psjatjal y fxejijajlcjstd, fs ucd fspfajf gf difrrdajc gfctrl gf md

ejstlrjd gfm Drtf; sjc fìdrol, sf lmvjgd fm `ltjvl plr fm audm suroj.


9/77

XFYNLY@DCAF2 GDMLOLQ Z DAAJLCFQ XDYD ALCQWYVJYQF D Q @JQ@D :

Fc fm dl 4:98 sf rfdmjzd md prj`frd Nfrjd Jctfrcdajlcdm gf Drtf Gdg, fc

Dmf`dcjd, fspfanjad`fctf fc md ajugdg gf Ifrmc. Mls drtjstds quf fxpusjfrlc

mmfvdrlc lirds prlvladglrds y fc dmoucls adsls lisafcds, alc dmtl alctfcjgl

plmtjal.

Mls drtjstds gdgds pdsdc d sfr alcsjgfrdgls dutctjals rfifmgfs, alc ucd

plsturd fxtrdvdodctf, gf prlvladajc, cfodajc, gf gfstruaajc nrfctf d tlgl ml

fstdimfajgl.

Vcl gf mls drtjstds amdvfs gfctrl gfm Gdg nuf @drafm Guaed`p, quf dpdrtjr gfm dl 4:41 al`jfczd d pmdctfdrsf quf fc sus mjfczls fxjstf gf`dsjdgl

rfmmfcl, gf`dsjdgd `dsd, plr fcgf al`jfczd uc prlafsl pdrd mjifrdr d fsls

mjfczls gf fsf pfsl, gf fsf rfmmfcl y fm rfsumtdgl nuf md lird Fm Ordc Arjstdm.

Guaed`p al`jfczd d utjmjzdr libftls gf usl altjgjdcl, ofcfrdm`fctf

ndirjadgls gf nlr`d jcgustrjdmjzdgd y mls alcvjfrtf fc lirds gf drtf. D fstl sf mf

mmd` Yfdgy @dgf. Fm gdgds`l pmdctfd qujc fs fm quf `drad md lird gf drtf,

dgf`s `lgjnjad md rfmdajc pdsjvd fctrf fm fspfatdglr y md lird gf drtf.

Guaed`p (4:?6) pmdctfd2 Fm drtjstd cl fs fm cjal quf

alcsu`d fm datl arfdglr, pufs fm fspfatdglr fstdimfaf fm

alctdatl gf md lird alc fm `ucgl fxtfrjlr, gfsajnrdcgl f

jctfrprftdcgl sus prlnucgds admjnjadajlcfs pdrd ddgjr

fctlcafs su prlpjd alctrjiuajc dm prlafsl arfdtjvl (po.

4>1)


10/77


Mls gdgdjstds sf aufstjlcdc2 Tujc gfajgf quf fstl fs drtf< Xlr qu

fstl fs ifmml y fstl cl, qujc ml gjaf< Fstds prfouctds nufrlc amdvfs pdrd fm

gfsdrrlmml gfm drtf alctf`plrcfl. Fstl mmfv d ucd rfnmfxjc, fc glcgf fm drtf yd

cl vd sfr fm `js`l.

Fctrf mls drtjstds alctf`plrcfls quf rfdmjzdc pfrnlr`dcaf, sf fcaufctrd

@drjcd Dird`lvja, ucd drtjstd Qfrijd, alcsjgfrdgd md diufmd gf md pfrnlr`dcaf, fc

mds audmfs jcvfstjod y fxpmlrd mls m`jtfs gf ml psqujal y ml `fctdm.

Fc `uaeds gf sus pfrnlr`dcafs ed mdafrdgl y nmdofmdgl su aufrpl, fc ucdladsjc alcofm su aufrpl fc imlqufs gf ejfml y sf grlo pdrd alctrlmdr sus

`saumls, uaeds vfafs ed mmfodgl dm fxtrf`l gf qufgdr jcalcsajfctf.

Md jctfcajc gf Dird`lvja cl fs fm sfcsdajlcdmjs`l, sjcl

quf sus trdidbls pdsdc d sfr ucd sfrjf gf fxpfrj`fctls quf

iusadc jgfctjnjadr y gfnjcjr mls m`jtfs fc fm alctrlm slirf su

aufrpl; md rfmdajc fctrf fm pimjal y fm pfrnlr`fr, fm drtf y,

plr fxtfcsjc, mls agjols quf olijfrcdc md slajfgdg. Qus

prlyfatls iusadc gfsauirjr uc `tlgl, d trdvs gfm drtf, quf

edod sfctjr d md ofctf `s mjirf (fcnladrtf.al`, 9888-9884,

prr.9)

Fc sus pfrnlr`dcaf sjf`prf jctfctd iusadr fm mj`jtf fc fm audm fm pimjal

al`prufid su rfsjstfcajd d tfstj`lcjdr fm glmlr y fm sunrj`jfctl, arfdcgl uc puctl

gf rupturd, `dradcgl rdgjadmf`fctf mds sfcsdajlcfs gfm prfsfctf gfm fspfatdglr

(fcnladrtf.al`, 9888-9884, prr. 4)


11/77


Md drtjstd iusad gfsprfcgfrsf gf uc drtf trdgjajlcdm y gf fstd nlr`d

ofcfrdr `dylr afradcd alc fm fspfatdglr, pdrd edafrml pdrtjajpf gf md lird. Xlr

fcgf, iusad fspdajls rfdmfs pdrd prfsfctdr su lird, tdmfs al`l, md admmf, fm ajcf,

mds adnftfrds, md jomfsjd.

Md pfrnlr`dcaf fc Aejmf sf al`fcz d gfsdrrlmmdr edaf `s gf `fgjl

sjoml, mls prj`frls drtjstds nufrlc Fcrjquf Mjec y Dmfbdcgrl Blglrlwsky. Fc 4:?:,

sf arfd fm Almfatjvl gf Daajlcfs gf Drtf (ADGD), adrdatfrjzdgl plr trdidbdr fc

tlrcl d ucd prlpufstd afctrdm gf jctfrvfcjr fm fspdajl pimjal sdctjdoujcl alc fm njc

gf lgjnjadr y aufstjlcdr md nlr`d gf vjgd fc gjatdgurd.

Ltrl gf mls orupls pfrnlr`tjals j`plrtdctfs fc cufstrl pds nuf Mds

Zfouds gfm Dpladmjpsjs, d njcfs gf md gjatdgurd; sf vfstdc gf `ubfr cl sml pdrd

edafr ucd gfnfcsd gf ml el`lsfxudm, sjcl pdrd pmdctfdr ucd artjad gjrfatd dm

adratfr alcsfrvdglr gf md slajfgdg y dm `l`fctl plmtjal quf sf fstdid vjvjfcgl.

Fc Aejmf md pfrnlr`dcaf ed tfcjgl uc ordc ojrl, yd quf sf ed trdcsnlr`dgl

fc uc j`plrtdctf `fgjl gf prltfstd, prfsfctf cl sml fc fm drtf, sjcl fc fsafcds

gfm gd d gd; md pfrnlr`dcaf fs ely ucd daajc eu`dcd, quf fst prfsfctf fc

tlgl, md puimjajgdg, md `lgd.

Gjdcd Wdymlr ajtdgd fc Nufctfs (s.n) al`fctd quf2 [P Xfrnlr`dcaf fs uc

alcafptl quf jcamuyf prltlalmls clr`dtjvls al`l datls gf rfifmgd [P (prr. 9)


12/77


Nufctfs (s.n) pmdctfd quf2 Qf f`pmfd md pfrnlr`dcaf al`l uc mfctf

dcdmtjal pdrd al`prfcgfr al`plrtd`jfctls altjgjdcls, dgf`s pfr`jtf vfr mls

`lgls fc quf sf aufstjlcdc gjnfrfctfs clajlcfs gfm aufrpl. (prr.4)

Datudm`fctf sf utjmjzd md pfrnlr`dcaf pdrd edafr rfamd`ls, rfaupfrdr

fspdajls y gfcucajdr alcgjajlcfs diusjvds, cl sml gfsgf fm ìjtl drtstjal sjcl

tdìjc gfsgf gjstjctds fxprfsjlcfs eu`dcds.

Xlr fbf`pml, fc Aejmf, fm dl 9844 mls fstugjdctfs idjmdrlc fm Werjmmfr gf

@jaedfm Bdakslc pdrd prltfstdr alctrd md plmtjad fguadtjvd gfm fstdgl aejmfcl; ltrlfbf`pml, fs md prltfstd quf ejzl uc orupl gf bvfcfs fc fm Fstdgjl Cdajlcdm pdrd

mds fmfaajlcfs gfm dl 9849, glcgf sf fcadgfcdrlc ucls alc ltrls, sf

drrlgjmmdrlc, sml jcedmdcgl, fxedmdcgl l mmlrdcgl alc md `dcls fc fm aufmml, fstl

edaf rfnfrfcajd d ml laurrjgl fm dl 4:?1, fspfanjad`fctf d mls prfsls plmtjals

tlrturdgls fc fm `js`l fstdgjl.

Fc dìls adsls, sf alcsjgfrdrlc fstds daajlcfs al`l efrrd`jfctds

fnfatjvds pdrd mmd`dr md dtfcajc cdajlcdm f jctfrcdajlcdm pdrd edafr prfsjc fc fm

olijfrcl y mlordr gf fstd nlr`d adìjls fnfatjvls y ndvlrdimfs.

Ltrl adsl ùy alclajgl y alctrlvfrsjdm, nuf fc fm dl 988:, fc Aejmf,

audcgl uc orupl gf gfuglrfs edijtdajlcdmfs gf Dcged Aejmf sf dtrfvj d idbdr dm

mfael gfm Yl @dplael. Fc fstf datl mds pfrslcds drrjfsodrlc su vjgd y pusjfrlc

dm m`jtf mds plsjijmjgdgfs gf slirfvjvjr fc fm doud, fm muodr sf alcvjrtj fc ucd

fspfajf gf pmdzd pimjad pdrd prltfstdr alctrd md dutlrjgdg.


13/77


Md pfrnlr`dcaf tjfcf uc j`pdatl slirf fm pimjal, fm audm, fc fm fspdajl gfm

drtf yd cl fs uc fctf pdsjvl, fstf rfajif ml quf fst pdsdcgl d cjvfm pfrnlr`tjal

fc md slajfgdg y fst dnfatdcgl dm drtjstd. @lgjnjad f jctrlguaf ltrds prlimf`tjads

gfctrl gf fxprfsjlcfs al`l fm drtf, dìds sf fstdc rfnlrùmdcgl alc md daajc

gf md ltrd.

Xlr ltrd pdrtf, ely fc gd ùaels gf mls `lvj`jfctls slajdmfs sf edc

dr`dgl plr jctfrcft fc sfoucgls, plrquf md ofctf sf alùcjad gf nlr`d `s

rpjgd, yd sfd fc uc pdrdgfrl, fc uc pdrtjgl gf nutilm, fc fm supfr`fradgl, plr

clìrdr dmoucls, fstl ml vf`ls fc Aejmf, fc Fspdd, fc nrjad, fc gjstjctls

muodrfs dmrfgfglr gfm ùcgl.

Xdrd md drtjstd fxjstf uc `lvj`jfctl quf laurrf trdspdsdcgl tlgls mls

m`jtfs quf dctfs frdc ùy gjnamfs gf aruzdr; datudm`fctf sf pufgf al`pdrtjr

tlgl ml quf fstd pdsdcgl fc tjf`pl rfdm, sf mmfod d uc puctl fc quf cl sf sdif

quf fs rfdm y quf cl.

Md j`dofc y md alùcjadajc, tdìjfc fs pfrnlr`tjad, yd quf fs ucd

njaajc, ucl ùfstrd ml quf qujfrf y al`l qujfrf. Fstl fs uc datl quf sf edaf alc

uc sfctjgl y uc sjocjnjadgl; cl slmd`fctf edy uc rfojstrl, sjcl quf sf alcstruyf

alc fm rfojstrl, yl gfajgl qu sf puimjad y qu cl, gf qu nlr`d sf alcstruyf, dm

joudm al`l ml edaf fm drtjstd.

Fbf`pml gf fstl fs ml quf laurrj fc fm ùcgjdm gf ntilm gf fstf dl,

fspfanjad`fctf fc Jrc, glcgf mds jòfcfs tfcdc 48 sfoucgls gf gfsndaf; fc

fsls 48 sfoucgls, `lgjnjadidc md jcnlr`dajc y fmj`jcdidc d tlgds mds ùbfrfs


14/77


quf sdmjfrdc alc plad rlpd l `lstrdcgl ajfrtds pdrtfs gf su aufrpl. Adgd ucl

ùfstrd ml quf mf sjrvf y mf alcvjfcf, pfrnlr`dr fs gdrmf nlr`d, sf `dcjpumd md

jcnlr`dajc pdrd gdr uc gjsaursl dr`dgl.

Fc gfnjcjtjvd, md dutlrd rfalclaf quf md pfrnlr`dcaf ed tfcjgl ordcgfs

adìjls, yd quf mds tfaclmlods y md jctfrcft vjrdmjzdc md jcnlr`dajc gf `dcfrd

ùy rpjgd, ml quf dpdrfaf fc mds rfgfs slajdmfs cl tjfcf m`jtf tfrrjtlrjdm, cl sf

gfajgf quf sdmf l cl gfm pds, md jcnlr`dajc sf vjrdmjzd slmd; trdspdsdcgl tlgds

mds idrrfrds, yd sfdc slajdmfs l tfrrjtlrjdmfs; tlgls mls tjf`pls y daajlcfs fc uc

`js`l `l`fctl y fc tjf`pl rfdm, fsf aruaf ofcfrd uc nufrtf j`pdatl, tlgl

alcvfrof.

4.9 Jgfctjgdg, fm yl y md pfrnlr`dcaf

Md jgfctjgdg fs uc tf`d quf sf ed fstugjdgl f jcvfstjodgl gurdctf vdrjls dls;

gjstjctds rfds al`l slc md psjalmlod, md ijlmlod, jcamusjvf ml drtstjal, ml slajdm,

fctrf ltrds, edc gfsdrrlmmdgl fstf alcafptl.

