„S cripta manent“
Transcript of „S cripta manent“
samecniero Jurnali
„S cripta manent“saqarTvelo
#3 (35)
2017
Jurnali dafuZnebulia Ria diplomatiis asociaciis mier
Scr ipta manent
saerTaSoriso recenzirebadi multilingvuri
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti
Multilingual Reviewing International Scientific Magazine
Международный рецензионный мультилингвальный научный журнал
„S cripta manent“
GEORGIA
ГРУЗИЯ
#3 (35)
2017
OPEN DIPLOMATIC ASSOCIATION
АССОЦИАЦИЯ ОТКРЫТОЙ ДИПЛОМАТИИ
GEORGIAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
ГРУЗИНСКИЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
ISSN 1987-7390UDK (uak) 81+82 S-41
saredaqcio kolegia:
maia CxeiZe
mTavari redaqtori
rusudan TabukaSvili
mTavari redaqtoris moadgile
ia CiqviniZe
pasuxismgebeli mdivani
redkolegiis wevrebi:
viola furcelaZe, hans rudiger fluki, kulpaS beibitova, silvia boteva,
tania grishameri, qeTevan gabunia, maria mixailova, tatiana megreliSvili,
alba graciano, alesandra spadafora, giorgi yufaraZe,
rusudan gociriZe.
misamarTi:
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 0175, kostavas 77, korpusi VI, sarTuli VIII
tel. : 236 51 76
E-mail. : r. tabukashvili@gmail. com
teqnikuri uzrunvelyofa: karina xaraziSvili
E-mail. : k-kharazishvili@mail. ru scripta.manentmagazine@gmail. com
Jurnalis eleqtronuli versia ganTavsebulia Ria diplomatiis asociaciis vebgverdze:
www. odageorgia.ge
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Editorial Board:
Maia Chkheidze, Viola Purtseladze, Rusudan Tabukashvili, Ia Chikvinidze, Hans Rudiger Fluck, Kulpash Beibitova, Tania Grieskhammer, Ketevan Gabunia, Maria Mikhailova, Silvia Boteva, Tatiana Megrelishvili, Alba Graziano, Alessandra Spadafora, Georgi Kuparadze, Rusudan Gotsiridze.
Adress: Kostava str. 77, 0175, Tbilisi, GeorgiaTel. : (995 32) 236 51 76E-mail: r. tabukashvili@gmail. com
Electronic version: www. odageorgia. ge
Редакционная коллегия:
Майя Чхеидзе, Виола Пурцеладзе, Русудан Табукашвили, Ия Чиквинидзе, Ганс Рудигер Флук, Кульпаш Бейбитова, Таня Грисхаммер, Кетеван Габуния, Мария Михайлова, Сильвия Ботева, Татьяна Мегрелишвили, Альба Грациано, Алессандра Спадафора, Георгий Купарадзе, Русудан Гоциридзе.
Адрес: Ул. Костава 77, 0175, Тбилиси, ГрузияТел. : (995 32) 236 51 76E-mail: r. tabukashvili@gmail. com
Электронная версия: www. odageorgia. ge
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redaqciisagan
„Scripta manent~ saerTaSoriso recenzirebadi multilingvuri
samecniero Jurnalia, romelic aqveynebs humanitarul da socia
lur mecnierebaTa rogorc tradiciul, ise Tanamedroveobaze
dafuZnebul Teoriul Tu praqtikul naSromebs. amas garda, igi
adgils uTmobs recenziebs, Targmanebsa da sxvadasxva tipis
SemoqmedebiT naSroms.
profesionalTa naSromebis gamoqveynebis garda Jurnali
miznad isaxavs humanitarul da socialur mecnierebaTa po
pularizacias momaval TaobebSi. Jurnalis redkolegia gansa
kuTrebuli interesiTa da yuradRebiT ekideba doqtorantTa da
axalgazrda mecnierTa naSromebs.
Jurnali recenzirebadia, uaryofiTi recenziiT naSromi av
tors ar ubrundeba. Jurnalis samuSao enebia: qarTuli, ru
suli, inglisuri, germanuli, franguli, espanuri da italiuri.
saredaqcio kolegiis wevrebi moRvaweoben saqarTvelos
(Tbilisi), germaniis (boxumi, berlini), ruseTis (moskovi), yaza
xeTis (astana), bulgareTis (sofia) da italiis (tuscia) univer
sitetebSi.
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sarCevi
filologia
ciuri axvlediani, qeTevan gabunialaTinizmTa asimilacia saSualfrangul periodSi ...................................................................... 10
nino zaaliSvilinumeraciuli frazeologizmebis simbolika da semantika ricxviTi saxeliT `sami~ ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 15
marina zoranianikonceptualuri Sereva rogorc Semecnebis Teoria .................................................................... 19
nino falavandiSviliformaucvleli semiotikuri niSnebis Targmnis problema mxatvrul literaturaSi g. grasis nawarmoebebis qarTuli Targmanebis magaliTze ............ 24
lia ruxiaSviliiuridiuli termini da profesiuli komunikacia ............................................................................. 32
fiqria WuluxaZemagiuri elementebi qorwilis scenarSi .................................................................................................... 39
marine jaSistilisturad markirebuli sintaqsis sakiTxisaTvis germanul enaSi ....................... 45 maia javaxiZezoonimebisa da maTTan dakavSirebuli leqsikis kulturuli konotaciisaTvis italiur enaSi ..................................................................................................................... 51
Tamar jafoSviliinterteqstualobis koncepti boris akuninis deteqtiur romanebSi .......................... 66
Targmani
svetlana barbaqaZe
d. langis mier inglisur enaze Targmnili „qarTveli
wmindanebis cxovrebaTa da wamebaTa krebulis“ u. e. d.
aleniseuli recenzia qarTul enaze ............................................................................................................. 73
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Contents
Tsiuri Akhvlediani, Ketevan GabuniaLatinizms Assimilation in the Middle French Period ....................................................................... 10
Nino ZaalishviliSymbolism and semantics numerativ phraseologisms with the numeral "three" ............................ 15
Marina ZoranyanConceptual Blending as a Theory of Human Cognition ................................................................... 19
Nino PalavandishviliThe Translation Problem of the Non Changed Characters of the Semiotics Forms in Fiction which bases on Examples of the G. Grasse works Translations Onto Georgian Language ........................................................................................................................................... 24
Lia RukhiashviliLegal Terms and Professional Communication ................................................................................ 32
Pikria ChulukhadzeThe Magical Elements in Wedding Scenario .................................................................................... 39
Marina JashiTo the Question of Stylistically Marked Syntax in German ............................................................. 45 Maia JavakhidzeCultural Connotation of the Names of Animals in Italian ................................................................ 51
Tamar JaphoshviliThe concept of Intertextuality in Detective Novels .......................................................................... 66
Svetlana BarbakadzeD. Alain review on D. Lang's Translation onto English „Lives and Martyrdoms of the Georgian Saints“ .............................................................................. 73
Philology
Translation
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Содержание
Циури Ахвледиани, Кетеван ГабунияАссимиляция латинизмов в среднефранцузский период .................................................................10
Нино ЗаалишвилиСимволика и семантика нумеративных фразеологизмов с числительным «три» .........................15
Марина Зоранян Концептуальное смешение как теория человеческого познания.....................................................19
Нино ПалавандишвилиПроблема перевода формонеизменяемых семиотических знаков в художественной литературе на примере грузинских переводов произведений Г. Грасса ........................................24
Лия РухиашвилиЮридический термин и профессиональная коммуникация ............................................................32
Пикрия ЧулухадзеМагические элементы в свадебном сценарии ...................................................................................39 Марина ДжашиК вопросу стилистически маркированного синтаксиса в немецком языке....................................45
Майя ДжавахидзеО культурных коннотациях зоонимов и связанной с ними лексики в итальянском языке ...........15
Тамар ДжапошвилиКонцепт интертекстуальности в детективных романах Б. Акунина .............................................66
Светлана БарбакадзеРецензия У. Е. Д. Алена на сборник перевода Лангом на Англиский язык „Житие
и мученичество грузинских святых“ ................................................................................................. 73
Филология
Перевод
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filologia
PhilologyФилология
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laTinizmTa asimilacia saSualfrangul periodSi
ciuri axvlediani
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti
WavWavaZis gamz. #36, 0179, Tbilisi,
saqarTvelo
tel. 599 508 607
E-mail: [email protected]
qeTevan gabunia
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti
WavWavaZis gamz. #36, 0179, Tbilisi,
saqarTvelo
tel.: 599 201 099
E-mail: [email protected]
reziumelaTinuri da franguli enebi monaTe
save enebia; isini, mravali saukunis man
Zilze, mudmivad ganicdidnen urTierT
zemoqmedebas. safrangeTis mosaxleobis
ganaTlebul fenaTa bilingvizmis Sede
gad, Sua saukuneebSi, xdeboda laTi
nuri enis fonetikuri mimsgavseba fran
gulTan, ris Sedegadac, laTinur enaSi,
zogi laTinuri bgera Seicvala fran
gul enaSi arsebuli maTTan miaxloe
buli bgerebiT. es movlena amsubuqeb
da sesxebis process da xels uwyobda
laTinizmTa masiur SeRwevas frangul
enaSi. laTinuri enis fonologiuri
sistema ver axdenda arsebiT gavlenas
laTinizmebze da maTi saSualebiT XIV
XV saukuneebis frangul enazec, radgan
TviTon iyo srulad asimilirebuli am
ukanasknelisagan (franguli enisagan).
sakvanZo sityvebi: asimilacia, laTinizmebi, bilingviz
mi, fonetikuri kanonzomiereba.
Sesavalifonologiur doneze asimilaciis
dros, mimReb enaSi ucxo bgerebi icvle
ba mSobliuri enis ucxo bgerebTan miax
loebuli bgerebiT; Tumca, laTinizmTa
fonetikur asimilacias frangul enaSi
gaaCnia maxasiaTebeli niSnebi, romle
bic ganpirobebulia laTinuri enisagan
nasesxobaTa zogierTi TaviseburebiT.
laTinuri da franguli enebi monaTe
save enebia; isini, mravali saukunis man
Zilze, mudmivad ganicdidnen urTierT
zemoqmedebas. radgan laTinuri nasesxo
bebi frangul enaSi aRwevda wignuri
(samecniero) gziT, am wignTa bilingv
avtorebs hqondaT bunebrivi miswrafe
ba, rom SeenarCunebinaT laTinuri enis
memkvidreobiToba, laTinuri enis or
Tografiisa da struqturis gadataniT
frangul enaSi.
ZiriTadi nawiliXIV-XV saukuneebis laTinurma nase
sxo bebma ver hpoves farTo gavrceleba
frang xalxs Soris da rCebodnen ga
naTlebul adamianTa viwro wris mo
napovrad. ganaTlebulTaTvis gasagebi
iyo laTinizmTa struqtura da amito
mac, maTTvis aucileblobas ar war
moadgenda, rom srulad miemsgavsebinaT
laTinuri nasesxobebi mkvidri sityvebi
saTvis. amgvari Taviseburebebis wyalo
biT, laTinizmebi, xvdebodnen ra fran
gul enaSi, fonetikur asimilacias ki
ar ganicdidnen, aramed mxolod maTi
bolokiduri nawilebi icvleboda mate
rialuri gaformebis gziT; laTinizmTa
materialur gaformebebSi vgulisxmobT
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im minimalur fonetikur da orTo
grafiul cvlilebebs, romlebsac eqvem
debarebodnen laTinizmTa bolokiduri
nawilebi, franguli da laTinuri enebis
fonologiuri sistemebis gavleniT.
rodesac vsaubrobT frangul ena
Si laTinur nasesxobaTa materialuri
gaformebis kanonzomierebebze, rom
lebic ganpirobebulia fonetikuri
faqtorebiT, unda aRiniSnos is faqti,
rom frangul enaSi moxvedrili laTi
nizmebi ganicdian ori urTierTsawi
naaRmdego tendenciis zemoqmedebas.
erTi mxriv, Seini Sneba miswrafeba, rom
analogiis gziT mova TavsoT isini ukve
arsebul mkvidr sityva Ta rigebSi, meore
mxriv ki – miswrafeba, rom SenarCunebul
iqnas laTinuri enis fonetikuri struq
tura. aRniSnul tendenciaTa Sedegad,
laTinizmebi, metna klebad, uTavsdebian
(emsga vsebian) mkvidr sityvebs an fran
gul enaSi SemoaqvT sityvis laTinuri
struqturis elementebi.
XIV saukuneSi, frangul enaSi arse
bobda sityvaTa ori tipi: 1. mamrobiTi,
maxviliT bolo marcvalze (maison, ami); 2. mdedrobiTi, maxviliT boloswina
marcvalze (porte, chose).frangul enaSi gaCenili yvela neolo
gizmi, maT Soris laTinuri nasesxo
bebic, nawildebodnen sityvaTa am ori
tipis mixedviT. ama Tu im tipis arCeva
damokidebuli iyo laTinuri fuZis da
boloebaze, radgan saxeldobr is war
moadgenda laTinuri enidan nasesxobaTa
amosaval formas. laTinuri enis sity
vaTcvalebadi morfemebi ukuigdeboda,
radgan wyaroenisaTvis damaxasiaTebe
li gramatikuli formebis sistema ar
aRiqmeboda msesxebeli enis mier; nase
sxobaTa baza iyo saxelobiTi brunva,
Tu is emTxveoda fuZes; magaliTad: ac-cusator, m – accusateur, m; adulator, m – adula-
teur, m; agricola, m – agricole, m; aphorismus, m – aphorism, m; barbarus, m – barbare,f.
Tumca laTinuri enis yvela sa xels
ar hqonda sruli fuZe saxelobiT brun
vaSi; kerZod, mesame brunebis mravali
arsebiTi da zedsarTavi saxelis fuZe
srulad vlindeboda mxolod irib
brunvebSi, romelTa safuZvelzec Se
saZlebeli iyo fuZis gamoyofa; magali
Tad, fuZe arsebiTi saxelisa abstraction, f SeiZleba gamoiyos mxolod irib brun
vebSi: N. abstractio acceleration G. abstactionis accelerationis da a.S.
radganac laTinur sityvaTa saxe lo
biTi fuZeebis umetesi nawili bolov
deba Tanxmovanze, amitomac Tavdapirve
lad xdeboda maTi klasifikacia fran
gul enaSi, saZiebel sityvaTa arsebuli
rigebisa an mamrobiTi tipis adreul
nasesxobaTa analogiis mixedviT; ma ga
liTad: regimentum, n – regiment, m ; supple-mentum, n – supplement, m; fermentum, m – fer-ment, m – analogiiT ornament; m; serment, m da a.S. sityvebisa.
frangul enaSi, im periodSi moqmed
fonetikur kanonzomierebaTa gavleniT,
laTinuri fuZis bolokiduri Tanxmo vani
ganicdida gansazRvrul cvli lebebs;
magaliTad, radganac jer kidev V-VII saukuneebidan xdeboda bolo gaormage
buli Tanxmovnebis dayrueba ZvelisZvel
(mkvidr) nasesxobebSic ki, laTinizmebi
emorCilebodnen am kanonzomierebas: ac-tivum – actif, - ve; captivus – captive, -ve (magram captiver); collectivus – collectif, - ve; successivus-succesif, -ve; coactivus – coactive, -ve; subjectivus – subjectif, -ve – vif, naïf da a. S. analogiiT.
laTinizmTa bolokiduri Tanxmovani
SeiZleba ganicdides ufro arsebiT
cvli lebebsac im Zireul sityvaTa ze
moqmedebis Sedegad, romelTac igive
fuZe gaaCniaT, rac nasesxeb sityvebs;
magaliTad: conscriptus – conscrit, e (ecrit, e
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–is analogiiT); abstractus – absrtait, e (trait, e –is analogiiT). laTinizm devolutus > devolu, e –s bolokiduri nawilis fone
tikuri evolucia moxda ufro adreuli
laTinuri nasesxobebis gavleniT, ro
gorebicaa: dissolutus – dissolu, e; absolutus – absolu, e. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu frangul
enaSi ar arsebobda Zireuli sityvebis
rigi, laTinuri nasesxebi fuZe imateb
da daboloeba – e –s da amgvarad, warmoiSoboda laTinizmTa klasifikaciis
axali SesaZlebloba, magram ukve – mde
drobiTi tipis mixedviT. amasTanave,
SeiniSneboda laTinuri sityvis imgvari
warmoTqmis tendenciis SenarCuneba, ro
melic mas axasiaTebda laTinur enaSi
sesxebis dros; magaliTad: pedagogus [pe-da-go-gys] – pedagogique (m); hipotheca [i-po-te-ka] – hipothèque; auspicium [ao-pi-sjo] – auspice (m).
SemdgomSi, mravalma nasesxobam Sei
cva la warmoTqmac da orTografiac da
es iyo mizezi imisa, rasac acxadebdnen
frangi lingvistebi frangul enaSi
laTinizmTa materialuri gaformebis
TviTnebobaze. Tumca, laTinizmTa didi
raodenoba zustad asaxavda laTinur
sityvaTa warmoTqmas sesxebis momentSi,
rasac mowmobs dafiqsirebuli orTo
grafiuli variantebi: subrogare [syb-ro-gá-re] – subroger (XVI s.-mde subroguer), derogare [de-ro-ga-re] – deroger ( XVI s.-mde deroguer).
unda gvaxsovdes, rom enaSi funq
cionirebis procesSi, laTinur nasesxo
bebSi, iseve rogorc Zireul sityvebSi,
miuxedavad sityvaTa warmoSobisa, Sei
Zleboda momxdariyo sxvadasxva foneti
kuri da orTografiuli cvlilebebi.
sainteresoa Tvalyuri mivadevnoT “i” –s warmoTqmis cvlilebas prefiqsSi – in (-im) XIII – XVI saukuneebis nasesxobebSi. aRniSnul prefiqsebSi, [i] warmoiTqmoda
rogorc [ẽ] fuZis Semdegi Tanxmovnebis
win: [p] [b] - impossible < impossibilis (XIV s.)im-becile < imbecillus (1495); [k] [g]: inconnu (1392), ingouvernable (XVI s.); [t] [d]: intarissable (XVI s.), indû (XIV s.); [s]: insalubre (1528) < insalu-bris.
warmoiTqmoda rogorc [i] Semdegi
Tanxmovnebis win: [r], [l], [n]: illitré (1560), irritable (XV s.), innomé; [m]: immortal (XIII s.) < immortalis; [I]: inimaginable; [o]: inaudible [inodibl]; [u]: inoubliable; [y]: inutile [inytil].
XIII–XVI saukuneebis nasesxobaTa
analo giiT, ufro gviani nasesxobebi
(XVII s.) inarCunebdnen imave warmoTqmas,
imave poziciebSi. aqedan Cans, rom XIV–XV saukuneebis laTinuri nasesxobebi,
asimilirebulni frangul enaSi, zemo
qmedebas axdendnen franguli enis war
moTqmis wesebis formirebaze.
amgvarad, frangul enaSi, laTinizm
Ta fonetikuri da orTografiuli
gaforme bis, erTi SexedviT, TiTqosda,
TviTnebureba, eqvemdebareboda gansa
zRvrul kanonzomierebebs. es kanonzo
mierebani gamoixatebodnen laTinizmTa
bolokiduri nawilebis gansazRvruli
gardaqmne biT, frangul da laTinur ena
Ta fonologiuri sistemebis gavleniT.
am ori enis fonologiur sistemaTa ga
vlena winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTisa iyo;
im dros, rodesac franguli enis fono
logiuri sistema gardamqmnelad zemo
qmedebda laTinizmTa bolokidur nawi
lebze, laTinuri enis fonologiuri
sistema konservatiuli xasiaTisa iyo.
pirveli fonologiuri sistemis zemoq
medebiT, laTinuri nasesxobebi nawil
debodnen sityvaTa mamrobiTi tipis
mixedviT, ris Sedegadac laTinuri fu
Zis bolokiduri Tanxmovani ganicdida
fonetikur cvlilebebs Zireul sityve
bTan erTad; meore fonologiuri siste
mis gavleniT ki, laTinuri fuZe iRebda
daboloeba –e –s, inarCunebda ra am gziT
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Tanxmovans fonetikuri cvlilebebisa
gan. amgvarfuZiani laTinuri na sesxobebi
nawildebodnen frangul enaSi sityvaTa
mdedrobiTi tipis mixedviT. ama Tu im
fonologiuri sistemis gavlenis gaZlie
rebis gadamwyveti faqtori iyo Zireul
sityvaTa Sesabamisi rigis arseboba an
ararseboba frangul enaSi. magaliTad,
– if-ze daboloebul Zireul sityvaTa
rigis gavleniT, laTinuri zedsarTa
vi saxelebi, – ivus-ze daboloebulni,
sesxebis momentSi, ar iRebdnen bolo
– e-s Tanxmovnis Semdeg da franguli
enis fonetikuri tendenciebis Sesabami
sad, xdeboda bolokiduri Tanxmovnis
dayrueba gabmul metyvelebaSi; xolo
–icusze daboloebul laTinur zedsar
Tav saxelTa sesxebis dros, emateboda
bolo -e, romelic icavda mas fonetiku
ri cvlilebebisagan da cvlida grafema
_ cs _ que-Ti, anu, am SemTxvevaSi, laTi
nuri sityvis warmoTqma SenarCunebulia
sesxebis momentSi. es aixsneba im faqtiT,
rom frangul enaSi ar arsebobs Zireul
sityvaTa Sesabamisi rigi.
daskvnalaTinuri enis fonologiuri sistema
ver axdenda arsebiT gavlenas laTi
nizmebze da maTi saSualebiT XIVXV
saukuneebis frangul enazec, radgan
TviTon iyo srulad asimilirebuli
am ukanasknelisagan (franguli enisa
gan). es gavlena gamoixateboda mxolod
im miswrafebiT, rom sesxebis momentSi
asaxuliyo laTinizmebSi laTinur si
tyvaTa gafrangulebuli warmoTqma. ami
tomac, fonetikur faqtorTa zemoqmede
ba rogorc erTi, aseve meore mxridan,
mxolod minimaluri fonetikuri cvli
lebebiT gamoixateboda, kerZod, nasesxe
bi sityvis bolokiduri nawiliT.
literatura
1. Clédat L. (1930): Précis d’ortographe française. Paris
2. Guiraud P. (1966): Le moyen français. Paris
Ассимиляция латинизмов в среднефранцузский период
Ахвледиани Циури АлександровнаТбилисский государственный университетФакультет гуманитарных наукПр. И. Чавчавадзе №36, 0179, Тбилиси, ГрузияТел.: 599 508 607E-mail: [email protected]
Габуния Кетеван УчаевнаТбилисский государственный университет Факультет гуманитарных наукПр.И. Чавчавадзе №36, 0179, Тбилиси, Грузия Teл.: 599 201 099E-mail: [email protected]
РезюмеЛатинские и французские языки являются
родственными. На протяжении многих веков они находились в постоянном взаимодействии. Вследствие билингвизма образованных слоев населения во Франции в средние века произо-шло фонетическое уподобление латинского язы-ка французскому, в результате чего уже в латин-
14
ском языке были заменены латинские звуки наи-более близкими звуками французского языка. Это облегчало процесс заимствования и способ-ствовало массовому проникновению латинизмов во французский язык. Фонологическая система латинского языка не могла оказать существенно-го влияния на латинизмы, а через них и на фран-цузский язык в XIV-XV веках, так как сама была полностью ассимилирована последним.
Ключевые слова:ассимиляция, латинизмы, билингвизм, фоне-
тическая закономерность.
Latinizms Assimilation in the Middle French Period
Tsiuri AkhvledianiTbilisi State UniversityHumanitarian science faculty36, Chavchavadze ave., 0179, Tbilisi, GeorgiaTel.:599 508 607E-mail: [email protected]
Ketevan GabuniaTbilisi State UniversityHumanitarian science faculty36, Chavchavadze ave., 0179, Tbilisi, GeorgiaTel.:599 201 099E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract Latin and French languages are related. For many
centuries they were in constant interaction. Due the bilingualism of population in France in the middle centuries occured the assimilation of Latin and French languages, therefore in Latin language the la-tin sounds had been changed onto the closest french sounds. This lightened the borrowing process and as the result it led to massive infiltration of latinizms in French. In XIV-XV centuries the phonological sys-tem of Latin language and it could not have influence on latinisms and through them onto French language because it was fully assimilated by the last.
Keywords:Assimilation, latinisms, bilingualism, phonetical
appropriateness.
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El símbolo y la semántica de los fraseologismos numerales con el numeral “tres”en la base de las lenguas: georgiana, rusa y española
Nino ZaalishviliUniversidad Publica de TelaviTel.:571 011 972E-mail: [email protected]
ResumenEl artículo está dedicado de la semántica de los
fraseologismos numerales con el numeral “tres”. Se trata del símbolo del número cardinal “tres” en tres lenguas de diferente estructura, en particular, georgiano, ruso y español. También en el artículo nos damos los ejemplos del origen de los fraseologismos con el numeral “tres”. Es evidente, que los numerales entran en la estructura de los fraseologismos y crean el grupo, que se llama los fraseologismos numerales.
Palabras claves: el símbolo, la semántica, el origen, los
fraseologismos numerales.
IntroduccionEn los estudios lingüísticos, la fraseología
ha empezado a tomar protagonismo, en primer lugar, porque el conocimiento de las unidades fraseológicas es de gran importancia desde el punto de vista teórico para el estudio de algunos aspectos de las lenguas humanas, como la naturaleza del
llamado discurso repetido [Coseriu. 1986:113-117] y sus elementos integrantes, algunos de los cuales cumplen una función muy destacada en la comunicación lingüística. En segundo lugar, y en un plano más práctico, porque las frases hechas forman parte del componente léxico de las lenguas, al que se dirigen preferentemente varias especialidades de la lingüística aplicada (enseñanza de lenguas, lexicografía, traducción, estudios estilísticos, etc.).
La terminología con la que los diferentes estudiosos se han referido a este tipo de unidades es muy variada. El término más generalizado en la actualidad para denominar este conjunto de unidades es el de unidades fraseológicas (UUFF).
Parte esencialNuestra investigación es condicionada por la
necesidad del examen de los numerales en calidad de la parte integrante en los fraseologismos, también desde el punto de vista del reflejo en ellos de los rasgos etnoculturales de la noción del número, la importancia del estudio de las representaciones sobre el número y las cuentas expresadas en la lengua para la reconstrucción.
La investigación ha confirmado que en el georgiano hay - 3 unidades fraseológicas con el numeral “tres”; en el ruso - 18; en el español – 12.
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Históricamente sabemos que entre los antiguos pobladores, el tres era el más Sagrado de los números; aun cuando es una figura Aritmética, a la que se le han atribuido algunas virtudes místicas, al asegurar que es la base de los Signos de la perfección, y por eso vemos que en la Filosofía de Platón se. le consideraba, como la Imagen del ser supremo en sus tres personalidades: la Material, la espiritual, y a Intelectual que es lo que tácitamente, determina a la unidad hombre, por cuya razón, tal vez Aristóteles llegó al convencimiento de que el tres contiene en sí; al principio, al medio y al fin, lo que también viene a indicamos, que es el Símbolo de la Perfecta armonía, del factor de conservación y del progreso natural, entre todos los seres y las cosas.
En la Mitología Griega y Romana, al número tres se le ha considerado como el principal atributo de los sucesos legendarios, como por ejemplo: se dice que el rayo de Jove era tridente; que el astro Rey tenía tres nombres, Sol, Apolo y Líber y que, igualmente al planeta nocturno, se le designaba de tres maneras: Luna, Diana y Hécate; que también había tres Furias y se conocían tres Parcas, que influían en el ánimo de los hombres.
El numeral tres se encuentra en la composición de los fraseologismos numerales. A pesar de que en las lenguas analizadas “tres” sea sagrado, su número en los fraseologismos no es grande.
Distinguimos los significados semánticos:1. El significado “cuantitativo”:En georgiano - sami dRis goWi sami dRis
savalze wavao [sami dgis gotši sami dgis savalze tsavao];
En ruso- За три вещи не ручайся: за честь, за молодость, за жену [za tri veštši ne rutšajsja //za tšests/ za molodosts/ za ženu].
2. Forma la oposición:En georgiano: sami dRis goWi Cemsken, ori
qali _ Sensken [sami gotši tšemsken/ ori qali šensken];
En ruso: Три бабы – базар, а семь – ярмарка; [tri babi bazar/ a sem jarmarka];
En español: A cada tres por cuatro;
Tres zapatos al buey, cuatro ha menester.3. El significado semántico “la desgracia”:Este grupo es caracterizado para el ruso. Por ejemplo: В поле тебе лебеди, да в дом три
беды; [v pole tebe lebedi/ da v dom tri bedi];Беда беду родит – третья сама бежит; [beda
bedu radit/ tretja sama bežit].En español y en georgiano a nosotros no se
encontró los fraseologismos numerales de tal semántica.
