Qualitat de l'aire a Europa: on som?

Xavier Querol Institut de Diagnosi Ambiental i Estudis de l’

Aigua, IDAEA‐CSIC

Diputació

de Barcelona i Generalitat de Catalunya, 20 de Maig de 2014

La qualitat de l’aire a UE: On som?

• Contaminació

i qualitat de l’aire

• Paràmetres crítics

• El problema de l’NO2

• El problema de PM

• Els problemes de l’O3

i Benzo[a]pirè

• Consideracions finals

Contingut

LIFE 11/ ENV/ES/584 (www.airuse.eu)

ESTRATÈGIA TEMÀTICA EUROPEA

Emissions levels

emission sources (natural,

anthropogenic..)

primary pollutants (SO2

, NOx

, HC, PM,…)

standardsControl measures

1996‐1999

minimization

strategies

new standards

target levels

new standards

2005‐2010

2013‐2014 (2020)

Local and global effectsImpact on receptors,

epidemiology

measuring (concentration and meteorology)

Levels in ambient air

meteorology

, dispersion,

transport,...

chemical

transformation (secondary pollutants: O3

, PAN, HNO3

, H2

SO4

)

Modelling

and

integrated assessment

Contaminació atmosfèrica

Contaminació atmosfèrica

ENVIRONMENTAL STRANDARDS FOR AIR QUALITY

Directive 1999/30/EC

� SO2

, NO2

, NOx, PM10

, Pb

(PM2.5

??)Directive 2000/69/EC

� benzene, CO


� O3


� PAH, Cd, As, Ni, Hg

(PM2.5) Directive Clean Air for Europe and Air Quality, 2008/50/EC & 2004/107/ECDeadlines: 2005‐2010, 2015, 2020

MATHER DIRECTIVE1996/62/CE

Emission

Ambient air

RD, 102/2011 (Spanish legisltaion)

t IPPC Integrated Prevention and Pollution ControlDIRECTIVES1996/61/EC, 2010/75/EC2002/51/EC, 2006/120/EC1998/69/EC, 2002/80/EC, 2007/715/EC2001/80/CE2001/81/CE2014/??/CE

t EURO standards for vehicles

tLarge Combustion Plants tNational Emission CeilingstMedium scale combustion plants

REVISION IN 2013 & 2014

REVISION OF AQ DIRECTIVE DELAYED UNTIL 2020EVEN WHEN WHO (REVIHAAP+HRAPIE

PROJECTS)

RECOMMENDED CHANGING PM2.5 AND SOME TARGET VALUES TO LIMIT VALUES

Paràmetres

crítics

(superacions)

293 °K

, 101,3 kPa,

Directive

2008/50/EC, RD 102/2011

except

PM and

metals, Evriron. Cond.

Hourly

350 µg/m3

SO2

24 times per yearDaily

125 µg/m3

SO2

3 times per yearAnnual prot. ecos.

20 µg/m3

SO2

not exceeding annual and mean 1 Oct‐31 MarHourly

200 µg/m3

NO2

8 times per yearAnnual

40 µg/m3

NO2

not exceedingAnnual prot. vegetation

30 µg/m3

NOx

(reported as NO2

) not exceedingAnnual

5 µg/m3

Benzene

not exceedingMean 8‐h max. in a day

10 mg/m3

CO

not exceedingAnnual

500 ng/m3

Pb

not exceedingAnnual

40 µg/m3

PM10

not exceedingDaily

50 µg/m3

PM10

n<35 per yearAnnual

(25 and 20 (18) µg/m3

PM2.5

) not exceeding2010‐2020

(reducing 20% PM2.5

triennial for mean of urban background)

VALORS NORMATIUS EN QUALITAT DE L’AIRE

2004/107/EC, RD 102/2011

Annual

6 ng/m3

As

not exceedingAnnual

20 ng/m3

Ni

not exceedingAnnual

5 ng/m3

Cd

not exceedingAnnual

1 ng/m3

Benzo[]pirene

not exceeding

Paràmetres crítics

AOT40 [expressed in (µg/m3∙h] = as sum of the difference between hourly levels exceeding 80

µg/m3

and 80 µg/m3

along a given

period using only hourly values measured between 8.00 and 20.00 h, Central Europe Time (CET), for every day.