Wlgls ef`ls usdgl md pdmdird jgfcgjtgdg pdrd rfnfrjrcls d gjsjctls

suafsls, pfrl fxjstfc gjvfrsds gfnjcjajlcfs slirf md jgfctjgdg, yd sfd cdajlcdm,

slajdm, aumturdm, pfrslcdm, fctrf ltrls. Fm tfr`jcl jgfctjgdg fs uy d`pmjl y fcomlid

ucd sfrjf gf fmf`fctls.

Ofrofc (4::9) pmdctfd quf2 plgf`ls alcsjgfrdr md jgfctjgdg al`l uc

alcbuctl gf adrdatfrstjads, al`l slc mls rdsols nsjals, f`lajlcdmfs,


15/77


sfctj`jfctls, ejstlrjds gf vjgd, jcamusjvf md nlr`dajc y trdyfatlrjd quf tjfcf adgd

pfrslcd.

Fm dutlr pmdctfd md fxjstfcajd gf ucd jgfctjgdg pfrslcdm y sjcoumdr, adgdpfrslcd fs cjad f jrrfpftjimf, gjstjctd d mls ltrls; jcalcsajfctf`fctf sf pjfcsd

quf md jgfctjgdg fs sjf`prf md `js`d, pfrl ely fc gd md jgfctjgdg pfrslcdm, fs

ucd jgfctjgdg quf sf alcstruyf alc ltrls, quf fstd sdturdgd gf mls ylfs gf ltrl.

Ely gd md jgfctjgdg sf pfrnlr`d, fc jctfrdaajc alc `mtjpmfs ylfs,

jcamusjvf sf iusad ad`ijdr dspfatls nsjals, pfcsdcgl quf alc fsl fstdsalcstruyfcgl ucd jgfctjgdg quf fs dafptdimf pdrd ltrls y quf fs rfalclajimf

slajdm`fctf, d fstl Ofrofc ml mmd`d @umtjnrfcjd l psjalsjs gf md jgfctjgdg.

Md jgfctjgdg prlpjd f`frof gf uc alctjcul, vufmvf d alcnlr`drsf y sjouf

ucd cufvd gjrfaajc d `fgjgd quf ucl sf dirf pdsl plr fm `dr gf rfmdajlcfs fc

ad`ijl pfr`dcfctf. (Ofrofc, 4::9, po.451)

Xlr ltrl mdgl, Ofrofc (4::9) pmdctfd quf2 Gjvfrsls orupls slajdmfs plsffc

uc vladiumdrjl pdrtjaumdr l ucd fspfajdm `dcfrd gf gfajr mds alsds, y fstls

vladiumdrjls l `dcfrds gf edimdr gfnjfcgfc, d md vfz quf rfnmfbdc sus vdmlrfs,

plsturds plmjtjads y fstjmls gf vjgd. (po. 44?)

Ducquf stls gls tjpls gf jgfctjgdgfs fstdc rfmdajlcdgls, edy ajfrtls

rdsols adrdatfrstjals gf adgd ucd; md jgfctjgdg pfrslcdm al`l sf pmdctfd

dctfrjlr`fctf, sf rfnjfrf d ucd gjnfrfcajdajc alc mls ltrls, nlr`dgd plr rdsols


16/77

XFYNLY@DCAF2 GDMLOLQ Z DAAJLCFQ XDYD ALCQWYVJYQF D Q @JQ@D 4>

quf edafc quf ucl sf gjnfrfcajf gfm rfstl y quf pufgfc pfrgurdr d ml mdrol gfm

tjf`pl.

Md jgfctjgdg slajdm fc adìjl, fstd rfmdajlcdgd alc md nlr`d gf dgdptdrsfd gjstjctls orupls; tjfcf ùaed rfmdajc alc md `dcjpumdajc fstrdtojad, glcgf fm

jcgjvjgul au`pmf uc rlm gfstjcdgl d litfcfr ifcfnjajls slajdmfs (Ofrofc 4::9).

@uaeds vfafs cufstrd jgfctjgdg sf dgdptd pdrd pfrtfcfafr d uc orupl slajdm y

plgfr fcadbdr gf iufcd nlr`d gfctrl gfm `js`l.

Ofrofc utjmjzd fm tfr`jcl sdturdajc slajdm pdrd fxpmjadr ml quf suafgfdatudm`fctf alc md jgfctjgdg y mds rfmdajlcfs, yd quf alc md tfaclmlod y fm rpjgl

arfaj`jfctl quf std ed tfcjgl, plgf`ls alùcjadrcls alc audmqujfr pfrslcd, fc

audmqujfr muodr gfm ùcgl, fc fstf prfajsl `l`fctl.

Qjc fìdrol, sf ed pfrgjgl md afradcd alc rfspfatl d mds rfmdajlcfs, y ml

plgf`ls lisfrvdr d gjdrjl, audcgl md ofctf sdmf d al`pdrtjr y fst pfcgjfctf gfm

afmumdr, `s quf gf rfmdajlcdrsf alc mls ltrls. Ofrofc (4::9) pmdctfd quf2 Fc fm

prlafsl gf md sdturdajc slajdm, cufstrls gds fstc adgd vfz `s alm`dgls plr md

adctjgdg, vdrjfgdg f jctfcsjgdg gf mds rfmdajlcfs. (po ??)

Fc gfnjcjtjvd, md jgfctjgdg fstd adìjdcgl alcstdctf`fctf, prlguatl gf mds

vdrjdgds rfmdajlcfs y mls dvdcafs tfaclmojals, tlgl fstf prlafsl gd pdsl d md

alcstruaajc gfm yl, uc yl quf sf pfrnlr`d.

Gf daufrgl d ml dctfrjlr surof md jcqujftug Fs ml `js`l jgfctjgdg slajdm

quf md jgfctjgdg gfm yl< Z A`l sf rfmdajlcdc


17/77

XFYNLY@DCAF2 GDMLOLQ Z DAAJLCFQ XDYD ALCQWYVJYQF D Q @JQ@D 4?

Md alcstruaajc gfm yl al`jfczd gfsgf quf sl`ls pfqufls, ducquf gf

`dcfrd jcalcsajfctf, dgdptd`ls cufstrd jgfctjgdg pdrd alcsfoujr alsds. Xlr

fbf`pml mls cjls, pdrd quf cl mls adstjoufc, mfs rfodmfc gumafs, mfs al`prfc

bufols, fctrf ltrls; sf al`plrtdc fc adsd gf ucd `dcfrd tltdm`fctf gjstjctd quf

fc fm almfojl, alc mls al`pdfrls l nrfctf d md prlnfslrd.

Mufol fc md dglmfsafcajd sf tl`d alcsajfcajd gf md jgfctjgdg y cls gd`ls

aufctd quf cl cls pdrfaf ml quf gjafc mls pdgrfs, md prlnfslrd, fm al`pdfrl y

al`jfczd uc prlafsl gf rfifmgd, glcgf adgd ucl al`jfczd d alcstrujr y d

iusadr al`l qujfrf sfr. Qjc f`idrol, cl sjf`prf sf iusad gf nlr`d alrrfatd.

Ltrds vfafs plr uc tf`d gf al`lgjgdg y ifcfnjajls, sf dgdptd l sf alcnlr`d d

gjstjctds sjtudajlcfs.

Md alcstruaajc gfm yl suplcf cjvfmfs supfrjlrfs gf alclaj`jfctl pfrslcdm

(Ofrofc 4::9), ml quf ndajmjtd quf mds pfrslcds al`prfcgdc gf `fblr nlr`d sus

prlpjls sfctj`jfctls, pfcsd`jfctls y al`plrtd`jfctls; d md vfz ndajmjtd md

al`ucjadajc alc fm orupl y mds pfrslcds alc mds quf sf rfmdajlcd.

Ofrofc (4::9) pmdctfd quf2 Xdrd ijfc l pdrd `dm, mds pdutds gf daajc gf

mds pfrslcds gfpfcgfc gfm `lgl fc quf fm jcgjvjgul fs alcstrujgl slajdm`fctf.

(po.4:4)

Fc slajlmlod sf alclaf al`l Fstruaturd clr`dtjvd gf md daajc slajdm.

Xdrd `jmf Gurkefj` (4::8) ajtdgl fc Ylaefr2 [P md daajc slajdm alcsjstf ==fc

ucds `dcfrds gf lirdr, gf pfcsdr y gf sfctjr, fxtfrcds dm jcgjvjgul y gltdgds gf

uc plgfr alfrajtjvl fc auyd vjrtug sf j`plcfc d m33 [P. (po. 96)


18/77


Qf gfsprfcgf quf Gurkefj` cl iusad mds adrdatfrstjads gf

md daajc slajdm fc mls fstdgls suibftjvls gf mds pfrslcds,

al`l edad @dx _fifr, sjcl `s ijfc fc ucds rfdmjgdgfs

fxtfrcds d mds pfrslcds, rfdmjgdgfs quf alcstrjfc d stds.

Gurkefj` rfaurrf d gls arjtfrjls ==libftjvls33 pdrd

gftfr`jcdr fm adratfr slajdm gf md daajc eu`dcd2 md

fxtfrjlrjgdg gf mds ==`dcfrds gf lirdr, gf pfcsdr y gf

sfctjr33 alc rfspfatl d mds pfrslcds, y md aldaajc quf fstds

mtj`ds sunrfc plr pdrtf gf dqummds (Ylaefr, 4::8, po. 96)

Fxjstfc `lgfmls y clr`ds, plr fbf`pml2 audcgl sf fcaufctrdc gls

pfrslcds, pdrd sdmugdrsf sf fstrfaedc md `dcl, fstl fs ucd daajc al`c fc md

ajvjmdzdajc laajgfctdm, alcsjgfrdgl uc datl gf fguadajc.

Fc ltrds ajvjmjzdajlcfs fc ad`ijl, sf buctdc mds `dcls y sf jcamjcd

rfspuftulsd`fctf md adifzd, al`l fs fm adsl gf Jcgjd y Xdkjstc, fc @dmdsjd, sf

nrltdc `utud`fctf md cdrjz. Qjc tl`dr alcsajfcajd gf ajfrtds daajlcfs, mds

pfrslcds sf jcspjrdc fc `lgfmls fstdimfajgls l fcsfdgls fc su fctlrcl.

Qfoc Ofrofc (4::9)2 Zd cl fxjstf uc yl cjal, yd cl sf gfnjcf al`l ucd

fsfcajd fc s, sjcl al`l prlguatl gf mds rfmdajlcfs, fstl arfd uc cufvl yl.

Xlr ml tdctl adird prfouctdrsf Fc fm datl pfrnlr`tjal, dpdrfaf uc cufvl

yl, ucd cufvd ndaftd gfm yl< Qf arfd uc cufvl yl< Qf `dcjpumd fm yl slajdm

quf ucl tjfcf


19/77

XFYNLY@DCAF2 GDMLOLQ Z DAAJLCFQ XDYD ALCQWYVJYQF D Q @JQ@D 4:

Ofrofc gjvjgf md alcstruaajc gfm yl fc trfs ndsfs, md prj`frd fs md

@dcjpumdajc Fstrdtojad, fc std fm jcgjvjgul au`pmf uc rlm gfstjcdgl d litfcfr

ifcfnjajls slajdmfs, al`l fc fm trdidbl, fc md fsaufmd, fc mds rfmdajlcfs, jcamusl fc

fm drtf. Fstd fs md quf cls gfnjcf al`l pfrslcds, pfrl prlguatl gf md sdturdajc

slajdm, fc fstd ftdpd fm yl cjal y fsfcajdm fs gfstrujgl.

Md sfoucgd ftdpd sf gfcl`jcd pfrslcdmjgdg Xdstjaef, fc std fm

jcgjvjgul sf mjifrd y gjsnrutd mds `mtjpmfs vdrjfgdgfs gf fxprfsjc. Md

pfrslcdmjgdg pdstjaef fs uc ad`dmfc slajdm, tl`d fc prstd`l nrdo`fctls gf

jgfctjgdg gf audmqujfr lrjofc y mls dgfaud d ucd sjtudajc gftfr`jcdgd (Ofrofc

4::9, po. 4:>).

Md pfrnlr`dcaf sf rfmdajlcdrd alc md jgfctjgdg pdstjaef, yd quf md drtjstd,

dgdptd su jgfctjgdg d md sjtudajc, fc fstf adsl fm datl pfrnlr`tjal, pdrd prlguajr

dsl`irl, slrprfsd f jcal`lgjgdg fc fm fspfatdglr.

Fmjsdifte Clfmmf-Cfu`dcc pmdctfd (4::6)2 [P Mls

jcgjvjguls pfrajifc fstds tfcgfcajds y dgdptdc sus

alcvjaajlcfs fc alcsfaufcajd [P Md tfcgfcajd d

fxprfsdrsf fc uc adsl, y oudrgdr sjmfcajl fc fm ltrl,

fcorfcgd uc prlafsl fc fspjrdm quf fc nlr`d ordgudm vd

jcstdmdcgl ucd lpjcjc gl`jcdctf [P (prr. >)

Xlr alcsfaufcajd, md `dylrd gf mds pfrslcds lifgfafc d rfomds avjads,

rfmjojlsds, `lrdmfs l ejojcjads j`pufstds fc su pds, fctlrcl, aumturd.


20/77


Md tfrafrd ftdpd fs md gfm Zl Yfmdajlcdm, fm audm sf alcstruyf fc idsf d mds

rfmdajlcfs. Fm yl fs sustjtugl plr md rfdmjgdg rfmdajlcdm, fm yl y fm tu sf

trdcsnlr`dc fc fm clsltrls. (Ofrofc 4::9).

Fm yl rfmdajlcdm fs uc yl cl gjsorfodgl, cl fs uc yl dutjstd, fm jcgjvjgul

arff quf sf alcstruyf slml y quf fs pdrd sjf`prf, ucd fspfajf gf yl gjvjcl, pfrl

fs uc yl ùael `s rfdm, `s dtfrrjzdgl, quf sf alcstruyf alcajmjdcgl mds

fxpfrjfcajds fc fm fctlrcl, mds sjtudajlcfs slajdmfs, plmtjads. Wlgls mls ylfs sf

buctdc.