4. El significado semántico “flaco de cabeza”:En georgiano: samamde ver daiTvlis
[samamde ver daitvlis];En ruso: трех не перечтет; [trjox ne peretštiot];En español: no saber cuántas son tres y dos.5. El significado semántico “mucho”:En ruso: С три короба; [strikoroba]Три чулка с языка. [tritšulkasjazika].En español y en georgiano a nosotros no se
encontró los fraseologismos numerales de tal semántica.
6. El significado semántico “el tiempo irreal”:Enruso: На то лето, не на это, а на третий год,
когда черт умрет; [natoleto/ nenaeto. Anatretijgod/ tšjortumrjot];
Не страшны злыдни в три дни, страшны в три года.[ne strašni zlidni v tri dni/ strašni v tri goda].
Al diferencia del ruso, en las lenguas georgiana y española de los ejemplos semejantes no resultó.
Quizás uno de los aspectos más interesantes y curiosos a la hora de hacer un análisis semántico dc los fraseologismos, sea detenerse en ver cuál ha sido su origen y cómo se han llegado a formar. Con el término «origen» nos referimos a los diversos «mundos» en los que surgieron este tipo de expresiones que en un primer estadio designaban normalmente realidades, y que más tarde pasaron a constituir unidades fraseológicas a través de diversos mecanismos que queremos comentar a continuación. Hemos tratado de agrupar, en la mayor medida posible, los campos de origen y hemos logrado sintetizarlos en tres grandes bloques que admitirían, a su vez, posibles subdivisiones:
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fraseologismos con origen en un hecho histórico o cultural, fraseologismos con origen en tradiciones y usos populares, y fraseologismos que provienen de lo que podríamos llamar «vida cotidiana».
Procedente del derecho medieval cuando se impartía justicia tres veces al año, eran necesarios tres jueces y el juicio se celebraba entre tres árboles, tres robles. La utilización del número tres se debe, sin duda, a su calidad de número mágico.
En español:– Mantenerse en sus trece (= no cambiar de
opinión), que «Suponen muchos [...] tiene su origen en la terquedad con que el antipapa Pedro de Luna mantuvo su derecho al pontificado con el nombre de Benedicto XIII, durante el cisma de Occidente. En diversas ocasiones prometió renunciar a su alto cargo, pero cuando llegaba el momento de la renuncia volvía atrás de sus promesas. Después de muchas aventuras se encerró en el castillo de Peñíscola, y contra todas las comunicaciones dc reyes y príncipes para que depusiera su actitud, se mantuvo tercamente en sus trece y murió, ya nonagenario, en 1424, titulándose Benedicto XIII.» [José M A Iribarren. 1996: 71-22]. Aunque también existe otra teoría que sitúa el origen de este fraseologismo en un juego de cartas y — Donde Cristo dio las tres voces (muy lejos), que es una «Locución que alude al desierto donde se retiró Jesús durante cuarenta días para orar y donde fue tentado por el diablo tres veces, según el relato bíblico. Como se sabe, Jesús rechazó las tentaciones diabólicas con tres frases o voces, a saber: “No sólo de pan vive el hombre, sino de toda palabra que sale de la boca de Dios”; “No tentarás al Señor, tu Dios,” y “Vete, Satanás, porque escrito está: Al Señor, tu Dios, adorarás, y a Él solo servirás”. La alusión al desierto en el que permaneció Jesús durante cuarenta días seguidos sin ver a nadie explica el sentido con que se usa la locución» [Gregorio Doval, 1995: 103].
El fraseologismo ruso – наговоритьстрикороба [nagovorits s tri koroba] (significa, decir la mentira; mucho decir).
Por una de las versiones el origen de este fraseologismo es pagano, es vinculado a la Tía-Yaga.
La Tía-Yaga (La bruja vieja en los cuentos rusos) siempre daba al héroe el pelotón de los hilos, la guía original. Se Considera que Tía –Yaga guardaba estos pelotones en la caja de corteza de abedul. fue posible mentir con tres cajas significó que Tia-Yaga daba, por decirlo así, «incorrecto» - no trabajador-pelotones en una gran cantidad.
Hay una segunda versión, más realista. En el libro de Daly «Los Proverbios y los proverbios del pueblo ruso» son tal proverbio: «Ha llegado la tía de la ciudad, ha traído las noticias con tres cajas». En el proverbio va el habla sobre una tía que ha llegado y ha traído consigo muchos novedades.
Queremos subrayar la reiterada aparición del número tres, tanto en los ejemplos citados hasta ahora como en otros muchos que aparecerán a lo largo de este análisis, que es fiel reflejo de la importancia de los números mágicos, y en general de la simbología de los números, en la tradición cultural de los diferentes países, tanto orientales como occidentales.
ConclusionLa simbología numérica que pensábamos, a priori,
que podría ser el origen de muchas expresiones, está, sin embargo, muy poco presente salvo en lo que afecta al número tres, sobre todo este último, que se utiliza a menudo sin justificación alguna y por la única razón de ser un número mágico, así, por ejemplo, tanto en georgiano, como en español y en ruso, indica, con mucha frecuencia, una cantidad grande, cuando de hecho el número tres no es muy elevado. La única justificación para ello es la importancia y la magia del número tres a lo largo de la historia cultural universal. Como observación final, queremos resaltar la diversidad tan grande de contenidos semánticos que se expresan en las lenguas examinadas por medio de un único campo léxico como es el de los numerales.
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Literatura
1. Academia Española. Gramática de la lengua española. Madrid.1959
2. Gracián T. (1946): Fraseología de la lengua española. Madrid
3. Larousse (2001): Gran diccionario de frases hechas Larousse, Spas editorial. S. L. Barcelona
4. Coseriu E. (1986): Introducción a la lingüística, Madrid
5. Gregorio D. (1995): Nuevo diccionario de historia: términos, acontecimientos e instituciones, Madrid
6. Русская грамматика (1980): Главный ред. Н.Ю. Шведова. – М.: Академия Наук СССР. Т. 1.
7. Виноградов В. В. (1977): Об основных типах фразеологических единиц в русском языке. М.
Символика и семантика нумера-тивных фразеологизмов с числи-
тельным «три»/на материале грузинского, русского и
испанского языков/
Заалишвили НиноТелавский государственный университетим. Я. ГогебашвилиТел.: 571 011 972E-mail: [email protected]
РезюмеСтатья посвящена семантике нумеративных
фразеологизмов с числительным «три». Речь идет о символике количественного числитель-ного «три» в трех разноструктурных языках, в частности, в грузинском, русском и испанском языках. В статье приведены примеры происхож-дения фразеологизмов с числительным «три». Очевидно, что числительные входят в состав фразеологизмов и создают группу, которая назы-вается "нумеративные фразеологизмы".
Ключевые слова: символ, семантика, происхождение, нумера-
тивные фразеологизмы.
numeraciuli frazeologizmebis simbolika da semantika ricxviTi saxeliT `sami~
nino zaaliSvili
i. gogebaSvilis sax. Telavis saxelm
wifo universiteti
tel.: 571 011 972E-mail: [email protected]
reziumestatia eZRvneba numeratiul frazeo eZRvneba numeratiul frazeoeZRvneba numeratiul frazeo numeratiul frazeonumeratiul frazeo frazeofrazeo
logizmTa semantikas ricxviTi saxe liT
“sami�. ganixileba raodenobiTi ricxvisami�. ganixileba raodenobiTi ricxvi�. ganixileba raodenobiTi ricxviganixileba raodenobiTi ricxvi raodenobiTi ricxviraodenobiTi ricxvi ricxviricxvi
Ti saxelis “sami� simbolika sami gan
sxvavebuli struqturis mqone enaSi, ker struqturis mqone enaSi, kerstruqturis mqone enaSi, ker mqone enaSi, kermqone enaSi, ker enaSi, kerenaSi, ker, kerker
Zod, qarTul, rusul da espanur enebSi.
statiaSi mocemulia ricxvis “sami�
Semcvel frazeologizmTa warmoSobis
nimuSebi. ricxviTi saxeli “samis� Sem. ricxviTi saxeli “samis� SemricxviTi saxeli “samis� Sem saxeli “samis� Semsaxeli “samis� Sem “samis� Semsamis� Sem� SemSem
cveli frazeologiuri erTeulebi er frazeologiuri erTeulebi erfrazeologiuri erTeulebi er erTeulebi ererTeulebi er erer
Tiandebian im jgufSi, romelsac numera im jgufSi, romelsac numeraim jgufSi, romelsac numera jgufSi, romelsac numerajgufSi, romelsac numera, romelsac numeraromelsac numera numeranumera
tiuli frazeologizmebi ewodeba.
sakvanZo sityvebi: simbolo, semantika, warmoSoba, numera
tiuli frazeologizmebi.
19
Conceptual Blending as a Theory of Human Cognition
Marina ZoranyanGeorgian Technical UniversityDepartment of Liberal Sciences77 Kostava st., 0175, Tbilisi, GeorgiaTel. : 593 783 826E-mail: [email protected]
AbstractThe article deals with the notion of conceptual
blending in cognitive linguistics. Conceptual Blend-ing Theory is a methodological basis for analyzing the process of creation of new meanings. It was in-troduced by Fauconnier and Turner as a general the-ory of human cognition. Conceptual blending theory claims that elements and vital relations from diverse scenarios are "blended" in a subconscious process. The blend is the core of the Blending Theory. Emer-gent structure is a result of three blending processes: composition, completion and elaboration. Conceptu-al blending is described and studied scientifically in terms of conceptual integration networks, which are the mechanisms that enable the creation of meaning. A conceptual integration network basically consists of four connected mental spaces: two input spaces, a generic space and the blended space.
Keywords: Conceptual blending, conceptual integration the-
ory, mental spaces, conceptual integration network, input space, generic space, blended space, composi-tion, completion, elaboration.
IntroductionConceptual Blending Theory (CBT), also called
Conceptual Integration or Blending Theory is a methodological basis for analyzing the process of creation of new meanings. Initially, the theory was used mainly to explain linguistic phenomena (lin-guistic blends), especially metaphorical expressions,
but soon its application was extended to the analysis of non-linguistic blends. Conceptual blending is a crucial cognitive process occupying the central place in human thought and manifesting itself in various aspects of human activity.
Main BodyBlending theory emerged from two theories of
cognitive linguistics: conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) and mental spaces theory (MS). It differs from both CMT and MS in the way it describes the cognitive process of meaning creation via the exis-tence of certain emergent structures (the blends) not considered by either of the other two frameworks. “Blending Theory focuses specifically on the dy-namic construction of meaning." [Murphy and Ko-skela. 2010:38] Conceptual blending is a deep cog-nitive activity that "makes new meanings out of old" [Fauconnier and Turner. 1999:397]. Conceptual blending theory claims that elements and vital rela-tions from diverse scenarios are "blended" in a sub-conscious process.
Conceptual blending theory was introduced by Fauconnier and Turner (1994, 1998, 2002, 2003) as a general theory of human cognition and further de-veloped by Coulson (2001, 2006), Oakley (2000) and Grady (1999, 2005). Conceptual blending is “a basic mental operation that leads to new meaning, global insight and conceptual compressions useful for mem-ory and manipulation of otherwise diffuse ranges of meaning.” [Fauconnier and Turner. 2003:57] It plays a significant role in the construction of meaning in our everyday life, in both arts and sciences (especially in the social and behavioral sciences).
As it was mentioned above, blending developed from the mental space theory. According to Faucon-nier (2007) our both long-term schematic and long-term specific knowledge, its frames and basic struc-tures, are incorporated in a series of mental spaces. Mental spaces are defined as “small conceptual
20
packets constructed as we think and talk, for pur-poses of local understanding and action” [Faucon-nier and Turner. 2003:58]. These spaces can be sche-matic when they refer to simple image schemas, e.g. ”path”, and imply a simple frame of walking along a direct path, or they can be specific when they refer to an individual experience of such a frame [as for instance, a memory of the time you climbed Mount Rainier in 2001] [Fauconnier. 2007:351]. In both cases they are stored in our long term memory and used dynamically in the working memory as well.
Mental spaces consist of elements that are usu-ally structured by frames. They are connected with each other and can be modified as thought and dis-course change. Mental spaces are often used to di-vide and organize incoming pieces of information within the referential representation [Coulson and Oakley. 2000: 177]. Different spaces contain dif-ferent information on the same elements, but each space contains a representation that is logically orga-nized (ibid.: 177). Elements within one mental space usually have counterparts in other mental spaces. They are connected with the set of correspondences. These correspondences are referred to as mappings and they are developed from different kinds of re-lations, including change, identity, time, and space. Fauconnier (2007: 355) gives a simple example, that is the frame “x is in love with y”, which can eas-ily build many possible spaces in accordance to our cultural background, e.g. Romeo is in love with Ju-liet, etc. This connecting mental power which works over mental spaces is called conceptual integration or blending.
Blending theory gives insight into our way of thinking, creating and understanding the world around us. This theory deals with both linguistic and non-linguistic blends. The term "blends" is used to refer to a type of data in which very visibly two or more inputs are partially mapped onto each other and selectively projected to a new mental space in which novel structure can emerge.
Conceptual blending is described and studied scientifically in terms of conceptual integration net-works, which are the mechanisms that enable the
creation of meaning. Conceptual blending is a ba-sic mental operation, which is essential for the sim-plest kinds of thought and conceptual integration is an unconscious activity embedded in every aspect of human life [Fauconnier and Turner. 2002: 18]. In its most basic form, a conceptual integration net-work consists of four connected mental spaces: two partially matched input spaces, a generic space con-stituted by structure common to the inputs, and the blended space.
The blended space is connected to the generic space and it develops the emergent structure that is not present in the inputs. The generic structure pres-ent in the generic space is included in the blended space. The blended space also contains structures that cannot be found in the inputs. It is the compo-sition of elements that makes relations that do not exist in the inputs possible in the blend. Fauconnier and Turner (ibid.: 20) claim that “conceptual blend-ing or conceptual integration, is a matter of finding correspondences that look as if they are objectively there, but that require the construction of new imag-inative meaning that is indisputably not ‘there’.”
The blend is the core of the Blending Theory. Emergent structure is a result of three blending pro-cesses: composition, completion and elaboration. Composition is a blending process in which a rela-tion from one mental space is ascribed to an element or elements from other input spaces.
Completion is a blending process that takes place when information in long term memory is matched to the structure in the blend. According to Faucon-nier and Turner (ibid.: 43), completion raises addi-tional structure to the blend and when this structure is added the blend is integrated.
Elaboration is closely related to completion. Running of the blend or its elaboration modifies the blend. During the elaboration, links to the inputs are preserved, and Fauconnier and Turner (ibid.: 44) add that “… all these ‘sameness’ connections across spaces seem to pop out automatically, yielding to a flash of comprehension…” They further claim that this flash will take place only if counterpart links are unconsciously preserved.
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Conceptual blending theory provides interesting insights into the possible creation of metaphors. Al-though not all blends are metaphorical, all metaphors at some stage in their development involve blend-ing. In a metaphorical blend, prominent counterparts from the input spaces project to a single element in the blended space – they are 'fused' A single element in the blend corresponds to an element in each of the input spaces [Grady et al. 1999:114]. By contrast, in other sorts of blends, such as non-metaphorical, these counterparts may project to distinct elements in the blended space.
In metaphorical blend “this lawyer is a shark”, “a lawyer” shares some characteristics with a shark. It doesn’t mean he has sharp teeth or a big mouth like a shark. Here, the metaphorical attributes of shark: vicious, predatory, aggressive, and tenacious are assigned to lawyer. “Lawyer” is a target domain, which we try to understand, “shark” is source do-main from which metaphorical expression is drawn. The metaphor is formed by the blending of these two conceptual domains. Thus, the statement “this law-yer is a shark” creates an imaginary space in which “shark” and “lawyer” no longer mean what they each meant separately; instead, they interact and emerge as a new concept: “It’s only within the blend that the intended structure emerges” [Fauconnier & Turner. 2003: 23].
Let’s view an example of metaphorical blend from poem “Tulips” by Sylvia Plath (2008):
My husband and child smiling out of the family photo;
Their smiles catch onto my skin, little smiling hooks.
The metaphorical expressions ‘catch onto’ and ‘hooks’ construct the conventional smiles of the family photograph as objects that both force an un-welcome physical connection with the speaker and cause her physical pain. “Smiling hooks,” here is a paradox and a peculiar blend of positivity and negativity. The blended space contains a concept of SMILE and the SMILING HOOKS as being one and the same. “Smiling” appears to present a cheerful, lovely image of her family, beaming, reminding the
speaker that she is loved. However, she feels suffo-cated in such love, noting that “their smiles” become “hooks”, reaching under her skin, causing her physi-cal pain. Plath here is conflicted in her perception of motherhood, realizing her love for her children, her “loving associations” as well as the burdens of motherhood.
ConclusionConceptual blending plays a fundamental role in
the construction of meaning in everyday life, in the arts and sciences, and especially in the social and behavioral sciences. The essence of the theory is the unique ability of human beings to create new mean-ings from existing ones. The main way to implement this ability is to construct a partial match between inputs, to project selectively from those inputs into a novel “blended” mental space, which then dynami-cally develops emergent structure.
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11. Grady J., Oakley T. and Coulson S. (1999): ‘Blending and metaphor’, in Gibbs, R. W. and Steen, G. (eds), Metaphor in Cognitive Linguistics. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins
12. Murphy M. L. and Koskela A. (2010): Key Terms in Semantics. UK: Continuum
Fiction cited from:13. Plath S. (2008): Collected Poems USA:
Harper Perennial Modern Classics
Концептуальное смешение как теория человеческого познания
Зоранян Марина ГеоргиевнаГрузинский технический университетДепартамент либеральных наукУл. Костава №77, 0175, Тбилиси, ГрузияТел.: 593 783 826E-mail: [email protected]
РезюмеВ статье рассматривается понятие концепту-
ального смешения в когнитивной лингвистике. Теория смешения является методологической ос-новой для анализа процесса создания новых зна-чений. Она была представлена Фоконье и Терне-ром как общая теория человеческого познания.
Теория концептуального смешения утверждает, что элементы различных областей смешиваются, в результате чего происходит смешение менталь-ных пространств в подсознании человека. Бленд является основой теории смешения. Возникшая структура является результатом трех процессов смешения: композиции, завершения и развития.Концептуальное смешение рассматривается и изу чается в научном плане с точки зрения кон-цептуальных интеграционных сетей, являющих-ся механизмами, позволяющими создавать но-вые значения. Концептуальная интеграционная сеть в основном состоит из четырех связанных ментальных пространств: двух исходных (вход-ных) пространств, общего (родового) простран-ства и смешанного (выходного) пространства (бленда).
Ключевые слова: концептуальное смешение, теория концеп-
туальной интеграции, ментальные протранства, концептуальная интеграционная сеть, исходное (входное) пространство, общее (родовое) про-странство, смешанное (выходное) пространство, композиция, завершение, развитие.
konceptualuri Sereva rogorc Semecnebis Teoria
marina zoraniani
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti
liberalur mecnierebaTa departamenti
kostavas q. #77, 0175, Tbilisi,
saqarTvelo
tel.: 593 783 826
E-mail: [email protected]
reziumestatia ixilavs konceptualuri Sere
vis cnebas kognitur lingvistikaSi.
23
konceptualuri Serevis Teoria axali
mniSvnelobebis Seqmnis procesis anali
zis meTodologiuri safuZvelia. igi
wardgenil iqna fokoniesa da Terneris
mier rogorc Semecnebis zogadi Teoria.
konceptualuri Serevis Teoriis mixed
viT, mravalferovani scenarebis ele
mentebi da sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani
ur TierTobebi “ireva� qvecnobier pro
cesSi. e.w. blendi aris konceptua luri
Serevis Teoriis birTvi. Seqmnili mniS
vneloba Serevis samnairi procesis
Sedegia: kompoziciis, dasrulebis da
ganviTarebisa. konceptualuri Sereva
mecnierulad aRwerili da Seswavlilia
konceptualuri integrirebis qselebis
kuTxiT, romelic aris mniSvnelobaTa
Seqmnis xelSemwyobi meqanizmi. koncep
tualuri integrirebis qseli ZiriTa
dad Sedgeba oTxi urTierTdakavSire
buli mentaluri sivrcisgan: ori Sema
vali sivrcisgan, zogadi sivrcisgan da
Sereuli sivrcisgan.
sakvanZo sityvebi:
konceptualuri Sereva, konceptua
luri integrirebis Teoria, mentaluri
sivrceebi, konceptualuri integrirebis
qseli, Semavali sivrce, zogadi sivrce,
Sereuli sivrce, kompozicia, dasruleba,
ganviTareba.
24
formaucvleli semiotikuri niSnebis Targmnis problema
mxatvrul literaturaSi g. grasis nawarmoebebis qarTuli
Targmanebis magaliTze
nino falavandiSvili
saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria
pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli
universiteti
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti.
WavWavaZis gamziri #53a, Tbilisi,
saqarTvelo
tel.: 597 999 184
E-mail: [email protected]
reziume
rogorc Targmnili teqstebis analiz
ma gviCvena, miuxedavad modalobis ga
momxatveli niSnebis universaluri xasi
aTisa, isini xSirad gansxvavebul funq
ciebs asruleben wyaroenis da mizanenis
sintaqsursemantikur struqturebSi da
konkretul doneze TvalsaCinos xdian
TavianT konvergentul specifikas wina
dadebis, abzacebis da mTliani teqstis
doneze.
modaluri sityvebi qmnian funqciur
jgufebs, romelTa sintaqsuri damouki
debloba gasaTvaliswinebelia Targmnis
procesSi, imisda mixedviT, ra modalur
mimarTebas gamoxataven isini gamonaTq
vamTan dakavSirebiT.
sakvanZo sityvebi: koheziuri mimarTebebi, interpretire
ba, modaluri nawilakebi, semiotikuri
niSnebi,mTavari sazrisi, konteqstua
luri.
Sesavalira TvalsazrisiTac ar unda vikvlev
deT teqstebs, obieqturad maTi analizi
mainc lingvistikis safuZvelze xdeba.
lingvistikis mniSvneloba metad aqtua
luria translatikisTvis, sadac „teqs
tis lingvizacia“ anu misi enis siste
maSi moqceva, ori enis semantikuri, sin
taqsuri da pragmatikuli monacemebis
gaTvaliswinebiT xdeba. wyaroteqstis
analizis dros, mTargmnelisaTvis
mizanteqstis Sesabamis struqturebs
Soris koheziuri mimarTebebis dadgena
swored am ori enis gramatikuli siste
mis safuZvelze xdeba, radgan Targmnis
procesSi gramatika is „xerxemalia“,
romelic Targmnil teqsts Sinaganad
amyarebs da semantikurad amTlianebs. es
ki am mTlianobis „garantis“, koherencis
cnebis saSualebiT xorcieldeba.
struqturulad da semantikurad
ise Ti gansxvavebuli enebis Targmanis
procesSi, rogorc germanuli da qar
Tuli enebia, mxatvruli teqsti analo
giur, naxevrad analogiur an srulad
gan sxvavebul metaforul komponentebs
Seicavs. mTargmnelma „xatovani sa
myaroseuli suraTebis“ Targmnisas, up
irveles yovlisa, unda gaiTvaliswinos
wyaro teqstis kulturulad specifi
kuri parametrebi. am faqtoris gauT
valiswineblobam, SesaZloa, avtoris
Canafiqrsa da mTargmnelis azrovnebis
wess Soris „gagebis~ problema warmo
qmnas.
ramdenadac mxatvruli teqsti meta
forebis araekvivalenturi variantebiT
Canacvldeba, Targmna „kulturuli So
kis“ gaCenis safrTxes qmnis, mTargmnel
ma am dros kontrastuli meTodis sa
25
SualebiT unda daadginos maTi sruli,
nawilobrivi an gansxvavebuli Sesaba
misobis xarisxi.
Cveni mizania gavarkvioT, qarTuli
Targmanebis ekvivalenturobis xarisxi
da ramdenad SeZles mTargmnelebma, ori
enis kulturuli fenomenebis codnis
safuZvelze, wyaro _ enis xatovanebis
interpretireba da Sesabamisad, gageba
semiotikur doneze.
kulturis winaswari determinaciis
dros umTavresad gamovlindeba „gagebis“
gadaulaxavi barierebi. rogorc harald
vainraixi ambobs, calkeuli metaforis
gamoyeneba dakavSirebulia nawilobriv
mSobliuri enis metaforul tradicia
sTan, nawilobriv ki, xasiaTdeba ama
Tu im enis literaturaSi arsebuli
„samyaroseuli suraTebis“ damkvidre
biT [Weinreich. 1976:44]. vinaidan Cveni
Tema uSualod mxatvruli, kerZod ki
g.grasis teqstebis qarTul Targmanebs
exeba, amitom teqstis mraval saxeobas
Soris „mxatvruli teqstis“ specifika
da mniSvneloba unda gamovyoT. swored
mxatvruli teqstis Targmnis procesSi
warmoCndeba mTargmnelis Semoqmedebi
Ti SesaZleblobebi, ris gamoc mas „in
terpretaciad“ (der Interpret) moixsenieben xolme. es ki imas niSnavs, rom mTargm
nels ara mxolod gadmoaqvs mxatvruli
teqstis sazrisi Targmanis enaze, ara
med, imavdroulad, ganmartavs mas da in
terpretatoris funqciasac asrulebs,
rac Targmanmcodneobis enaze origina
lis teqstis „samyaros modelirebas“
niSnavs. mxatvruli teqstis samyaros
modelirebis siZnele, Targmnis siZnele
Targmnis procesSi misi sazrisis dafa
rulobaSi ki ar mdgomareobs, aramed
imaSi, rom igi sagnebisa da obieqtebis
saxiT ar mogvecema, Tumca mxatvruli
teqstebis samyaros modelirebis dros,
realuri sagnebi subieqtis sakuTrebad
iqceva da amis wyalobiT SesaZlebeli
xdeba realobis aRqmis, warmodgenis,
emociebis da ideebis repertuari subi
eqturad iqnas gardasaxuli mTargmne
lis mier [gogolaSvili. 2001:3233].
ZiriTadi nawilimodalobis gamomxatveli sityvebi
ZiriTadad gvxvdeba im sityvebTan, ro
mle bic gamoiyenebian gramatikuli kate
goriebis (uaryofa, kilo, brunva) kodi
rebisaTvis. aseTebi arian Semavseble bi
an diskursis markerebi. saqme exeba sa
metyvelo aqtis iseT mniSvnelovan kate_
gorias, rogoricaa modaloba, romelic
Tavisi arsiT gansazRvravs molapara
kebis damokidebulebas gamonaTqvamis
mimarT. es is mTavari mimarTebaa, ro
melic mTel teqsts gasdevs da Targmnis
procesSi mTargmneli mudmivad masze
unda iyos orientirebuli.
g.grasis qarTuli Targmanebis Seda
rebam originalur teqstebTan dagvana
xa, ra did rols asruleben Targmnis
procesSi, erTi SexedviT, umniSvnelo si
tyvebi, romlebic modaluri nawilakebis
saxeliT gavaerTianeT. es is formaucv
leli sityvebia, romlebsac ar aqvT
winadadebis wevris funqcia, magram wi
nadadebas mTlianad modalur semanti
kas aniWeben. es sityvebi, romlebic um
Tavresad zepirmetyvelebaSi ixmareba,
uxvad gamoiyeneba mxatvrul teqstebSi.
isini winadadebis an gamonaTqvamebis
modalobas gamoxataven, romelsac Sei
Zleba hqondes uaryofis, Sefasebis, gao
cebis, interesis, ganzraxvis, dapirebis
26
da sxvadasxva emociis mniSvneloba.