Target valueProtection human healthMaximum of 8 h means of a day

120 µg/m3

O3

not exceeding 25 day/yearmean for 3 years

Target ValueProtection of vegetationAOT40, hourly values from Mayo to July

18.000 µg/m3∙h O3

not exceeding

as a mean of 5 years (c)

Information threshold value: hourly

180 µg/m3 O3Alert threshold value : hourly

240 µg/m3 O3

Es superen valors objectius en entorns rurals i suburbans

VALORS NORMATIUS EN QUALITAT DE L’AIRE


2008/50/EC

WHO (2006) guidelinesRD 102/2011

Hourly

350 µg/m3

SO2

‐‐

24 times per yearDaily

125 µg/m3

SO2

‐‐

3 times per yearHourly

200 µg/m3

NO2

EC‐WHO coincide

18 times per yearAnnual

40 µg/m3

NO2

EC‐WHO coincide

not

exceedingAnnual

5 µg/m3

C6

H6

EC‐WHO coincide

not

exceedingMean 8‐h max. in a day

10 mg/m3

CO

EC‐WHO coincide

not

exceedingAnnual

500 ng/m3

Pb

EC‐WHO coincide

not

exceedingAnnual

40 µg/m3

PM10

20 µg/m3

PM10

not

exceedingAnnual

25 µg/m3

PM2.5

10 µg/m3

PM2.5

not

exceedingMax

8 h means

of

a day

120 µg/m3

O3

100 µg/m3

O3

not

exceeding

25 day/yearmean for

3 yearsBaP

annual

1 ng/m3

BaP

0.12 1 ng/m3

BaP

not

exceeding

VALORS GUÍA OMS (2006)


NO2

Octubre de 2013Air

Quality

in Europe‐

2013 report

2011

El problema de l‘NO2

Causas de superación del VLA de NO2:promedio 2001-2009 (53 estaciones)

63%

29%

3% 2%2% 1%

Heavy trafficProximity to a major roadLocal industryQuarrying/miningDomestic heatingIndustrial accidentNon-industrial accidentNatural sourceWinter sandingAfrican dustLocal petrol stationParking facilityBenzene storageIndustry

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

FONERSBARCELONA

CORNELLA

STA PERPETUAL'HOSPITALE

TMONTCADA

STA COLO

MAST ANDREU

EL PRAT

BADALONABARCELONAST ADRIÀ B.BARCELONA

TERRASSA

MOLLET

SABADELLBARCELO

NABARCELONA

BADALONA

NO

2 (µ

g/m

3)

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010CATALUNYA

Valor límite desde 2010

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

ALCOBENDAS

MADRID

GETAFE

MADRID

MADRID

COSLADA

MADRID

MADRID

MADRID

MADRID

ALCORCÓN

COSLADA

GETAFE

MADRID

NO2

(µg/

m3)

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010COMUNIDAD DE MADRID


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

CASTELLÓ

VALENCIA

VALENCIA

VALENCIA

VALENCIA

LEON

SALAMANCA

SEGOVIA

PALENCIA

SEVILLA

GRANADAGRANADA

ZARAGOZAZARAGOZA

AVILES

OVIEDOLAS PALMAS

A CORUÑA

NO

2 (µ

g/m

3)

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010CC AA: VALENCIA, CASTILLA Y LEÓNANDALUCÍA, ARAGÓN, ASTURIAS, GALICIA


•MADRID, COSLADA, GETAFE, LEGANÉS•BARCELONA, BARBERÀ

DEL V., MARTORELL, MONTCADA I R., ST. ANDREU DE LA B., MOLLET DEL VALLÈS, ST ADRIÀ

DE BESÒS,SABADELL, STA. COLOMA G., TERRASSA•PALMA DE MALLORCA•GRANADA, SEVILLA

2011

http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/calidad‐y‐evaluacion‐ambiental/temas/atmosfera‐y‐calidad‐del‐aire/Informe_evaluaci%C3%B3n_calidad_aire_Espa%C3%B1a_2012_final_v2_tcm7‐299046.pdf