Njcdm`fctf fm rlm gf adgd ucl pdsd d sfr, fm gf pdrtjajpf gfctrl gf ucd

slajfgdg quf vd adìjdcgl alcstdctf`fctf.

4.1 Aufrpl, slplrtf gfm gjsaursl

Adstdfgd (9844) pmdctfd quf2 Fm aufrpl fs cufstrd alcgjajc prj`jofcjd gf

fstdr fc fm ùcgl (po.9). Dm `js`l tjf`pl fs alcsjgfrdgl tdìjc fm fsafcdrjl

gf tlgl ml quf pdsd fc md vjgd gf ucd pfrslcd2 sfctj`jfctls, sdmug, rfmdajlcfs,

rfdaajlcfs, f`lajlcfs, plr clìrdr dmoucls.

Xlr alcsfaufcajd, fm aufrpl, cl pufgf alcsjgfrdrsf sjc su gj`fcsjc

dnfatjvd y pdsjlcdm, pfrl td`plal fs plsjimf alcsjgfrdrml sjc su alcnjourdajc

sjìmjad, fsttjad y plmtjad. (Adstdfgd, 9844, po.9)

Gurdctf mls mtj`ls ajfc dls, drtjstds y ltrls almfatjvls sf

edc aufstjlcdgl md nlr`d fc quf fm aufrpl sf ed gfsarjtl y

alcafijgl. Md jgfd gfm ==yl33 nsjal y `fctdm al`l nlr`d


21/77


fstdimf y njcjtd sf ed jgl frlsjlcdcgl d `fgjgd quf fm sjoml

rfojstrdid cufvls dvdcafs fc fm ad`pl gfm psjaldcmjsjs, md

njmlslnd, md dctrlplmlod, md `fgjajcd y md ajfcajd. Mls drtjstds

edc jcvfstjodgl md tf`plrdmjgdg, md fvfctudmjgdg y md

jcfstdijmjgdg gfm aufrpl, y edc fxpmlrdgl md jgfd gf quf md

jgfctjgdg, `s quf sfr ucd audmjgdg jcefrfctf, sf

==rfprfsfctd33 gfctrl y nufrd gf mds nrlctfrds aumturdmfs

(Blcfs, 988>, po.44).

Adif dorfodr, quf fm aufrpl d su vfz fs alcsjgfrdgl al`l slplrtf gfm

gjsaursl jgfctjtdrjl, yd quf `fgjdctf stf plgf`ls edafr gjstjctls tjpls gf

rfnmfxjlcfs al`l2 dctrlplmojad, aumturdm, slajdm y ajfctnjad; dgf`s gf prlyfatdr

ucd j`dofc sfoc adgd pfrslcd ml qujfrd. Fc fm adsl gf md nltlordnd `fgjdctf md

utjmjzdajc gf s`ilmls, jalcls, vfstj`fctds, plr `fcajlcdr dmoucls, ofcfrdcgl

gjstjctds vjsjlcfs slirf ucd js`d j`dofc.

Ml dctfrjlr sf rfmdajlcd alc fm trdidbl quf rfdmjz Yfojcd

Bls Odmjcgl, fm dl 9888, fc fm Qfoucgl Nfstjvdm gfm Afctrl

Ejstrjal fc Oudtf`dmd. Dmm Odmjcgl sf jctrlgubl fc ucd

ilmsd gf pmstjal trdcspdrfctf, al`l gfsplbl eu`dcl, y

nuf gfplsjtdgd fc fm idsurfrl `ucjajpdm gf Oudtf`dmd; md

pfrnlr`dcaf sf mmd` Cl pfrgf`ls cdgd alc cdafr

(rfvjstdsducd.al`, 9884, prr. 6)


22/77


Fc fstf trdidbl md drtjstd cl sml fxpfrj`fctd fm glmlr nsjal, dgf`s sf

trdcsnlr`d fc uc gfsfael. Md j`dofc gf Odmjcgl fc uc vfrtfgfrl cls rfaufrgd d

adgvfrfs gfplsjtdgls fc gjstjctls muodrfs pdrd pdsdr gfsdpfrajijgls, yd sfdc gf

dgumtls, cjls l jcamusjvf nftls, fstd j`dofc dc md plgf`ls vfr fc Aejmf al`l fc

ùaels ltrls pdsfs.

Fbf`pml gf fstl nuf ml quf pdsl fc ^dmpdrdsl fm dl 9848, glcgf ucd

ùbfr gf 1? dls gj d muz y dm vfr quf su ifi fstdid ùfrtl, ml fcvlmvj fc

pdpfm gf gjdrjl y ml nuf d iltdr d uc idsurfrl.

Qfoc ajtd Adstdfgd (9844)2 Fm aufrpl sf `dcjnjfstd fc

adgd slajfgdg al`l fm tfrrjtlrjl ctj`l, pimjal, `fgumdr gf

md alcnjourdajc gf md jgfctjgdg, al`l fm alctfxtl aumturdm plr

fxafmfcajd pdrd md `dcjnfstdajc gf clajlcfs gf jcgjvjgul,

subftl, pfrslcd y slajfgdg. (po. 9)

Fc fm adsl gf Odmjcgl, su lird cls edaf rfalrgdr fsafcds laurrjgds edaf

dmoucls dls fc cufstrl pds, glcgf sf gfplsjtdrlc adgvfrfs fc nlsds alùcfs

y ltrls muodrfs, pdrd fsalcgfr mls aufrpls gf gftfcjgls gfsdpdrfajgls.

@drd gfm Adr`fc Adstdfgd (9844) pmdctfd quf2 Fm aufrpl sf alcajif

al`l uc muodr sjìmjal gf alùcjadajc y gf fsarjturd, fc glcgf sf rfojstrdc

rfprfsfctdajlcfs, jòfcfs y `ftnlrds quf fvladc `s gf ml quf fc rfdmjgdg sf

gjaf (po.9); fc fm adsl gfm drtjstd pfrnlr`tjal, fm aufrpl cl fs dmol jcgjvjgudm, d

trdvs gf gjstjctds daajlcfs, iusad rfnmfbdr mds fxpfrjfcajds gf ùaels ltrls,

trdcsnlr`cglsf fc uc aufrpl almfatjvl.


23/77


Md pfrnlr`dcaf jctfrvjfcf fc mds clr`ds slajdmfs al`l uc

fcsdìmdbf gf datjvjgdgfs alc fm pltfcajdm gf slstfcfr

drrfomls slajdmfs, yd quf pfr`jtf rfnmfxjlcdr y fstdr

al`prl`ftjgl f`lajlcdm, `fctdm y nsjad`fctf fc uc

prlafsl gf dutlrrfnmfxjc y fxpfrj`fctdajc, dgf`s gf

tfcfr uc pltfcajdm trdcsorfsjvl l gf rfsjstfcajd, dm jcajtdr,

dafrtdr, dausdr y lplcfr (rfvjstdsducd.al`, 9884, prr. 9)

4.7 Md `lgjnjadajc gfm aufrpl, uc fbfrajajl `jmfcdrjl

Md utjmjzdajc gfm aufrpl al`l slplrtf al`jfczd tf`prdcd`fctf fc md `dylrd gf

mls pufimls lrjojcdrjls gfm ùcgl, yd sfd gf nlr`d trdcsjtlrjd al`l pfr`dcfctf,

alc njcfs nucajlcdmfs l fsttjals, sjc j`plrtdr md aumturd l alctjcfctf dm audm sf

pfrtfcfzad2 bdplcfsfs, pdsaufcsfs, afmtds, jcads, `dyds ml edc fxpfrj`fctdgl

(Mpfz 988?).

Md dctrlpmlod @drodrft @fdg, gurdctf fm Qjoml UU, edaf uc fstugjl

dctrlplmojal, ucd jcvfstjodajc slirf gjstjctds aumturds y rfalrrf pratjad`fctf

tlgls mls alctjcfctfs, rfdmjzdcgl ftclordnds mmfod d alcamusjlcfs slirf md

sfxudmjgdg, prlimf`tjads gf ocfrl, prlimf`tjads nd`jmjdrfs, plr clìrdr

dmoucls.

@fdg (4:?8) pmdctfd2 [P Ds tdìjc fxjstf sjf`prf md

plsjijmjgdg gf quf uc prlafgj`jfctl, ucd alstuìrf, ucd

arffcajd, quf sf ed rfpdrtjgl uc `jmmdr gf vfafs, jcorfsf fc

fm pmdcl gf md alcajfcajd. Fstd plsjijmjgdg du`fctd audcgl fm


24/77


pufiml gf ucd aumturd plstnjourdtjvd j fctrd fc fstrfael

alctdatl alc fm gf ltrd [P (po.1?)

Ml quf gjnfrfcajd d uc pufiml gf ltrl, fs fm sjocjnjadgl, rfmfvdcajd lj`plrtdcajd quf mf gd adgd pufiml d mds gjvfrsds nlr`ds gf `lgjnjadajc alrplrdm.

Fc md `dylrd gf mls pufimls mds jctfrvfcajlcfs alrplrdmfs cdafc gf ucd

cfafsjgdg gf mls subftls gf dutlrrfprfsfctdrsf gf nlr`d sj`jmdr d mls ltrls, gf sfr

dordgdimf y dafptdgl fc su alùcjgdg pfrl quf dm `js`l tjf`pl sf gjstjcod gf

fmmls.

Mpfz pmdctfd (988?)2 [P Wdm rfprfsfctdajc alrplrdm yd

`lgjnjadgd al`pfcftrdr mds `mtjpmfs sjocjnjadajlcfs gfm

subftl fc su fctlrcl slajdm, gf tdm nlr`d quf fstf adìjl

pfr`jtf ucd ajfrtd cltlrjfgdg, ucd amdrd gjnfrfcajdajc alc m

ltrl, ml fxtfrcl y gjnfrfctf gf s `js`l, pfrl sj`jmdr d mls

gf`s subftls quf prdatjqufc tdm fxpfrjfcajd y quf

al`prfcgdc sus sìlmls y sus agjols [P (po. 486)

Qfoc fm sjtjl wfi jcnlr`dtjadgjdrjlgfad`pl.imlosplt.al`

(9885) sf gjaf quf2 Fc md Yl`d gf mls Afcturjlcfs, mls

`jfìrls gf md oudrgjd gfm Afsdr mmfvdidc drls fc mls

pfzlcfs al`l ùfstrd gf su vjrjmjgdg y alrdbf ds al`l uc

daafslrjl gf sus vfstj`fctds yd quf mfs pfr`jtdc almodr fc

fmmls mds alrtds adpds quf usdidc (prr. 7)

jAumturd plstnjourdtjvd2 fs md aumturd fc md quf mls cjls dprfcgfc prj`lrgjdm`fctfgf sus `dylrfs.


25/77


Qfoc fm sjtjl `fcajlcdgl dctfrjlr`fctf, fm lìmjol dcjmmdgl

frd uc sjocl gf md dctjoud rfdmfzd fojpajd y fstdid prlejijgl

d tlgls dqufmmls quf cl nufsfc climfs. Fc md Jcgjd ùaeds

ùbfrfs edc rfajijgl pfrnlrdajlcfs (dcjmmls) fc md cdrjz gfsgf

ùy pfqufds al`l sjocl gf su`jsjc y gfvlajc gf md

ùbfr edajd su drjgl (prr. 6)

Fc trjius al`l mds dnrjadcds md pfrnlrdajc fs ucd pratjad ùy al`c.

Fxjstf md trdgjajc gf quf mds bvfcfs slmtfrds al`jfczdc d dordcgdr su mdijl fc fm

`l`fctl fc quf sf al`prl`ftfc.(jcnlr`dtjadgjdrjlgfad`pl.imlosplt.al`,

9885, prr. ?)

Fc fm adsl gf mls @dlr fc Cufvd Rfmdcgd fm tdtudbf trjidm

jgfctjnjad d adgd jcgjvjgul y su fstdtus gfctrl gf uc orupl.

Audctl `ds al`pmjadgl fs fm gjsfl gfm tdtudbf, `dylr fs su

dsafcsl fc su rdcol slajdm; dgf`s pfcsdidc quf fc sus

tdtudbfs fspjrdmfs plgdc dtrdpdr md fcfrod as`jad

(ucddctrlplmlodfcmdmucd.imlosplt.al`, 9844, prr. ?)

Fm sjtjl ucddctrlplmlodfcmdmucd.imlosplt.al` (9844) pmdctfd

quf2 Fc Xdpud Cufvd Oujcfd, fc md rfojc gf Qfpjk, fstc

mls mmd`dgls elìrfs alalgrjml, fstls elìrfs

pfrtfcfajfctfs d mds trjius dilrofcfs, fsadrjnjadidc su

aufrpl gf nlr`d sf`fbdctf d mds fsad`ds gf md pjfm gfm


26/77


alalgrjml, pufs su arffcajd fs quf mls elìrfs nufrlc

arfdgls plr mls alalgrjmls. (prr. ?)

Fm pjfrajco fs ucd gf mds fxprfsjlcfs `s dctjouds gfm drtf alrplrdm, y sffcaufctrd prfsfctf fc adsj tlgds mds ajvjmjzdajlcfs d trdvs gf md ejstlrjd, fc

glcgf tjfcfc uc sjocjnjadgl rjtudm y gf fstdtus. (ucddctrlplmlodfcmdmucd.imlosplt,

9844, prr. 5)

Dctjoud`fctf, fm prlpsjtl gfm pjfrajco fc md lrfbd, frd fm gf

prfvfcjr md fctrdgd gf mls gf`lcjls plr mls lrjnjajls gf mdslrfbds. Fc ùaeds slajfgdgfs dcafstrdmfs md pfrnlrdajc gf

md lrfbd fs uc rjtudm quf jcgjad md gfpfcgfcajd gfm cjl edajd

sus pdgrfs.