Sifrinis Tanaxmad, aRniSnuli na wi
lakebi asruleben sxvadasxva funqciebs:
gamodian konteqstualuri koordina
torebis rolSi da gamonaTqvamebs aTav
se ben diskursis ama Tu im sibrtyeze; uz
runvelyofen mimdebare gamonaTqva mebis
indeqsacias mTqmelTan, msme nelTan an
orivesTan; uzrunvelyofen gamonaTqva
mebis indeqsacias wina an momdevno dis
kursTan. nawilakebs aqvT integraciuli
funqcia da uzrunvelyofen diskursis
koherentulobas [Schiffrin. 1987].nawilakebi warmoadgenen sityvebs,
winadadebebs, frazebs Tu abzacebs So
ris gamoyenebuli, im funqcionalurad
gansazRvruli sityvebis arCevans, rom
lebic Cveulebriv arasrulfasovan si
tyvebs ganekuTvnebian, damoukideblad
ar ixmarebian da mxolod Targmnis
procesis srulyofilad warmarTvas
uwyoben xels, Tuki teqstis Targma
nis procesSi am sityvebis gamoyeneba
teqstis Targmnis paralelurad mimdi
nareobs. maTi Sefaseba, rogorc saWiro
da aucilebeli Sefaseba Targmnili te
qstis analizis procesSi, translatikis
sferoSi SedarebiT axali wamowyebaa,
radgan nawilakebs tradiciulad ga
nixilaven, rogorc zedmet enobriv sa
Sualebebs, romlebic teqsts gadatvir
Taven da mis Sinaarss ufro gaurkvev
els xdian, vidre garkveulobas aniWeben.
amis mizezi ki is aris, rom am sityvebis
funqciebs zepirmetyvelebaSi ar ikv
levdnen, xolo werilobiT teqstebSi
yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen im garemoebas,
rom am SemTxvevaSi es sityvebi mxatvru
li teqstebis dialogebSi mniSvnelovan
funqciebs iZenen da maT sruliad gansx
vavebul gamomsaxvelobas, ase vTqvaT, „ma
cocxlebel Zalas“ aniWeben. nawilakebi
gamoxataven adresatis damokidebulebas,
Sexedulebas, emociebs adresantisa an
faqtis mimarT, romelzec aris saubari
diskursSi.
mxatvruli teqstis Targmnis proces
Si gansakuTrebulad aqtualobas iZenen
formaucvleli semiotikuri niSnebi,
romlebic enobriv universaliebs gane
kuTvneba da gvxvdeba, rogorc wyaro
enis, aseve mizanenis teqstebSi.
semantikurad modaluri sityvebi iyo
fa sam jgufad da ZiriTadad gamoxatavs:
darwmunebulobas, survils, varauds.
modaluri nawilakebidan g.grasis
teqstebSi xSirad gamoiyeneba Semdegi
formaucvleli sityvebi: also, auch, bloss, den, doch, eben, erst, gerade, ja, mal, noch, nun, schon, so zu, zumal. aRniSnuli sityvebi da
moukideblad Zalian mcire semantikuri
mniSvnelobis mqoneni arian, samagierod
isini emociurad an azrobrivad acocx
leben winadadebas da sxvadasxva xarisx
is modalobas gamoxataven.
unda aRiniSnos, rom grasis nawarmoe
bebSi Zalian xSirad gvxvdeba nawilaki
doch anu _ xom, marTlac. Doch winadadebaSi iTargmneba xan rogorc nawilaki, xan
asrulebs kavSiris rols. TargmanebSi
ki vawydebiT Semdeg mniSvnelobebs: xom,
marTla, ha...raa, ha, raRa, netav ki, ki magram,
aba...erTi. is gvevlineba zmnizedis rol
Sic da amjerad uSualod zmna sTan aris
dakavSirebuli. mag: ,,mainc“. magram Tu
mas kavSiris saxiT vxmarobT, is mxolod
da mxolod „magram“is aRmniSvnelia.
,,doch� garda. grasis romanebSi uxvad gvxvdeba sxva nawilakebic, rogorebicaa eben, ebenfalls halt,ganz und gar,sooft, kurzrum, jedenfalls, insgesammt, zudem, immerhin, sonst, je-doch.
magaliTebi ,,dedali virTagva“dan
“DIE RAETTIN”(mTargmneli nana gogolaSvili)
27
1) ,,Doch, mein Monitor zeigte einzig die Raet-tin“(69)
,,magram Cems monitorze marto deda
li virTagva moCanda“(65).
unda aRiniSnos, rom mTargmneli nana
gogolaSvili dochs xSirad Targmnis
kavSiriT ,,magram“, radgan garkveul
SemTxvevevbSi Tvlis, rom an nawilakis
primaruli mniSvnelobiT Targmna cota
gaauferulebda teqstis sazriss.
msgavsi magaliTebis moyvana uxvad
SeiZleba,
2) `Capitaen Bertman blieb an Bord, doch gab es keinen Schiffkurs’’(84)
,,kapitani bertmani jerac gemze rCe
boda, magram misTvis ucnobi iyo, ra kur
si SeiZleboda aeRo gems’’ (100)
Doch is primaruli mniSvneloba
„mainc“ aq namdvilad uadgilo iqne
boda, amitom igi TargmanSi Seicvala
nawilakiT „magram“, rac ufro Sesaf
erisi da Sesatyvisia azrobrivad. (,,ki
borCxalas nabijiT“)
3) ,,Jedenfalls sahen wir das Flagellantentum ge-gen Schluss der Humangeschichte abermals aufhe-ben’’ (71)
,,ase iyo Tu ise, vnaxeT, kvlavac ro
gor aRzevdnen flagelantebi humanTa
istoriis miwuruls, Tumca isini Cven da
ebraelebs ar gverCodnen“(68) qarTulad
aq ar xdeba damTxveva.
Jedenfalls niSnavs `yovel SemTxvevaSi~,
aq ki, rogorc vxedavT, mTargmnelma
modalobis gamomxatveli gamoTqma ,,ase
iyo Tu ise~ gamoiyena da arc Tu ise
urigod.
4) ,,Insgesammt wurde des Malers Arbeit...in zahlreichen Gutachten gewurdigt“ (113)
,,da Tumca malkastis gvari da saxe
li arsad ewera da Tu ewera, ...misi namu
Sevrebi didi pativiT moixseneboda mra
valricxovan recenziebSi“ (109)
Insgesammt germanulad niSnavs `saer
To jamSi~, ,,mTlianad“, TargmanSi ki
is gadmosulia rogorc daTmobiTi wi
nadadeba Einraeumungssatz. nawilaki Sei
Zleba TargmanSi gadmovides ubralod
kavSiriT, Cven SemTxvevaSi kavSiri ,,Tum
ca“ igive azris matarebelia da gansaz
Rvravs mizanteqstSi bmulobis xarisxs.
5) ,,Sicher, es geht um den Kurs, doch unter-schwellig fuehren die Frauen privaten und nichtver-jaehrten Streit mit sich’ (174)
,,saqme namdvilad gemis mier aRebul
kurss exeba, magram qalebs qvecnobierad
piraduli da mudmivi kamaTi aqvT gamar
Tuli“ (168)
aq srul damTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme,
anu germanul modalur sityvas kargad
gamoxatavs misi Sesatyvisi qarTuli
nawilaki.
6) ,,Sogleich beginnt aus der Oednis zwischen den toten Baeumen eine Dornehecke zuwachsen“ (286)
,,imave wams, ukacriel adgilas, mkvdar
xeebs Soris, amoizrdeba ekalbardiani
Robe~ (274)
,,Sogleich’“ anu ,,maSinve“ germanul wi
nadadebaSi ZiriTadad kavSiris rols
asrulebs, magram mas nawilakis fun
qciac gaaCnia. mTargmnels rom aq kav
Siris mniSvnelobiT gadmoeca avtoris
saTqmeli, bunebrivia, azri daikargeboda.
rogorc nawilaki ki, zustad emTxveva av
toris saTqmels.
7) ,,Die Raettin jedoch durfte“ (440) ,,virTxas Turme araferi ekrZalebo
da“ (417)
nawilaki Jedoch qarTulad niSnavs
,,Tumca“ da ara ,,Turme“, ise rogorc es
mTargmnelma gamoiyena. aq saubaria zus
tad imaze, rom avtori iseT ambavs gvi
yveba, rasac ar daswrebia da ar unaxavs.
mizanenaSi gamoyenebulia Turmeobi
28
Ti forma, romelic mTel winadadebaze
vrceldeba, rogorc gramatikuli mov
lena, gadadis mTlianad sintaqsSi. anu
morfologiidan sintaqsSi, sintaqsur
sistemaSi, anu maTi semantika mTel wina
dadebaze moqmedebs.
imis mixedviT, Tu gamoxatvis romel
saSualebas eZleva upiratesoba ama Tu im
enaSi, modalobis gamoxatvis formebic
enaTa mixedviT gansxvavebulia. modalo
bis kvlevis sferoSi kriteriumebis si
zuste SeiZleba iyos ufro miaxloebi
Ti, vidre realuri. es gasagebia, ram
denadac aRniSnul sferoSi operireba
xdeba iseTi cnebebiT, rogoricaa: ire
aloba, arafaqtobrioba, subieqturoba,
SesaZlebloba, aucilebloba da misT [F. R. Palmer: 2-7 1995].
mocemuli magaliTebiT vrwmundebiT,
rom nawilakebs udidesi mniSvneloba
aqvs winadadebis mTavari sazrisis, emo
ciis, ganwyobis da a. S. gamosaxatavad.
rogorc enaTmecnieri bali ganmartavs
,,ar SeiZleba winadadebis mniSvneloba
mivaniWoT gamonaTqvams, Tu masSi ar
aris modalobis raime gamoxatuleba
mainc~ [bali. 1995:4445].
magaliTebi ,, kiborCxalas nabijiT“
(mTargmneli nana gogolaSvili)
1) ,,Alexsander Marinenko wurde 1913 geboren,
und zwar in der Hafenstadt Odessa“
,,aleqsandre marinenko 1913 wels
dabadebula, rogorc Cans SavizRvi
spireTis erTerTi didebuli qalaqi
unda yofiliyo“(18)
Zwar _ aris ,,saxeldobr, Tumca“,
mTargmnelma ki sityva „rogorc Cans“
mourgo. roca Semdeg winadadebaSi igive
nawilaki ,,Zwar“ Targmnilia, rogorc
,,marTalia“.
rogorc mecnieri liaponi asabuTebs,
,,subieqturi modaloba molaparakis
mier faqtis sxvadasxvagvar, subieqtur
kvalifikacias, Sefasebas gamoxatavs.
igi gamoirCeva Sinaarsisa da gamoxatvis
saSualebaTa mravalferovnebiT. obieq
turi modalobisgan gansxvavebiT, subi
eqturi modaloba ufro metad fakul
taturia [liaponi. 1990: 303304].
2) ,,Dennoch konnte ich den Gedanken nicht abweisen“ (72)
is azri vera da ver momeSorebina Ta
vidan(87)
Dennoch, romelic qarTulad niS
navs „da mainc“, an „miuxedavad amisa“,
mTargmnelma „vera da ver“ Seavso mizan
enaSi, radganac winadadebaSi mocemul
ma uaryofam ,,nicht“ misca mas saSualeba
aRniSnuli nawilaki amdagvarad eTargm
na.
3) ,,Genau wusste Mutter das nicht, ausserdem taten ihr nur die Hunde leid“ (107)
,,dedam amis Sesaxeb zustad araferi
icoda, magram am dros mas guli mxo lod
ZaRlebze Sestkioda“ (126)
am SemTxvevaSi germanuli sityva ,,gar
da amisa“, „magram“iT Caanacvla qar
TulSi, radganac ausserdem (garda amisa)
sruliad Secvlida winadadebis azrs.
11) Doch nicht nur Gabi, auch Mutter hat in mir den typischen Versager gesehen(43)
,,marto gabi ki ara, dedac tipiur
uqnaras xedavda CemSi.“
nawilaks ,, Doch’’ uamravi mniSvnelo
bebi aqvs germanul enaSi, qarTulSi ki
arc Tu ise bevri. konteqstidan gamom
dinare, mTargmneli zustad argebs aq
formaucvlel sityvas ,,marto“, riTac
kidev ufro aZlierebs erTi personaJis
damokidebulebas meoresTan. es is Sem
Txvevaa, rodesac mTargmneli zogjer
modalur mniSvnelobas molaparakis
emociureqspresiuli damokidebulebis
SemotaniT afarToebs.
29
,,BLECHTROMMEL“ ,,Tunuqis doli“
(mTargmnelebi eka raisneri/ natalia
nadareiSvili)
1) „Dennoch soll hier nicht behauptet werden“ (59)
„amis miuxedavad sulac ar minda
gimtkicoT...“
Dennoch aq mTargmnelebs gadmotani li
aqvT rogorc „amis miuxedavad~ ungeachtet dessen�. vfiqrobT, ufro Sesaferi iqne
boda nawilaki ,,da mainc“, radgan, kon
teqstidan gamomdinare, avtors surs mo
saubris mier gamoTqmuli azris kidev
erTxel dasabuTeba da ara raRac mizez
is Cveneba
4). „Immerhin eine Minute lang durfte sich Os-kar ungestraft den Mond ansehen“ (481)
,,da sxva rom araferi, oskars erTi
wuTiTac mainc SeeZlo dausjelad eyu
rebina mTvarisaTvis“ (402).
aq mTargmnels modaluri konstruq
ciiT ,,da sxva rom araferi“ aqvs gadmo
cemuli germanuli modalobis gamomxa
tveli sityva ,,Immerhin, romlis primaru
li mniSvnelobaa ,,yvela SemTxvevaSi“ da
vfiqrobT, rom es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac
mTargmneli kreatulobiT zustad usa
dagebs Sesaferis sityvas an gamoTqmas
avtoriseuls.
5) ,,batonma maceratmac, romelic im
dros mxolod TxuTmetiode wlisa Tu
iqneboda, yvelaferi icoda, naxevrad brma
icno kidec“ (638)
,,Herr Matzerath, der zu dem Zeitpunkt allenfalls fuenfzehn Jahre gezaehlt hatte, auf dem laufenden verkannte sogar den Halbblindenden“ (757).
TargmanSi gamoyenebuli ,,mxolod~
ar gvaqvs wyaroteqstSi. mTargmnels am
nawilakis Semotana mxolod da mxolod
imisaTvis dasWirda, rom gaeZlierebina
avtoris sentencia. Surufsi nawilakebs
marTebulad uwodebs „damadastureb
lebs“ da Tvlis, rom isini moqmedeben
kognitiur doneze, amJRavneben adresan
tis kognitiuri procesebisa da azro
vnebis meTods, romelsac igi iyenebs ama
Tu im diskursis fragmentis warmoebis
dros [Schourup. 1985:2223].mxatvruli teqstis Targmanis proce
sSi mTargmnelis azrovneba esTetikuri
da xatovani enis ganzomilebaSi gadaina
cvlebs. xatovani enis kodSi am dros
xdeba cvlileba. gamoyenebis SesaZle
blobebs mis hibridul anu sxvadasxva
enobriv SreebTan erTad, metaforebis
klasebic qmnian, romelTa xSiri rea
lizacia wyaroteqstebSi mTargmnelis
mier ekvivalenturi variantebis moZe
bnas da SerCevas moiTxovs.
daskvnaSegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom translati
kaSi ar arsebobs centraluri da margi
naluri problemebi, radgan mxatvruli
teqstis procesSi, SesaZloa, win wamoi
wios sruliad umniSvnelo enobrivma
movlenam, romelsac arc wyaroenis da
arc mizanenis sistemaSi didi roli ar
aqvs. samagierod, SesaZloa, man swored
teqstSi miiRos iseTi semantikursinta
qsuri, azrobrivi da emociuri datvirT
va, romlis gareSec teqstis mTeli ab
zaci an Tavi, mTlianad dakargavs Tavis
funqcias.
iseTi enobrivi, formaluri semioti
kuri niSnebi, am SemTxvevaSi modalo
bis gamomxatveli, romlebsac TiTqosda
enaSi funqcia ar aqvT xSirad Targmnis
procesSi did yuradRebas da codnas sa
Wiroeben lingvistur Tu emociur done
ze. nawilakebi xSirad konteqstualuri
mniSvnelobis niuansebs gamoxataven da
30
mkafios xdian adresatis damokidebu
lebas gamoTqmuli mosazrebis mimarT.
Sesabamisad, maT didi pragmatuli dat
virTva gaaCniaT.
literatura
1. Heinemann M. (2002): Heinemann Wolfgang. Grundlagen der Textlingwistik; Interaktion-Text-DiskursMax Niemejer Verlag, Tubingen
2. Kleine Enzyklopädie Deutsche Sprache. (1983): Leipzig.
3. Palmer F. R. (1995): Mood and Modality. Cambridge University Press
4. Schiffrin D. (1987): Discourse Markers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
5. Schourup L. C. (1985): Common Discourse Particles in English Conversation. New York and London: Garland Press
6. Weinrich H. (1976): Sprache in Texten.Stuttgart
7. Балли Ш. (1955): Общая лингвистика и во-просы французского языка, пер. с франц.
8. Ляпон М. В. (1990): Лингвистический энци-клопедический словарь. Сов. энцикл.
9. gogolaSvili n. (2011): giunter
grasi `dedali virTagva�. Tb., Sps �ba kur
sulakauris gamomcemloba“
10. gogolaSvili n. (2008): giunter
grasi `kiborCxalas nabijiT~. Tbilisi
11. gogolaSvili n. (2001): saenaT
mecniero Ziebani. (X. gamomc, Ed.) Tbilisi:
qarTuli ena
12. gogolaSvili n. (2001): samyaros
modelirebis problema mxatvruli
teqstis Targmnis procesSi. Tbilisi
Проблема перевода формонеизменяемых
семиотических знаков в художественной литературе на примере грузинских переводов
произведений Г. Грасса
Палавандишвили НиноГрузинский университет им. Андрея ПервозванногоФакультет гуманитарных наукул. И.Чавчавадзе №53 а; Грузия, ТбилисиТел.: 597 999 184
E-mail: [email protected]
РезюмеАнализ переведённых текстов показал, что
несмотря на универсальный характер знаков, выражающих модальность, они часто выполня-ют особенные функции в синтаксико-семантиче-ских структурах в языке-источнике и в языке пе-ревода, и на конкретном уровне делают нагляд-ной свою конвергентную специфику, на уровне предложения, абзацев или целого текста.
Модальные слова создают функцийные груп-пы, синтаксическую независимость которых сле-дует учитывать в процессе перевода, в зависимо-сти от того, какую модальную направленность они выражают по отношению к высказыванию.
Ключевые слова: когезивные соотношения, интерпретация, мо-
дальные частицы, семиотические знаки, главная мысль, контекстуальный.
31
The Translation Problem of the Non Changed Characters of the Semiotics
Forms in Fiction Which Bases on Examples of the G. Grasse works
Translations Onto Georgian Language
Nino PalavandishviliAndrey Pervozvanni's Georgian UniversityFaculty of Hummanitarian Sciences53a, Chavchavadze av., Tbilisi, GeorgiaTel.: 597 999 184
Е-mail: [email protected]
AbstractAs the analyse of the translated text showed, in
spite of modality sign’s universal character, they of-
ten carry out different functions between thesyntac-tic semantic structures of the source and the target language. On a specific level they obviously show their convergent specificity within the sentences, paragraph and the whole text.
Modal words which make functional groups, their syntactic independency isconsidered during the translation according to what modal connections they express within the expressions.
Keywords:coherence connections, interpretation, modal
particle, semiotic signs, main option, contextual.
32
iuridiuli termini da profesiuli komunikacia
lia ruxiaSvili
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti
WavWavaZis gamz. #36, 0179, Tbilisi,
saqarTvelo
tel. 577 306 306E-mail: [email protected]
reziumetermini gansazRvruli enis leqsiku
ri erTeulia, romelic specialuri
miznebisaTvis gamoiyeneba. is aRniSnavs
konkretuls an abstraqtuls, codnis
an qmedebis gansazRvruli specialuri
sferos Teoriis cnebas. termini rTuli
movlenaa. termini sityvaa an Sesityve
ba, romelic specialur cnebas gamoxa
tavs. terminologia ki specialur enas
ganekuTvneba. specialuri enis ZiriTadi
amocanaa sityvebis gamoyeneba sagnebisa
da movlenebis definiciisaTvis. unda
aRvniSnoT, rom es definiciebi unda
iyos zusti da ekonomiuri. Cveni kvlevis
obieqtia saojaxo samarTlis terminebis
kvleva qarTul, inglisur da frangul
enebSi, im mizniT, rom dadgindes, Tu ra
msgavseba da gansxvavebaa maT Soris da
is xerxebi, riTac xdeba am terminebis
formireba zemoxsenebul enebSi.
sakvanZo sityvebi: termini, specialuri ena, saojaxo sa
marTali, profesiuli komunikacia, in
ternacionalizaciis procesi.
Sesavalitermini specialuri sityvaa an si
tyvaTSeTanxmeba, romelic miRebulia
profesiul saqmianobaSi da gamoiyeneba
gansakuTrebul pirobebSi. termini cne
bis sityvieri gamoxatulebaa, romelic
Sedis profesiuli codnis gansazRvrul
sferos cnebaTa sistemis Semadgenlo
baSi. termini enis ZiriTadi cnebiTi
elementia, romelic gankuTvnilia spe
cialuri miznebisaTvis [superanskaia,
podolskaia, vasilieva. 2003:14].
termini simboloa, romelic fiqsire
bul sistemaSi aRniSnavs koordinats,
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, gansazRvrul
samecniero sferoSi erTaderT obieqts.
lingvistikaSi ar arsebobs terminolo
giisadmi erTgvarovani midgoma. zogier
Ti lingvisti termins ganixilavs ro
gorc samecniero sferos cnebiTi sis
temis nawils, meoreni terminSi xedaven
,pirvel rigSi, sityvas, romelic saerTo
enis leqsikis nawilia. dRes lingviste
bi ar davoben imaze, rom termini sity
vaa an Sesityveba, romelic specialur
cnebas gamoxatavs. Tumca sakiTxi imis
Sesaxeb, Tu metyvelebis ra nawilebiT
SeiZleba iqnas warmodgenili termini,
araerTgvarovnad wydeba. lingvistebis
umetesi nawili fiqrobs, rom termine
bis enobrivi forma mxolod arsebiTi
saxeli an mis safuZvelze Seqmnili Se
sityveba SeiZleba iyos.
is sakiTxi, rom termini specialur
sferos ganekuTvneba, ganpirobebulia
imiT, rom is gamoiyeneba cnebebis nomi
naciisaTvis. terminis es Tviseba war
moadgens yvelaze mniSvnelovan movle
nas da ganapirobebs imas, rom is mieku
Tvneba codnis specialur sferos. cno
bilia, rom cnebebis aRniSvnis funqcia
SeiZleba Seasrulos ara marto specia
lurma, aramed sayovelTao sityvebma da
maTma Sesityvebebma. g. vinokuri werda,
rom terminebi gansakuTrebuli sityve
bi ki ara, aramed gansakuTrebuli fun
33
qciis mqone sityvebia [vinokuri. 1939:5].
Tuki termins funqciuri TvalsazrisiT
mivudgebiT, is enobrivi niSania, romlis
ZiriTadi funqcia adamianis SegnebaSi
qmnis mocemul obieqtze srul warmod
genas, romelic mTeli misi TvisebebiT
codnis gansakuTrebul sferos ganeku
Tvneba [kapanaZe. 1965:79; moiseevi. 1970:138;
reformatski. 1961: 4748].
nominacia, semantikuri sizuste, mono
semanturoba, simokle, motivirebuloba
da derivaciis unari terminis specialur
metyvelebaSi CarTvas uzrunvelyofs.
rogorc aRvniSneT, termini sityvaa an
Sesityveba, romelic specialur cnebas
gamoxatavs. terminologia ki specialur
enas ganekuTvneba. cneba _ specialuri
ena da misi lingvisturi buneba didi xa
nia damkvidrda enaTmecnierebaSi. am sfe
roSi pirveli naSromebi ucxour ling
vistikaSi XIX saukuneSi gaCnda. Tumca am
movlenis pirveli Teoriuli safuZveli
XX saukuneSi gvxdeba. es dakavSirebu
li iyo mecnierebisa da teqnikis inten
siur ganviTarebasTan, rodesac enobri
vi saSualebebis meSveobiT SeZle bdnen
zustad gamoexataT samecnie ro cnebebi.
termini _ specialuri ena lingvistikaSi
praRis lingvisturi wris warmomadgen
lebma gamoiyenes. maT warmodgenaSi ena
iyo niSanTa sistema, romlisTvisac eno
brivi funqciis cneba mTavaria. lingvis
tur analizs funqciurad udgebodnen,
radganac enas, maTi azriT, mizanmimar
Tuli gezi aqvs.
specialuri enis ZiriTadi amocanaa
sityvebis gamoyeneba sagnebisa da movle
nebis definiciisaTvis. unda aRvniSnoT,
rom es definiciebi zusti da ekonomiu
ri unda iyos. amitom, specialuri enebi
SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc gamoyene
biTi daniSnulebis enobrivi sistemebi.
ase udgeba am sakiTxs praRis lingvis
turi skola. maTi gagebiT, specialuri
ena Sedgeba sagnobrivpraqtikuli da
samecnieroTeoriuli Sreebisagan. ase
Ti definicia araa sruli, vinaidan spe
cialuri enebi arsebobs ara mxolod
weriTi, aramed zepiri formiTac. amgva
rad, unda gaviTvaliswinoT funqciur
stilisturi aspeqtic. yvela es faqtori
r. bartma gaaerTiana Tavis TeoriaSi
specialuri enebis Sesaxeb.
is ganixilavs profesiul enas, ro
gorc enobrivi sistemis tipur reali
zacias [barti. 1976:211]. es sistema ar
sebobs ara mxolod gansakuTrebuli
lingvisturi, aramed socialuri wesebi
Tac. Tumca es Teoria sadavoa, radganac
ZiriTadi aqcenti leqsikis socialur
bunebaze keTdeba, Tumca ar xsnis, riTaa
ganpirobebuli leqsikuri da sintaqsu
ri saSualebebis SerCeva.
ZiriTadi nawilispecialuri enis ganviTarebis tenden
cia umetesad ganpirobebulia termino
logiis TaviseburebebiTa da ganviTa
rebis doniT, romlebic maT semantikur
birTvs qmnian, Tumca mxolod termino
logiuri TaviseburebebiT ar amoiwure
ba es sakiTxi. k. averbuxi gamoyofs spe
cialuri enis ganviTarebis xuT tenden
cias: integracia, diferneciacia, inter
nacionalizacia, unifikacia, ekonomia
[averbuxi. 2004:2747].
Tanamedrove mecnierebis ganviTarebis
arsi samecniero codnis integracias da
masTan dakavSirebuli mravali samec
niero disciplinis daaxloebas gansazR
vravs. yvelaze saintereso da aqtualu
ri samecniero problemebi ori an meti
mecnierebis Sesayarze Cndeba. ase xdeba
samecniero codnis integrireba. enis
34
sferoSi amis uSualo asaxva imiT xdeba,
rom sxvadasxva samecniero discipline
bis yvelaze aqtiuri kontaqtebis adgi
las maTi enebi erTmaneTs uaxlovdeba,
isini erTmaneTs avseben, aseve qmnian
axal specifikur terminebs warmoqnili
kompleqsuri problemisaTvis. amgvarad,
samecniero disciplinebis integraciis
paralelurad xdeba enaTa integracia.
integraciis procesebi samarTlis
enasac Seexo. samarTali mudmiv zegavle
nas ganicdis codnis mravali sferosa
gan, Tumca yvelaze meti TanamSromloba
arsebobs samarTlis enasa da ekonomikis
enas Soris. ekonomikuri saqmianoba xor
cieldeba samarTlebriv CarCoSi, amitom,
zogierTi iuridiuli termini uSualo
daa dakavSirebuli ekonomikis enasTan,
kerZod, SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc
ekonomikuri termini. magaliTad: loan-prêt-sesxi; contract-contract of service, contract of employement-contrat-contrat de travail – SromiTi xelSekruleba; annuity-rente-renta; mortgage, bond, pledge-hypothèque-hipoTeka; redemption-rachat – yidva, Sesyidva; accep-tance-acceptation-aqcepti; émission-issue, issuing, drawing _ emisia da sxva.
am terminebis CarTvis dasturi eko
nomikisa da samarTlis enebis leqsiko
nebSi specialuri aRniSvnebiTaa moce
muli. terminebi aqcepti, ipoTeka, emisia
erTdroulad aris rogorc ekonomiku
ri, ise samarTlis terminebi. mecniere
baSi diferenciacia ZiriTadad Cndeba im
dros, rodesac samecniero discipli
nebis kontaqtis adgilebSi axali mec
nierebebi gaCnda, rogorebicaa: maTema
tikuri lingvistika, bionika, genetika,
kibernetika da a.S. komunikaciis sfero
Si maTi realizeba axali enebis warmo
qmniT xdeba, romlebsac maTTvis damaxa
siaTebeli Taviseburebebi gaaCnia.
internacionalizaciis procesi fran
guli, inglisuri da qarTuli samarTlis
enebSi Taviseburad warimarTa. franguli
samarTlis enam didi zegavlena moxdina
inglisuri samarTlis enaze. qarTulSi
gvaqvs saerTaSoriso terminebi, Tumca
gvaqvs sufTa qarTuli sityvebic. maga
liTad: advokati, veqili- avocat-barrister, counsel, advocate, lawyer; alimenti-pension alimen-taire-maintenance; alimony; aqcepti-acceptance-acceptation da sxva. qarTul saojaxo sa
marTalSi mravali sityvisagan Se mdgari
terminebi gvaqvs. magaliTad: meuRleebis
qorwinebamde arsebuli qoneba; qorwine
bis baTilad cnoba; qorwinebis Semdeg
SeZenili qoneba; mamobis prezumfcia;
Tumca gvaqvs mokle terminebic: qorwine
ba, uunaroba; frangulSi igive termine
bi Semdegi sityvebiT gadmoicema: mariage; aquêts; biens; annulation de mariage; présomption de paternité; invalidité; inglisuri termine
bia: marriage; presumption of paternity; disability; goods; acquests; annulment da sxva.
termins axasiaTebs derivaciuloba.
terminis derivaciuloba isaa, rom is
mosaxerxebeli unda iyos sxva axali
terminebis sawarmoeblad. es moTxovni
leba savaldebuloa axali terminebis
Sesaqmnelad, is uzrunvelyofs SemdegSi
terminebis sistemurobas da simokles.
terminis derivaciuloba gulisxmobs
aseve imas, rom is SeiZleba gaxdes pro
duqtiuli baza erTfuZiani terminebis
warmosaqmnelad. magaliTad: franguli
termini epoux-épouse awarmoebs sityva
Ta ojaxebs: épouserqorwineba, gaTxove
ba; épousaillesqorwili; épouséepatarZali;
épouseursaqmro. inglisurSi imave sity
vebisaTvis gvaqvs Semdegi terminebi:
spouse; spouseless; marry; nuptials; married; suitor da sxva. TvalSi sacemi isaa, rom fran
gulSi terminebi erTi fuZisganaa war
moqmnili, xolo inglisurSi ki gansxva
vebuli fuZeebisagan.