2012: ZONES AMB SUPERACIÓ

VALOR LIMIT ANUAL


http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/calidad-y-evaluacion-ambiental/temas/atmosfera-y-calidad-del-aire/Informe_evaluaci%C3%B3n_calidad_aire_Espa%C3%B1a_2012_final_v2_tcm7-299046.pdf

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

EU 0 EU 1 EU 2 EU 3 EU 4 EU 5

NO

x [g

/km

]

NONO2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

EU 0 EU 1 EU 2 EU 3 EU 4 EU 5

NO

x [g

/km

]

NONO2

Actual emissions: type approval vs. real world for PCDiesel NEDC Diesel CADC (hot start)

Courtesy: Prof. Dr. S. Hausberger

T.U. Graz

0

0 .0 5

0 .1

0 .1 5

0 .2

0 .2 5

1 9 9 0 1 9 9 5 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 5 2 0 1 0 2 0 15 2 0 2 0Y e a r

Pass

enge

r car

s N

O2

[g/k

m]

0

0 .5

1

1 .5

2

2 .5

HD

V N

O2

[g/k

m]

P a s s e n g e r c a r s g a s o lin e

P a s s e n g e r c a r s d ie s e lH D V

NO2 Total effect of NOx

and NO2

fleet emission

reduction may not be sufficient to reach NO2

air

quality targets near roads with high traffic

volumes until 2015:

NO2

fleet emission factors in urban traffic (share in mileage for AUT)

ES NECESSARI APLICAR MESURES NO TECNOLÒGIQUES:

REDUIR N. VEHICLES EN ZONES URBANES

(2015!!!!!!)

EU 6


El Problema de NO2

Euro4 (2005)

NOx mg/km

PM m

g/km

Euro5 (2009)

Euro6 (2015)

Euro2 (1996)Euro3 (2000)

Euro1 (1992)

(7)(8)

(10)(10)

(36)(16) (NOx/PM rates for each specific Euro standard)

Euro standards for Diesel Passenger Cars

(NOx+HC/PM rates for each specific Euro standard)1

10

100

1000

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

7 810 10

36

16

5

9

17

30

180

50

1

10

100

1000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Euro4(2005)

Euro5(2009)

Euro6(2015)Euro2

(1996)

Euro3(2000)Euro1

(1992)

NOx/

PM

Ratio of NOx/PM emissions from Euro standards for Diesel Passenger Cars

Ratio of real life NOx/PM emissions for Diesel Passenger Cars

98

Ratio of (NOx+HC)/PM emissions from Euro standards for Diesel Passenger Cars

Why so high NOWhy so high NO22

??


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

µg/m

3

SO2

Traffic Urban backgraound Industrial

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

µg/m

3

Mean Sav, Nie, Peñ Bar, CdC, Viz, Cam, Tor, Zar

Regional Background(EMEP)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

µg/m

3

NO2


0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

6,0

7,0

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

µg/m

3

Media CdC, Viz,Tor, Sav, Nie Bar, Cam, Zar, Peñ


0.0E+0

2.0E+5

4.0E+5

6.0E+5

8.0E+5

1.0E+6

1.2E+6

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

SO2 (Mg)

Industrial processes with combustion

Power generation and transformation

Other transport and mobile machinery

Mg

SO2 National Emissions

Mg

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

µg/m

3

NOx


0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

6,0

7,0

8,0

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

µg/m

3

NOx

Media CdC, Viz,Tor, Sav, Nie Bar, Cam, Zar, Peñ

0E+0

1E+5

2E+5

3E+5

4E+5

5E+5

6E+5

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

NOx (Mg)

Industrial processes with combustionPower generation and transformationOther transport and mobile machineryRoad transport