Fm sjtjl wfi jcnlr`dtjadgjdrjlgfad`pl.imlosplt.al` (9885)

pmdctfd quf2 Fc Jcgjd, fm drl fs usdgl clr`dm`fctf fc md

nlsd jzqujfrgd gf md cdrjz y dmoucds vfafs plsffc adgfcds

ucjgds d mls drls gf mds lrfbds. Fm sjocjnjadgl prlvjfcf gf md

`fgjajcd Dyurigjad gf md Jcgjd, glcgf sf arff quf nlrtdmfaf

mls rodcls rfprlguatjvls nf`fcjcls y gjs`jcuyf fm glmlr

gurdctf fm pdrtl (prr. 9-7)

Fxjstfc ltrls adsls al`l mls `dyds, mls audmfs dtdc mds adifzds gf mds

oudouds fc ucd tdimd pdrd suijr md `dsd fcafnmjad. Fc nrjad, md pfrnlrdajc l

fxpdcsjc gfm mdijl, fm dmdrod`jfctl gfm aufmml; y fc fm adsl gf Bdpc, mds ùbfrfs

quf sf vfcgdc mls pjfs pdrd quf cl mfs arfzadc.


27/77


Fc fm `ijtl gfm drtf, Ilgy Drt surof d njcdmfs gf mls dls

sfsfctd al`l ucd rfdaajc dctf ml j`pfrslcdm gfm

`jcj`dmjs`l y fm drtf alcafptudm, tjfcf al`l `fgjl

sjocjnjadctf fm aufrpl gfm drtjstd, stf sf alcvjfrtf d md vfz,

fc subftl y libftl gf md lird (gfdrtfsypdsjlcfs.al`.dr, s.n,

prr. 4-9)

Fm Ilgy Drt fs alcsjgfrdgl uc fbfrajajl `jmfcdrjl, ducquf sus

prlafgj`jfctls sf edc gjvfrsjnjadgl d ml mdrol gfm tjf`pl, `fzamcglsf y

pltfcajcglsf buctl alc fm gfsdrrlmml tfaclmojal. Mls quf gfsdrrlmmdc fstds

pratjads, edc tl`dgl y `lgjnjadgl alclaj`jfctls ajfctnjals, trdcsorfgjfcgl gf

fstd nlr`d md clajc amcjad gfm aufrpl, ofcfrdcgl ucd muaed gf plgfrfs fctrf mls

datudmfs lgjnjadglrfs y md jcstjtuajlcdmjgdg amcjad.

Fm drtjstd quf utjmjzd su aufrpl al`l slplrtf gf lird, ofcfrd jgfds f

jgflmlods gf gjstjctds gjsajpmjcds y aumturds (Blcfs 988>). Md lird njcdm`fctf sf

trdcsnlr`d fc uc trdidbl plmtjal, yd quf iusad ofcfrdr alcajfcajd fc mds

pfrslcds, alc rfspfatl d ucl l vdrjls tf`ds.

Gfsgf md gadgd gf 4:>8, mls drtjstds quf edc utjmjzdgl su aufrpl, edc alcstrujgl

jgfctjgdgfs vjsudmfs y mjcostjads gf ocfrl, sfxudmjgdg y rdzd, lnrfajfcgl fstds

rfprfsfctdajlcfs al`l bfrdrquds gf plgfr. (Blcfs, 988>, po.41)

Cufstrd nlr`d gf vfstjr y cufstrl pfjcdgl pufgfc rfnmfbdr alcvfcajlcfs y

fxpfatdtjvds slajdmfs.


28/77


Dctjoud`fctf fc Aejmf al`l fc fm ùcgl, md gfscugfz frd vjstd al`l dmol

clr`dm; mls pufimls lrjojcdrjls cl usdidc cjcoc tjpl gf vfstj`fctd, yd quf cl

tfcdc cfafsjgdg gf auirjr sus aufrpls. Alc fm pdsl gf mls dls, al`fczdrlc d

gfalrdr sus aufrpls alc pjcturds l tdtudbfs, fc dmoucds ladsjlcfs alc dglrcls

pfqufls, al`l2 blyds, dùmftls, pmu`ds y pjfmfs.

Fm sjtjl wfi tjctlrfrjds.al` (988:) pmdctfd quf2 Duc fxjstfc pufimls fc

nrjad, D`rjad, Lafdcd y Dsjd, quf cl utjmjzdc cjcoc tjpl gf vfstj`fctd, yd quf

pdrd fmmls fm auirjrsf cl tjfcf quf vfr alc fm rfadtl, cj fm gfsauirjrsf alc fm

jcstjctl sfxudm. (prr. 1)

Md vfstj`fctd nuf arfdgd plr ucd cfafsjgdg pdrd auirjr mds

pdrtfs `ds sfcsjimfs gfm aufrpl, gfm nrl l gfm admlr. Mds

prj`frds nufrlc arfdgds alc pjfmfs gf dcj`dmfs, mds audmfs

sf gfordgdidc rpjgd`fctf, plstfrjlr`fctf gfsdrrlmmdrlc

vfstj`fctds alc tfxtjmfs gf `dylr gurdijmjgdg (ejstlrjd-

vfstj`fctd.al`, s.n, prr. 9)

Qfoc pmdctfd fm sjtjl wfi fguadr.lro (s.n)2 Md rlpd al`jfczd d

rfmdajlcdrsf alc fm fstdtus slajdm gf mds pfrslcds, `jfctrds `ds gjcfrl tfcjd md

pfrslcd, `fblr frd md vfstj`fctd. Xdrd mls rfmjojlsls fc adìjl, md rlpd tjfcf quf

vfr alc fm puglr .(prr. 9-1)

Fc Laajgfctf, slajdm y aumturdm`fctf, fm edimdr gfm aufrpl gfscugl sjouf

ofcfrdcgl rfaedzl fc mds pfrslcds; sjc fìdrol, alc fm pdsl gfm tjf`pl ml edc

jgl dafptdcgl, y fc fm adsl gf mds ùbfrfs, fstl sf rfmdajlcd gjrfatd`fctf alc md


29/77


sfxudmjgdg. Dgf`s fm eu`dcl ml fsalcgf d trdvs gf md vfstj`fctd, pdrd laumtdr

dspfatls nsjals quf cl slc dafptdgls; sjc f`idrol ucl sufmf `lstrdr l rfsdmtdr

ml rdsols nsjals quf md slajfgdg alcsjgfrd ifmml, y quf fstc gfctrl gf aclcfs

fsttjals.

Fstl tjfcf quf vfr alc uc alcafptl gf ifmmfzd slajdm`fctf al`pdrtjgl2 mls

lifsls, md ofctf alc gjsadpdajgdg, mds pfrslcds alc gjstjctl almlr gf pjfm l rdsols

nsjals, al`l ml `fcajlcd dctfrjlr`fctf md drtjstd, sf alcsjgfrdc j`pfrnfatls l

mj`jtdgls, y cl slc dafptdgls slajdm`fctf; yd quf cl au`pmfc alc mls fstcgdrfs

aumturdmfs gf dr`lcd alrplrdm.

Fm aufrpl cl sml fs dmol dtrdatjvl f jcqujftdctf plrquf

tfcod tltdm rfmdajc alc cufstrd jctj`jgdg l alc md sfxudmjgdg,

l plrquf ofcfrf prfouctds tjads l rfmjojlsds. Fc dmoucds

gjsajpmjcds al`l fm drtf fstl fstd vjcaumdgl alc md j`dofc gf

nfrtjmjgdg gf md `ubfr, alc md jgfd gf ifmmfzd nsjad (iusadcgl

mds prlplrajlcfs `s dr`cjads gf mls aufrpls)

(gjdmcft.ucjrjlbd.fs, s.n, po. ?5)

Fc D`rjad, md `lgjnjadajc alrplrdm sf ed vufmtl `ds al`c slirf tlgl fc

mds umtj`ds gadgds. Datudm`fctf yd cl sml sf tdtd md pjfm, fxjstfc ltrds

`lgjnjadajlcfs alrplrdmfs, al`l slc md fsadrjnjadajc l mfvdctd`jfctl gf md

gfr`js `fgjdctf dmoc libftl alrtl puczdctf, fnfatudcgl gjvfrsls tjpls gf

trdcsnlr`dajlcfs tdmfs al`l md fxtfcsjc gfm mdijl jcnfrjlr y lrfbds,


30/77


nrfaufctf`fctf fc fm miuml, `fgjdctf jcajsjlcfs y fm plstfrjlr f`pmdzd`jfctl gf

libftls gf gjvfrsl admjirf.

Fctrf mds `lgjnjadajlcfs alrplrdmfs quf edy fc fm `ucgl, fcalctrd`lssfoc Mpfz (988?,po.48?)2

Fm Wdtudbf2 fs ucd `lgjnjadajc gfm almlr gf md pjfm fc fm quf sf arfd uc

gjiubl, ucd njourd l uc tfxtl y sf pmds`d alc doubds fstrjmfs quf jcyfatdc

tjctd l dmoc ltrlpjo`fctl idbl mdfpjgfr`js gf ucd pfrslcd.

Fsadrjnjadajc2 slc `drads l fstjo`ds gfbdgls fc md pjfm `fgjdctf efrjgds,

d trdvs gf alrtfs alc gjstjctls libftls puczdctfs, alc mds audmfs sf nlr`d

uc gjsfl l gjiubl.

Irdcgjco2 alcsjstf fc uc `dradbf gf md pjfm quf`cglmd (sj`jmdr dm `dradbf

gf odcdgl), d trdvs gf j`pmf`fctls gf ejfrrl l dafrl qujrrojal admjfctfs

d nufol vjvl.

J`pmdctfs2 alcsjstf fc jcsfrtdr gfctrl gfm aufrpl, fctrf mds sfoucgd y

tfrafrd adpd gf md pjfm, fmf`fctls fxtfrcls, mls audmfs qufgdc dmm

pfr`dcfctf`fctf.

Xjfrajco2 alcsjstf fc jcsfrtdr fc gjstjctds zlcds gfm aufrpl pfqufds blyds

l drls, mls audmfs gfifc sfr gf dtfrjdmfs fspfanjals.

Fxpdcsjlcfs2 alcsjstf fc dordcgdr md pfrnlrdajc yd fxjstfctf gfm pjfrajco.
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigmentohttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermis_(anatom%C3%ADa)http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermis_(anatom%C3%ADa)http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigmento


31/77


Fstds slc dmoucds gf mds `lgjnjadajlcfs `s prdatjadgds fc mls mtj`ls

dls, slirf tlgl plr bvfcfs fctrf 46 y 98 dls gf fgdg, alc fm prlpsjtl gf

rfalrgdr gjstjctds ftdpds gf su vjgd, al`l uc prlafsl gf sdcdajc, `s quf plr

ucd aufstjc gf fsttjad (Mpfz 988?).

Md dglmfsafcajd fs ucd gf mds ftdpds `s alcnmjatjvds fc md isqufgd gf

jgfctjgdg, mls bvfcfs iusadc gjnfrfcajdrsf gfm rfstl y sfr rfalclajgls gfctrl gf

su orupl, trjiu l idcgd. Xlr alcsfaufcajd sf edc gfsdrrlmmdgl idcgds y/l

pdcgjmmds, ml quf datudm`fctf fc Aejmf sf alclaf al`l trjius uridcds. (tlgds-

mds-trjius-uridcds.imlosplt.al`, s.n, prr. 9)

Mds trjius uridcds slc dqufmmls orupls gf d`jols, pdcgjmmds l

sj`pmf`fctf dorupdajlcfs gf bvfcfs quf vjstfc gf nlr`d sj`jmdr, plsffc eijtls

al`ucfs y muodrfs gf rfucjc.(tlgds-mds-trjius-uridcds.imlosplt.al`, s.n, pdrr.4)

Qfoc _eytf ajtdgl fc Nfjxd (4:>9)2 Md ofcfrdajc blvfc ed nlr`dgl su

prlpjd slajfgdg rfmdtjvd`fctf jcgfpfcgjfctf gf md jcnmufcajd gf mls `dylrfs.

(po. 64)

Mls bvfcfs pfrtfcfajfctfs d trjius uridcds iusadc fxprfsdrsf `fgjdctf

sus vfstj`fctds, pfjcdgls, lgjnjadajlcfs alrplrdmfs, plr fcajlcdr dmoucls.

Ylssdcd Yfoujmml ajtdgl fc Mpfz (988?) pmdctfd quf2 Mds jctfrvfcajlcfs

alrplrdmfs, slc nlr`ds gf edimdr gf dmol `s quf uc oustl fsttjal, gjdmlodc

slirf `jfgls, fspfrdczds, edimdc gf muaeds, gf arffcajds; mls bvfcfs plr `fgjl

gf su aufrpl, pdrfafc edifr fcalctrdgl uc cufvl jgjl`d. (po. 48:).


32/77


Xdrd ùaels fm jctfrvfcjr su aufrpl nucajlcd al`l vmvumd gf fsadpf d

alcnmjatls jctfrcls y fxtfrcls, al`l pdrtf jcslmuimf gf sfctjrsf vjvl l jcamusl fc

fm sfctjgl gf fstdr gjrfatd`fctf alcfatdgl dm pmdafr y dm frltjs`l.

@drtd Md`ds (9888) slstjfcf quf2 [P Fm ocfrl sf

alcafptudmjz al`l fm alcbuctl gf jgfds, rfprfsfctdajlcfs,

pratjads y prfsarjpajlcfs slajdmfs quf ucd aumturd gfsdrrlmmd

gfsgf md gjnfrfcajd dcdt`jad fctrf ùbfrfs y elìrfs, pdrd

sjìlmjzdr y alcstrujr slajdm`fctf ml quf fs prlpjl gf mls

elìrfs (`dsaumjcl) y prlpjl gf mds ùbfrfs (ml nf`fcjcl)

[P (po. 1)

Jcamusjvf, fc mds gjstjctds dmtfrdajlcfs alrplrdmfs, fxjstf ucd gjnfrfcajdajc

fctrf ml nf`fcjcl y ml `dsaumjcl, tdctl fctrf `lgjnjadglrfs y `lgjnjadgls, al`l

fc mls gjsfls y zlcds trdcsnlr`dgds. Adgd ocfrl tjfcf ucd zlcd prfnfrjgd dm

`l`fctl gf tdtudrsf, mls elìrfs prfnjfrfc muodrfs vjsjimfs, fxpufstls y gf ordc

fxtfcsjc, tdmfs al`l mls irdzls y dctfirdzls (`dcods), fspdmgd y pdctlrrjmmds.