35
k. averbuxis azriT, terminologiuri
unifikacia miiRweva sami saxis saqmiano
bis Sedegad: terminografia, romlis Se
degia sxvadasxva terminTa leqsikonebi;
samecniero terminologiis mowesrigeba,
romlis Sedegadac Cndeba egreTwodebu
li terminebis krebulebi da samrewve
loteqnikuri terminologiis standar
tizacia, romlis produqtia mravalri
cxovani terminologiuri standartebi.
Tu ganvixilavT yvela CamoTvlil pro
duqts, terminebis unificirebas gene
tikur aspeqtSi, maSin SeiZleba vamtki
coT, rom yvela dasaxelebuli saxeoba,
arsebiTad, terminografiis produq
tia, an kidev terminebis leqsikonis
saxesxvaobas warmoadgens.
profesiuli komunikaciis ena mudmi
vad miiswrafvis kompaqturobisaken, rac
ekonomiis kanonis WeSmaritebas adas
turebs. kacobriobam xerxebisa da ra
cionaluri meTodebis mTeli arsenali
SeimuSava, romelic saSualebas gvaZle
vs, rom arsebiTad SevamciroT dro da
adgili, rac miRebuli informaciis
miRebasa da aRqmaze ixarjeba. kompresiis
meTodebsa da xerxebs Soris ganixileba
terminebis sintaqsuri SekumSvis meTo
debi (elifsi, abreviacia, simboloebis
xerxebiT Sekveca), specialur teqstebSi
enobriv sistemebTan erTad araenobrivi
nominaciis xerxebis Semoyvana. magali
Tad, qimiur teqstebSi funqcionirebs
formulebi. aRsaniSnavia aseve semanti
kurad datvirTuli grafikuli informa
cia: sqemebi, naxazebi, grafikuli gamo
saxulebebi, romlebic Setyobinebis fi
zikuri ganfenilobis ekonomiur efeqts,
aseve aRqmis ubraloebas da TvalsaCi
noebas uzrunvelyofen.
ekonomiis kanonis moqmedeba samarT
lis enaSi SeiZleba abreviaciis magali
Tebze ganvixiloT. abreviacias umetesad
normatiuli aqtebi da samarTlebrivi
aqtebi ganicdis. magaliTad franguli
Semoklebebia: BLD-Bulletin législatif Dal-lozdalosis sakanonmdeblo biuleteni;
CA-Cour d'appel – saapelacio sasamarTlo;
TI-Tribunal d'instance – pirveli instanciis
sasamarTlo; C. fam.-Code de la famille – saojaxo kodeqsi; JAM-Juge aux affaires matrimo-niales – saojaxo saqmeebis mosamarTle;
NCPC-Nouveau Code de procédure civile – axali
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi. ingli
suri abreviaturebia: ABLE-Advocates for Basic Legal Equality – advokatebi fundamenturi iuridiuli TanasworobisaTvis;
All ER-All England Law Reports – inglisis
samarTlis yvela angariSi; CentCrimCt-Central Criminal Court – sisxlis samarTlis
centraluri sasamarTlo; EWCACiv-Court of Appeal of England and Wales – inglisisa da
uelsis saapelacio sasamarTlo; EWHC (Fam)-High Court of England and Wales Decisions – inglisisa da uelsis umaRlesi sasa
marTlos gadawyvetilebebi; Adv.-advokati; hcoj-high council of justice – saapelacio
sasamarTlo; Civ. Lawsamoqalaqo samar
Tali da sxva. qarTuli Semoklebebidan
SeiZleba davasaxeloT: ssksisxlis sa
marTlis kodeqsi; sssksisxlis samar
Tlis saproceso kodeqsi; sksamoqalaqo
kodeqsi; ssksamoqalaqo saproceso ko
deqsi; mux.muxli; ssmsaqarTvelos sa
kanonmdeblo macne; ssipsajaro samar
Tlis iuridiuli piri da sxva. qarTuli
samarTlis ena arc ise xSirad mimar
Tavs Semoklebebs, rogorc es gvxdeba
inglisur da frangul enebSi.
dRes terminologia intensiurad sxva
dasxva mimarTulebiT viTardeba. terminis
ZiriTadi amocana isaa, rom moaxdinos pro
fesiulsamecniero komunikaciis optimi
zacia. amis Sesabamisad, terminebi zustad
unda asaxavdnen adamianTa gamocdilebisa
da praqtikuli saqmianobis Sedegebs, afiq
36
sirebdnen profesiulsamecniero codnas
terminiT gamoxatuli obieqtebis Tvisebe
bis Sesaxeb da Slidnen maT arsebiT maxa
siaTeblebs. rogorc cnobilia, axali cne
bebi formirdeba enis saSualebebiT ukve
arsebuli cnebebis safuZvelze, xolo
terminologiuri informaciis arsi isaa,
rom erTi obieqti informacias Seicavs
meore obieqtis Sesaxeb.
terminologiuri informacia, rome
lic kodirebulia konkretuli ter
minologiuri elementebis meSveobiT,
invariantuli informaciaa, romelic
gansazRvravs imas, Tu romel termi
nologiur rigs miekuTvneba esa Tu is
termini. zogierTi terminis informa
ciuli datvirTva da pragmatuli mizan
mimarTuleba uSualodaa dakavSirebuli
cnebiTterminologiuri rigebis kla
sifikaciurkategorialur bunebasTan,
romelTa Semadgenel elementebs termi
nebi warmoadgens. Sesabamisad, terminebi
enis yvelaze informaciuli erTeule
bia sityvebisa da Sesityvebebis doneze,
romelTac gaaCniaT gansakuTrebuli
kognitiurkomunikaciuri mniSvneloba,
romlebic specialuri komunikaciis
Suamavlebad gvevlinebian [volodina.
2000:35]. nebismieri termini unda iqmne
bodes enis specialistebisa da dargis
specialistebis SeTanxmebiT, rac qar
Tul realobaSi xSirad irRveva.
daskvna
daskvnis saxiT aRvniSnavT, rom dRes
termini ganisazRvreba rogorc lite
raturuli enis erTeuli. igi yvela im
Tvisebas flobs, romliTac termins ga
moyofen, rogorc gansakuTrebul si tyvas.
terminologiaSi ar arsebobs terminis
erTgvarovani definicia, iseve ,rogorc
ar arsebobs imaze SeTanxmeba, Tu mety
velebis ra nawilebiT unda iyos war
modgenili termini. Cven kvlevaSi ter
mins ganvixilavT, rogorc specialur
sityvas an Sesityvebas, romelic miRebu
lia profesiul saqmianobaSi da gamoiye
neba gansakuTrebul pirobebSi. is aris
cnebis sityvieri gamoxatuleba, rome
lic profesiuli codnis gansa zRvruli
sferos cnebaTa sistemaSi Sedis. ter
mini flobs mTeli rig maxasiaTeblebs,
romelTa safuZvelze SeiZleba agebul
iqnas misi definicia. ZiriTadi Tvisebaa
specialuri cnebis aRniSvna. danarCeni
Tvisebebi SeiZleba CaiTvalos arasa
valdebulod. ra Tqma unda, termins aqvs
teqsturi buneba. vinaidan termini teqs
tis moTxovnebs akmayofilebs, is mudam
konteqstzea damokidebuli.
termini erTerTi mTavari elementia
profesiul komunikaciaSi. termini spe
cialur enaSi gamoiyeneba. specialu
ri ena profesiuli enaa, romelic ar
gansxvavdeba sasaubro da zogadi leq
sikisagan gramatikuli da sintaqsuri
kanonzomierebiT, mxolod specialuri
leqsikuri maragiT, romelic praqtikul
moTxovnebs pasuxobs.
literatura
1. Авербух К. Я. (2004): Общая теория терми-на, Иваново: Изд-во Иван. гос. ун-та
2. Barthes R. (1973): Le Plaisir du texte, Paris. Éditions du Seuil
3. Винокур Г. О. (1939): О некоторых явлени-ях словообразования в русской технической тер-минологии. М.: Тр. МИИФЛ
4. Code Civil Français. (2015): http://droit-finan-
37
ces.commentcamarche.net/download/tele charger-198-code-civil-2015-pdf-en-ligne, 14.05.2017
5. Code Civil Géorgien, (1997). http://tcc.gov.ge/uploads/kanonebi/samoqalaqo_kodeqsi.pdf, 5.06.2017.
6. Every Family Matters, A Policy Report by the Family Law Review Chaired by David Hodson SECOND EDITION, Reprinted August 2010, http://www.centreforsocialjustice.org.uk/core/wpcontent/uploads/2016/08/CSJEveryFamilyMattersWEB.pdf, 20.04.2017.
7. Капанадзе Л. А. (1966): Взаимодействие терминологической лексики с общелитератур-ной: (на материале русского языка): Автореф. дис. ...канд. филол. наук. М.
8. Language in the Legal Process (2002): Language in the Legal Process / Ed. By J. Cotterill. N. Y.: Palgrave Macmillan Ltd
9. Моисеев А. И. (1970):. О языковой природе термина / терминологии. М.
10. Реформатский А. А. (1959): Что такое тер-мин и терминология / М.: Русский язык
11. Суперанская А. В., Подольская Н. В., Ва-сильева Н. В. (2003): Общая терминология. Во-просы теории. М.: Едиториал УРСС
Юридический термин и профессио-нальная коммуникация
Рухиашвили Лия ГеоргиевнаТбилисский государственный университетФакультет гуманитарных наукПр. И. Чавчавадзе №36, 0179, Тбилиси, ГрузияТел.: 577 306 306E-mail: [email protected]
РезюмеТермин-это лексическая единица определен-
ного языка, который используется для специ-альных целей. Он обозначает конкретное или аб-страктное, теоретическое понятие определенной специальной сферы знания или действия. Термин – сложное явление. Термин это слово или слово-сочетание, которое выражает специальное поня-тие. Терминология же относится к специально-му языку. Основная задача специального языка – использование слов для дефиниции предметов и явлений. Нужно отметить, что эти дефиниции должны быть точными и экономными. Объектом нашего исследования является анализ терминов семейного права в грузинском, английском и французском языках, для того, чтобы установить сходство и различие между ними, а также спосо-бы, которые формируют эти термины в вышеу-помянутых языках.
Ключевые слова: термин, специальный язык, семейное право,
профессиональная коммуникация, процесс ин-тернацонализации.
Legal Terms and Professional Communication
Lia RukhiashviliTbilisi State UniversityHumanitarian science faculty36, Chavchavadze ave., 0179, Tbilisi, GeorgiaTel.:577 306 306E-mail: [email protected]
38
Abstract Term is a lexical unit of a definite language,
which is used for special purposes. It means con-crete or abstract, a concept of knowledge or action of a definite special theory field. Term is a difficult phenomenon. Term is a word or syntagma, which expresses special concept. As for terminology, it be-longs to a special language. The basic issue of the special language is to use words for subjects and events definition. We must mention that these defini-tions should be exact and economical. The object of
our research is Family Law terms in Georgian, Eng-lish and French languages, in order to ascertain what are the similarities and differences among them, also the methods by what are the terms formed in above-mentioned languages.
Keywords: Term, special language, family law, professional
communication, the process of internationalization.
39
magiuri elementebi qorwilis scenarSi
fiqria WuluxaZe
saqarTvelos universiteti
evropuli enebisa da filologiis
departamenti
kostavas q. #77a, 0171, Tbilisi,
saqarTvelo
tel. 593 288 661E-mail: [email protected]
reziumeqorwilis rituali gvainteresebs im
denad, ramdenadac masSi aisaxeba konkre
tuli eris samyaros xati anu mza, dro
sa da sivrceSi dadgenili Rirebule
baTa sistema. statiaSi saubaria jvris,
xaris, xis da wylis kultze. movlenaTa
amgvari detalebis gacnobiT adamiani
ecnoba konkretuli eris msoflaRqmasa
da msoflgancdas da, amdenad, amgvar
ele mentebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba
mniSvnelovani da sasargebloa.
statiis mizania qarTul saqorwino
tradiciebSi arsebul samyaros xatSi
magiuri elementebis mimoxilva, Tvalis
Sevleba qarTveli xalxis am ritualTan
dakavSirebul msoflaRqmisa da msofl
gancdisTvis.
sakvanZo sityvebi: samyaros enobrivi xati, samyaros kon
ceptualuri xati, qorwinebis scenari.
Sesavaliqorwili rogorc rituali moicavs
socialuri stereotipebis da kognitu
ri sqemebis sistemas. xdeba kultura
Si fiqsirebuli gamocdilebis xatTa
sistemis aTviseba.
Tu samyaro aris xati, suraTi, ma
Sin adamianis pozicia aris msoflmxed
veloba. samyaros konceptualuri xati
ufro mravlismomcvelia, vidre samyaros
enobrivi xati.
samyaros konceptualuri satis safuZ
vels warmoadgens enobrivi, eqstra
lingvisturi da zogadi fonuri codna.
ZiriTadi nawiliqorwilis ritualSi aisaxeba eTni
kurad determinirebuli adamianis cno
biereba, aisaxeba samyaros xati. sxvada
sxva enisa da kulturis matarebeli
erebi sxvada sxvagvarad anawevreben az
rovnebis uformo masas. kategoriaTa
gamoxatvis konkretuli saSualebebi Sei
Zleba gan sxvavdebodnen im kulturebSic
ki, ro melTaTvisac es kategoriebi uni
versaluria. radgan samyaros aRqmasa da
Seme cnebas safuZvlad udevs konkretuli
erisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sagnobrivi
mniSvnelobis, socialuri stereotipebi
sa da kognituri sqemebis sistema, adamia
nis cnobiereba eTnikuradaa determini
rebuli. eTnikuri Tavisebureba ganapiro
bebs azris Camoyalibebisa da formuli
rebis saSualebebis specifikasac. erTa
diferencialuri fsiqologia ,,lagdeba’’
samyaros diferencialur xatebSi.
am sistemis aTvisebis procesSi eri
iTvisebs enaSi ganzogadebul da kul
turaSi fiqsirebul gamocdilebas, sxva
sityvebiT, xdeba ukve mza, drosa da
sivrceSi dadgenil RirebulebaTa siste
mis _ ,,xatTa sistemis’’ aTviseba.
samyaros models adamiani gamosaxavs
da acnobierebs rogorc xats _ samyaro
gardaisaxeba xatad. samyaros xatTa ra
odenoba emTxveva samyaroSi arsebuli
40
erebis, enebisa da kulturebis raodeno
bas. samyaros xatTa raodenoba emTxveva
im samyaroTa raodenobas, romelSic ar
sebobs eri.
warmoadgens ra im aRqmis safuZvels,
romelsac adamiani eyrdnoba samyaroSi
orientirebisas da aris ra istoriulad
ganpirobebuli, sxva sityvebiT, guli
sxmobs samyaros xatisa da mis subieqt
Ta mudmiv cvlilebas, ,,samyaros xati’’
srulad ganapirobebs movlenaTa aRqmisa
da interpretaciis Taviseburebas. aRni
Snul debulebaTa ganzogadebis Sedegad
ikveTeba Semdegi daskvna: samyaros xati
dan momdinareobs Rirebulebebi, ierar
qiisa da saazrovno paradigmaTa tipebi,
adamianis qmedebaTa arbitraluroba.
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis stadiaTa
cvla, Cveulebriv, iwvevs samyaros xatis
transformaciis _ samyaros fenomenis
axsnis axal etalonTa damkvidrebas. axa
li msoflmxedveloba ayalibebs axali
tipis msoflaRqmasa da msoflgancdas,
rac, saboloo jamSi, xdeba samyaros axa
li xatis Seqmnis sakmarisi piroba.
m. haidegrisaTvis samyaros xatis Camo
yalibebis problema uSualo kavSirSia
msoflmxedvelobasTan, ramdenadac, Tu
samyaro gardaiqmneba xatad, suraTad,
maSin adamianis pozicia ganixileba ro
gorc msoflmxedveloba.
samyaros xati warmoadgens samyaros
fuZemdeblur, globalur xats, romelsac
efuZneba adamianis msoflmxedveloba.
samyaros xatis meSveobiT xorcieldeba
adamianis _ samyaros xatis matareblis
_ cnobierebaSi samyaros arsebiT Tvise
baTa reprezentacia.
uzogadesi saxiT, samyaros modeli
ganisazRvreba rogorc samyaros Sesaxeb
konkretuli tradiciis farglebSi arse
bul warmodgenaTa jamis SekumSuli da
gamartivebuli anarekli.
samyaros xedvis erovnul safuZvels
warmoadgens:
1. stereotipebi, romelic saerToa
konkretuli enis matarebelTaTvis da
gansazRvravs konkretuli enis matare
belTa mier obieqturi sinamdvilis seg
mentaciis stilis identurobas.
2. saganTa da movlenaTa is Tvise
bebi, romelic, pirvel rigSi, aRiqmeba
konkretuli enis matarebelTa mier da
warmoadgens konkretul saganTa da mov
lenaTa saxeldebis safuZvels.
mecnierTa umravlesoba akavSirebs
samyaros enobriv xats konceptualur
xatTan. es ukanaskneli pirvelze bevrad
,,mdidaria’’ _ igi asocirdeba enisa da
azrovnebis, enisa da sinamdvilis, in
ferentulisa da idiomaturis mimarTe
baTa sakiTxTan, adamianis mier sinamd
vilis asaxvis, samyaros interpretaciis
rTul procesSi.
samyaros konceptualuri xati moicavs
,,emociur_SefasebiT’’, motivaciur da
cnobierebis sxva aspeqtebs da Sedgeba
konceptebisagan.
ganixilavs ra adamianis codnis pro
blemas samyaros Sesaxeb, j. lakofi yur
adRebas amaxvilebs im sakiTxze, Tu ro
gor gaiazrebs adamiani samyaros, sxva
sityvebiT, rogor gardatydeba realoba
adamianis cnobierebis, azrovnebisa da
aRqmis meSveobiT.
zogi lingvisti Tvlis, rom samyaros
konceptualuri xatis safuZvels war
moadgens codnis baza, romelic Sedgeba
Semdegi komponentebisagan:
1. enobrivi codna;
2. eqstralingvisturi codna;
3. zogadi fonuri codna.
codnis aRniSnuli saxeoba _ erTiano
ba, adamianis cnobierebis yvela aspeqtis
integrireba jamSi qmnis samyaros koncep
tualur suraTs, romelic erTdroulad
41
pirovnul_individualuricaa da sazoga
doebriv_socialuric.
qorwinebis scenari Sedgeba iseTi
kvanZebisagan, rogoricaa:
1. ,,arsi’’ _ ori adamianis kavSiri
ojaxis Seqmnis mizniT;
2. ,,sababi’’ _ siyvaruli, angareba;
3. ,,aqsiologia’’ _ Tvalsazrisi, ide
alebi, Sexedulebebi, principebi;
4. ,,rituali’’ _ qorwili;
5. ,,toposi’’ _ adgili;
6. ,,qronosi’’ _ dro.
scenarSi integrirebulia azrTa, mo
qmedebaTa da grZnobaTa mkveTrad an na
klebad mkveTrad gansazRvruli yvela
wesi. es wesebi arseboben damoukideblad,
obieqturad. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRniS
nuli wesebisadmi ,,morCileba’’ badebs
garkveuli socialuri iZulebis arsebo
bis SegrZnebas scenarSi.
,,qorwinebis’’ scenarisaTvis relevan
turi aRmoCnda:
1. substanciuri wesebi _ qcevis we
sebis aRmwerebi’;
2. fonuri daSvebebis saxiT arsebuli
ceremonialuri wesebi.
scenaris WeSmariteba arastabiluria
drosa da sivrceSi: sxvadasxva drosa da
sivrceSi WeSmariteba erTaderTobaze
pretenzias kargavs _ WeSmariteba xdeba
imdenive, ramdeni praqtikuli situaciac
arsebobs: TiToeuli WeSmaritia mxolod
konkretuli droisa da sivrcis farg
lebSi.
qarTul saqorwino ceremonialSi di
di adgili uWiravs magiis elementebs,
mravladaa nayofiereba_baraqianobasTan
dakavSirebuli ritualebi. maTi umrav
lesoba warmarTuli droidan momdi
nareobs da mcenareTa, cxovelTa, fri
nvelTa da astraluri kulturebisadmi
Tayvaniscemas ganasaxierebs. eklesiam
bevri ram aiTvisa am periodidan. aseTia,
magaliTad, jvrisweris dros gamoyene
buli jvari, aseve qarTuli oTxtotiani
gvirgvini da nefe_dedoflis kurTxeva
,,wminda xis wvenis’’ _ Rvinis saSualebiT.
v. bardaveliZem Seiswavla qarTuli
CiCilaki da gvergvi da paraleli gaavlo
qarTul gvirgvinTan. man daadgina, rom
qarTl_kaxuri gvirgvini mzis emblemas
warmoadgens, radgan Tavisi garegnuli
formiT mzis garegnul gamosaxulebas
asaxavs. misi nefe_dedoflis Tavze da
xurva jvrisweris dros ki momdinareobs
SexebiTi magiidan da gamoxatavs sur
vils, rom astraluri RvTaebis Tviseba
_ Sviliereba da nayofiereba TviT nefe_
dedofalze gadmovides.
j. sonRulaSvili gvirgvins vazis
kults ukavSirebs. amas is faqti esa
fuZvleba, rom vazs da misi nayofisa
gan damzadebul sasmels didi adgili
ekava qarTvelTa saqorwino ritualSi.
samegreloSi, magaliTad, dasturdeba
maranSi qorwinebis faqtebi, kaxeTSi pa
tarZals maranSi Seiyvandnen da qvevris
Tavis moxdis ritualis dasawyiss an
dobdnen, Semdeg ki am RviniT locavdnen
nefe_patarZals.
im faqts, rom foCebiani gvirgvini
qristianuli eklesiis mier SemoRebuli
ritualia, isic adasturebs, rom saqarT
velos mTian raionebSi aseTi gvirgvinis
gamoyeneba ar dasturdeba. warmarTobi
dan unda momdinareobdes gvirgvinTan da
kavSirebuli detali _ jvari, romelic
mimagrebulia mxolod mamakacis gvir
gvinze da, savaraudod, xaris kultidan
momdinareobs.
jvris magiur_apoTropul mniSvnelo
baze miuTiTebs aseve nefe_patarZlis
saxlSi Sesvlis win gadajvaredinebu
li xmlebis qveS gatareba; faris Tavze
dakruli comisagan gakeTebuli jvari;
jvris garSemo jvris puriT Semovla;
nefisa da patarZlisaTvis TiTo totis
jvaredinad erT xelSi daWera mdades
42
mier da ,,jvari wina da jvari ukana’’ sim
Reris Tqma. aseve gvirgvinis moxda gada
jvaredinebuli xanjlis wverebiT. sayu
radReboa aseve termini mejvare, romlis
movaleobaa nefe_patarZlisaTvis gvir
gvinebis dadgma da moxda da romelic
xdeba ojaxis naTesavi da pativsacemi
pirovneba.
mamakacis gvirgvinSi jvris xaris
kultTan kavSirs is faqtic adasturebs,
rom saqorwino ritualSi wesad iyo da
saklavad momzadebuli xaris garSemo
nefis cekva, mis mier xarze danis jva
redinad dasma da nefisTvis qorwilze
moxarSuli xaris beWis mirTmeva.
mas Semdeg ki, rac mcenareuli da
cxoveluri kultebi Seicvala astra
luri religiisTvis damaxasiaTebel mna
TobTa TayvaniscemiT, saqorwino gvir
gvinma mzisa da mTvaris funqciebi SeiZina
da mnaTobTa maradiuli SeuRlebis sim
bolizacia gamoxata.
erwo_TianeTsa da qarTlSi qorwi
lisTvis acxobdnen jvris purebs. maT
Citebis gamosaxulebebiT da sxvadasxva
xiliT amkobdnen. jvris puris mcxobele
bi purs mihyiddnen mejvares qorwilis
dawyebisas da igi mis sakuTrebas war
moadgenda.
es tradicia arsebobda mTiuleTSic,
jvris puri dasturdeba fSavSic, ro
melic mejvares uWiravs qalis wamo
yvanisa da misi vaJis ojaxSi moyvanisas.
xevsureTSi diasaxlisi awyobda mZive
biT jvaredinad morTul an jvris for
mis saWreliT daWrelebul sam mosa
nTos, romelSic sanTeli inTeboda da
dekanozi amwyalobebda.
jvris niSniT aRbeWdili mrgvali
kverebi mzis kultTan erTad didi Rmer
Tis kultSia gadasuli da mzisa da
xaris kultis Serwymis Sedegadaa miRe
buli. mesame dRes nefe_patarZlisagan
am kveris mirTmeva warmoadgens Teo
logiis gamomxatveli moqmedebis gad
monaSTs, rac gulisxmobda, rom mzis
cxovelmyofeli Zala da nayofierebis
Tviseba nefe_dedofalze gadmodioda.
amgvari kveris mejvarisaTvis mirTmeva,
religiis ganviTarebis Semdgom safexu
rebze, sruldeba didi RmerTis gulis
mogebis mizniT, rom man uzrunvelyos ax
lad SeuRlebulTa keTildReoba.
sainteresoa aseve nefis kverisa da
jvris puris kompleqtSi moqmedi san
TlebiT gaCiraRdnebuli, vaSlebiT mor
Tuli xis jvari. igi Tavisi garegnobiT
da SinaarsiT axlos dgas saaxalwlo
CiCilakTan da saqorwino ritualSi mo
qmed CxasTan_maSxalasTan. amitom is si
cocxlis xes asaxavs da saqarTveloSi
didad gavrcelebul xis kults ukav
Sirdeba.
mniSvnelovania aseve wylis faqtori
saqorwino ritualebSi. wyals, zoga
dad, gamanayofierebeli Zala miewereba.
folklorSi ,,wyalSi gayvana’’ qorwilis
simboloa. amgvarad xdeboda qalis zia
reba qmris ojaxis meurneobasTan.
xevsureTSi patarZali sami dRis Sem
deg marto unda wasuliyo wyalze. Tu
wyals ver ipovida, masze sayvedurs
ityodnen. saxlSi SesvlisTanave rZali
Tuluxs gahkravda, Seamowmebda, iyo Tu
ara wyali.
TuSeTSi wylis motanis Semdeg patar
Zali Tavisuflad saqmianobda ojaxSi.
fSavSi da erwoSi sruldeboda wesi
,,wyalSi goreba’’, rodesac patarZals
wyalSi agdebdnen. mzis gadaxris Jams
patarZals xels mohkidebda mdade an
soflis rZali, Seiyvanda mdinareSi da
saTanado locvas warmosTqvamda. Semdeg
samjer Semoatarebda da wyalSi awvenda.
wylidan amosul patarZals ekrZaleboda
piri xatisken miebrunebina, arc tansac
mlis gawurvis ufleba hqonda, arc cecx
lTan misvlis, svels unda daeZina.