NOx National Emissions


Querol

et al., 2014. Science

of

Total Environment

TENDÈNCIES DE NIVELLS I EMISSIONS DE CONTAMINANTS A L’ESTAT

El material particulat atmosfèric (PM): Material heterogeni sòlit

i/o

líquid present en suspensió l'atmosfera

• Impacte en salut• Ecosistemes• Clima•Materials de construcció• Visibilitat

El problema de les PM

PM10

2011

Octubre de 2013Air

Quality

in Europe‐

2013 report


Barcelona (2003‐2010)

Vehicle Exhaust; 4.4; 30%

Nitrate; 2.8; 19%

Road dust; 0.3; 2%Heavy oil; 0.6; 4%Industrial; 0.5; 3%

Sulfate; 5.6; 38%

Mineral; 0.2; 1%

Sea salt; 0.2; 1%

African dust; 0.3; 2%


Nitrate; 4.0; 16%

Road dust; 2.9; 11%Heavy oil; 0.8; 3%

Industrial; 0.9; 3%

Sulfate; 7.0; 28%

Mineral; 1.9; 7%Sea salt; 1.0; 4%



Nitrate; 4.5; 11%

Road dust; 8.8; 22%Heavy oil; 1.0; 2%

Industrial; 1.0; 2%

Sulfate; 6.7; 17%

Mineral; 5.6; 14%

Sea salt; 4.1; 10%


PM10PM10 PM2.5PM2.5

PM1PM1

Trànsit: 49%Trànsit: 47%

Trànsit: 50%

Max.Vaixells: 2% Max. Vaixells: 3%

Max. Vaixells: 4%

Construcció: 7%

Construcció: 1%

Construcción: 14%

Contribució mitjana als nivells mitjans de PMx


Pey

J., et al. 2009. Atmospheric Environment

Source contribution to the mean annual N10‐800

Fuel‐Oil comb.; 0.1%

Traffic; 67%

Crustal; 1%

Marine; 2%

Photochem.; 3%

Siderurgy; 2%

Regional / Urban Back.; 25%

Receptor modelling for UFP Barcelona, 2004


0

5

10

15

20

25

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

µg/m

3

Media Bar, CdC, Viz,Tor, Zar, Nie Cam, Sav, Peñ


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

µg/m

3

Media Bar, CdC,Viz, Tor Cam, Sav, Nie, Zar, Peñ


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

µg/m

3PM10

Traffic Urban background Industrial

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

µg/m

3

PM2.5

Mean

0.0E+0

5.0E+3

1.0E+4

1.5E+4

2.0E+4

2.5E+4

3.0E+4

3.5E+4

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

PM10 (Mg)

Industrial processes with combustionAgriculture and farmingOther transport and mobile machineryRoad transportNon industrial combustion

0.0E+0

5.0E+3

1.0E+4

1.5E+4

2.0E+4

2.5E+4

3.0E+4

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

PM2.5 (Mg)

Industrial processes with combustionOther transport and mobile machineryRoad transportNon industrial combustion

Mg

Mg

PM10 National Emissions PM2.5 National Emissions

Querol


of

Total Environment

TENDÈNCIES DE NIVELLS I EMISSIONS DE CONTAMINANTS A L’ESTAT


year

Pb

[ng

m3

]

2

4

6

8

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

-7.68 [-8.4, -6.82] %/year ***

year

Cu

[ng

m3

]

0

2

4

6

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

-6.49 [-7.84, -4.9] %/year ***

M[

3]

Pb

year

As

[ng

m3

]

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

-6.59 [-7.35, -5.07] %/year ***

year

Cd

[ng

m3

]

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

-8.34 [-9.6, -6.81] %/year ***

Cu

year

Mn

[ng

m3

]

0

2

4

6

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

-5.47 [-6.35, -4.53] %/year ***

Cd As

year

Ni [

ng m

3]

1

2

3

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

-4.89 [-6.73, -2.36] %/year ** year

Zn [n

g m

3]

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

-4.93 [-6.29, -2.9] %/year ***

Mn Zn

year

Sb

[ng

m]