Mds ùbfrfs fc adìjl prfnjfrfc zlcds dslajdgds d md sfxudmjgdg y fm frltjs`l,

plr ml tdctl ùael `s auijfrtds, al`l mls tlijmmls, vjfctrf, sfcls, zlcd muìdr,

plr ajtdr dmoucls.

Ltrd gjnfrfcajd lisfrvdimf fc mls gjsfls fmfojgls, mls elìrfs prfnjfrfc

rfprfsfctdajlcfs gf sìlmls fxprfsd`fctf rfmdajlcdgls alc fm nsjal y md

gf`lstrdajc gf vjrjmjgdg2 grdolcfs, sfrpjfctfs, dr`ds, plr `fcajlcdr dmoucls.


33/77


Mds ùbfrfs prfnjfrfc gjsfls rfmdajlcdgls alc md gfmjadgfzd y sfcsudmjgdg2

edgds, fcrfgdgfrds, mucds, alrdzlcfs.

@jaefm Nluadumt pmdctfd quf2 Fm aufrpl, cl sf alcajif al`lfm vfeauml gfm sfr, fs fm sfr `js`l fc `dcjnfstdajc d trdvs

gfm `lvj`jfctl. Fc fstf sfctjgl, gfmjifrdr slirf ml eu`dcl

fs pfcsdr sfcajmmd`fctf fc ml alrplrdm, fspdajl glcgf md

rfmdajc alc fm ùcgl sf trdzd fc tr`jcls gf alcstruaajc

ejstrjad. Al`l m `js`l dnjr`d2 Z ijfc, pufstl quf fm

aufrpl eu`dcl, d pdrtjr gf mls sjomls U^JJ-U^JJJ, sf ejzl

fsfcajdm`fctf nufrzd prlguatjvd (Nluadumt, 4:?>, po. 11)

Njcdm`fctf, fm aufrpl cl fs sml uc aufrpl, sjcl fm gf ùaels quf trdidbdc

y rfsjstfc d pfsdr gf mls sjstf`ds quf ejfrfc, prfvjfcfc y fxtfr`jcdc. Mls

aufrpls slirfvjvfc, rfsjstfc y arfdc.


34/77


ADXWVML JJ

9.4 Aufrpls quf gfbdc `drads

@drjcd Dird`lvja, cdajgd fc Ifmordgl, Zuolsmdvjd fm dl 4:7>, fs sjc gugd ucd

gf mds drtjstds `s rfalclajgds y gfstdadgds fc fm `ijtl gf md pfrnlr`dcaf.

Xjlcfrd fc fm usl gf mls rfsumtdgls al`l ucd nlr`d gf drtf vjsudm. Qu tf`d y su

`fgjl sjf`prf ed sjgl fm aufrpl, md fxpmlrdajc gf mls m`jtfs njsjals y `fctdmfs

gf su sfr, slplrtdcgl fm glmlr, adcsdcajl y pfmjorl, fc md isqufgd gf md

trdcsnlr`dajc f`lajlcdm y fspjrjtudm.

Dird`lvja nuf pjlcfrd fc md ofcfrdajc gf drtjstds gf pfrnlr`dcaf,

arfdcgl dmoucds gf mds `s ejstrjads pjfzds gf rfcgj`jfctl tf`prdcl y fs md

cjad quf sjouf edajfcgl lirds gurdajlcdmfs j`plrtdctfs edstd fm gd gf ely.

Qus prj`frds pfrnlr`dcaf nufrlc ucd nlr`d gf rfifmdrsf alctrd su fstrjatd

fguadajc y md aumturd rfprfsjvd gfm olijfrcl gf plsoufrrd gf Wjtl. Wlgls sus

trdidbls slc alcsjgfrdgls rjtudmfs gf purjnjadajc, quf iusadc mjifrdrmd gf su

pdsdgl. (fcnladrtf.al`, s.n, prr. 7)


35/77


J`dofc C 42 Yfojstrl nltlornjal gf md pfrnlr`dcaf, Wef mjps ln Wel`ds, @drjcdDird`lvja, 4:?6 ,491,6x491,66a`, Ouoofcefj` @usfu`

Nufctf2 Xfrnlr`dcafmlojd.imlosplt.al`

Fc fstd lird @drjcd alcstjtuyf uc rfojstrl nltlordnjal rfmdajlcdgl alc ucd

gf mds pfrnlr`dcaf rfdmjzdgds fc md gadgd gf mls sftfctd, pfrlgl fc fm audm md

drtjstd trdidbd fc slmjtdrjl. Md j`dofc ùfstrd ucd rfprfsfctdajc nrlctdm gf su

vjfctrf sl`ftjgl d tlrturd nsjad. Fc fstd lird md drtjstd rdsod su dcdtl`d

gjiubdcgl ucd fstrfmmd gf ajcal puctds; md sdcorf al`jfczd d sdmjr sjc alctrlm, fc md

`dcl dc alcsfrvd md auaejmmd alc md quf fbfautl fm alrtf.

Qfoc fm sjtjl wfi pfrnlr`dcafmlojd.imlosplt.al` (988>)2 Fm sìlml

rfprfsfctdgl slirf fm fst`dol plsff nufrtfs alccltdajlcfs ijlornjads y

dmforjads, cl plgf`ls lmvjgdrcls quf md drtjstd cdaf y arfaf fc uc alctfxtl

plmtjal nufrtf, pfrtfcfajfctf dm alùcjs`l y fstf efael `drad su fxjstfcajd y sus

lirds. Dird`lvja rfalclaf quf d trdvs gf fstf ofstl nufrtf rfpftjgl fc


36/77


cu`frlsds ladajlcfs d ml mdrol gf su vjgd, sus tfcsjlcfs vjtdmfs sf rfmdbdc2 fc

ladsjlcfs md fstrfmmd sf `ufstrd jcvfrtjgd, fc ltrds, dglptd su gjsplsjajc edijtudm.

Md lird pfrnlr`tjad Wef mjps ln Wel`ds alcsjstd fc ucddaajc gf gls elrds gf gurdajc, fc md quf md drtjstd, sfctdgd

gfscugd slirf ucd `fsd, prj`frl al`d uc kjml gf `jfm alc

auaedrd gf pmdtd, mufol ifid uc mjtrl gf vjcl tjctl fc uc vdsl

gf arjstdm. Vcd vfz njcdmjzdgl fstf prlafsl, md drtjstd rl`pd

fm vdsl, rdsodcgl su fst`dol y gjiubdcgl fc fstf `js`l

ucd fstrfmmd gf ajcal puctds, dm tjf`pl quf al`fczdid d

dzltdrsf vjlmfctd`fctf edstd cl sfctjr glmlr. Xlstfrjlr`fctf

md drjstd tfcgd su aufrpl ilad drrjid slirf ucd fclr`f aruz

al`pufstd gf imlqufs gf ejfml, md drtjstd pfr`dcfaj fc

fstrd plsjajc gurdctf trfjctd `jcutls, `jfctrds su aufrpl

al`fczdid d alcofmdrsf, njcdm`fctf fm pimjal jctfrru`pj md

daajc rftjrdcgl mls imlqufs gf ejfml sjtudgls idbl md drtjstd

(pfrnlr`dcafmlojd.imlosplt.al`, 988>, prr.?)

Al`l tlgl drtjstd pfrnlr`tjal, fmmd iusad rfprfsfctdr su fxpfrjfcajd y md

gf `uaels ltrls fc sus gjnfrfctfs trdidbls, tfcjfcgl ucd ordc prflaupdajc fc md

arfdajc gf lirds quf rjtudmjzdc mds daajlcfs sj`pmfs gf md vjgd al`l2 sfctdrsf,

dalstdrsf, sldr y pfcsdr, fc fnfatl, md `dcjnfstdajc gf uc fstdgl `fctdm cjal.

D md dutlrd mf j`pdatd fm trdidbl gf Dird`lvja, fspfanjad`fctf Wef mjps ln

Wel`ds, prj`frl plr ml fxtfcsl gf md lird, sfoucgl ml vjlmfctl quf fs fm trdidbl,


37/77


md nrjdmgdg quf `ufstrd md drtjstd dm rfdmjzdr md pfrnlr`dcaf, md nlr`d al`l ejfrf su

aufrpl pdrd plgfr ofcfrdr j`pdatl fc fm fspfatdglr, d pfsdr gf sfr uc efael tdc

vjlmfctl, rfsumtd `uy nf`fcjcl, ml irutdm gfm trdidbl, ml `dadirl, fm glmlr y md

jcal`lgjgdg quf ofcfrd md drtjstd dm gfsdrrlmmdrml, ltrl puctl jctfrfsdctf y

mmd`dtjvl gfm trdidbl gf Dird`lvja, fs md nlr`d gf jcalrplrdr dm fspfatdglr, fs

stf fm fcadrodgl gf gdr tfr`jcl d md pfrnlr`dcaf.

Vcd drtjstd fspfajdmjzdgd fc pfrnlr`dcaf, quf rfdmjzd trdidbls sj`jmdrfs d

mls gf Dird`lvja, fs Yfojcd Bls Odmjcgl, cdajgd fc Oudtf`dmd; muodr glcgf

datudm`fctf sjouf trdidbdcgl.

Fc sus trdidbls fxpmlrd mds j`pmjadajlcfs tcjads ucjvfrsdmfs gf mds

jcbustjajds slajdmfs, rfmdajlcdgds alc gjsarj`jcdajlcfs rdajdmfs, gf ocfrl y ltrls

diusls alctfcjgls fc mds gfsjoudmfs rfmdajlcfs gf plgfr quf nucajlcdc fc

cufstrd slajfgdg datudm. (rfojcdblsfodmjcgl.al`, s.n, prr. 4)

Vcl gf sus mlorls `s gfstdadgls nuf fm prf`jl quf rfajif fm 9844, plr

pdrtf gf mls Xdsfs Idbls, plr su adpdajgdg gf trdcsnlr`dr md jrd pfrslcdm y md

jcbustjajd fc plgfrlsls datls pimjals quf gf`dcgdc ucd rfspufstd quf

jctfrru`pd md joclrdcajd y md al`pmdafcajd pdrd dafradrcls d md fxpfrjfcajd gf mls

gf`s.

Fc md j`dofc plgf`ls vfr ucl gf mls trdidbls `s

j`plrtdctfs gf md drtjstd, quf alcsjstf fc ucd ad`jcdtd gf md

Alrtf gf Alcstjtuajlcdmjgdg edstd fm Xdmdajl Cdajlcdm gf

Oudtf`dmd, gfbdcgl uc rfalrrjgl gf eufmmds efaeds alc


38/77


sdcorf eu`dcd. Fstl fc `f`lrjd gf mds vatj`ds gfm

alcnmjatl dr`dgl fc Oudtf`dmd, y fc rfaedzl d md

adcgjgdturd prfsjgfcajdm gfm fx`jmjtdr, ofclajgd y olmpjsd

Fnrdc Yls @lctt (irllkmyc`usfu`.al`, s.n, prr. 4)

J`dofc C 92 Yfojstrl nltlornjal gf md pfrnlr`dcaf, Tujc pufgf ilrrdr mdseufmmds


39/77


fs ml quf mf ofcfrd jctfrs d md dutlrd, pfsf d vfcjr gf pdsfs tdc gjstjctls, dìds

mlordc rfprfsfctdr gf nlr`d ùy sj`jmdr fm glmlr gf ùaeds pfrslcds, d trdvs gf

sus trdidbls mlordc rfalrgdr y rfvjvjr datls gf vjlmfcajd laurrjgls fc sus

rfspfatjvls pdsfs gf lrjofc, fc fm adsl gf Tujc pufgf ilrrdr mds eufmmds) pmdctfd quf2 Md `dylrd gf mls drtjstds, slirf tlgl mls quf trdidbdc

alc su aufrpl, trdtdc fm tf`d gf md jgfctjgdg gf dmoucd u ltrd nlr`d, sf qujfrd l

cl, fm aufrpl fs fm muodr glcgf md jgfctjgdg gfnjcjgd plr aufstjlcfs gf ocfrl,

rdzd y sfxudmjgdg, sf sjtd, sf jctfrprftd y sf gfsdnd.

Fm aufrpl sf utjmjzd al`l supfrnjajf gf jcsarjpajc gf mfcoudbfs vjsudmfs gf

jgfctjnjadajc, yd sfd gfm aufrpl rfdm l gfm quf sf iusad prlyfatdr d trdvs gf

fstfrfltjpls (Blcfs 988>). Fm drtjstd iusad gfvfmdr mds jgfds gfm yl y md jgfctjgdg

fc pimjal `fgjdctf md utjmjzdajc gf `sadrds, vfstjgls, gjsnrdafs y `dqujmmdbf, gf


40/77


fstd nlr`d fm drtjstd sf alcvjfrtf fc ucd ndrsd gf md jgfctjgdg. (Blcfs, 988>,

po.417)

J`dofc C 12 Yfojstrl nltlornjal gf md pfrnlr`dcaf, m'djoujmmlc gf m'd`lur, Xjfrrf@lmjcjfr 4:>>, j`prfsjc gf ofmdtjcd gf pmdtd 4>x:,6a`.

Nufctf2 Blcfs 988>, Xdo.416

@fgjdctf fm usl gf gjstjctls sjocls y fmf`fctls dafptdgls al`l md rlpd, fm

`dqujmdbf y dtrjiutls nsjals sjùmdgls, fm drtjstd dglptd ucd jgfctjgdg y gf fstd

nlr`d sf jcvfstjodc mls agjols gf ocfrl y rdzd.