43
wyals nayofierebasTan erTad siwmin
dis mimniWebeli Zalac hqonda. magali
Tad, fereidnel qarTvelebSi gavrcele
buli iyo Cveuleba patarZlis abanoSi
wayvanisa, radgan ganubaneli qali wmin
da sagnebs ver miekareboda da purs ver
mozelda, fqvils ver gacrida, saxls
ver daalagebda.
daskvnaqarTuli qorwilis scenaris magiuri
elementebi ukavSirdeba wylis, jvris,
xarisa da xis kultebs. maTi umeteso
ba warmarTUli droidan momdinareobs,
Tumca arc qristianoba gaTiSvia mTli
anad warmatebul kultebs. saeklesio
qorwinebis ritualSi gamoiyeneba jvari,
aseve qarTuli oTxtotiani gvirgvini da
mravali niuansi, rac manamdec arsebobda
qarTul saqorwino ceremonialSi.
literatura
1.Thompson John B. (1990): Ideology in modern life. Stanford:Stanford University Press
2. Xайдегер V.(1985): Время картины мира-V.,227-228
3. Middlebrook Pearl H.(1950): Building a World View. New York:Silver Burdett
4. Jones W.T. (1972): World views: their nature and their function
5. Kearney M. (1975): World view theory and study
6. Humboldt W. (1988) on language: the diver-sity of human language-structure and its influence on mental development of mankind. Cambridge, UK
7. Humboldt W. (1985) Language and cultural philosophy
8. Jackendoff R. (1992): What is a concept? Frames, fields, and contrasts
9. Tomasello Z. (2006): Language, mind and cul-ture, Oxford University Press
10. Fauconnier G. (1994): Mental spaces. As-pects of meaning construction in natural language.
11. Toulmin S. (1972): Human understanding. Princeton, Princeton University Press
12. Evans V. (2013): Language and time. A cog-nitive linguistics Approach
13. iv. javaxiSvilis sax. istoriis, ar
qeologiisa da eTnografiis instituti
(1979): masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografi
isaTvis, „mecniereba“
14. meliqiSvili l. (1986): tradiciuli
saqorwilo wesCveulebis struqturis
analizi da inovacia. „mecniereba“
The Magical Elements in Wedding Scenario
Pikria ChulukhadzeThe University of GeorgiaSchool of Humanities77a Kostava st., 0171, Tbilisi, GeorgiaTel: 593 288 661E-mail: [email protected]
ResumeWe are concerned with a wedding ritual as far
as it reflects the world view of a given nation or the system of values set in time and space. This time our goal was to capture the magic elements in this system of values. The article deals with the cults of the cross, ox, tree and water. By getting to know the details like these one gets to know the world view of a given nation. Therefore, paying attention to these elements is important and useful..
Keywords:Lexical world view, conceptual world view, wed-
ding scenario.
44
Магические элементы в свадебном сценарии
Чулухадзе Пикрия РевазовнаУниверситет ГрузииШкола гуманитарных наукул.Костава №77а, 0171, Тбилиси, ГрузияТел.: 593 288 661E-mail: [email protected]
РезюмеСвадебный ритуал интересен настолько, на-
сколько в нем производится картина мира кон-кретной нации, или готовая, в пространстве и
во времени установленная система ценностей. В статье речь идет о культовых элементах как крест, вода, дерево и бык. С познанием таких деталей человек знакомится с мировосприятием конкретной нации и поэтому, следует обратить внимание на такие элеименты, это значительно и полезно.
Целью статьи является рассмотрение маги-ческих элементов в картине мира грузинских свадебных традиций, а также обзор восприятия мира грузинским народом, которое связано со свадебным ритуалом.
Ключевые слова: языковая картина мира, концептуальная кар-
тина мира, свадебный сценарий.
45
stilisturad markirebuli sintaqsis
sakiTxisaTvis germanul enaSi
marine jaSi
ilias saxelmwifo universiteti
mecnierebaTa da xelovnebis fakulteti
i.WavWavaZis gamz. #32, 0179, Tbilisi,
saqarTvelo
tel: 599 552 195
E-mail: [email protected]
reziume
aRniSnul statiaSi ganxilulia sin
taqsuri movlenebi stilisturi Tval
Taxedvidan. warmodgenilia sintaqsur
kavSirTa saSualebebi, asindetoni, po
lisindetoni, sityvaTwyoba, romlisTvi
sac niSandoblivia oTxi ZiriTadi ka
nonzomiereba, winadadebis zogierTi
modeli, rogoricaa erTwevriani da
elifsuri winadadebebi. es is movlene
bia, romlebsac gaaCniaT stilisturi
Rirebuleba, rogorc yofiT (sasaubro)
metyvelebaSi, aseve mxatvrul litera
turaSi. sintaqsSi gvxvdeba mravalric
xovani sidideebi absoluturi stilis
turi mniSvnelobiT. winadadebis age
bulebis sqema variantebis ufro didi
da mdidari arCevanis SesaZleblobas
gvTavazobs, vidre sityvaTa jgufi, ro
melic, Tavis mxriv, ufro cvalebadia,
vidre sityvis forma. rac ufro meti va
riantia dasaSvebi, miT ufro Tavisuf
lad iyenebs maT stilistika. stilistu
ri sxvaobebi ufro mkveTrad iCens Tavs
sintaqsSi, vidre morfologiaSi.
.
sakvanZo sityvebi: stilisturi Rirebuleba, sityvaT
wyoba, asindetoni, polisindetoni, ganker
Zoeba, parcelacia, elifsi.
Sesavalirogorc cnobilia, lingvostilisti
ka ikvlevs enis gamoyenebis xerxs gamo
xatvis yvela funqcionalur sistemaSi,
paradigmatul aspeqtSi, aseve sintagma
tur aspeqtSi, werilobiTi da zepiri
teqstis yvela SesaZlo tipSi. mikros
tilistika Seiswavlis enis ZiriTadi
erTeulebis stilistur daxasiaTebas,
aseve sxvadasxva stilistur figuras da
maTi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebs mcire
an gafarToebul konteqstSi. mikrosti
listikis amocanaa enobrivi erTeule
bis stilisturi Rirebulebis dadgena
da sistematizacia. mikrostilistikad
iTvleba lingvistikis stilisturi as
peqti, lingvostilisturi disciplinebi,
rogoricaa stilisturi leqsikologia
da frazeologia, stilisturi morfo
logia da sintaqsi, stilisturi sity
vawarmoeba da fonostilistika. aqedan
gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs stilis
turi sintaqsi. sintaqsuri movlenebis
stilistur Rirebulebebs ar gaaCniaT
gansakuTrebuli stilisturi figure
bis mniSvneloba. sintaqsSi, iseve ro
gorc morfologiaSi, nebismieri sidide
SeiZleba iqces stilistur saSualebad.
analizis obieqtad virCevT sintaqsur
kavSirTa saSualebebs, sityvaTwyobas
da winadadebis zogierT models, rad
gan, rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, sti
listuri sxvaobebi ufro gamokveTilad
iCens Tavs sintaqsSi, vidre morfolo
giaSi.
ZiriTadi nawilisityvaTwyobis stilisturi funqcie-
bi. sityvaTwyobas ramdenime funqcia
gaaCnia:
46
1) struqturis Semqmneli an gramati
kuli, winadadebis tipebis an sityvaTa
jgufebis agebisas, 2) komunikaciuri
Temarematuli danawevrebisas da
3) stilisturi, romelic axdens wi
nadadebis calkeuli wevris eqspre
siul gamoyofas, rac iwvevs garkveul
sti listur efeqts. sityvaTwyoba eqvem
debareba garkveul kanonzomierebebs
Tavisi stilisturi potencialis Ses
rulebisas. informaciuli elementebis
ganlageba ganisazRvreba Setyobinebis
(informaciis) RirebulebiT. Setyobine
bis amosavali wertilia Tema, bazisi,
Cveulebriv, winadadebis subieqtis for
miT. danarCeni elementebi ganlagebulia
maTi sakomunikacio mniSvnelobis mixed
viT. germanul enas aqvs winadadebis age
bulebis gansakuTrebuli varianti esiT,
raTa boloSi gadaiwios remasubieqtma.
am nawilaks uwodeben „adgilis Sema
vsebels“ (Füllstück. Platzhalter)[rizeli/Sendelsi. 141]. Tumca Tavisi arsiT mas ufro Seesabameba saxeli „preludirebuli es“ (präludierendes es) [Duden-Grammatik],radgan es nawilaki dgas moTxrobis dasawyisSi, romelsac mosdevs mkrTali semantikis mqone zmnebi, romlebic amzadeben rema-subieqtis gamoCenas, mag.: es war…, es lebte…, es zogen…. meore stilisturi kanonzomiereba mdgomareobs winadadebidan gamotanis monacvleobaSi. Cveulebriv „frCxilebs“ gareT gamoitaneba sityvaTa jgufi da ara calkeuli sityvebi. „frCxilebSi“ moqceuli nawili Sinaarsobrivad da formalurad sakmaod dasrulebulia gareT gamotanili nawilebis gareSec, mag.:Mehrere Männer stürzen vor, die Fäuste ge-ballt (H. Mann).
rac Seexeba gankerZoebas, is warmoadgens ufro farTo cnebas, vidre wina
dadebidan gamotana; mas adgili aqvs im SemTxvevaSic, roca CarCo-konstruqcia
ara gvaqvs. winadadebis gankerZoebuli nawilebi struqturulad da intonaciurad gamoiyofa danarCeni winadadebisa
gan, maT SeuZliaT daikavon winare, Suale
duri an bolo adgili, mag.: Alle Männer, von Gang und Tisch gesprungen, stehen, starr die Augen zur Tür (A. Zweig). Das Holz, sagte er, ich muss ja das Holz haben. Für uns. Für mor-gen. (Borchert) .winadadebis amgvar dayofas uwodeben izolacias (parcelacias an absolutur gankerZoebas). parcelacia aris sintaqsuri movlena, romelic gamoirCeva produqtiulobiT mxatvruli literatu
ris enaSi (rogorc avtoris, aseve personaJTa enaSi), aseve sasaubro (yofiT) metyvelebaSi. parcelaciis arsi mdgo
mareobs ufro msxvili sintaqsuri erTeu
lis danawevrebaSi minimum or erTeulad, romelTagan pirveli warmoadgens srul winadadebas (Cveulebriv martivs), xolo meore aris winadadebis wevri, gamoxatuli sityviT, sityvaSeTanxmebiT, sityvaTa rigiT an damokidebuli winadadebiT, mag.: Er war aber jetzt zu müde, um nachzudenken. Erleichtert und müde. Als hätte er wunder was vollbracht (A.Seghers).
parcelacia warmoiSva sasaubro me
tyvelebis bunebrivi gaSlis mibaZvis
Sedegad, romelic TandaTan viTardeba
azris msvlelobisas [rizeli. 280]. eno
brivi faqtebi imaze mowmobs, rom par
celacia germanul enaSi gansakuTrebiT
gavrcelebuli inovaciaa, Tumca arc
ise kargad Seswavlili. lingvistur li
teraturaSi arsebobs miTiTebebi msgavsi struqturebis produqtiulobis droisa da maTi funqcionirebis sferos Sesaxeb, kerZod es aris I-li msoflio omis periodi da presis ena [guliga/rozeni: 119]. amasTan aRsaniSnavia is, rom, rogorc winadadebis CarCodan winadadebis wevris gamotana, aseve gankerZoeba, ar warmoadgens axal movlenas parcelaciisagan gan
47
sxvavebiT, romelic aris produqtiuli sintaqsuri inovacia [rizeli: 181]. amgvar movlenebs vxvdebiT stilis yvela saxeobaSi. misi wyaroa yoveldRiuri (yofiTi) stili, romelic zepir metyvele
bazea orientirebuli. arsebobs e.w. nomina luri gamoyofa, roca adieq tiuri gansazRvreba arsebiTi saxelis wina poziciidan gadainacvlebs ukana poziciaze, mag.: Ein herrlicher wunderbarer Regen, kalt, klar, stürzte aus dem schwarzen Himmel (B.Kellermann).misi stilisturi efeqti exeba mesame kanonzomierebas, romelic warmoadgens normatiuli sityvaTwyobi
dan gadaxve vas prozaSi da poeziaSi, mag.: Röslein rot (Goethe). Und was bekam des Sol-daten Weib? (B. Brecht). roca subieqti Cndeba ara pirvel an mesame adgilze, aramed meoTxeze an ufro gvian. wesis amgvari darRveva iwvevs Zlier stilistur efeqts, mag.: Da fielen auf deine Hände Blumen (H. Mann). meoTxe kanonzomiereba mdgomareobs erTi da igive sityvaTwyobis polifunqciur xasiaTSi. uRlebadi nawilis sawyis pozicias TxrobiT winadadebaSi aqvs sxvadasxva stilisturi Rirebule
ba, mag.: 1) yofiT (sasaubro) metyvele
baSi: -Bist du Wronski? – Bin ich (A.Seghers), 2) xalxur zRaprebsa da xalxur simRerebSi: Sah’ ein Knab’ ein Röslein stehn (Goethe), 3)sakomercio korespondenciaSi: Habe Ihren werten Brief erhalten, 4) mxatvrul prozaSi: Und Schnee hing im Astwerk...Klebte an blauschwarzen Stämmen ( W. Borchert).
stilisturad Seferil sityvaTwyobas ganekuTvneba iseTi movlenebi, rogoricaa prolefsi, danarTi da parenTeza (Prolepse, Nachtrag, Parenthese). ganvixiloT samive maTgani. prolefsi mdgomareobs sawyis poziciaSi mdgomi gankerZoebuli arse
biTi saxelis aRdgenaSi nacvalsa xeliT an zmnizediT, rac aniWebs metyvelebas bunebriobas, emociur Seferilobas,
garkveul ritms, magaliTad: Die Großmut-ter, sie wußte so viele Märchen zu erzählen! Die Nacht, das ist für dich die Ewigkeit (Kuba). prolefsis sapirispiro movlenaa e.w. danarTi (Nachtrag), romlis qveS igulisx
meba arsebiTi saxelis an sityvaTa jgu
fis gankerZoeba bolo poziciaSi, maSin, roca nacvalsaxeli an zmnizeda win uswrebs arsebiT saxels. es movlena xSi rad Tavs iCens poeziaSi, mag.: Oh, dass sie ewig grünen bliebe, die schöne Zeit der jungen Liebe! es wi nadadeba Sileris leqsidan aris. prolefsi da danarTi warmoadgens sintaqsuri Sesustebis gamovlenis formebs, romlebic aadvileben winadadebis wyobas, radganac isini mas patara segmentebad anawevreben da amave dros wina planze wamosweven gankerZoebul nawilebs. parenTeza (CarTva) warmoadgens CarTul winadadebebs, CarTul sityvaTa jgufebs an sityvebs, romlebic CairTveba winadadebis SuaSi, winadadebis danarCen nawilebTan formaluri damakavSirebeli elemen te
bis gareSe. isini gamijnulia rogorc intonaciurad, aseve grafikuladac, magaliTad: Die stolze Amalie, es war unglaublich, glaubte auch das Unglaubhafteste (D. Noll) . Er saß mit einer gewissen Ungeniertheit (was dem General mißfiel) im Sessel, frei und selbstgefällig (B. Kellermann).
aseve stilisturad markirebulia sintaqsuri dakavSirebis saxeebi mxatvrul teqstSi: asindetoni da polisindetoni. asindetoni warmoadgens ramdenime sityvis da winadadebis mierTebas, romlis drosac igrZnoba Sinagani aCqareba, rac uars aTqmevinebs molaparakes SemaerTe
bel elementebze, magaliTad: Gerüste tauchen in die Flut, schwimmen, Stricke, Säcke verbinden sich, Taue gleiten ins Wasser, strecken sich, ziehen, heben (L. Feuchtwanger). Sei des Vaterlands Posaune, Sei Kano-ne und Kartaune, Blase, schmettre, donnre, töte! (H. Heine).
48
polisindetonis qveS ki igulisxmeba kavSirebis (Cveulebriv erTi da igive kavSiris) mravaljeradi gamoyeneba. polisindeturi jaWvi maSin gamoiyeneba, roca aRwerilia procesebis, qmedebebis mudmivi ganmeorebadoba an roca mTxro
beli mSvidad misdevs movlenebis msvle
lobas. igi xSirad gamoiyeneba zRaprebSi, arqauli tipis teqstebSi, poeziaSi. magaliTad:
Und es wallet und siedet und brauset und zischt (Fr. Schiller ) -------------------------------------------- Vorbei sind die Kinderspiele,Und alles rollt vorbeiDas Geld und die Welt und die ZeitenUnd Glauben und Lieb, und Treu (H. Heine)dakavSirebis orive saSualeba exe
ba rogorc Tanwyobas, aseve qvewyobas. aseve stilisturi TvalTaxedvidan sainteresoa erTwevriani nominaciuri wina-dadebebi. isini asaxaven situaciur suraTebs da iwveven TiTqmis vizualur STabeWdilebebs, mag.: Korridore, Laborato-rien, ein kleiner Raum, nur schwach erleuchtet (D. Noll). aq zmnebi namdvilad zedmetia. es egzistencialuri winadadebebia, rom-lebic tipuria Teatraluri speqtaklis an kinoscenaris scenuri instruqciebi-saTvis. suraTi: Sandros Wohnung. Innen. Nachmittag. Eine sehr kleine Wohnung. Viele Bücher (miqelanjelo antonionis kinoscenaridan). amgvari winadadebebi dauSvebelia samecniero da saqmian stilSi.
rac Seexeba elifsur winadadebebs, isini yvela stilisturad markirebulia. elifsuri winadadebis ramdenime tipi damaxasiaTebelia yofiTi (sayoveldReo) metyvelebisaTvis, zogierTi maTgani gvxvde ba mxatvrul literaturasa da publicistikaSi, ori funqciuri stili ki iSviaTad mimarTavs elifsebs: mecnierebisa da oficialuri komunikaciis stili.
elifsuri winadadeba iqmneba sruli winadadebis modelis nebismieri Semoklebis Sedegad. is yovelTvis aris sinsemanturi da gasagebi xdeba mxolod sxva winadadebasTan an situaciasTan mimarTebaSi. mxolod tonaloba da pauzebi ayalibeben metyvelebis am fragmentebs winadadebad. sasaubro stilis iseTi Taviseburebebi, rogoricaa bunebrioba, situaciasTan kavSiri, partniorTan mimarTeba, emociuroba, xelsayrels xdis maT elifsisaTvis. sasaubro stilSi SeiZleba akldes: subieqti-Hab schon gehört; Semasmeneli- Jeden Tag ein Streit; Semasmenlis nawili- In Leipzig gekauft; winadadebis orive mTavari wevri- Einen Stuhl, bitte! kiTxva-pasuxis reJimSi elifsi aris bunebrivi movlena: Was ist dein Fach?- Schlosser, Ihr Name?- Schulz. situaciam SeiZleba daasrulos elifsi, magaliTad: rkinigzis sadguris bileTebis sala
rosTan: Drei zweiter Leipzig (Drei Fahrkarten zweiter Klasse für einen Zug nach Leipzig). publicistikaSic xSirad vxvdebiT elifsur winadadebebs, mag.: restornis reklamaSi: Paradieshof-das Haus der guten Laune. Gutes aus Küche und Keller. Täglich Tanz für alt und jung. Montag Ruhetag. elifsis erTi saxeoba warmoadgens winadadebis wyvetas, mas uwodeben apoziope zes (Aposiopese). igi gansxvavdeba elifsisagan imiT, rom pirveli iqmneba enis ekonomiis mizniT da misi aRdgena an Sevseba martivad SeiZleba enobrivi garemocviTa da situaciiT, maSin roca winadadebis wyvetisas molaparake wyvets Tavis gamonaTqvams da msmenelma TviTon unda gamoicnos gagrZeleba. molaparakem SeiZleba veRar gaagrZelos Tavisi metyveleba Semdeg situaciebSi: a) aRelvebis an dabneulobis gamo: Ja, aber....sagte Marie fassungslos und wußte nicht weiter (L.Frank),
b) molaparakes ganzrax ar mihyavs bolomde Tavisi azri, roca es muqaraa, ma
49
galiTad : Du! Noch ein Wort und – (Becher) . mkiTxvelis cnobismoyvareobis stimu
lirebisaTvis saTaurebSi xSirad iyeneben apoziopezes, es exeba Teatralur piesebs, literaturul nawarmoebebs, kino- filmebs, magaliTad: reda cineris piesis saTauria: „Was wäre, wenn....“ saTaurebs iSviaTad aqvT sruli winadadebis forma, umetes maTgans aqvs sityvaTa jgufis an uSemasmenlo winadadebis struqtura, magaliTad: „Wir Wunderkinder“ (k. ჰofmanis filmi), „Solange du da bist“... (o. fiSeris filmi).
daskvnaamgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom grama
tikuli movlenebi, iqneba es morfolo
giasa Tu sintaqsSi, SeiZleba ganixile
bodes stilisturi TvalTaxedvidan, anu
dadgindes maTi stilisturi Rirebule
ba, rac Tavs iCens rogorc sayoveldReo
(yofiT) metyvelebaSi, aseve publicis
tikasa da mxatvrul literaturaSi. es
ukanaskneli gvaZlevs did SesaZleblo
bebs, davadginoT maTi stilisturi efe
qti, rac iwvevs did zegavlenas mkiTx
velze (msmenelze) maTi uCveulobis,
eqspresiulobis da struqturulkomu
nikaciuri funqciis wyalobiT. amis gamo
SeiZleba CaiTvalos isini stilisturad
markirebul sintaqsur movlenebad. es
exeba, upirveles yovlisa, sityvaTwyo
bas, sintaqsur kavSirTa garkveul saSu
alebebs, winadadebis zogierT models,
rac sainteresoa ara marto lingistu
ri, aramed literaturulstilisturi
aspeqtidanac.
literatura
1. Riesel E., Schendels E. (1975): Deutsche Stilistik, Verlag „Hochschule“, Moskau
2. Duden-Grammatik (2003): Syntax, Verlag “Bibliographisches Institut“, Mannheim
3. Ризель Э. (1968): Морфология и синтак-сис современного русского литературного языка, издательство “Наука”, Москва
4. Гулыга Е., Розен Е. (1977): Новое и ста-рое в лексике и грамматике немецкого языка, из-дательство “ Просвещение”, Ленинград
5. Riesel E. (1964): Der Stil der deutschen Alltagsrede, Verlag „Hochschule“, Moskau
6. Fix U., Poethe H., Yos G. (2001): Textlinguistik und Stilistik für Einsteiger, Band 1, Peter Lang-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main
К вопросу стилистически маркированного синтаксиса в
немецком языке
Джаши Марина Николаевна Государственный университет Ильи Факультет наук и искусства пр. И. Чавчавадзе №32, 0179, Тбилиси, ГрузияТел.:599 552 195E-mail: [email protected]
РезюмеB данной статье рассматриваются синтакси-
ческие явления с точки зрения стилистики, пред-ставлены средства синтаксических связей, асин-детон, полисиндетон, порядок слов, для которого характерны четыре основных закономерностей, некоторые модели предложений как одночлен-ные и эллиптические предложения. Эти явления имеют стилистическую значимость как в повсед-невной (бытовой) речи, так и в художественной литературе. В синтаксисе имеются множество величин с абсолютным стилистическим значе-нием. Схема построения предложения дает нам возможность более богатого выбора вариантов, чем группа слов, которая со своей стороны более вариабельна, чем словоформа. Чем больше вари-
50
антов допустимо, тем более свободно использует их стилистика. Стилистические различия выяв-ляются более четко в синтаксисе, чем в морфо-логии.
Ключевые слова: стилистическая значимость, порядок слов,
асиндетон, полисиндетон, обособление, парце-ляция, эллипсис.
To the Question of Stylistically Marked Syntax in German
Marina Jashi Ilia’s State University Faculty of Sciences and Art 32, I.Chavchavadze av., 0179 Tbilisi, GeorgiaTel.: 599 552 195E-mail: [email protected]
AbstractIn this article are consider syntactic phenomena
from the point of view of stylistics. The means of syntactic connections are provided as asyndeton, polysyndeton, order of words, for which four basic regularities are characteristic, some models of sen-tences as one-term and elliptic. This phenomena have a stylistic significance both in everyday speech and in fiction. In the syntax there are sets of values with an absolute stylistic value. The proposal con-struction scheme gives us the possibility of a richer
choice of oprions than a group of words which for its part is more variable than the word form. The more options are acceptable the more freely they use the stylistic. Stylistic differences are revealed more clearly in the syntax than in morphology.
Keywords:stilistical consequence, order, asidenton, polysi-
denton, isolation, parcelling, ellypse.
51
zoonimebisa da maTTan dakavSirebuli leqsikis kulturuli konotaciisaTvis italiur enaSi
maia javaxiZe
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti
i. WavWavaZis gamz. #36, 0179, Tbilisi,
saqarTvelo
tel.: 599 104 315
E-mail: [email protected]
reziumestatiaSi gaanalizebu lia italiur
enaSi arsebuli metaforuli zoonimebis
Tormeti Tematuri jgufi: `mwerebi~ (25
erTeuli), `gareuli cxovelebi~ (19),
`Sinauri cxovelebi~ (18), ̀ gareuli frin
velebi~ (17), `Sinauri frinvelebi~ (7),
`Tevzebi~ (6), `moluskebi~ (4), `qvewar
mavlebi~ (4), ̀ mRrRnelebi~ (4), ̀ zRvis Zu
Zumwovrebi~ (1), `umartivesni~ (1), `amfi
biebi~ (1), aseve zoonimebTan dakavSire
buli kidev ori jgufi: `cxovelebis,
frinvelebisa da mwerebis sxeulis na
wilebi~ (14 erTeuli) da `cxovelebis,
frinvelebis an mwerebis sacxovrisi~ (12
erTeuli). metaforebis analizi ganxor
cielda dominanturi maxasiaTeblebis
gamovleniT, rac safuZvlad udevs meta
foruli modelebis anu paradigmebis
gamovlenas.
sakvanZo sityvebi:metafora, zoonimi, lingvokulturo
logia, kulturuli koncepti.
Sesavaliitaliur enaSi warmodgenili zoo
nimebis kvleva da maTTan dakavSire
buli le qsi kis (cxovelebis, mwerebis
da fri nvelebis sxeulis nawilebis
da maTi sacxovrisis) metaforuli mni
Svnelobebis analizi lin gvokulturul
konteqstSi saSualebas gvaZlevs gamo
vavlinoT zoonimebis mxa tvrulkul
turuli konotacia da gavaerTianoT es
mniSvnelobebi kulturul paradigmebSi.
ZiriTadi nawililingvokulturologiur kvlevebSi
dadgenilia enaSi kulturis mniSvne
lobis gadmocemis oTxi saSualeba (3;
18): kulturuli semebi (kulturis gamo
vlinebis is saSualebebi leqsemebsa da
frazeologizmebSi, romlebic gamoxa
taven idioeTnikur realiebs. kulturul
semas Seicavs, magaliTad, sagnobrivi
realiis aRmniSvneli iseTi saxeli, ro
goricaa ̀ nabadi~), kulturuli foni (le
qsemebisa da frazeologiis daxasiaTeba,
romlebic aRweren socialur cxovrebas
da da istoriul movlenebs, mag. `namga
li da uro~), kulturuli konceptebi
(konceptebia abstraqtuli cnebebis sax
elebi, romelTa semantikaSi signifika
tiuri aspeqti Warbobs denotatiurs,
maT ar gaaCniaT sagnobrivi `safuZveli~,
sagnobrivi realia denotatis saxiT.
enis matareblebi axdenen maTi cnebiTi
Sinaarsis `konstruirebas~, gamomdina re
TavianTi RirebulebaTa sistemebidan. ma
galiTad, qarTuli `megobari~ ar udris
inglisur friends) da, bolos, kulturu
li konotacia. kulturuli konotacia
axasiaTebs mxa tvrul enobriv niSnebs.
kultura aRwevs maTSi maTi semantikis
asociaciurmxatvruli safu Zvlis saSu
52
alebiT da maTi interpretaciis dros
gamovlindeba iseT movlenebTan kavSir
Si, rogoricaa stereotipebi, etalonebi,
simboloebi, miTologemebi, prototipuri
situaciebi da erovnuli da zogadsaka
cobrio kulturis sxva ni Snebi, romelic
SeTvisebuli aqvs mocemul lingvokul
turul erTobas. xaTta sistema, romelic
Zevs enis leqsikur da frazeologiur
erTeulebSi, warmoadgens im adgils, ̀ ni
Sas~, sadac xdeba samyaros xedvis aku
mulireba: mxatvruli safuZveli, ase Tu
ise, ukavSirdeba sulieri, socialuri Tu
materialuri tipis kulturas, Tumca, es
kavSiri ar Zevs yo velTvis mniSvnelobis
zedapirze.
maSasadame, cnebaSi ̀ kulturuli kono
tacia~ SeiZleba gamoiyos Semdegi mniS
vnelovani parametrebi: 1) is semiotikuri
erTeulia, warmoadgens makavSire bel
rgols sagnobrivad iseT sxvada sxva
sferoebsa da semiotikur sistemebs So
ris, rogoricaa ena da kultura. 2) kul
turul konotacias aqvs Tavisi realiza
ciis lokusi enis sistemaSi. es aris enis
garkveuli plasti, konkretulad ki mx
atvrulad motivirebuli leqsikuri da
frazeologiuri erTeulebi. konotacias
aseve aqvs lokalizacia am erTeulebis
mniSvnelobebSi _ am erTeulebis mx
atvrul safuZvelSi. am TvalsazrisiT,
kulturuli konotacia SeiZleba gan
isazRvros rogorc niSnobrivi katego
ria. (2;) aqedan gamomdinare, metafora da
kulturuli konotacia aris swored kv
levis erTerTi saintereso sfero. Cveni
kvlevis sagania cxovelebis aRmniSvneli
leqsikuri erTeulebis _ zoonimebis
gadataniTi, metaforuli mniSvnelobebi.
aseTi mni Svnelobis mqone zoonimebi ga
vaerTianeT garkveul Tematur jgufebSi;
warmo dgenili mniSvnelobebi dafiqsire
bulia italiuri enis ganmartebiT le
qsikonebSi an sargeblobs garkveuli
simyariT enis matareblebSi (Segvxvda
garkveuli zoonimebi, romelic ar aris
dafiqsirebuli leqsikonSi, magram war
modgenilia sxva wyaroebSi).