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

-10.03 [-11.35, -8.43] %/year ***

Ni Sb

year

Cru

stal

[µg/

m3]

0

1

2

3

4

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

-5.03 [-6.6, -2.75] %/year **

year

Sea

sal

t [µg

/m3]

0.0

0.5

1.0

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

-0.13 [-2.65, 3.82] %/year

Crustal Sea salt

year

NO

3- [µ

g/m

3]

0

2

4

6

8

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

-5.04 [-8.1, -1.56] %/year **

NO3‐

year O

C [µ

g/m

3]

1

2

3

4

5

6

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

-4.55 [-6, -2.68] %/year ***

NO3‐ OC

year

SO

42- [

µg/m

3]

1

2

3

4

5

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

-4.92 [-6.06, -3.36] %/year ***

SO42‐

year

EC

[µg/

m3]

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

0 [-2.05, 2.47] %/year

SO42‐

EC

Querol


of

Total Environment

TENDÈNCIES DE CONTAMINANTS EN PM2.5 AL MONTSENY


2011Benzo(a)pirè

Octubre de 2013Air

Quality

in Europe‐

2013 report

El problema del benzo[a]pirè

El problema del benzo[a]pirè

O3

Octubre de 2013Air

Quality

in Europe‐

2013 report

2011

El problema

de l’ozó

El problema

de l’ozó

Querol


of

Total Environment

Perqué

puja l’O3????

1. NO+O3

-->---NO2

+O2

Si NO baixa, O3

puja

2. NOx+COV-->---O3

NOx+COV-->---

O3Manca linearitat

entre NOx

+COV

i O3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

µg/m

3

O3

Traffic Urban Background Industrial

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

µg/m

3

O3

Media CdC, Viz, Cam, Zar, Peñ Bar, Tor, Sav, Nie


2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

mg/m

3

CO

Traffic Urban background Industrial0.0E+0

2.0E+5

4.0E+5

6.0E+5

8.0E+5

1.0E+6

1.2E+6

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

CO (Mg)Industrial processes with combustionAgriculture and farmingIndustrial processes without combustionRoad transportNon industrial combustion

National Emissions

Mg

• OMS–DG MEDI AMBIENT CE: REVIHAAP + HRAPIE: Informen al 2013 de la necessitat de reduir valors límit de PM2.5 i O3 , així com de convertir alguns valors objectiu en límit, i del fet que a concentracions d’NO2 > 20 µg/m3 hi ha impacte en la mortalitat diària.

• Desembre de 2013: La CE llança un paquet de mesures com a conseqüència de la revisió 2013 dintre de l’Any de l’Aire: • No canvia les directives actuals de qualitat de l’aire (2008/50/CE i 2004/107/CE). Reconeix

que s'incompleixen els valors normatius actuals i es posa com a meta el 2020 per assolir compliment generalitzat

• Revisa la Directiva de Sostres Nacionals d’Emissió (NECD) posant objectius a 2020 i 2030• Elabora una nova Directiva de Instal·lacions de Combustió Mitjanes (actualment sense

legislació EU) • La DG Medi Ambient de la CE aplaça revisió Directiva de Qualitat de l’Aire fins 2020

Consideracions finals

• Opinió pròpia:1. En base a evidencies es necessari revisar l els valors límit/objectiu de PM2.5 i convertir

alguns valors objectiu (O3 i BaP) en límit.2. S’ha trencat la cohesió en política de qualitat de l’aire: Els països del centre i nord’ d’Europa

ja no lluiten tant per endurir la legislació de la CE en matèria de qualitat de l’aire sinó que fan aquest esforç a nivell de la política ambiental nacional: Ells han fet moltes mesures, mentre que no ha segut així al sud d’Europa. Per continuar millorant la seva qualitat de l’aire han deixat anar el llast!!!!!

Gràcies per la seva atenció [email protected]

Agraïments:

Generalitat de Catalunya i Ajuntament de Barcelona, MAGRAMA, MINECO, AIRUSE LIFE+

Qualitat de l'aire a Europa: on som?

Technology

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