Qfoc pmdctfd Blcfs (988>)2 Vcl gf mls drtjstds quf rfaurrd ùael d fstd

tacjad nuf Xjfrrf @lmjcjfr, fc ùaeds gf sus nltlordnds dpdrfaf m `js`l y ltrls

`lgfmls lstfctdcgl `dqujmmdbfs slnjstjadgls, `sadrds nf`fcjcds, alrss,

`fgjds y tdals doubd, dal`pddgl dgf`s gf fmf`fctls gf dtrfzl j al`l

`dcjqufs l alcslmdglrfs efaels d `dcl.

jDtrfzl2 Alcbuctl gf fmf`fctls cfafsdrjls pdrd ucd pufstd fc fsafcd tfdtrdm lpdrd fm gfalrdgl gf ucd fsafcd tfmfvjsjvd l ajcf`dtlornjad.


41/77


M'djoujmmlc gf m'd`lur sf rfarfd d s `js`l al`l md j`dofc

gf su prlpjl gfsfl. Qf trdcsnlr`d fc efr`dnrlgjtd, uc

fstdgl gf pfrnfaajc sdordgd, pdrdmjzdgl pdrd fm olaf gf

sus prlpjls lbls gf vlyfur. @lmjcjfr trdcsnlr`d fc md `dylrd

gf sus lirds, su aufrpl `dsaumjcl fc nf`fcjcl dm ddgjrmf

pfaels, laumtdr su pfcf y plcfrsf rlpd jctfrjlr gf ùbfr

(Blcfs, 988>, po. 416)

Fstf plgrd sfr uc rdsol amdvf gf md pfrslcdmjgdg pdstjaef, yd quf fm

drtjstd sf mjifrd y gjsnrutd mds `mtjpmfs vdrjfgdgfs gf fxprfsjc, tl`dcgl fc

prstd`l adrdatfrstjads nsjads, jcalrplrdcglmds d su aufrpl al`l pdrtf gf su

jgfctjgdg y mls dgfad d ucd sjtudajc gftfr`jcdgd, fc fstf adsl sus lirds, pdrd

prlguajr j`pdatl, dslìrl, jcal`jgdg fc mls ltrls.

Xjfrrf utjmjzd fc ùaeds gf sus lirds ndmls efaels d `dcl,

fc fm adsl gf M'djoujmmlc gf m'd`lur, fm ndml ml sjtu fc ucl

gf mls tdalcfs, ml quf mf pfr`jtjd utjmjzdrml fc s `js`l. Md

rfprfsfctdajc quf fm drtjstd edaf gfm ndml adstrdgl,

rfalcstrujgl y pfodgl d uc libftl nf`fcjcl nftjaejstd,

dgf`s gf md utjmjzdajc gf mls zdpdtls gf tdac, alcstjtuyfc

fc s, ucd rupturd alc fm sjstf`d gf lplsjajlcfs ijcdrjds quf

sf dslajd trdgjajlcdm`fctf md clajc gf ocfrl (Blcfs, 988>,

po.416).

Ml quf `ds mf dtrdf d md dutlrd gf fstd lird fs md nlr`d quf tjfcf Xjfrrf gf


42/77


trdcsnlr`dr su aufrpl, pfrgjfcgl tlgls mls rdsols njsjals quf ml jgfctjnjadc al`l

elìrf, al`l fm drtjstd `fgjdctf md utjmjzdajc gf fmf`fctls fxtfrcls mlord

pfrgfrsf plr al`pmftl gfctrl gfm pfrslcdbf y mlord alcvfrtjrsf fc libftl gf su

prlpjl gfsfl, ltrl gf mls fmf`fctls `ds jctfrfsdctfs pdrd md dutlrd, prfsfctf

gfctrl gf md lird gf Xjfrrf, fs fm ndml, fstf fmf`fctl tdc pltfctf, quf ml jctford

alc md jctfcajc gf dutlsdtjsndafrsf.

Blcfs (988>) pmdctfd quf2 Fm ndml alcstjtuyf ucd rupturd alc fm sjstf`d gf

lplsjajlcfs ijcdrjds dm quf sf dslajd trdgjajlcdm`fctf md clajc gf ocfrl.

(po.416)

Fc adstfmmdcl ocfrl fs uc alcafptl tdxlc`jal tjm pdrd

admsjnjadr d qu fspfajr, tjpl l amdsf pfrtfcfafs dmoujfc l

dmol; al`l alcbuctl gf pfrslcds alc uc sfxl al`c sf

edimd gf mds ùbfrfs y mls elìrfs al`l ocfrl nf`fcjcl y

ocfrl `dsaumjcl (@lmjcjfr ajtdgl fc Md`ds, 9888, po.9)

Wef Dgvfcturfs ln Xrjsajmmd, Tuffc ln tef Gfsfrt (Mds dvfcturds gf

Xrjsajmmd, Yfjcd gfm Gfsjfrtl), fs ucd pfmaumd dustrdmjdcd, gjrjojgd plr Qtfpedc

Fmmjltt, quf sf fstrfcl fm dl 4::7. Md pfmaumd rfarfd md ejstlrjd gf trfs elìrfs,

quf sf odcdc md vjgd d trdvs gf mds pfrnlr`dcaf quf rfdmjzdc y quf d su vfz, sf

fcnrfctdc d md el`lnlijd gf gjstjctls ajugdgdcls y md jcal`prfcsjc slirf su

fstjml gf vjgd.

Md drtjstd, dm joudm quf mls pfrslcdbfs, `lgjnjad su jgfctjgdg pdrd ofcfrdr

gjnfrfctfs rfdaajlcfs fc mls fspfatdglrfs, mds quf pufgfc sfr2 dslìrl, `lmfstjd,


43/77


vfrofczd, selak u ltrls.

Fbf`pml gf fstl, fs ml quf mfs suafgf d mls pfrslcdbfs fc md pfmaumd Wef

Dgvfcturfs ln Xrjsajmmd fc `uaels gf sus selws, fc mls quf sf fcnrfctdc d mdsgjstjctds rfdaajlcfs gf mls fspfatdglrfs, tdmfs al`l2 rfaedzl, gfsprfajl, rdijd,

jrd, dafptdajc, dpmdusls f jcamusl dmoucds pfrslcds sf dcj`dc d nlr`dr pdrtf gf

su selw; al`l laurrf fc mds pfrnlr`dcafs gf dmoucls drtjstds, glcgf fm pimjal

fs pdrtf nucgd`fctdm gfctrl gf md lird.

Ltrl fbf`pml, fs ml quf mf laurrf d @jkf, ucl gf mls pfrslcdbfsprltdolcjstds gf md pfmaumd, qujfc rfvfmd quf tjfcf uc ejbl, dm audm cucad ed vjstl,

fmf`fctl quf `ltjvd fc ajfrtd `fgjgd fm vjdbf pdrd plgfr alclafrml; audcgl fstl

laurrf, m `lgjnjad su jgfctjgdg y dpdrfctd sfr uc eftfrlsfxudm `uy rugl, plr

tf`lr d sfr rfaedzdgl plr su ejbl.

J`dofc C 72 j`dofc gf nrdo`fctl gf md pfmaumd fsafcd `jkf lc tef pelcf,WefDgvfcturfs ln prjsajmmd, Tuffc ln tef Gfsfrt, Qtfpedc Fmmjlt, 4::7

Nufctf2 rlakselakplp.al`


44/77


Md jgfctjgdg fs fm lrjofc gf mls trdidbls gf md drtjstd, pdrtjfcgl gf md idsf

quf su aufrpl fs fm slplrtf, fm tf`d y fm libftjvl gf sus lirds.

Xdrd Ofrofc (4::9), md jgfctjgdg sf alcstruyf alcajmjdcgl mds fxpfrjfcajdsgfm fctlrcl, sjtudajlcfs slajdmfs, plmtjads y pfrslcdmfs; pdrd md drtjstd fstl fs

pdrtf nucgd`fctdm fc fm gfsdrrlmml gf lird, yd quf iusad d trdvs gf sus

fxpfrjfcajds, alcstrujr y nucgd`fctdr su prlafsl gf lird, al`l su lird fc s.

9.1 Aufrpls

Fm aufrpl fs nucgd`fctdm fc md pfrnlr`dcaf, ducquf md pfrafpajc gf fstf ed jgl

adìjdcgl d ml mdrol gfm tjf`pl, yd cl sml nucajlcd al`l alctfcjgl, sjcl quf

tdìjc al`l pjcafm, mjfczl y `dral.

Mls drtjstds sf edc aufstjlcdgl md nlr`d fc quf fm aufrpl sf ed gfsarjtl y

alcafajijgl, gfijgl d mls dvdcafs quf sf edc rfojstrdgl fc mls ad`pls gfm

psjalcmjsjs, md njmlslnd, md fgjajcd (Blcfs 988>).

Fm aufrpl fs fm afctrl gf ùaeds gjsajpmjcds, md `fgjajcd, md

ijlmlod, md njmlslnd, fm psjaldcmjs, md dctrlplmlod, trdidbdc

alc fstf gf gjvfrsds nlr`ds. Mls drtjstds ml edc `jrdgl

gfsgf ltrls dcoumls al`l slc2 md tf`plrdmjgdg, md

fvfctudmjgdg y md jcfstdijmjgdg gf fstf, dgf`s edc

fxpmlrdgl md jgfd gf quf md jgfctjgdg, `s quf plsffr uc

adratfr jcefrfctf, sf rfprfsfctd gfctrl y nufrd gf mds

nrlctfrds aumturds, slajdmfs, plmjtjads y rfmjojlsds (Blcfs,


45/77


988>, po. 44)

Qfoc pmdctfd fm sjtjl wfi vjfcdyyl.al` (9844)2 Vcl gf mls `lvj`jfctls

gf md ejstlrjd gfm drtf, alcsjgfrdgl ucl gf mls `ds plm`jals nuf fm fm _jfcfrDktjlcjsùs, fc fspdlm mmd`dgl Daajlcjs`l ^jfcs. Fstf `lvj`jfctl suroj fc

^jfcd fc fm sjoml UU y gur slmd`fctf ucls gjfz dls, gf md gadgd gf mls >8 d

mls ?8.

Mls prjcajpdmfs rfprfsfctdctfs gfm Daajlcjs`l ^jfcs nufrlc drtjstds

dustrdals quf sf fxprfsdrlc gf md `js`d nlr`d quf mls arfdglrfs gfm orupl yrfjvjcgjadrlc mds `js`ds jgfds, pfrl sjc plcfrsf gf daufrgl fctrf fmmls. Fctrf mls

drtjstds sf fcaufctrdc Yuglmn Qaewdrzklomfr, Octfr Irus, Lttl @em y Efr`dcc

Cjtsae, mls prjcajpdmfs rfprfsfctdctfs vdcoudrgjstds quf dadidrlc gfcucajdgls y

edstd mmfvdgls prfsls, yd quf rfprfsfctdidc uc drtf trdcsorfslr y

fxtrf`dgd`fctf plm`jal.

Dm sfr uc pfrlgl gf plstoufrrd, frd clr`dm quf mls

daajlcjstds gf ^jfcd rfjvjcgjadrdc fc sus lirds fm

gfsalctfctl gf md Furlpd gf md plad, yd quf cl qufrdc

sfoujr md mcfd gfm drtf alctf`plrcfl; plr ml `js`l sf

prlpusjfrlc gfstrujr fm drtf y al`fczdrlc d pjctdr alc sus

aufrpls, edafr pfrnlr`dcafs slirf ùtjmdajlcfs, ucd gf mds

`ds nd`lsds nuf md quf rfdmjz Octfr Irus fc md

Vcjvfrsjgdg gf ^jfcd, glcgf sf gfscug y sf alrt fm ùsml

y fm pfael alc ucd cdvdbd gf dnfjtdr, lrjc fc uc vdsl y sf ml


46/77


ifij, ml quf nuf alcsjgfrdgl uc datl `uy dsqufrlsl; sf

dmfbdrlc gfm drtf fsttjal y f`pfzdrlc d rfarfdr fsafcds

gfmdctf gf orupls gf ofctf (vjfcdyyl.alc, 9844, prr. 1).

Blcfs (988>) pmdctfd quf2 Cjtsae mmfv rfdmjz su prj`frd pfrnlr`dcaf fc fm

gfpdrtd`fctl-fstugjl gf Lttl @em vfstjgl alc ucd tcjad imdcad d `lgl gf dmid

y almodgl gf ucds drolmmds gf md pdrfg al`l sj fstuvjfrd aruajnjadgl. Datl sfoujgl

@em vfrtj sdcorf slirf su adifzd, gfbdcgl quf alrrjfrd al`l uc rl fspfsl plr

su rlstrl y su dmid imdcad.

Cjtsae iusadid ucd rfgfcajc fxttjad d trdvs gf md

plgfrlsd fxpfrjfcajd f`lajlcdm gfm alctdatl njsal alc md

sdcorf d trdvs gf md jctfrprftdajc gfm pdpfm gf arjstl.

Qustjtuy fm mjfczl plr su aufrpl y prfsfct dm drtjstd al`l fm

mlaus gf su lird, auyd jcsarjpajc alc ==pjcturd33

fcsdcorfctdgd plgd ofcfrdr ucd aurdajc fspjrjtudm d trdvs

gf md jctfrprftdajc gf uc rjtl pdodcl-arjstjdcl (Blcfs, 988>,

po. :9)


47/77


J`dofc C 62 Yfojstrl nltlornjal gf md pfrnlr`dcaf, 4st Datjlc, Efr`dcc Cjtsae,4:>9, Xfrnlr`dcaf, Dpdrtd`fctl-Fstugjl gf Lttl @em, ^jfcd.