Cveni analizi eyrdnoba metaforis
Teoriis im mimarTulebas, romelic iT
valiswinebs metaforis kodirebisa da
dekodirebis procesebs da efuZneba
sityvis leqsikur_semantikuri mniS
vnelobis komponentur analizs (1;); am
Teoriis safuZvelze gamoiyofa metafo
ris samotivacio niSanTvisebebi, maTze
dayrdnobiT ki SesaZlebelia dominan
turi niSan_Tvisebebis dadgena. saxelis
metaforuli gadatana erTi obieqti
dan meoreze xdeba qvemoT CamoTvlili
saerTo niSan_Tvisebebis /parametrebis
safuZvelze; anu es semebia, romlebic
impliciturad gamoxataven Sesadarebel
denotatebSi obieqturad arsebul meta
foris samotivacio niSan_Tvisebebs (1;
42):
fizikuri Tvisebebi (fiz.): formaci
uli (fiz.form.) _ sidide, simaRle, siR
rme, sigrZe, simsuqne, zoma, wona, simaRle,
sigane; odoraciuli (fiz.od.); feris
(fiz.fer.); gemosi (fiz.gem.); wonis (fiz.
won.); xmis (fiz.xm.); drois (fiz.dr.) _
asaki, dro, xangrZlioba; temperaturuli
(fiz.temp.); Sexebis (fiz.Sex.) _ simagre,
sirbile.
konsistencialuri niSanTvisebebi
(kons.), gamoxataven obieqtis mowyobas,
konsistencias _ sisavse, organizaciuli
sistema, Semadgenloba, arsi, wyoba, masala.
funqcionaluri niSanTvisebebi (funqc.)
gamoxataven, risTvisaa ganku Tvnili obi
eqti, mizans, gamoyenebis mizezs.
realizaciuri Tvisebebi (real.): obi
eqtis gamovlinebis maxasiaTeblebi, mag.:
aqtiuroba, mniSvneloba, intensiuroba,
reaqcia, reJimi, Sedegi, Zala.
53
dinamikuri maxasiaTeblebi (din.): mo
qmedebis msvlelobis niSanTvisebebi _
ritmi, tempi.
relaciuri parametrebi (rel.) gamoxa
taven Sexedulebebs imaze, Tu ra aqvT
saerTo am dasapirispirebel obieqtebs
_ adgili, mdgomareoba, mimarTeba, mimar
Tuleba, siaxlove, rigi, ganlageba.
subieqtur-fsiqologiuri niSan-Tvi
sebebi (sub.fsiq.) – gamoxataven im msgavs
grZnobebs, mdgomareobas, SegrZnebebs,
romelic uCndeba subieqts Sesadarebel
obieqtebTan kontaqtis dros ; grZnoba,
gancda.
rogorc analizi gviCvenebs, metafori
zacia xSirad xasiaTdeba ara erTi, aramed
ramdenime samotivacio niSan-TvisebiT.
isic unda aRiniSnos, rom Cven ar ganvix
ilavT frazeologiur erTeulebs far
To gagebiT, amjerad SemovifarglebiT
mxolod leqsemebis damoukidebeli mniS
vnelobebiT da am tipis konstruqciebiT:
“essere un/una ----” , `essere come un/una -----”; ~avere _______ di ______” (mag.: avere vocino di zanzara _ `koRosaviT xma aqvs~).
pirveli Tematuri jgufi _ `mwerebi~
_ asea warmodgenili italiurSi:
matli / Wupri, xis Wia, WriWina, buzi,
krazana / bziki, rwyili, tili, WianWvela,
futkari, cikada, kalia, nemsiylapia, pe
pela, Ramis pepela, qinqla, RvTismlocve
la, koRo, cicinaTela, wurbela, tkipa.
vnaxoT am leqsikuri erTeulebis
metaforuli mniSvnelobebi:
larva – matli, Wupri: 1. Zalian gamxdari,
cud formaSi myofi adamiani; sakuTari Ta
vis aCrdili / moCveneba. tarlo _ xis Wia: fiqri, eWvi, rac tanja
vs adamians; il tarlo del rimorso _ sinanulis
Wia, del dubbio _ eWvis Wia.
grillo _ WriWina: 1. kaprizi, ucnauroba.
avere dei grilli per la testa _ Tavi savse aqvs
ucnauri azrebiT (ideebiT). 2. saltella
come un grillo _ kargi janmrTelobis
mqone adamiani, cocxali da moZravi.
pulce _ rwyili: akviatebuli azri, eWvi,
fiqri.
mosca _ buzi: 1. autaneli, momabezre
bli, abezari, TavSemawyeneli adamiani.
2. mosca cocchiera, meetle buzi – (fe
dris igavidan) buzi, romelsac hgonia,
rom raRacas warmoadgens, unda Seqmnas
Sexe duleba sakuTari mniSvnelobis Se
saxeb.
vespa _ krazana: 1. qalis Zalian wvri
li weli; 2. Tavis momabezrebeli, Tavis
Semawyeneli adamiani. 3. boroti zraxvebis mqone, arakeTilganwyobili adamiani.
piattola _ boqvenis tili: abezari,
TavSemawyeneli, gulis gamawyalebeli.
pidocchio _ tili: Zunwi da sulmdabali
adamiani.
pidocchioso _ tiliani: arafrismqone,
ubadruki, Raribi.
formica _ WianWvela: adamianTan mimarTe
baSi Zalian mSromel, windaxedul adami
ans niSnavs, mis moZraobasTan mimarTe
baSi ki (andare a passo di formica WianWve
las nabijebiT / dadis / gadaadgildeba
/ moZraobs) – Zalian nela moZrav adamians
aRniSnavs. (f.e.Si avere il cervello di una for-mica WianWvelas tvini – SezRuduli az
rovnebis adamiania).
ape – futkari: Zalian Sromismoyvare
adamiani, romelic gamudmebiT Sromobs.
ape regina – deda (dedofali) futkari:
qali, romelic pativs ar scems mama
kacebs da iyenebs maT mxolod gamra
vlebis mizniT. cicala _ cikada: abezari da Worikana ada
miani.
cavalletta _ kalia: 1. Zalian xarbi, gaumaZ
Rari, Rormucela adamiani; 2. abezari, ro
melic yvelaferSi ereva, cxvirs yofs.
libellula – nemsiylapia: msubuqi, moqnili,
graciozuli, ZiriTadad, qalis Sesaxeb.
farfalla – pepela: zedapiruli qali, qa
54
rafSuta, meryevi da cvalebadi xasiaTis.
farfallone – didi pepela: zedapiruli
kaci, qarafSuta, meryevi da cvalebadi xa
siaTis.
falena – Ramis pepela: msubuqi yofaqce
vis qali, meZavi.
moscerino – qinqla: 1. fizikurad Zalian
patara aRnagobis adamiani. 2. `patara“ ada
miani, romelic arafers ar warmoadgens.
mántide – RvTismlocvela: qali, ro
melic pativs ar scems mamakacebs da
romelic mxolod gamravlebis mizniT
ikavebs urTierTobas maTTan.
zanzara – koRo: 1. abezari, Tavis Sema
wyeneli adamiani; 2. vocino di zanzara – ko
Ros bzuilis msgavsi adamianis xma.
lucciola – cicinaTela; 1. kinoTetrebSi,
TanamSromeli, qali, romelic farniT
adgilebs unaTebs mayureblebs; 2. msu
buqi yofaqcevis qali.
sanguisuga _ wurbela: 1. xarbi adami
ani, romelic fuls `wovs~ sxvebs; 2. Tavis
momabezrebeli adamiani.
zecca – tkipa; Tavis momabezrebeli
adamiani.
ragno (ragnetto) _ oboba. fizikurad patara aRnagobis adamiani.
aRniSnul Tematur jgufSi warmodge
nilia 25 dasaxelebis zoonimi. maTi ze
moTmoyvanili metaenis saSualebiT ana
lizi aseT suraTs gvaZlevs:
mweri→adam. fiz. for. mweri→adam. sub. fsiq.real.
matli /Wupri (larva) _ Zalian gamxdari;
qinqli (moscerino) _ 1. Zalian patara;
oboba (ragno) _ Zalian patara
tili (pidocchio) _ Zunwi; WianWvela (formica) Zalian mSromeli;
qinqli (moscerino) 3. _ mSromeli;
futkari (ape) _ mSromeli;
kalia (cavaletta) 1. _ xarbi, gaumaZRari; 2.
abezari.
pepela (farfalla) _ qarafSuta;
wurbela (sanguisuga) 1. _ xarbi;
mamri pepela (farfallone) _ zedapiruli;
qinqli (moscerino) 2. _ araraoba;
buzi (mosca) 1. _ abezari;
krazana (vespa) 2.3 _ abezari;
boqvenis tili (piattola) _ abezari;
cikada (cicalla) _ abezari;
kalia (cavaletta) 2. _ abezari;
koRo (zanzara) 2. _ abezari;
wurbela (sanguisuga) 2. _abezari;
tkipa (zecca) _ abezari.
mweri → adam. mded. fiz.for.
krazana (vespa) vitino da vespa krazanas weli
mweri→adam. fiz.xma
koRo (zanzara) vocino di zanzara koRosaviT
xma
mweri→fsiq. movlena
xis Wia (tarlo) _ akviatebuli azri;
WriWina (grillo) 1. _ kaprizi;rwyili (pulce) _ akviatebuli azri;
mweri→adam.real
WianWvela (di formica) 1. _ neli;
WriWina (grillo) 2. _ moZravi;
55
aRniSnul jgufSi davamateT erTi sa
motivacio niSanTviseba _ mdedri _ vi
naidan aq aRmoCnda am niSnis Semcveli
ramdenime metafora, mkveTrad gamoxatu
li sqesobrivi maxasiaTebliT. yvelaze
xSiri subieqtur–fsiqologiuri maxa
siaTebelia ~abezari“, ~Tavis momabe
zrebeli“ – rac, ra Tqma unda, ukavSir
deba am mwerebis mier gamocemul xmas
– buzi, krazana, cikada, koRo an maT
realizaciur maxasiaTeblebs, romelic
Zalian Semawuxebelia adamianisaTvis:
wurbela da tkipa sisxls wovs, koRo
da tili ikbineba da qavils iwvevs.
Tematuri jgufi ̀ gareuli cxovelebi~.
am jgufSi sul warmodgenilia 19 zoo
nimi da ori zogadi mniSvnelobis le
qsema ̀ mxeci~ da ̀ katisebri~: lomi, mgeli,
daTvi, maimuni, mandrili, makaka, mela,
vefxvi, afTari, tura, xari, gazeli, Ji
rafi, paqidermi, zRarbi, kurdReli,
dombi, behemoti, mastodonti. bestia – mxeci: 1. gansakuTrebuli fizi
kuri Zalis, energiis mqone adamiani. 2. uxe
Si, gaunaTlebeli da moZalade adamiani;
leone – lomi: gansakuTrebulad Zlieri
da energiuli adamiani;
lupo - mgeli: klasikuri zRapris gmiri
mgeli – rogorc Zlieri da xarbi, ro
melic Cagravs susts; (Sesulia bevri
frazeologiuri erTeulis Semadgenlo
baSi: 1. zRvis mgeli – Lupo di mare – Zveli,
gamocdili mezRvauri; 3. Lupo mannaro _ maqcia da sxv.)
orso – daTvi: pirquSi da kuSti, nak
lebad socialuri adamiani.
scimmia– maimuni: 1. uSno garegnobis da
usiamovno manerebis mqone, boroti, Rvar
Zliani, avguli. 2. is, vinc baZavs sxva ada
mians JestebiT, xmiT, maneriT.
scimmiotto – patara maimuni: uSno gareg
nobisa Tu aRnagobis adamiani.
mandrillo – mandrili: 1. avxorci;
2. kaci, romelic gansakuTrebuli seqsua
luri aqtivobiT gamoirCeva.
volpe – mela: 1. ezopes igavis mixedviT
is, vinc TiTqosda aRarafrad agdebs Tavi
si survilis obieqts, romelsac ver `Ses
wvda~. 2. Zalian cbieri adamiani;
tigre – vefxvi: sastiki da daundobeli
adamiani.
iena – afTari: gansakuTrebulad sasti
ki, sulmdabali, saZulveli adamiani.
sciacallo – tura: 1. marodiori. 2. adami
ani, romelic sxvis ubedurebaze iTbobs
xels.
toro – xari: 1.fizikurad Zlieri aRna
gobis, gansakuTrebuli ZaliT gamorCeu
li adamiani. (frazeologiuri erTeuli:
2. Sbuffare come un toro xariviT qSena – gan
sakuTrebuli mouTmenlobis an brazis
gamovlena).
ipopotamo – behemoti: fizikurad didi aRnagobis mamakaci.
bizonte – domba: fizikurad didi aRnagobis mamakaci.
gazzella – gazeli: 1. gazeliviT swrafi,
moZravi da moqnili adamiani. mastodonte – mastodonti, preistori
uli spilo. fizikurad didi mamakaci. felino _ katisebri: 1. moqnili, elasti
uri, mardi adamiani; 2. cbieri, frTxili,
muxanaTuri; (sguardo felino _ katisebri
mzera; astuzia felina _ katisebri eSmakoba).giraffa – Jirafi: fizikurad Zalian maRa
li adamiani, grZeli kisriTa da fexebiT.
(Collo da giraffa Jirafis kiseri; Camminare a passi da giraffa nabijebi – grZeli da us
wormasworo).
bovino – xaris: comportamento bovino _
xaris qceva; intelligenza bovina xaris
Wkua _ enaCavardnili, damunjebuli,
Clungi, utvino; (occhi bovini xaris Tva
lebi – mrgvali da winwamoweuli)
elefante – spilo: 1. fizikurad msuqani,
56
mouqneli, yovelgvar gracias moklebu
li; 2. utaqto, uxeSi, sifaqizes moklebu
li adamiani.
pachiderma – paqidermi: 1. msuqana. 2. sqelkaniani, ugrZnobeli;
riccio – zRarbi: Chiudersi a riccio; SiSi
sagan an undoblobisagan Tavdacvis pozi
ciis dakaveba.
coniglio – kurdReli; mxdali, laCari,
sulmdabali.
macaco – makaka; 1. maxinji, uSno gareg
nobis mqone adamiani; 2 . manWia.
cxoveli→adam. fiz. form.Jirafi (giraffa) _ maRali da grZeli kidurebiT;paqidermi (pachiderma) _ 1. didi;spilo (elefante) 1. _ didi;domba (bisonte) _ didi;mastodonti (mastodonte) _ didi;behemoti (ipoppotamo) _ didi;
cxoveli→adam.sub.fsiq.real.cxoveli (bestia) _ 2. sastiki;kurdReli (coniglio) _ laCari;daTvi (orso) _ pirquSi;vefxvi (togre) _ sastiki;maimuni (scimmia) _ eSmaki;afTari (iena) _ sastiki;spilo (elefante) 2. _ uxeSi;paqidermi (pachiderma) 2. _ sqelkaniani, ugrZnobeli.zRarbiviT (a riccio) _ Caketili;tura (sciacallo) _ is, vinc sxvis ubedurebaze iTbobs xels. mgeli (lupo) _ xarbi, sastiki da sustis damCagvreli.
cxoveli→adam. fiz. gareg.maimuni (scimmia) 1. _ uSno;patara maimuni (scimiotto) _ uSno;makaka (macaca) _ uSno;
cxoveli→adam.real.katisebri (felino) _ moqnili;makaka (macaca) 2. manWia;cxoveli (bestia) 1. _ Zlieri;xari (toro) _ Zlieri;
am jgufSi, rogorc vxedavT, Warbobs
metaforis ori samotivacio niSani:
fizikuri maxasiaTebeli da subieqtur
fsiqologiuri niSanTviseba. metafore
bis aqsiologiuri mimarTuleba ki aris
peioratiuli; uaryofiTi Sefaseba War
bobs, neitraluri (didi, maRali, grZeli)
bevrad ufro mwirad aris warmodge
nili, aRaraferi rom vTqvaT meliorati
ulze (moqnili).
mesame Tematuri jgufia ~Sinauri cxo-
velebi“. warmodgenilia 18 leqsikuri
erTeuli: ZaRli, Zu ZaRli, cxeni (ca-
vallo, vcavallina), kvici, ulayi, Rori, dako
dili Rori, nezvi, cxvari, vaci, jori,
viri, Zroxa.
cane – ZaRli: 1. mZvinvare, ficxi, gaRiz
ianebadi, Zunwi; 2. Tavis saqmeSi sruliad
uunaro adamiani, gansakuTrebiT msaxio
bi an momRerali. 3. sulmdabali, saziz
Rari.
si è comportato da cane – ZaRliviT moiqca, fare il cane sastikad moiqca.
cagna – Zu ZaRli: 1. usircxvilo, una
muso qali, Zukna, meZavi. 2. (moZv.) braziani
xasiaTis qali; 3. cudi msaxiobi, gansa
kuTrebiT ki momRerali.
cavallo – cxeni: pazzo come un cavallo _
cxeniviT giJi.
cavallina – cxeni: didi da mouqneli qali.
puledro – kvici: cocxali, moZravi
ymawvili.
puledra di razza _ jiSiani faSati: karg
fizikur formaSi myofi qali, grZeli
da daZarRvuli fexebiT.
stallone – gasamravlebeli ulayi: kaci,
romelsac gansakuTrebuli seqsualuri
energia aqvs.
57
maiale – Rori: 1. mangiare come un maiale - RoriviT Wama _ bevris Wama, yvelafris
pirSi Cayra. 2. Zalian msuqani adamiani:
grasso come un maiale.porco – Rori, dakodili Rori: 1. Za
lian binZuri, WuWyiani adamiani; 2. Zalian
amoraluri, mankieri, uxamsi; fare il porco _ RoriviT moqceva; parlare come un porco _ RoriviT laparaki; 3. sazizRari adami
ani, veragi, arasando, cbieri da msg.
scrofa – nezvi: meZavi, Zukna.
troia – nezvi: 1. meZavi, Zukna. 2. usircxvi
lo, Tavxedi, aRviraxsnili, TavaSvebuli,
sazizRari adamiani.
pecora – cxvari: susti adamiani, zedme
tad morCili da damjeri, sakuTari nebis
armqone;
becco – vaci: moRalate colis myole
kaci.
mulo (1) – jori: 1. jiuti adamiani; 2.
adamini, romelic mZime tvirTs – saqmes
aikidebs. (3. moZv. mniSvnelobiT arakano
nieri vaJiSvili). mulo (2) – jori: CrdiloeT italiaSi
niSnavs celq , anc biWs.
asino – viri: gauTleli, uxeSi, gauna
Tlebeli adamiani;
somaro – viri: 1. gaunaTlebeli adamiani.
uxeSi, gauTleli, uzrdeli. 2. cudi moswavle skolaSi.
vacca – Zroxa: msuqani qali.
cxoveli→adam. fiz. form.Rori (maiale) – 2. msuqani;
cxoveli→adam.sub.fsiq.real.ZaRli (cane) _ 1. mZvinvare; 3. sulmdabali, sazizRariZu ZaRli 2. (cagna) _ braziani;jori (mulo) _ 1. jiuti; 2. Znel saqmes SeWidebuli.Rori (porco) _ 2. amoraluri;3. sazizRari;nezvi (troia) _ aRviraxsnili;cxvari (pecora) _ morCili;viri (asino) _ gauTleli;viri (somaro) _ 1. gauTleli;cxeniviT (pazzo come un cavallo) _ giJi;
cxoveli→adam. mded. fiz. form.Zroxa (vacca) – msuqani;cxeni (cavallina) _ mouqneli qali;jiSiani faSati (pulledra) _ sportuli, kargi aRnagobis qali;
cxoveli→adam. mded./mamr.fiz.xm.dedali ZaRli (cagna) – 3. cudi msaxiobi, gans. momReraliZaRli (cane) sruliad uunaro msaxiobi, gans. momRerali kaci.
cxoveli→adam. real.RoriviT ( da maiale) – Wama;Rori (porco) – 1. binZuri;
cxoveli→adam. fiz. form. asaki . real.kvici (puledro) _ moZravi biWi;jori (2) (mulo) _ celqi biWi;viri (somaro) _ cudi moswavle skolaSi;
cxoveli→adam.mded.real.Zu ZaRli (cagna) _ 1. Zukna, meZavi;nezvi (scrofa) _ meZavi;
cxoveli→adam.mamr.real.ulayi (stallone) – “gasamravleblad” sasurveli;
am jgufSi yvelaze meti samotivacio
niSani aris subieqturfsiqologiuri,
metaforis aqsiologiuri mimarTeba
aris peioratiuli.
Tematuri jgufi: `gareuli frinvele-
bi~. masSi warmodgenilia 17 zoonimi:
RobemZvrala, SaSvi, Savi SaSvi, arwi
vi, mwyeri, mtredi, farSevangi, gvriti,
zarnaSo, bukioti, mimino, TuTiyuSi, sva
vi, yvavi, siraqlema, kanaris Citi.
scricciolo – RobemZvrala: 1. uno scricciolo di donna – miniaturuli, haerovani qali;
58
2. mangiare quanto uno scricciolo, pochissimo. CitiviT kenkavs. 3. avere il cervello di uno scricciolo – qaTmis tvina, batis tvina. 2 patara da susti aRnagobis adamiani.
tordo – SaSvi: 1. kargi nakvebi, SaSviviT msuqani: Grasso come un tordo.
2. doylapia, CerCeti, yeyeCi.
merlo – Savi SaSvi: miamiti, gulubryvi
lo kaci, romlis motyuebac advilia.
aquila – arwivi: araordinaruli Wkuis
mqone adamiani. quaglia– mwyeri: 1. zomierad, sasia
movnod msuqani. 2. eSmaki, gaiZvera, eSmaki mela: una quaglia soprafina;
piccione – mtredi: gulubryvilo da
ubralo adamiani.
colomba – mtredi: ubralo, mSvidi,
Tvinieri, uwyinari, wminda adamiani, gans.
qali.
pavone – farSevangi: zedapiruli, pa
tivmoyvare, yoyoCi, mofuqsavato adami
ani.
tortora – gvriti: umanko, ubiwo. gufo – zarnaSo: Sinayuda, asocialuri
adamiani.
allocco – bukioti: miamiti, gulubryvi
lo, advilad mosatyuebeli kaci.
falco – mimino: Occhio di falco – miminos
Tvali; 1. uSiSari, gabeduli xasiaTis
adamiani, gonebamaxvli; 2. mtacebeli,
cbie ri, mzakvrobis Camdeni. 3. politi
kur situaciebSi Seurigebeli, princi
puli, sworxazovani (ant. colomba)pappagallo – TuTiyuSi: 1. adamiani, ro
melic daufiqreblad, meqanikurad baZavs
sxvas, imeorebs mis sityvebsa Tu Jestebs,
mzuTxavi; 2. kaci, romelic Tavisi zed
meti yuradRebiT, komplimentebiT, quCaSi
Tavs abezrebs qalebs _ Tavxedi,
avvoltoio – svavi: Zalian cbieri, boro
ti, Suriani, romelic sxvis ubedureba
ze iTbobs xels.
corvo – yvavi: 1. Worikana, cudi enis mqone adamiani.
struzzo _ siraqlema: romelic Tavs
qviSaSi hyofs, rom safrTxe ar dainaxos,
adamianic, romelic gaurbis realobas:
Fare lo struzzo, fare la politica dello struzzo.canarino _ kanaris Citi: 1. Zalian
susti aRnagobis adamiani; 2. policiis
info rmatori, is, vinc `daamRera~ infor
macia. 3. modenas fexburTis gundis fex
burTeli an am gundis gulSematkivari.
frinveli→adam. fiz. form. kanaris Citi (canarino) _ susti aRnagobisSaSvi (tordo) _ msuqani;
frinveli→adam. sub. fsiq. real.RobemZvrala (scricciolo)3. _ utvino;arwivi (aquila) _ Wkviani;mwyeri (quaglia) _ 2. eSmaki;mtredi (piccione) _ gulubryvilo;farSevangi (pavone) _ fuqsavati;mimino (falco) 1. uSiSari; 2. mtacebeli. 3. Seurigebeli;svavi (avvoltoio) _ cbieri;yvavi (corvo) _ Worikana;siraqlema (struzzo) _ is, vinc emaleba sinamdviles;zarnaSo (gufo) _ Sinayuda;gvriti (tortora) _ umanko;
frinveli→adam. mdedr. fiz. form.RobemZvrala (scricciolo)1. _ haerovani;mwyeri (quaglia) 1. _ msuqani;
frinveli→adam. fiz. form. ferikanaris Citi (canarino) _ q. modenas fexburTeli (maisuris feris mixedviT);
frinveli→adam. real.RobemZvrala (scricciolo) 2. is, vinc cotas Wams; TuTiyuSi (papagallo)1. _ sxvisi mimbaZveli;
frinveli→adam. mamr. sub. fsiq. real.TuTiyuSi (papagallo) 2. _ Tavxedi meqalTane;Savi SaSvi (merlo) _ miamiti kaci;bukioti (allocco) _ miamiti kaci; frinveli→adam. mded. sub. fsiq. real.
mtredi (colomba) Tvinieri, uwyinari
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am qvejgufSi metaforis ZiriTadi ma
xasiaTebeli niSanTvisebaa subieqtur
fsiqologiuri + realizaciuri. aqac
SemovitaneT niSani mamri da mdedri,
vinaidan aRniSnuli maxasiaTebeli
mniSvnelovania im metaforebisaTvis,
romelSic is warmodgenilia. 17 zooni
midan warmoebuli metaforebis umrav
lesoba aqsiologiurad peioratiulia.
warmodgenilia erTi neitraluri kana
ris Citi (modenas fexburTeli) da sul
sami melioratuli metafora: RobemZvra
la _ `haerovani~, gvriti _ `umanko~ da
mtredi _ `uwyinari~.
Tematuri jgufi `Sinauri fri nve-
lebi~. jgufSi warmodgenilia 7 zoon
imi. mamali, yvinCila, yveruli, qaTami,
varia (2 erTeuli), bati.
gallo – mamali: 1. SfoTisTavi; Sariani,
CxubisTavi; 2. qalebis madevari; Vispo come un gallo _ `mamaliviT cocxali~ qale b
Tan urTierTobaSi yoCaRi; warmatebuli.
galletto – mamali, yvinCila, mamlayin-
wa: 1. mouTmeneli, axalgazrda ymawvili;
2. meqalTane, romelic qalebs earSiyeba,
es advilad gamosdis da warmatebiTac
sargeblobs.
cappone (1) _ yveruli (dakodili yvin
Cili): mamakaci, romelic ar aris dain
teresebuli seqsualuri urTierTobe
biT; (frazeologiuri erTeuli far la pelle di cappone _ daburZgvla);
pollo – qaTami: miamiti mamakaci, rom
lis motyuebac Zalian advilia.
pollastra – varia: momxibvleli gogona;
kargi `samizne~ (mamakacuri JargonisT
vis damaxasiaTebeli).
gallinella – varia: axalgazrda da sa
surveli qali.
oca – bati: suleli da CerCeti qali;
aseve gaunaTlebeli da ukulturo: mxia
ruli bati.
frinveli→adam. mamr. fiz. asaki. realyvinCila (galetto) _ mouTmeneli axalgazrda;
frinveli→adam. sub. fsiq. real.bati (oca) _ CerCeti;mamali (gallo) 1. _ SfoTisTavi;mamali (gallo) 2. _ meqalTane;yveruli (cappone) _ 1. is, visac ar aqvs interesi seqsulauri cxovrebis mimarT;qaTami (pollo) _ miamiti mamakaci;
frinveli→adam. mdedr. fiz. asak. fiz. gareg.varia (pollastra) _ momxibvleli gogona;varia (gallinella) _ sasurveli axalgazrda qali;
frinveli → fsiq.-fiziol. movlenayveruli 2. (far la pelle di cappone) _ daburZgvla;
am qvejgufSi warmodgenil 7 erTeulSi
metaforis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli ni
SanTvisebaa `subieqturfsiqologiuri
+ realizaciuri~.