Nufctf2 Blcfs, 988>, Xo.:9

Qfoc pmdctfd fm sjtjl wfi vjfcdyyl.al` (9844)2 Fm drtf gf mls daajlcjstds

frd rdgjadm, ùaeds vfafs vjlmfctl y orltfsal, lrodcjzdidc lrods ùmtjtugjcdrjds

y rfdmjzdidc pratjads sfxudmfs vjlmfctds, mmfodcgl jcamusl d sdarjnjadr dcj`dmfs,

edajfcgl tlgl ml alcsjgfrdgl plal tjal. Qu aufrpl edajd ùaeds vfafs gf

mjfczl, glcgf pmds`didc sus pjcturds, rfprfsfctdidc lirds gf tfdtrl l njcodc sfr

fsaumturds, dgf`ds slmdc pjctdr edijtdajlcfs fctfrds. Dmzdidc md idcgfrd gf quf

fm drtf cl daajlcjstd cl frd alcsjgfrdgl drtf, sjcl plmtjad y plr fsl rdgjadmjzdrlc

fm drtf mmfodcgl d tdmfs fxtrf`ls.

D md dutlrd mf jctfrfsd fclr`fctf fm trdidbl rfdmjzdgl plr fm Daajlcjs`l


48/77


^jfcs, plrquf fs uc trdidbl orltfsal, vjlmfctl, irutdm, adrcdm, alc sdarjnjajls gf

dcj`dmfs, ùy pfrturidglr, quf ofcfrd jcal`lgjgdg, dsal, fm audm ùaeds vfafs

cl fs dordgdimf gf prfsfcajdr, rl`pf fm drtf trdgjajlcdm, mls drtjstds utjmjzdc sus

prlpjls aufrpls al`l lird, uaeds vfafs ml utjmdc, ml dzltdc, ml alrtdc.

Xdrd ofcfrdr mds sfcsdajlcfs yd `fcajlcdgds, md drtjstd gfajgf utjmjzdr uc

`dtfrjdm quf pufgd d`drrdr d su aufrpl, quf sfd nmfxjimf pfrl quf dm `js`l

tjf`pl mlorf gfnlr`drml, gfsnjourdrml, yd quf alc uc cugl adìjd fm fstdgl gf mds

alsds.

Z qu slc mds alsds< Mds alsds slc gf trfs tjpls2 sfrfs,

efaels y libftls, y plr ml tdctl, alc edafr uc cugl adìjd fm

fstdgl gf mls sfrfs, fm fstdgl gf mls efaels y fm fstdgl gf

mls libftls. Mls libftls yd cl pufgfc adfrsf, ml `js`l

laurrf alc mls sfrfs2 cl sf adfc yd fstdc dtdgls.

(@fgvfglv, s.n, po.7)

Fc alcsfaufcajd, md ofctf tf`f d`drrdrsf d uc muodr, ùaed ofctf fstd

vjdbdcgl alcstdctf`fctf plr tf`lr d qufgdrsf fstdcadcgls fc uc muodr, tdìjc

ed arfajgl fm tf`lr d mds rfmdajlcfs, fs ùael `fclr fm orupl gf pfrslcds quf

gfajgfc adsdrsf l fctdimdr ucd rfmdajc, edy uc tf`lr alcstdctf plr dtdrsf d

efaels, libftls l pfrslcds y dm js`l tjf`pl, fxjstfc pfrslcds uy dnfrrdgds.

Md daajc gf edafr uc cugl pufgf sfr cfodtjvd l plsjtjvd

sfoc ml quf fsd lpfrdajc dtd l prleif, sfoc ml quf

prftfcgf listdaumjzdr y pdrdr. Gdgl quf fm cugl fs uc ajfrrf


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y uc listauml, ucd pdrdgd l rftfcajc, md daajc y sus

alcsfaufcajds gfpfcgf ùael gf qu fs ml quf sf ajfrrd, y

gf qu fs ml quf sf listdaumjzd, pdrd l prleif fm dvdcaf

(@fgvfglv, s.n, po. 5)

Md drtjstd `fgjdctf md utjmjzdajc gf fmstjals d`drrd su aufrpl d md

Vcjvfrsjgdg, muodr quf md ed rfsoudrgdgl gurdctf 7 dls; plr uc mdgl qujfrf

pfr`dcfafr dtdgd d m, plr md sfourjgdg quf mf ed irjcgdgl gurdctf tdctl tjf`pl,

sjfcgl uc zlcd gf alcnlrt, gf dordgl.

Fm cugl fs uc slplrtf gf md fguadajc, uc efael fxpfrj`fctdm quf

jcvlmuard ucd adctjgdg gf prf`jsds y alcsfaufcajds j`prfsajcgjaimfs fc mls

`l`fctls gjnajmfs gf md datjvjgdg eu`dcd. (@fgvfglv, s.n, po.9)

Vcd vfz quf md drtjstd sf d`drrd al`jfczd d ad`jcdr edajd gfmdctf, fc fstf

dvdcaf mls fmstjals al`jfczdc d dprftdr su aufrpl, ml gfnlr`dc, ml ejfrfc,

gfbdcgl `drads fc su pjfm, `jfctrds dvdczd mls fmstjals al`jfczdc d fstjrdrsf,

edstd mmfodr d uc puctl glcgf sf alrtdc y dm alrtdrsf dzltdc d md drtjstd. Fstf

efael ùaeds vfafs ofcfrd jcal`lgjgdg fc fm fspfatdglr, dslìrl, `lmfstjd, ml

audm sf rfmdajlcd alc ml quf iusadid ofcfrdr fm Daajlcjs`l ^jfcs, ducquf fmmls

ml pmdctfdidc gf ucd nlr`d ùael `ds orltfsad pdrd ofcfrdr plm`jad, md drtjstd

fc adìjl, ml mlord, pfrl cl alc md `js`d pltfcajd quf mlordid fm Daajlcjs`l

^jfcs.

Qfoc ajtd @fgvfglv2 edafr uc cugl fs adìjdr ucd sjtudajc dctfrjlr.

Fmml pfr`jtf njbdr y alctfcfr uc dvdcaf gf mds alsds y `dtfrjdmjzdr ml trdsafcgfctf


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y gf dtdr y alcafctrdr fm aufrpl, fm dm`d y fm `lvj`jfctl sutjm gfm sfr. (s.n, po.5)

Md drtjstd fc tlgds sus pfrnlr`dcafs iusad adìjdr y `lgjnjadr fm fctlrcl,

su aufrpl, jcamusjvf su jgfctjgdg, ducquf gf `dcfrd jcalcsajfctf, yd quf tlglsfstls ndatlrfs sf fstdc `lgjnjadcgl alcstdctf`fctf. Fm aufrpl vd adìjdcgl alc

fm pdsl gf mls dls, arfaf, sf trdcsnlr`d, sf fcvfbfaf, md jgfctjgdg adìjd sfoc

fm fctlrcl y fm fctlrcl fstd fc alcstdctf adìjl, plr fm usl quf adgd pfrslcd mf

ltlrod, md vjgd fs uc alcstdctf adìjl. Dm joudm quf fm cugl, al`l pmdctfd

@fgvfglv (s.n)2 Fm cugl fs uc fcaufctrl fctrf gls rfdmjgdgfs, fcaufctrl quf

fsalcgf uc jstfrjl gf md ucjc gf fsds gls rfdmjgdgfs sj`jmdrfs. (po.9)

Njcdm`fctf md drtjstd sf gfsd`drrd gf tlgls mls cugls quf cl md gfbdidc

dvdczdr, sf sfpdrd gf ucd rfdmjgdg md audm qujfrf `lgjnjadr, yd quf gfspus gf

adgd datl pfrnlr`tjal sf ofcfrd uc adìjl fc fmmd al`l fc fm fctlrcl. Fs

cfafsdrjl rfnmfxjlcdr fc md jgfd gf mjifrtdg jctfrjlr pdrd al`prfcgfr fm vfrgdgfrl

vdmlr lpfrdtjvl gfm cugl. Edy quf dtdr mls pfcsd`jfctls y mds gugds pdrd plgfr

datudr alc mjifrtdg (@fgvfglv,s.n, po.:)

Ltrd drtjstd ùy gfstdadgd quf trdidbd alc su aufrpl fs @lcd Edtlu`,

cdajgd fc Ifjrut fm dl 4:69. Xrlguatl gf md dt`snfrd lprfsjvd quf sf vjvd fc

su fsaufmd, md drtjstd, didcglc fm rfsoudrgl gf mds jcstjtuajlcfs y al`fcz d

fxpmlrdr mds plsjijmjgdgfs gf md pfrnlr`dcaf. Vcl gf sus prjcajpdmfs tf`ds fs fm

fxjmjl y ùaeds gf sus pfrnlr`dcaf fstdc adrodgds d `fcugl gf uc gfcsl

alctfcjgl plmtjal. D njcfs gf mls dls laefctd, al`jfczd d rfojstrdr sus

pfrnlr`dcaf fc vgfl; pdrtf j`plrtdctf gf su tf`tjad fs al`l dilrgd mds


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aufstjlcfs gf md jgfctjgdg y fm aufrpl.

Vcl gf sus trdidbls `s alclajgl sf mmd`d Alrps

trdcofr, fstf alcsjstf fc uc rfajctl ajmcgrjal gf almlrimdcal alc gls difrturds, d trdvs gf mds audmfs fm pimjal

pufgf daafgfr dm jctfrjlr, glcgf ucd prlyfaajc gf vgfl

ajraumdr gf ordcgfs prlplrajlcfs, `ufstrd uc fsacfr

`gjal gfm jctfrjlr gfm aufrpl gf md drtjstd (Blcfs, 988>,

po419)

Qfoc pmdctfd fm sjtjl wfi idcquftf.lro (4::7)2 Fstd lird fs alcsjgfrdgd

ucl gf mls dutlrftrdtls `s sjcoumdrfs fc md ejstlrjd gfm drtf, uc vjdbf fcglsapjal

plr fm aufrpl gf Edtlu`. Xfcftrdcgl fc vdrjls lrjnjajls, fm fsacfr trdcsplrtd dm

fspfatdglr plr uc vjdbf vfrtjojclsl d trdvs gf mls adcdmfs gjofstjvls,

rfprlguatlrfs y fxarftlrfs gf md drtjstd, `fgjdctf ucd vmvumds quf sf dirfc y sf

ajfrrdc, fc mds quf mls mqujgls idiltfdc y sf drrf`lmjcdc.

Dm `js`l tjf`pl, sf trdcs`jtf md rfspjrdajc gfm aufrpl, d trdvs gf ucd

fspfajf gf sjmijgl quf vdrd sfoc fm muodr fc fm quf sf tl`d fm pumsl, fc rdrds

ladsjlcfs, md a`drd rfalrrf fm fxtfrjlr gfm aufrpl, glcgf adptd plrls y adifmmls

gfs`fsurdgls, pdrd vlmvfrsf d su`frojr fc fm jctfrjlr y rftl`dr su adtjal vjdbf d

trdvs gfm pdjsdbf jctfrcl.

Fc fstd lird plgf`ls dprfajdr fm nucajlcd`jfctl ijlmojal gfm aufrpl gf md

drtjstd, `fgjdctf md `jrdgd `gjad gf md a`drd, quf lnrfaf ucd vjsjc ctj`d gfm

jctfrjlr gfm aufrpl gf Edtlu`. Fstl sf rfmdajlcd gjrfatd`fctf alc fm trdidbl gf md


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drtjstd, yd quf fm aufrpl cl fs slmd`fctf fm `dtfrjdm, sjcl quf md lird fc s.

D md dutlrd mf jctfrfsd fm trdidbl gf Edtlu` plr quf mlord ofcfrdr

jcal`lgjgdg y pfrtuidr dm fspfatdglr, fstl `fgjdctf md nlr`d gf prlyfaajc gf mdlird, fstf nlr`dtl prlguaf md sfcsdajc gf sfr trdodgl plr fstf aufrpl, dgf`s

plgf`ls lisfrvdr fm aufrpl gfsgf gfctrl, ml audm ofcfrd rfaedzl, yd quf sf

mlordc dprfajdr pfmls, ruolsjgdgfs, cfrvjls, plr cl`irdr dmoucls.

Fc md lird gf md drtjstd, md jcal`lgjgdg sf prlguaf dm vfr al`l sf vdc

alrtdcgl mls fmstjals, md prfsjc y fm rlaf quf fbfrafc fc su aufrpl, `uaedsvfafs prlvladcgl quf`dgurds y alrtfs fc su pjfm, dgf`s gf mls nufrtfs olmpfs

quf mf prlplrajlcd fm fmstjal dm alrtdrsf.

J`dofc C >2 Yfojstrl nltlornjal gf md pfrnlr`dcaf, Alrps trdcofr, @lcdEdtlu`, 4::7, vjgfl jcstdmdajc alc fstruaturd ajmcgrjad gf `dgfrd, prlyfatlr gf

vgfl, @usfl Cdtjlcdm gf drtf `lgfrcl, Xdrs.Nufctf2 idcquftf.lro

Fc md ejstlrjd gf md pfrnlr`dcaf, mls drtjstds quf utjmjzdc su aufrpl al`l

`dtfrjdm pdrd sus trdidbls, fxprfsdc, fxpfrj`fctdc md ucjc gf jgfds f jgflmlods


53/77


gf gjstjctds gjsajpmjcds y aumturds, `fzamcglsf gf fstd nlr`d fm aufrpl ijlmojal,

slajdm y plmtjal, yd quf ùaeds vfafs edc tfcjgl quf dnrlctdr sjtudajlcfs gf

rjfsol, `jfgl, pfmjorl y sfxudmjgdg, fxplcjfcgl jcamusl sus aufrpls d md d`fczd

gf fstls fmf`fctls.

@uaels drtjstds sf edc jctfrfsdgl fc sjtudajlcfs altjgjdcds al`l slc rjtls

fxttjals j , alstuìrfs slajdmfs dbfcds al`l fm sdarjnjajl eu`dcl, rjtls gf

jcjajdajc, md ajraucajsjc, md pjcturd alrplrdm, mls tdtudbfs l fm pjfrajco, yd quf sf

alcsjgfrdc `fgjls quf sjrvfc dm aufrpl pdrd daafgfr d ltrl pmdcl gf md rfdmjgdg

(Blcfs 988>).

Md pjfm quf edijtl fs ucd pfmaumd gf Xfgrl Dm`lgvdr, quf trdtd gf uc

fc`jcfctf ajrubdcl pmstjal, mmd`dgl Ylifrt Mfgodrg. Xrlguatl gf uc daajgfctf d

su ùbfr sf mf quf`d tlgl fm aufrpl, rdzc plr md quf gfgjad dls gf fstugjl pdrd

md arfdajc gf ucd cufvd pjfm, alc md quf plgrd edifrmd sdmvdgl.

Adif sfdmdr quf md dutlrd rfmdajlcd md pfmaumd alc md jgfctjgdg, yd quf mds

pfrslcds sf trdcsnlr`dc y dglptdc ucd cufvd pjfm quf mls vufmvf jcùcfs dctf

mls ltrls.

Vcd gf mds adrdatfrstjads `ds j`plrtdctfs gf md pfmaumd, fs quf md pjfm

arfdgd cl frd ucd pjfm al`c y alrrjfctf, sf trdtd gf ucd pjfm sfcsjimf d mds

adrjajds, pfrl quf nucajlcd al`l ucd dutctjad alrdzd alctrd audmqujfr tjpl gf

dorfsjlcfs, tdctl jctfrcds al`l fxtfrcds, fstf efael sf dsf`fbd d ml yd

`fcajlcdgl, mds pfrslcds ùaeds vfafs sf plcfc ucd alrdzd nrfctf dm rfstl l

jFxttjals2 Tuf fst fc xtdsjs, l quf ml tjfcf alc nrfaufcajd.


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dctf ajfrtds sjtudajlcfs, pdrd cl `lstrdrsf tdm audm slc y gf fstd nlr`d fvjtdr quf

mls ejfrdc, mls dtdqufc, mls buzoufc, mls dorfgdc.

J`dofc C ?2J`dofc gf nrdo`fctl gf md pfmaumd fsafcd lpfrdajc, Md Xjfm TufEdijtl, Xfgrl Dm`lglvr, 9844

Nufctf2 tdpdltdplc.al`

Md pjfm gf mls sfrfs eu`dcls rfsjstf fstjùmls tatjmfs edstd ajfrtl puctl,

mufol gf fsl sf prlguaf glmlr nsjal, qufgdr `drads fc md pjfm, ajadtrjafs. Xlr ml

tdctl, fm drtjstd gf pfrnlr`dcaf tjfcf quf mlordr fstdgls `fctdmfs supfrjlrfs pdrd

plgfr rfsjstjr dutlùtjmdajlcfs, olmpfs, efrjgds u ltrls.

Md pfmaumd, Md pjfm quf edijtl, edimd gf md ejstlrjd gf uc aufrpl, gf

`fctfs fcnfr`ds y sfrfs quf ùtdc, gf pfrslcds dm m`jtf, quf sf lgjdc l quf

njcofc d`drsf pdrd plgfr mjifrdrsf. Wlgds fstds sjtudajlcfs, sf vfc fc md

tfmfvjsjc datudm`fctf, tdctl fc Aejmf, al`l fc fm ùcgl.

Alc nrfaufcajd, fstd`ls vjsudm`fctf fxpufstls d ucd sfrjf gf jòfcfs


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sdturdgds gfm ùcgl y sf vd alcstruyfcgl uc j`dojcdrjl `fgjdctf fm aruaf y md

prlmjnfrdajc gf stds. Adsls al`l fm laurrjgl rfajfctf`fctf fc @xjal, glcgf 71

fstugjdctfs nufrlc sfaufstrdgls, gf mls audmfs gjfajsjftf fstdrdc ùfrtls fc ucd

nlsd al`c. Adif dorfodr ml laurrjgl fc Aejmf, fc fm `fs gf dirjm, dl 9847,

audcgl ucd ùbfr `dt d su `drjgl, mufol gf fstl y alc fm libftjvl gf laumtdr

audmqujfr fvjgfcajd, daugj d ucd sfrjf gf pratjads alcsjgfrdgds plal edijtudmfs2

ml afrafc y mufol alajc mds pdrtfs gfm aufrpl gf su `drjgl ndmmfajgl. Md ùbfr

nuf alcsjgfrdgd uc pfmjorl pdrd md sfourjgdg slajdm, dgf`s gf tfcfr ucd `fctf

fcnfr`d.

Fstls, al`l ùaels ltrls adsls, plgf`ls prfsfcajdr ely fc fm ìjtl gf

ml ijlmojal, ml plmtjal, ml slajdm; jcamusjvf fc fm ùcgl gfm drtf. Mls drtjstds gf

pfrnlr`dcaf, ùaeds vfafs edc sjgl alcsjgfrdgls `fctfs fcnfr`ds (Blcfs

988>), plr md amdsf gf lirds quf rfdmjzdc2 fc mds audmfs alafc su aufrpl, ml alrtdc,

ml dzltdc, ml quf`dc l sl`ftfc d pfmjorlsds daajlcfs.

Fc mds lirds gf md drtjstd sf pufgfc dprfajdr dmoucds gf fstds pratjads

tdmfs al`l2 d`drrdr fm aufrpl, quf`dgurds prlguatl gf md nufrzd quf fbfraf fm

`dtfrjdm (fmstjal) fc fm aufrpl, `drads fc md pjfm, dzltfs. Gf `dcfrd jctfrcd, md

drtjstd fxpfrj`fctd fm glmlr quf mf prlplrajlcdc fstls dzltfs, dcoustjd dm qufrfr

quf mls fmstjals sf alrtfc, gfsfspfrdajc, adcsdcajl njsjal y `fctdm, dslìrl dm

vfr md adrd gf mls fspfatdglrfs. @uaeds vfafs rfaufrgd fm gd quf md jctfctdrlc

vjlmdr y mlord sfctjr md `js`d dcoustjd quf sjctj fsf gd. Xdrd md drtjstd fm rfdmjzdr

pfrnlr`dcaf, vd `ds dmm gfm dìjtl drtstjal, sjcl quf fs ucd fxpfrjfcajd

pfrslcdm, sjf`prf gjstjctd quf `drad ucd ftdpd j`plrtdctf fc su vjgd. Md


56/77


pfrnlr`dcaf mf pfr`jtf mjifrdrsf y gfsprfcgfrsf gf ajfrtds f`lajlcfs y

sfctj`jfctls plr mls audmfs dtrdvjfsd, fs ucd nlr`d gf sfctjrsf vjvd.

Qfoc pmdctfd fm sjtjl mdnuod.am (s.n)2 Md pfmaumd, Md pjfm quf edijtl, dm joudmquf fc md vjgd rfdm l fc fm ùcgl gfm drtf, fxpmlrd md `dtfrjdmjgdg gfm aufrpl, fm

aufrpl efrjgl l gfselcrdgl, fm aufrpl sfxudgl, fm aufrpl quf`dgl, fm aufrpl

suilrgjcdgl, fm aufrpl `dradgl plr vjlmfcajd rfdm l sjìmjad, ùfstrd fvjgfcajd

gf edstd qu puctl fm aufrpl pufgf sfr uc gjsnrdz l uc vfstjgl.

Md pfmaumd, Md pjfm quf edijtl, aufstjlcd dmoucds vfrgdgfsdafptdgds slirf mds nlr`ds gf gl`jcdajc, sl`ftj`jfctl y

`dcfrds gf d`dr, lgjdr y sfctjr gf mls sfrfs eu`dcls.

Xlads vfafs Dm`lglvr sf edid dafradgl tdctl d mds

`lgfrcds tflrds slirf fm ocfrl y md sfxudmjgdg al`l

alcstruatls slajdmfs. Xlgf`ls dprfajdr dmol gfm pdcptjal

gf Nluadumt y fm qujrndcl gf Iutmfr (mdnuod.am, s.n, Xrr. 7).

Njcdm`fctf, fc md pfmaumd sf tladc tf`ds al`l mds clr`ds slajdmfs, mls

j`pumsls sfxudmfs, mds ndctdsds gf gl`jcdajc y tltdmjtdrjs`l, nlijds

pfrslcdsdmfs y fm tfrrlr d mls sfrfs eu`dcls.


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ADXWVML JJJ

1.4 Jgfctjgdg Z Ocfrl fc ucd slajfgdg `daejstd

J`dofc C 52 Yfojstrl nltlornjal,Lird Qjc clìrf, Ndijlmd Cfz Gdz , 9848,78x68a`. Fxd`fc Nltlordnd VCJDAA

Vcd gf mds gfcucajds `ds nrfaufctrfs gfm nf`jcjs`l, fs quf fc md slajfgdg gf

ely, md ùbfr fs alcsjgfrdgd al`l ùbfr libftl, slirf tlgl fc ml sfxudm. Buctl

alc fstl, md j`plsjijmjgdg gf alcsjgfrdrmd al`l joudm fc tfr`jcls aumturdmfs,

slajdmfs l plmtjals. Qf lisfrvdc ordcgfs gjnfrfcajds alc fm elìrf fc tf`ds gf

sufmgls, pufstls gf trdidbls, mds mdilrfs quf gfsf`pfd adgd ucl fc md adsd,

fctrf ltrds gfsjoudmgdgfs. Adif sfdmdr quf, aumturd`fctf, sf ed fstdimfajgl y

dafptdgl fm efael gf utjmjzdr fm aufrpl gf md ùbfr fc mls `fgjls gf alùcjadajc


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gf `dsds, fc md puimjajgdg, fctrf ltrl `fgjls, pdrd mmd`dr md dtfcajc,

fspfajnjad`fctf gf mls elìrfs.

@drtd Md`ds (9888) pmdctfd2 [P Md sfxudmjzdajc gf mls sfrfs eu`dclsprlguaf ucd sjìlmjzdajc fspfanjad fc adgd aumturd, y std tjfcf fnfatls fc su

j`dojcdrjl. Dmol nucgd`fctdm, tdctl pdrd elìrfs al`l ùbfrfs, fs quf fm Ltrl

fs isjad`fctf fm Ltrl sfxl. (po.4).

Qfoc pmdctfd fm sjtjl wfi f`lm.al` (9841)2 Cl fs uc gfsauirj`jfctl, cj

`fcls uc `jstfrjl, fm vfr ùbfrfs ifmmds fxejijgds plr sus pdrfbds, al`l sj nufrdcuc prlguatl dpftfajimf l uc libftl gf alcsu`l, uc trlnfl. @uaeds vfafs sf usd d

md ùbfr al`l odcael, utjmjzdcgl fm plgfr gf su j`dofc gf ucd `dcfrd

alcstdctf pdrd trdcsnlr`drmd l trdcsnlr`drsf plr gfsfl prlpjl, l plr md

jcsfourjgdg gf ltrl, fc ucd alsd pdrd muajr, `lstrdr l ùaeds vfafs pdrd fsadmdr

slajdm`fctf y alcsfoujr stdtus.

Md j`dofc C5, fs ucd lird quf sf ofcfrd d pdrtjr gf mds fxpfrjfcajds quf

ef vjvjgl d ml mdrol gf `j vjgd y md jcqujftug quf `f surof alc rfspfatl d md

j`dofc gf ùbfr libftl, yd quf fc rfjtfrgdgds ladsjlcfs mls elìrfs `f

alcsjgfrdc slml pdrd tfcfr sfxl, plrquf tfcol iufcd njourd. Fc md lird `f

fxejil fc ucd fspfajf gf vjtrjcd, `lstrdcgl pdrtf gf `j aufrpl y edajfcgl

prfsjc alctrd stf, pdrd edafr dmusjc d al`l md ùbfr fs fxejijgd al`l uc

libftl gfalrdtjvl, prfsjlcdgd fc ordc pdrtf plr ucd slajfgdg dc ùy `daejstd.


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J`dofc C :2 Yfojstrl Nltlornjal gf md lird Md Gjvd, Ndijlmd Cfz Gdz, 9848,Qfrjf gf Nltlordnds, 68x>8a`, Fxd`fc Nltlordnd VCJDAA

Md Gjvd fs uc prlyfatl quf surof d pdrtjr gf trdidbls rfdmjzdgls

dctfrjlr`fctf. Vcl gf fmmls alcsjstj fc plcfr d Gjvd (ùfad jcnmdimf) pdrdgd fc

ucd fsqujcd, dplydgd fc uc njfrrl, dm joudm al`l mds prlstjtutds d md fspfrd gf

dmoc amjfctf.

Md jctfcajc, frd adptdr md rfdaajc gf mls trdcsfctfs dm fcalctrdrsf alc

fstd ùfad. Mufol gf vfr mds gjstjctds rfdaajlcfs gf md ofctf, gfajg jcalrplrdr d

md ùfad fc dmoucls gf `js prlyfatls, edstd mmfodr d md arfdajc gf fstd sfrjf gf

nltlordnds, glcgf sf vf d md ùfad fc daajlcfs altjgjdcds quf rfdmjzl fc `j


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XFYNLY@DCAF2 GDMLOLQ Z DAAJLCFQ XDYD ALCQWYVJYQF D Q @JQ@D >8

adsd.

@j jctfcajc fs aufstjlcdr, al`l yd ml ef efael, md j`dofc gf md ùbfr

al`l libftl sfxudm dctf fm elìrf, md slajfgdg, jcamusjvf md nd`jmjd; a`l fstd edpfrgjgl jgfctjgdg dm plcfr su aufrpl y ifmmfzd dm sfrvjajl gfm elìrf.

Adif dorfodr quf md ùfad cl nuf fmfojgd dzdrlsd`fctf, fxjstf ucd

sj`jmjtug fctrf fmmd y yl, al`l yd ml `fcajlc, mls elìrfs ùaeds vfafs pjfcsdc

quf yl slml sjrvl pdrd tfcfr sfxl y pdrd cdgd `ds, dm joudm quf md ùfad jcnmdimf,

quf nuf gjsfdgd pdrd sdtjsndafr mds cfafsjgdgfs sfxudmfs gf mls elìrfs.@fgjdctf md utjmjzdajc gf md ùfad edol rfnfrfcajd d fstd tf`tjad.

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"Performance: diálogos y acciones para construirse a sí misma" Memoria de Fabiola Núñez

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Transcript of "Performance: diálogos y acciones para construirse a sí misma" Memoria de Fabiola Núñez