Tematuri jgufi `Tevzebi~: zvigeni,
qamsa, kambala, Ciqvi, gvelTevza;
pescecane – zvigeni: swrafad gamdi
drebuli adamiani, gansakuTrebiT omis
dros da omis Semdgom.
acciuga – qamsa, qarxala: Zalian gamxda
ri adamiani.
sogliola – kambala: Zalian gamxdari
qali.
scorfano _ Ciqvi: Zalian uSno gare
gnobis adamiani.
scorpena – Ciqvi: Zalian uSno garegno
bis adamiani.
anguilla – gvelTevza: 1. Zalian mo
qnili adamiani. 2. eSmaki, moxerxebuli, cru da cbieri.
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Tevzi→adam. fiz. form.qamsa (acciuga) _ gamxdarikambala (sogliola) _ gamxdarigvelTevza (anguilla) _ 1. moqnili
Tevzi→adam. sub. fsiq. real.zvigeni (pescecane) _ usindiso. ubedurebis Jams gamdidrebuli adamianigvelTevza (anguilla) _ 2. eSmaki, cbieri
Tevzi→adam. fiz. form. garegn.Ciqvi (scorfano) _ uSnoam Tematur jgufSi, romelSic warmodge
nilia 6 erTeuli, yvelaze metia niSniT
`fizikuri formacia~ gamorCeuli meta
forebi.
Tematuri jgufi: `qvewarmavlebi anu
reptiliebi~ warmodgenilia oTxi zoon
imiT: gveli, gvelgesla, qameleoni da
ku.
serpe – gveli: arasando, cbieri da
TvalTmaqci adamiani.
vipera – gvelgesla, Sxamiani gveli:
gesliani, cru adamiani. Essere una lingua di vipera _ gvelgeslas ena aqvs.
camaleonte – qameleoni: adamiani, ro
melic situaciis mixedviT icvlis Tavis
Sexedulebebs. tartaruga – ku: a passi di tartaruga _ kus
nabijebiT, Zalian nela gadaadgileba.
qvewarm.→ adam.realku (tartaruga) neli
qvewarm.→ adam. sub. fsiq. real.gveli (serpe) cbierigvelgesla (vipera) geslianiqameleoni (camaleonte) cvalebadi xasiaTis
rogorc vxedavT, am jgufSi warmodge
nili metaforis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebe
lia `subieqturfsiqologiuri + real
izaciuri~ maxasiaTebeli, aqsiologiuri
mimarTuleba aqac peioratiulia.
Tematuri jgufi `mRrRnelebi~ war
modgenilia oTxi zoonimiT: Tagvi,
virTxa, Txunela, maCvzRarba.
topo – Tagvi: 1. muso, visetto di topo – saxe patara nakvTebiT; Denti di topo patara da wvetiani kbilebi. 2. topo d’albergo, di treno, d’auto sastumros, matareblis, manqanis
qurdi;
zoccola – samxr. Casadeni milis virTxa:
meZavi, roskipi.
talpa / talpone –Txunela _ 1. asocia
luri, Caketili adamiani; 2. SezRuduli
gonebrivi SesaZeblobis adamiani. 3. ja
SuSi.
istrice – maCvzRarba; 1. Barba,capelli da istrice – maCvzRarbas Tma, wveri – Zalian
uxeSi, wvetiani; 2. Zalian mZime xasiaTis
mqone, advilad gaRizianebadi adamiani,
kerpi, uxeSi da kuSti.
mRrRneli→ adam.fiz.form.Tagvis (muso di topo) – 1. patara nakvTebi;maCvzRarbas (capelli di talpa) – wvetiani Tma, wveri;
mRrRneli → adam. real.Tagvi (topo di treno) – 2. qurdi;Txunela (talpa) jaSuSi;
61
mRrRneli → adam. mded. real.Casadeni milis virTxa (zoccola) – meZavi;
mRrRneli → adam. sub.fsiq. real.Txunela (talpa) – 1. asocialurimaCvzRarba (istrice) – 2. kuSti;Txunela (talpa) – 2. gonebrivad SezRuduli;
am jgufSi warmodgenilia 4 leqsema da
aqac niSani “realizaciaa� warmodgeni
li yvelaze Warbad.
Tematuri jgufi `moluskebi~ warmo
dgenilia oTxi leqsemiT: lokokina, mi
dia, rvafexa, xamanwka.
lumaca – lokokina: camminare come le lumache lokokinasaviT siaruli, Zalian
nela.
cozza – midia; (centr. da samxreT ita
liaSi) uSno gogo.
piovra _ rvafexa: daundobeli adami
ani; is, vinc ar moeSveba Tavis msxverpls,
sanam bolomde ar gamoiyenebs da ar
gaanadgurebs.
ostrica _ xamanwka: 1. Stare attaccato a qlcu. o a qlco. come l’ostrica allo scoglio, raRacaze an viRacaze xamanwkasaviT miwepebuli,
abezari; 2. chiudersi come ostrica _ xamanwkasaviT Caketva.
moluski → adam. real.lokokinasaviT (come le lumache) _neli;
moluski →adam. sub.fsiq. real.xamanwkasaviT (come l’ostrica) 2. CaketilixamanwkasaviT (come l’ostrica) 1. abezari; rvafexa (piovra) daundobeli;
moluski → adam. mded. fiz. form. gareg.midia (cozza) _ uSno gogo;
Tematuri jgufi `umartivesni~ war
modgenilia erTi wevriT:
ameba – ameba: adamiani _ arseba,
romelsac ar gaaCnia Tavisi pirovnu
loba.
umart.→adam. sub. fsiq. real.ameba (ameba) _ primitivi adamianiTematuri jgufi `kibosnairni~ war
modgenilia erTi wevriT:
gambero – kiborCxala: Rosso come un gambero _ kiborCxalasaviT wiTeli; Fare
come i gamberi _ kiborCxalasaviT siaru
li ukanukan.
kibosnairni→adam. fiz. feriRosso come un gambero _ wiTeli
kibosnairni→adam. real.ukanukan siaruli
Tematuri jgufi `amfibiebi~ warmod
genilia mxolod erTi erTeuliT
rospo – gombeSo: 1. Zalian uSno gareg
nobis adamiani 2. agresiuli, ukareba
adamiani, romelTanac rTulia urTier
Toba;
amfibia →adam. fiz. garegn.gombeSo _ 1. uSno
amfibia →adam. sub. fsiqol. real.gombeSo _ 2. ukareba
Tematuri jgufi `zRvis ZuZumwovre-
bi~ warmodgenilia erTi erTeuliT:
balena – veSapi: msuqani, gaTqvirebuli
qali.
zRvis ZuZumw. →adam. mdedr.fiz.veSapi _ msuqani qali
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rac Seexeba cxovelTa sxeulis nawi
lebs, mxatvrulad gadaazrebulia eSvi
(zanna), kudi (coda), frTebi (ali), bibilo
(cresta), saxe (muso), dingi (grugno), xaxa
(fauci), niskarti (becco), antenebi (antenne), TaTebi (zampe), klanWebi (artigli), brWya
lebi (grinfie), sacecebi (tentacoli), zRarbis ekali an futkris nestari (aculeo), ena (lingua), xorTumi (proboscide). am leqsemebi
dan zogierTi, magaliTad, kudi, bibilo,
frTebi warmodgenilia mxolod fraze
ologiuri erTeulebis SemadgenlobaSi;
zanna (eSvi) _ 1. adamianis grZeli da
didi kbili, 2. Sedis frazeologiuri
erTeulebis SemadgenlobaSi, magaliTad,
dar di zanne, affondare le zanne _ kbilebis
Casoba; mostrare le zanne a qualcuno _ ̀ vinmes
eSvebi daanaxo~ _ vinmes daemuqro.
coda (kudi) _ coda di cavallo. es leqsema
gvxvdeba bevri frazeologiuri erTeu
lis SemadgenlobaSi.
muso _ aRniSnavs cxovelis saxes
(ZaRlis, viris, cxvris, aseve virTxisa da
Tagvis).
grugno _ dingi _ Roris dingi da (gadat.) adamianis cxviri.
criniera _ fafari, adamianis Sesaxeb:
is, visac aqvs xSiri, gaSlili, SesaZloa,
cota mouwesrigebeli Tma.
zampe (zampa) _ TaTebi _ adamianis
didi da mouxeSavi xelebi da fexebi.
artigli (artiglio) – klanWebi, adamian
Tan mimarTebaSi es aris xarbi, sastiki
adamianis xeli (gli artigli dell’assassino _
mkvle lis klanWebi)
grinfie (grinfia) _ brWyalebi, _ cadere nelle grinfie di un usuraio _ meva xSis klan
WebSi aRmoCena.
fauci _ xaxa _ Cveulebriv mtacebeli
cxovelis, Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia me
vaxSis xaxaSi aRmoCena.
becco _ frinvelebis niskarti; ityvian
adamianis pirze xumrobiT an uaryofiT
konteqstSi;
tentacoli (tentacolo) _ sacecebi _ rac
gaaCniaT polipebs. ixmareba iseT ada
mianTan mimarTebaSi, romelic cdilobs
Tavisi msxverplis gamoWeras an icavs
Tavis teritorias. I tentacoli della camora, della mafia _ mafiis sacecebi.
antenne _ mwerebis antenebi, romliTac
ynosaven da SeigrZnoben; `antenebi aqvs~
im adamians, romelic yuradRebiania da
intuiciac gaaCnia.
la lingua biforcuta _ orkapa ena damaxasiaTebeli zogi reptiliisaTvis, adami
anebTan mimarTebaSi _ is vinc matyuaraa
da `Sxamiani~.
proboscide _ spilos xorTumi, romelsac
xmarobs CasaWideblad da romlis bolo
Si moTavsebulia nestoebi; adamianTan
mimarTebaSi aRniSnavs grZel cxvirs.
maSasadame:
cxovelis sxeulis nawili →adamianis sxeulis nawili. fiz.Tviseb./formaeSvi (zanna) 1. didi kbili, Rojicxovelis saxe (muso) – xumr. an agdeb. adamianis saxedingi (grugno) didi cxvirixorTumi (proboscide) didi cxviriTaTebi (zampe) didi xelebifafari (criniera) xSiri da gaSlili Tmacxenis kudi (coda di cavallo) kudi (varcxnilobis tipi)
cxovelis sxeulis nawili →adamianis sxeulis nawili. funqc.
63
eSvi 2. – eSvebis (kbilebis) Casoba xaxa (fauci) – xaxis (piris) daReba, dafCenaniskarti (becco) – niskartis (piris) gaRebaantenebi (antenne) antenebiT SegrZnebaklanWebi (artigli) – klanWebSi (xelSi) CagdebabrWyalebi (grinfie) – brWyalebSi (xelSi) Cagdebaena (lingua biforcuta) eniT dagesvla
cxovelis sxeulis nawili → adam. real.sacecebi (tentacoli) sacecebiT mosinjva
cxovelis, frinvelis an mweris sacxovrisi:
farexi, sacxvare (l’ovile); bude (nido), soro (tana), soro, bunagi (covo), saqaTme (pollaio), Tavla, sajinibo (stalla), saRore (porcile), ZaRlis sagebi (cuccia), Tagvis
soro (topaia), ska (alveare), WianWvelebis
bude (formicaio), samtrede (piccionaia), krazanebis bude (vespaio), Wiis parki (bozzolo), ablabuda, obobas qseli (ragnatela, tela del ragno).
ovile _ farexi, sacxvare; gadatani
Ti mniSvnelobiT adamianis sacxovris
sac niSnavs: tornare, ricondurre all’ovile _
daubrunde sacxovriss, yoveldRiurobas;
nido _ bude, 1. sakuTari saxli, sadac
adamiani daibada an aqvs ojaxi;
2. nido di vipere _ `gvelebis bude~ _
cbie ri da boroti adamianebis TavSesa
fari, bunagi;
tana soro, gadat. mniSvnelobiTac:
vive in periferia, in una tana vecchia e sporca cxovrobs gareubanSi, Zvel da WuWyian
soroSi;
covo soro, bunagi, covo della lepre kurdRlis soro, della volpe meliis soro;
adamianebis TavSeyris adgi li, TavSesa
fari, samalavi, romlebic akrZalul
saqmianobas ewevian; magaliTad, qurdebis
bunagi;
pollaio saqaTme, gadat. WuWyiani, areuli
da xmauriani adgili;
stalla Tavla, sajinibo, gadat. Wu
Wyiani, binZuri adgili.
porcile saRore, gadat. _ Zalian binZuri
adgili;
cuccia ZaRlis sagebi, gadat. adamia
nis sawoli; andre, stare a cuccia dasaZineblad wasvla.
topaia Tagvis soro, gadat. cud mdgomareobaSi myofi saxli an oTaxi.
alveare ska, gli alveari periferici delle città moderne Tanamedrove qalaqis periferi
aSi arsebuli adamianebis sacxovrebeli
binebi did korpusebSi; formicaio WianWvelebis bude, gadat. mniSvnelobiT ki
Zalian xalxmravali adgili;
piccionaia _ 1. samtrede, 2. sxveni, mansarda.
cxovelis, frinvelis, mweris sacxovrisi →adam.sacxovrebeli/ zogadad adgili.fiz. funqc.farexi (ovile) adamianis sacxovrebeli; (neitr. konotacia)bude (nido) 1. adamianis sacxovrebeli; 2. nido di vespe – cbieri adamianebis TavSesafari;soro (tana) adamianis Zveli da WuWyiani sacxovrebeli;bunagi (covo) _ raime tipis damnaSaveTa bunagi;saqaTme (pollaio) WuWyiani, areuli adgili;Tavla, sajinibo (stalla) WuWyiani, binZuri adgili;saRore (porcile) Zalian binZuri adgili;ZaRlis dasagebi (cuccia) adamianis sawoli;Tagvis soro (topaia) Zveli da cudi saxli an oTaxi;ska (alveare) did korpusebSi mdebare bevri da patara sacxovrebeli bina;WianWvelebis bude (formicaio) Zalian xalxmravali adgili;samtrede (piccionaia) sxveni, mansarda.
64
daskvnazogadad zoonimebi metaforuli no
minaciis uSreti wyaroa. winamdebare
ana lizSi warmodgenilia italiur ena
Si arsebuli metaforuli zoonimebis
Tormeti Tematuri jgufi: `mwerebi~
(25), `gareuli cxovelebi~ (19), `Sinauri
cxovelebi~ (18), `gareuli frinvelebi~
(17), `Sinauri frinvelebi~ (7), `Tevzebi~
(6), `moluskebi~ (4), `qvewarmavlebi~ (4),
`mRrRnelebi~ (4), `zRvis ZuZumwovre
bi~ (1), `umertivesni~ (1), `amfibiebi~ (1),
zoonimebTan dakavSirebuli kidev ori
jgufi: `cxovelebis, frinvelebisa da
mwerebis sxeulis nawilebi~ (18 erTeuli)
da ̀ cxovelebis, frinvelebis an mwerebis
sacxovrisi~ (12 erTeuli). metaforis an
alizi ganxorcielda do minanturi maxa
siaTeblebis gamovleniT (mag., subieqtur
fsiqologiuri, rea lizaciuri da sxv.);
zogadad, metaforis dominanturi maxasi
aTeblebis gamo vlena, maTi analizi da
klasifikacia ki safuZvlad udevs meta
foruli modelebis, anu paradigmebis
gamovlenas, vinaidan gamoxataven imas,
Tu ra struqturuli organizacia aqvs
mocemuli lingvokulturuli sivrcis
konkretul (Cven SemTxvevaSi zoonimebis
da maTTan dakavSirebuli leqsemebis)
metaforul fragments. kvlevam gviCvena,
rom uSualod zoonimebTan mimarTeba
Si saerTo suraTSi Warbobs metafor
izaciis dominanturi maxasiaTebeli
`subieqturfsi qologiurs~ + `real
izaciuri~ (qceva). darCenil or jguSi
(`cxovelebis, frinvelebisa da mwerebis
sxeulis na wilebi~, `cxovelebis, fr
invelebis an mwerebis sacxovrisi~)
dominanturia `fizikuri~ da `funqci
uri~ maxasiaTeble bi; rogorc analizma
gviCvena, metaforebis didi umravlesoba
aqsiologiurad peioratiuli xasiaTiT
gamoirCeva.
literatura
1. Лагута О. Н. (2003): Метафорология: Теоретические аспекты. Часть 2. Новосибирск.
2. Опарина Е. О. Лингвокультурология: ме-тодологические основания и базовые понятия.http://www.classes.ru/grammar/140.Oparina/source/worddocuments/_3.htm
3. Телия В.Н. (1999): Фразеология в контексте культуры. «Языки русской культуры». Москва.
4. Vocabolario della Lingua Italiana di Nicola Zingarelli. (2011) Zanichelli.
5. Stefancich G. (2000) Tracce di animali nell’italiano. Bonacci.Roma.
6. Treccani.http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/7. qegli. rvatomeuli. Tbilisi.
Cultural Connotation of the Names of Animals in Italian
Maia JavakhidzeTbilisi State UniversityHumanitarian sciences faculty36 Ilia Chavchavadze ave., 0179, Tbilisi, GeorgiaTel.:599 104 315E-mail: [email protected]
AbstractNames of the animals are very important source
of metaphors in languages. In present article is pre-sented the analyses of 12 groups of animals in Italian language: „insets“ (25), „beasts“ (19), „domestic animals“ (18), „birds of pray“ (17), „poultry“ (7), „fish“ (6), „mollusks“ (4), „reptiles“ (4), „gnawing animals“ (4), „sea mammals“ (1), „unicellular or-ganism“ (1), „amphibian“ (1) as well as „animals, birds and insets bodies parts“ and their habitation. Majority of the metaphors have negative connota-tions. The identification of the metapfor dominant characterization” gives the possibility for identifica-
65
tion of metaphoric paradigms which can be present-ed as metaphor pattern and interpreted in linguistic as well as in cultural aspect.
Keywords:Methaphor, zoonims, lingvoculture, cultural con-
cept.
О культурных коннотациях зоони-мов и связанной с ними лексики в
итальянском языке
Джавахидзе Майя АнзоровнаТбилисский государственный университетФакультет гуманитарных наукПр. И. Чавчавадзе №36, 0179, Тбилиси, ГрузияТел.: 599 104 315E-mail: [email protected]
РезюмеВ статье рассмотрены 12 тематических групп
метафорических зоонимов, существующих в
итальянском языке: "Насекомые" (25), "дикие звери" (19), "домашние животные" (18), "дикие птицы" (17), "домашние птицы" (7), "рыбы" (6), "молюски" (4), "пресмыкающие" (4), "грызуны" (4), "морские млекопитающие" (1), "простей-шие" (1), "амфибии" (1). А также еще две груп-пы, связанные с зоонимами: "части тела зверей, птиц и насекомых" (14), и "место жилья зверей, птиц и насекомых" (12 единиц).
Анализ метафор осуществлен путем доми-нантных показателей, что является основой вы-явления метафорических моделей. т. е. парадиг-мов.
Ключевые слова:метафора, зооним, лингвокультурология,
культурный концепт.
66
interteqstualobis koncepti boris
akuninis deteqtiur romanebSi
Tamar jafoSvili
saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wm. andria
pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli
universiteti
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti
i.WavWavaZis gamziri, #53, Tbilisi,
saqarTvelo
tel: 577 111 728
E-mail: [email protected]
reziumedeteqtiuri romani mkiTxvelSi yo
velTvis warmatebiT sargeblobda. bo
ris akuninis deteqtiurma romanebma
samarTlianad daikava mniSvnelovani
adgili Cveni qveynis literaturul as
parezze, isini aqtiurad iTargmneba sx
vadasxva enaze. akuninis SemoqmedebaSi
gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs inter
teqstualobis sakiTxebs. Cveni kvlevis
sagania boris akuninis deteqtiur ro
manebSi interteqstualuri CanarTebis
SesaZlo realizaciis meTodebi, koncep
tis interteqstualobis mniSvnelobis
gansazRvra akuninis deteqtiur romaneb
Si.
sakvanZo sityvebi:
akunini, interteqstualoba, koncepti,
teqsti teqstSi, istoriografiuli
metaproza, diskursi, aluzia.
Sesavali
akuninis SemoqmedebaSi gansakuTrebu
li adgili uWiravs interteqstualo
bis sakiTxebs, rogorc mkiTxvelis yu
radRebis aqcentirebis meTods, is aya
libebs nawarmoebis aRqmas da xels uw
yobs mkiTxvelTa aqtivizacias. interte
qstis figurebs avtoris winaSe mdgari
komunikaciuri amocanebis gadawyvetis
mniSvnelovani potenciali gaaCnia.
urTierTobis efeqturobisa da pro
duqtiulobis asamaRleblad, mravali
saukunis ganmavlobaSi, enaSi gamomuSave
bulia da ganviTarebas agrZelebs er
TeulTa mTeli sistema, romelTac Cven
SeviswavliT rogorc gansakuTrebul
damxmare komunikaciur erTeulebs. es
erTeulebi warmoSobis mixedviT mraval
gvaria morfologiuri Tu sintaqsuri,
magram isini adresats exmarebian ga
monaTqvamebisa da agebuli diskursebis
adekvaturad aRqmaSi. aseve, es erTeule
bi monawileobas iReben diskursis orga
nizebaSi SekavSirebulad, logikurad
da Tanmimdevrulad mis CamoyalibebaSi,
gamonaTqvamTa pirdapiri da dafaruli
azris interpretaciisas, erTeulebi
zogaven komunikantTa inteleqtualur
Zalebs, qmnian ufro adekvaturi urT
ierTgagebis SesaZleblobas da komu
nikantebs exmarebian sakuTari miznebis
swrafad da efeqturad miRwevaSi. miuxe
davad imisa, rom mocemul Temaze sak
maodaa kvlevebi, “interteqstis� gageba
mainc araerTmniSvnelovania. is, mini
mum, ori samecniero paradigmis CarCoe
bSi moiazreba: farTo, egreT wodebuli
radika luri koncefciis (i. kristela, m.
baxtini, J. derida, J. Jeneti da sxvebi)
da viwro, roca interteqstis gageba
daiyvaneba teqstrecipientsa da teqst
donors Soris asociaciur kavSirTa
Segnebul gamoyenebamde (i. arnoldi, v.
CerniSevskaia, u. eko, m. pfliteri da sxve
bi). Tuki ganvixilavT inerteqstualobis
saSualebebs, interteqstis figurebs,
maT urTierTobas sxva figurebTan, vnax
67
avT, rom sxvadasxva mkvlevarTa Sexed
ulebebi ufro metad ar emTxveva erT
maneTs. avtorTa umravlesoba Tanxmdeba
imaze, rom termini “interteqstualoba
misi Sinaarsis ukiduresi gaurkvevlobi
sa da bundovanebis gamo, rTuli gamo
sayenebelia�.
v.moskvini amgvar “bundovanebasa da
gaurkvevlobas� ori mizeziT xsnis:
pirveli mdgomareobs imaSi, rom inter
teqsti xSirad aRiqmeba rogorc elemen
taruli, daunawevrebeli movlena. Tum
ca, yuradRebiT Seswavlisas SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, rom interteqstis kategoria
warmodgenilia qvetipTa gverdiT. meore
mizezi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom sxvisi
metyvelebis gamoyenebis (interteqstis
figurebi) xerxebis amomwuravi defini
cia dRemde araa mocemuli. magaliTad,
gamonaTqvami “citireba damowmebis ga
reSe� SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc apli
kacia, an aluzia. interteqstualobis
samecniero gageba Tanamedrove enaTmec
nierebis ganviTarebis Sedegia, Tumca in
terteqstis fenomens SeiZleba SevxvdeT
mravalsaukunovan teqstebSic. miuxeda
vad imisa, rom “teqsti teqstSi� Sei
Zleba aRmoCndes klasikur da antikur
literaturaSic, termini “interteqs
tualoba� SemoiRo enisa da literatu
ris frangma mkvlevarma iulia kriste
vam 1967 w. aprilSi, m.baxtinis ideaTa
gaazre basa da ganviTarebaze miZRvnil
statiaSi “poetikis ganadgureba� (Jur
nali “Critique�).
ZiriTadi nawili
filologiuri mecnierebisaTvis mov
lena _ ,,teqsti teqstSi� gansakuTrebiT
sainteresoa, igi Seiswavlis teqsts
mxatv ruli da esTetikuri kuTxidan da
wyebuli, argumentirebuli, damajere
beli metyvelebis formis funqciuri
Se saZleblobebiT damTavrebuli, magram
interteqstualobis Seswavlis pro
cesSi Tavs iCens uamravi kiTxva, rom
lebzec mecnierebs an erTmaneTis sawi
naaRmdego pasuxebi aqvT, an saerTod ar
pasuxoben. dRemde ar arsebobs erTiani
azri imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra SeiZleba CaiT
valos interteqstualobis fenomenad,
ras SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT movlena, ro
melic ganapirobebs teqstSi msgavsi
teqstis gaCenas. (magaliTad, Rirs Tu
ara, ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisagan teqs
tobrivi da istoriuli aluzia; Sesa
Zlebelia Tu ara interteqstis figu
rad CaiTvalos ,,interteqstSinaarsi�
da a.S.). ufro metic, wamoiWreba kiTxva:
SesaZlebelia Tu ara, SeviswavloT ,,te
qsti teqstSi� imis gaTvaliswinebis ga
reSe, TuUras miviCnevT Cven ,,teqstad�,
vinaidan, interteqstualobisa da te
qstis fenomenic sxvadasxva mecnierTa
mier, sxvadasxvagvaradaa axsnili.
ufro meti kiTxva Cndeba, Tu inter
teqstualobas ganvixilavT ara mxolod
Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, aramed praq
tikulad, ,,cxovrebaSi CaZirvisas�, anu
Tematuri diskursis CarCoebSi. amasTan
erTad, SesaZlebelia CavTvaloT, rom
sxvadasxva tipis diskursSi teqstsa
da interteqsts SesaZlebelia hqondeT
sruliad gansxvavebuli ganmsazRvreli
kriteriumebi, araerTgvarovani Tvisebebi
da maTTan dakavSirebuli kategoriebi.
mxolod am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemisas
SegviZlia ufro detalurad ganvixi
loT interteqstis TiToeuli figura,
gavaanalizoT misi funqciuri SesaZle
blobebi da amosaxsneli komunikaci
uri amocanebi. mocemuli faqtis gaTva
liswinebiT, Cven unda ganvsazRvroT
zemoaRniSnuli mcnebebi da maTi funq
cionirebis Taviseburebebi im aspeqtTa
farglebSi, romlebic Cveni kvlevis
mizans warmoadgens.
68
pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu ras SeiZleba vu
wodoT teqsti, filologiur mecniere
baSi dRemde araerTgvarovania. teqstis
gageba meryeobs sakmaod farTo CarCoSi:
erTsityviani gamonaTqvamidan an sim
bolodan, komentarebian da saTaurian
wignamde. amasTan, sametyvelo monakve
Tis teqstisTvis mikuTvnebis sakiTxi
ar Semoifargleba mxolod misi gan
fenilobiT an saTauris qonaarqoniT.
teqstis Teoriaze sxvadasxva azris
mixedviT arsebobs iseTi kriteriumebi,
romelTa gaTvaliswinebiTac mkvlevrebi
sametyvelo monakveTs miakuTvneben te
qsts: werilobiTi forma, dasrulebu
loba, informaciuloba, interteqstua
luri kavSirebis pragmatuli ganwyoba,
leqsikuri da gramatikuli gamarTulo
ba da sxva. Tumca, Cveni xedviT, teqstis
yvela es niSani damaxasiaTebelia e.w.
idealuri teqstisTvis, praqtikaSi ki
isini SeiZleba meryeobdes teqstis fun
qcionirebis sociolingvisturi Sepi
robebiT. swored amitom, dRes ar arse
bobs teqstis aRiarebuli definicia da
ver Tanxmdebian teqsturi kategoriis
gansazRvrebaze. Sesabamisad, konkretu
li institucionaluri diskursis far
glebSi SegviZlia visaubroT teqstebis
Taviseburebebsa da aradamaxasiaTebel
niSnebze, roca teqstualobis ase Tu
ise realizebuli kriteriumebis nakrebi
SeiZleba iyos araerTgvarovani. naTqva
mis konteqstidan gamomdinare, Sevecde
biT ganvixiloT teqstis Taviseburebani
deteqtiuri romanis prizmaSi.
interteqstualuri CanarTebis mni
Svnelobis gansazRvrisas SeuZlebelia
ar SevexoT termin ,,diskurss�. man myarad
moikida fexi Tanamedrove humanitarul
mecnierebaTa paradigmaSi da gamoiyeneba
ara marto konkretulad lingvistur,
aramed filosofiur, litmcodneobiT,
fsiqologiur, sociologiur da poli
tologiur kvlevebSi. misi gamoyenebis
aseTi masStaburoba ganapiroba, pirvel
rigSi, am terminis ganmartebis araerT
mniSvnelovnebam.
Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi diskur
si xSirad aixsneba, rogorc ,,movlenis
aspeqtSi aRebuli teqsti�, yuradReba
maxvildeba urTierTobaze. bevri mkvle
vari (v.demiankovi, g. sliSkini, t. milevs
kaia, e. Cerniavskaia da sxvebi) diskur
sis gansazRvrisas aRniSnavs mis eTno
specifikurobas _ erovnul mentalite
tTan da kulturasTan kavSirs.
zogi lingvisti (a. kibriki, v. kra snixi...)
xazs usvams diskursis orbunebovnebas,
rameTu igi Tavis TavSi moicavs sametyve
loazrovnebiTi moRva weobis processac
da mis Sedegsac. Tavis mxriv, e. kubria
kova yuradRebas ama xvilebs imaze, rom
,,diskursSi unda vigulisxmoT swored
kognituri procesi, romelic dakavSire
bulia realur sityvaTwarmoebasTansi
tyvieri nawarmoebis SeqmnasTan, teqsti
ki warmoadgens sametyvelo moRvaweobis
procesis sa boloo Sedegs, romelic
gadmoiRvreba garkveul dasrulebul
(da dafiqsirebul) formad�. mkiTxveli,
Seicnobs ra realur samyaros, rogorc
mravalzomians, gadalaxavs mis sivrciT
droul CarCoebs da iZireba erTerT
,,SesaZle bel samyaroSi�. interteqstua
loba da maxasiaTebelia nebismieri tipis
diskursisTvis, zogierTi maTganisTvis
ki, maT Soris deteqtiuri JanrisTvis, is
xdeba diskursis warmomqmneli.
termini ,,interteqstualoba� lingvis
tikaSi Semoitana iulia kristevam 1967
wels. man ganaviTara m.baxtinis ideebi
mxatvruli sityvis dialogurobaze.
misi ganmartebiT, ,,nebismieri teqsti
igeba, rogorc citaciis mozaika, nebi
smieri teqsti esaa romelime sxva te
qstis transformacia da Sewova�. Ta
vis mxriv, r. barti werda: ,,yoveli te
69
qsti aris Zveli, citatebisgan naqsovi
axali qsovili. kulturuli kodebis,
formulebis, ritmuli struqturebis
nawyvetebi, socialur idiomaTa frag
mentebi da a.S. eseni yvela, teqstis
mieraa SeTvisebuli da masSia Sereuli,
radgan teqstamde da mis garSemo yo
velTvis arsebobs ena. rogorc nebis
mieri teqstisTvis aucilebeli winapi
roba, interteqstualoba ar daiyvaneba
wyaroebisa da gavlenis problemamde; is
warmoadgens anonimur formulaTa saer
To vels, maTi warmomavlobis dadgena
iSviaTadaa SesaZlebeli, esaa ubrWyale
bod mocemuli Seucnobeli an avtoma
turi citata...�
Tanamedrove kvlevebSi interteqstua
loba, rogorc teqstebs Soris urTi
erTqmedebis Teoria, ganixileba or
gvarad: farTod (interteqstis litmco
dneobiTi koncefcia) da viwrod (in
terteqstis lingvisturi koncefcia).
farTo modelis Sesabamisad, yoveli
teqsti ganixileba, rogorc interteqsti,
e. i. im universaluri teqstis nawili,
romelzec is mTlianadaa damokidebu
li. interteqstualobis viwro modeli
fokusirebulia teqstTaSorisi kavSi
rebis cnobieri da markirebuli gamo
yenebis kvlevaze.
XX saukunis 80iani wlebis bolosa
da 90iani wlebis dasawyisSi literatu
ris istoriaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili
daikava postmodernizmma, romelic ru
seTSi ufro gvian ganviTarda, vidre ev
ropasa da amerikaSi. rusuli, evropuli
da amerikuli postmodernistuli lit
eraturis mniSvnelovan nawils warmoad
gens e.w. postmodernis deteqtiuri ro
manebi istoriul Tematikaze. XX sauku
nis 90ian wlebSi rusul literatu raSi
pirvelad gamoCnda ruseTis istori
isadmi miZRvnili deteqtiuri romanebi.
boris akuninis istoriul Tematikaze
Seqmnili deteqtiuri romanebi avsebs ev
ropul da amerikul postmodernistul
warsulisaken mibrunebis aqtualur li
teraturul tendencias. Tanamedrove
rusuli istoriografiuli metaprozis
magaliTia, nawilobriv, bo ris akuninis
,,fandorinis cikli�. am ciklis romanebi
sTvisac, rogorc Tanamedrove evropu
li da amerikuli istoriografiuli
metaromanebisTvis, damaxasiaTebelia
da u mtkicebeli da mra valvariantiani
istoriis aRqmis Se narCuneba. XX sau
kunis bolosa da XXI saukunis da
sawyisis istoriografiuli metaromani
ganze dgas teqstis postmodernistuli
organizaciis principebisagan, radgan
isic ganicdis XXXXI saukunis mijnaze
msoflioSi kulturuli situaciisTvis
damaxasiaTebel, e. w. `masizaciis proce
sis~ wnexs. swored am procesma moitana
Tanamedrove mxatvruli sityvis tenden
cia da nawilobriv, boris akuninis is
toriul Tematikaze Seqmnili romanebi
gaxda xelmisawvdomi, anu mkiTxvelTa
farTo wreebisTvis advilad aRsaqmeli
da gasagebi.
boris akuninis romanebis interteqs
tualuri sivrce moicavs _ dostoevs
kis romanebs: ,,idioti~, ,,danaSauli da
sasjeli�, ,,Zmebi karamazovebi�; gogo
lis ,,revizors� da ,,mkvdar sulebs�;
XIX saukunis lirikul poezias... aseTi
farTo aluziuroba, reminiscenciebi aq
tualurs xdis XIX saukunis qronolo
giur CarCoebSi Cateul movlenaTa isto
riul namdvilobas. akuninis romanebis
teqstebis interteqstualoba xasiaT
deba da dafuZnebulia evropul li
teraturul tradiciebTan asociaciur
kavSirebze. erast fandorini SeiZleba
aRviqvaT, rogorc sinTezi kognitiur
semantikuri komponentebisa Serlok
holm sis, vilhelm baskervilelis, princ
florizelis saxeebisa. roman ,,korona
70
ciaSi� msaxurTufrosis dRiuri, memua
ruli Janris niSnebis matarebeli, aso
ciaciur kavSirSia k. isiguros romanTan
,,dRis monarCeni�. erast fandorinis Se
saxeb romanebis interteqstualoba upi
ratesad eqsplicituria (gansazRvruli,
araorazrovani), rac SesaZlebels xdis
gamoviyenoT aluziebi da reminiscen
ciebi avtoris filologiuri rebusebis
amosaxsnelad. boris akuninTan inter
teqstualoba Tavis zeamocanas aseve
warmatebiT xsnis: avtori mkiTxvelTa
yuradRebas amaxvilebs udides rusul
klasikur literaturaze zedmeti mora
lis gareSe, Tan aRviZebs interess ru
seTis istoriisa da kulturisadmi, fan
dorinis mosazrebebi rusuli saxelm
wifoebriobis TviTmyofadobaze, erze,
demokratiaze, liberalizmze mxatvrul
teqstebs aqtualobas aniWebs.
boris akuninis romanebSi interteqs
tualoba mxatvruli teqstis kognitur
semantikur potencials aRrmavebs, mra
valmxriv xorcs asxams siuJetwarmo
mqmnel da kompoziciur funqciebs, ri
Tac is xdeba saavtoroindividua luri
samyaros suraTisa da mwerlis teqstebis
konceptosferoebis organizaciis domi
nanturi saSualeba.
daskvna
postmodernistuli deteqtiuri roma
nis Seswavlam gviCvena, rom XX saukunis
bolo mesamedidan dRemde mimdinareobs
misi TandaTanobiTi ganviTareba. boris
akunini aRadgens XIX saukunis rusuli
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis suraTebs
_ esaa aluzia didi rusi mwerlebis
Semoqmedebidan,romelSic mniSvnelovani
adgili uWiravs rusuli sazogadoebis
sxvadasxva fenis cxovrebis, maTi msofl
mxedvelobis, yofis, tradiciebis, rusuli
inteligenciis cxovrebis wesis aRweras.
deteqtiuri romanis Janruli Tavise
burebebi gulisxmobs mraval inteteqs
tur CanarTs, romlebSic, rogorc wesi,
moiazreba precedentuli saxelebi da
gamonaTqvamebi. isini mkiTxvels gzav
nian precedentul teqstebTan, romelic
ganixileba, rogorc garkveuli kul
turisa da enis TaviseburebaTa arekv
lis erTerTi saSualeba. igi kultu
raTSorisi da enaTSorisi komunikaciis
farglebSi xSirad gamodis kulturuli
fondis lakunis rolSi da miuTiTebs,
rom ,,ar aris Tanxvedra codnis im kom
pleqsSi (maragSi), romelsac floben
sxvadasxva lingvokulturul erTobaTa
,,tipuri� warmomadgenlebi�.
literatura 1. Акунин Б. Ф. М. (2016): Электрон. б-ка
РусЛит. URL: http://www.ruslit.net/preview2. Акунин Б. Ф. М. (2016): Электрон. б-ка
РусЛит. URL: http://www.ruslit.net/preview3. Арутюнова Н. Д. (1990): Дискурс //
Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь. М.: Советская энциклопедия
4. Барт Р. (1989): Избранные работы. Семиотика. Поэтика. М.: Прогресс
5. Гришаева Л. В. (2008): Прецедентный текст как универсальное средство передачи и хранения культурной информации // Политическая лингвистика. № 1 (24)
6. Деррида Ж. Деконструкция: триалог в Иерусалиме / Ж. Деррида, Д. Хартман, В. Изер; [пер. с англ. В. Мерлина] [Электронный ресурс]. - Режим доступа: www.gumer.info/bogoslov_Buks/Philos/Derr/dekon.php.
7. Завьялова Г. А. (2013): Прецедентный текст как средство пародирования детективного дискурса // Вестн. Кемеровского гос. ун-та № 1 (53).
8. Ильин И. П. (1966): Постструктурализм. Деконструктивизм. Постмодернизм. - М.: Интрада
71
9. Кашкин В. Б. (2005): Сопоставительные исследования дискурса // Концептуальное про-странство языка. Тамбов: ТГУ
10. Кемеров В. (1998)): Постмодернизм. // Философская энциклопедия. - М.: Панпринт [Электронный ресурс]. - Режим доступа: www.terme.ru/ dictionary/183/word/%CF%CE%D 1%D2%CC%CE%C4%C5%D0% CD%C8%C7%CC.
11. Кибрик А. А. (2009): Модус, жанр и другие параметры классификации дискурсов. Вопросы языкознания. Вып. 2
12. Красных В.В. (1999): Структура комму-никации в свете лингвокогнитивного подхода (коммуникативный акт, дискурс, текст): авто-реф. дис. д-ра филол. наук: 10.02.19. М.
13. Кристева Ю. (2000): Бахтин, слово, диа-лог и роман // Французская семиотика: от струк-турализма к постструктурализму / пер. с франц., сост., вступ. ст. Г. К. Косикова. М.: Прогресс
14. Кубрякова Е. С. (1995): Эволюция линг-вистических идей во второй половине ХХ века (опыт парадигмального анализа) // Язык и наука конца ХХ века. М.: Рос. гуманит. ун-т
Концепт интертекстуальности в детективных романах
Джапошвили Тамар ТамазовнаГрузинский университет им. Андрея ПервозванногоФакультет гуманитарных наукПр. И. Чавчавадзе №53а, Тбилиси, ГрузияТел: 577 111 728E-mail : [email protected]
РезюмеДетективный роман всегда пользовался успе-ективный роман всегда пользовался успе-
хом у читателей. Детективные романы Акунина по праву заняли значимое место на литературном поприще в нашей стране, и активно переводятся на другие языки. Вопросы интертекстуальности в творчестве Акунина занимают особое место,
поскольку являются методом акцентирования внимания читателя, формируют восприятие произведения и способствуют активизации чита-тельского интереса. Фигуры интертекста имеют значимый потенциал для решения коммуника-тивных задач, стоящих перед автором. Предмет исследования - методы реализации возможно-стей интертекстуальных включений в детектив-ных романах Б. Акунина
Ключевые слова:Акунин, интертекстуальность, концепт, текст
в тексте, историографическая метапроза, дис-курс, аллюзия.
The concept of Intertextuality in Detective Novels
Tamar Japhoshvili St. Andrei Pervozvanni's Georgian UniiversityFaculty of Humanities53 a, I.Chavchavadze av, Tbilisi, GeorgiaTel: 577 111 728E-mail: [email protected]
ResumeA detective novel has always been a huge success
with readers. Detective novels by B. Akunin took a significant place on the literary platform in our coun-try, and actively translated into other languages. In-tertextuality issues in the work of B. Akunin has a special place, because they are a method of focusing the attention of the reader, form the perception of the work and contribute to the activation of reader interest. The figures of the intertextuality have a sig-nificant potential for solving communicative prob-lems facing the author.The subject of research is the methods of realizing the possibilities of intertextual inclusions in detective novels of B. Akunin.
Keywords:Akunin, intertexstuality, texs in the text, histo-
riographical metafiction, discourse, allusion.
72
Targmani
TranslationПеревод
73
d. langis mier inglisur enaze Targmnili „qarTveli wmindanebis cxovrebaTa da wamebaTa krebulis“ u. e. d. aleniseuli recenzia
qarTul enaze
svetlana barbaqaZe
saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wminda
andria pirvelwodebulis qarTuli
universiteti
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti
i.WavWavaZisgamz. 53 a. Tbilisi,
saqarTvelo
tel: 57744374
e-mail: [email protected]
reziume1956 w. inglisSi gamoica cnobili
ingliseli qarTvelologis d. m. lan
gis mier inglisur enaze Targmnili
„qarTveli wmindanebis cxovrebaTa da
wamebaTa krebuli“ („Lives and Legends of the Georgian Saints.“). esaa qarTuli agiografi
uli Zeglebis inglisuri Semoklebuli
Targmanebi. gamoqveynebisTanave, am wigns
dadebiTi recenzia uZRvna u. e. d. alen
ma „londonis universitetis aRmosavle
Tisa da afrikamcodneobis moambis XIX
tomis 1 nakveTSi. winamdebare naSromSi
ucvlelad gTavazobT u. e. d. alenis
mier wignisadmi miZRvnil „qarTveli
wmindanebis cxovrebaTa da wamebaTa kre
bulis“ recenzias.
originali teqstebidan SerCeuli
da naTargmni „qarTveli wmindanebis
cxovreba da maT Sesaxeb Tqmuli legen-
debi,“ Sesrulebuli d. m. langis mier.
(aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis eTikuri
da religiuri klasika, №15) 180-e gv.ruka.
londoni: Sps George Allen & Unwin, niu iorki: kompania „makmilani“,1956 w.
am seriis redaqtorebi Tanxmdebi
an, rom msoflios mniSvnelovani qris
tianuli, aseve, araqristianuli eTikuri
da religiuri Sedevrebi ara eqspertis
donis, Tumca, inteleqtualuri mkiTx
velisTvis advilad xelmisawvdomi
unda iyos. am sasargeblo da ambiciur
proeqtSi uamravi gamorCeuli mwerali
CaerTo. doqtor langis mier masSi Set
anili wvlili kompetentur standarts
adgens. „qarTveli wmindanebis cxovrebi
sa da legendebis“ Sesaxeb misi mokle
mimoxilva martivad da axladdawer
ilia. igi wmindanTa biografebs saSu
alebas aZlevs, wignebsa da xSirad rTu
lad xelmisawvdom gamocemebSi, ramden
ime enaze redaqtirebuli, inglisurad
naTargmni teqstebidan maT (wmindanTa)
Sesaxeb ufro meti faqti gadmoscen. 90
wlis win, malanma platon ioselianis
„saqarTvelos eklesiis mokle istori
is“ inglisuri versia gamoaqveyna. mas
Semdeg, inglisur enaze gamoqveynebuli
erTaderTi seriozuli naSromi iyo
“wminda ninos cxovreba�, romelic 1900
wels marjori da oliver uordropebma
Targmnes Studia Biblica et Ecclesiastica-Si. Jurnal „analeqta bolandianaSi“ (“Analecta Bollandiana�) gamoqveynebuli paul peeter
sis mniSvnelovani kvlevebi saqarTvelos
istoriis bevri moyvarulisTvis cnobi
lia, Tumca, doqtorma langma realuri
Zalisxmeva gaswia, raTa ZiriTadi mkiTx
velebisTvis xelmisawvdomi yofiliyo
wm. grigol xanZTelisadmi miZRvnili aw
gardacvlili n. i. maris iSviaTi naS
romidan amonaridebi da k. kekeliZis kv
levis detalebi wminda daviT garejis
Sesaxeb, romelic, doqtor langis swo
ri SefasebiT, wminda frensis namdvili
winapari iyo. (aRsaniSavia, rom axlaxan,
pavle ingoroyvam grigol xanZTelis me
74
matianis, giorgi merCulis Sesaxeb 1000
mde gverdiani tomi Seadgina, romelic
Tanamedrove qarTuli narkvevebis Zeg
lia).
qarTveli wmindanebis „cxovrebas�
mravali aspeqti aqvs, romelsac SeuZlia
mecnierebis mizidva. filologebisTvis
naTelia am adreuli Sua saukuneebis
teqs tebis mniSvneloba. ufro metic, doq
tori langi ixsenebs, rom „1901 wlisTvis,
adolf fon harnaks berlinis akademiis
naSromebSi gamoqveynebuli hqonda „wmin
da evstaTis cxovrebis“ teqstis german
uli varianti“ detaluri komentarebis
darTviT, romelSic aRniSnulia bibliis
literaturul teqstTan dakavSirebiT
gamoTqmuli azrTa sxvadasxvaoba da xa
zgasmulia misi mniSvneloba bibliuri
kvlevebiTvis. man gansakuTrebuli yur
adReba dauTmo aTi mcnebis saintereso
zebunebriv formulirebas, aseve, samu
elis mier aRweril qristes cxovrebaSi
garkveul elementebs, romelic tatianes
„diatesarons“ exmaureba da Tvlis, rom
adreul epoqaSi qarTuli eklesia sa
kuTar „diatesarons“ flobda.
Razis maxloblad moRvawe maiumis
episkoposis wminda petre iberielis
cxovreba (40988), romelsac doqtori
langi jerovnad axasiaTebs, rogorc me
brZol (samxedro) askets, bizantiuri
eklesiis istoriis SemswavlelisTvis
mniSvnelovania. marTlac, es araCveu
lebrivi kaci Tanamedrove fsiqiatrisT
vis saintereso unda iyos. bizantiaSi
mZevlad gagzavnil ganebivrebul axal
gazrda ufliswuls Tavisi Subosnebic
ki ver eguebodnen. “rodesac jer kidev
bavSvi iyo“, transcendentuli azrovne
ba da samebis miseuli interpretaciis
gamoxatvis Zala hqonda (langi,gv. 62).
grigol xanZTeli (759861), kidev
erTi didi “politikuri� wmindani, saqa
rTvelos istoriis udavod erTerTi
damfuZnebeli moRvawe iyo. (am sakiTx
Tan dakavSirebiT, Cem naSromSi mas Za
lian cota yuradReba davuTme, Tumca, aw
gardacvlilma n. i. marma keTili neba
gamoiCina da,zogierTi Sotlandiuri
leqsikonis sanacvlod, gamomigzavna
„wmindanis cxovrebis Sesaxeb teqsti da
somxurqarTuli filologiuri kvl
evani, wigni V). wminda grigoli qarT
vel mmarTvelTa sam Taobas xelmZRvan
elobda da Woroxis xeobaSi erTgvari
samonastro respublika Seqmna. grigol
xanZTeli mefis pirad cxovrebaSi Cae
ria da mis satrfos aiZula monazvnad
aRkveciliyo. ra Tqma unda, igi ufro
warmatebuli aRmoCnda, vidre sami sau
kunis Semdeg Tomas beketi, Tumca, al
baT aSot kurapalats ar smenoda hen
ri II is normanuli furoris Sesaxeb.
wmindanma samonastro respublikaSi ar
amarTlmadidebluri, amoraluri qcev
ebi aRkveTa, Tumca, rogorc Cans, sakuTar
Tavs garkveul Tavisuflebas aniWebda
(doqtori langi taqtikurad tovebs Ses
abamis citatas). (wmindanis) „cxovrebis“
sruli aRwera, albaT, me11 saukuneSi
arsebuli pirobebis yvelaze TvalsaC
ino suraTia. aranakleb mniSvnelovania
topografiuli detalebi, ramac mars
ubiZga aRewera misi „cxovreba“, rogorc
“qarTveli badekeri�. erT dResac, Sesa
Zloa, maris inglisurenovani gamocema
xelmisawvdomi gaxdes.
“aTonelebis cxovreba� aTonis iver
Ta monastrisa da meaTe saukunis bi
zantiuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb detalur
informacias gvawvdis. magram am qarT
velTa “cxovrebis“ gansakuTrebuli max
asiaTeblebia humanurobis Tavisebure
bani, romelic Soreuli warsulis auras
ufro metad avlens, vidre saeklesio da
genealogiuri diskusiis Canawerebi. am
75
denad, Cven vikvlevT barda skliarosis
dammarcxebel eriskac ber Tornike eri
sTavis Sesaxeb, romlis mier moxveWili
alafiTac iveronis monasteri gamdi
drda.
“didi Tornike jariskacad iwvrTne
boda da samxedro cxovrebaSi erTve
boda, amasTan, igi siamovnebiT ismenda
Tqmulebebs saomari Tavgadasavlebis
Sesaxeb; gamoCenili da pativcemuli ma
makacebi masTan sasaubrod dadiodnen...
rodesac ioanem es SeniSna, SiSobda, rom
es mokrZalebuli adamiani erTgvar su
lier zians ganicdida. amitom, mama ioa
nem mas mimarTa: „Zvirfaso Zmao, me ar
minda gadaWarbebuli sulgrZelobiT
sulierad dagaziano. axla Tavi Seikave
am miwier Temebze saubrisgan da amieri
dan aravis daelaparako, garda mama ga
brielisa.“ amis Semdeg, igi monastris sa
Zmosac ki aRar ekontaqteboda, mxolod
zogierT stumars Tu etyoda ramdenime
sityvas (langi, gv. 160).
wminda euTimiusis ambavi konstanti
nopolis erTerT quCaze oCani joridan
misi sabediswero gadmovardna saukeTe
so naSromia. (langi, gv. 164).
zogjer personaluri detalebis
amgvari bunebrivi winaswari floba gan
sakuTrebiT Rirebulia ufro adreul
periodSi moRvawe wmindanebis „cxovre
baSi�. wminda ninos cxovreba avlens
kavkasiaSi dasaxlebuli ebraelebis
tradicias, romelic qristes jvarc
mis periods miekuTvneba. me4 saukuneSi
saqarTvelos gaqristianeba urbnisis
ebraul koloniebsa (uriaT ubanisi =
ebraelTa qalaqi ‘Jewstown’) da mcxeTas
ukavSirdeba; xolo qristianuli gavle
na ikveTeba ebraelebis gaqristianebiT
(erTierTi aseTi magaliTi, rogorc
Cans, Tavad wminda nino iyo). kavkasieli
ebraelebis gavlena (mogvianebiT) vol
gis teritoriaze warmoSobil xazarTa
saxakanosa da aSqenazis formirebaze
mniSvnelovani Temaa, romelic unda ga
nixilebodes qarTuli wyaroebis meS
veobiT (i.javaxiSvils am problemis
anTropologiur aspeqtebze raime azri
unda gamoeTqva).
wminda SuSanikisa da wminda evstaTis
(mewaRis) „cxovreba“ unikalurad war
moaCens iranelTa batonobisdroindel
saqarTvelos. magaliTad, mewaReebisa
da TerZebis mWidro gildis organiza
ciis arseboba cxadia. gildis wevrebs
sakuTari ideologia hqondaT. Sesabam
isad, baRdadeli menelsacxeblis, wm.
abos „cxovreba“ asaxavs iberiaSi, af
xazeTsa da xazareTSi arsebul mdgo
mareobas adreuli xalifatis periodSi.
“pilates Tema� ikveTeba sparsi da arabi
mmarTvelebis SedarebiT humanur buneba
Si, romlebic religiuri enTuziastebis
winaaRmdeg saxelmwifo kanonebis admin
istrirebis aucileblobis problemis
winaSe idgnen. mowameobrivi propagan
dis Rirebuleba naTelia am antikuri
dramebis orive mxarisTvis, xolo xe
lisufleba Tavaziani formiT meryeobs
enTuziastis mimarT humanuri simpa
Tiis gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT, rac
miuTiTebs moralis arsebobaze adminis
traciis am rTuli da mudmivi prob
lematikis fonze.
doqtori langi teqsts Tan urTavs
mokle, magram sasargeblo bibliografi
ul SeniSvnas.
v.e.d. aleni
literatura:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/609652
76
Рецензия У. Е. Д. Алена на сборник перевода Лангом на Англиский язык „Житие и
мученичество грузинских святых“
Светлана БарбакадзеГрузинский университет им. Андрея ПервозванногоФакультет гуманитарных наукПр. И. Чавчавадзе №53а, Тбилиси, ГрузияТел: 577 443 374E-mail: [email protected]
РезюмеСборник «Житие и легенды грузинских свя-
тых» был выбран и переведен с текстаа-ориги-нала и был опубликован известным английским ученым Дэвидом Маршаллом Лангом в 1956 году. Это был краткий перевод старой грузин-ской агиографической литературы. Вскоре, по-сле публикации книги, доктор Алан написал ре-цензию о книге в бюллетени школы восточных и африканских исследований, Лондонский Уни-верситет, т. 19 №1 (1957), стр.181-183.
Ключевые слова: Агиографическое, священное, Ланг, переводы,
Григол Хандзтели, Святая Нино, мученичество, житие.
D. Alain review on D. Lang's Translation onto English „Lives and Martyrdoms of the Georgian Saints“
Svetlana BarbakadzeSt. Andrew the first-Called Georgian University of the Patriarchate of GeorgiaFaculty of Humanities53 a, I. Chavchavadze av., Tbilisi, GeorgiaTel: 577 443 374E-mail: [email protected]
AbstractThe collection of the “Lives and Legends of
the Georgian Saints” selected and translated from the original texts was published by a famous Eng-lish scientist David Marshall Lang in 1956. These are short translated works of the old Georgian Ha-giographical Literature. Soon, after publishing the book, W. E. D. Alan wrote an excellent review about the book in the Bulletin of the school of Oriental and African Studies, University of London,Vol.19 No. 1 (1957), pp.181-183.
Keywords: Hagiographical, ecclesiastical, Lang, translation,
Gregory of Khandzta, St. Nino, martyrdom, live
77
Scripta manent №3(35)-2017
avtorebi
ciuri axvlediani _ ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo univerivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo univerTbilisis saxelmwifo universaxelmwifo univer
siteti, humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti, romanuli filologia, filolo
giur mecnierebaTa doqtori, emeritusprofesori
qeTevan gabunia _ ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteTbilisis saxelmwifo universitesaxelmwifo universite
ti, humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti, romanuli filologiis mimarTulebis
xelmZRvaneli, filologiis akademiuri doqtori, profesori
marina zoranianiE _ saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti, liberalurmecnierebaTa
departamenti, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, asocirebuli profesori
fiqria WuluxaZeE _ saqarTvelos universiteti, evropuli enebisa da filologiis
departamentis doqtoranti
maia javaxiZe _ ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti, romanuli filologia, filologiis aka
demiuri doqtori, asocirebuli profesorimarine jaSiE _ ilias saxelmwifo universiteti, mecnierebaTa da xelovnebis fakulte
ti, filologiis doqtori, asocirebuli profesoriTamar jafoSviliE _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wm. andria pirvelwodebulis sa
xelobis qarTuli universiteti, humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis doqtoranti
nino falavandiSviliE _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wm. andria pirvelwodebulis sa xelobis qarTuli universiteti, humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis doqtoranti
nino zaaliSviliE _ Telavis iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis doqtoranti
lia ruxiaSvili _ ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universite
ti, humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis doqtorantisvetlana barbaqaZeE _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wm. andria pirvelwodebulis
sa xelobis qarTuli universiteti, humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis doqtoranti
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Jurnalis redkolegia
maia CxeiZe _ saqarTvelos universiteti, enebis departamentis xelmZRvaneli,
filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
rusudan TabukaSvili _ saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti, liberalur mecniere
baTa departamenti, filologiis akademiuri doqtori, profesori
viola furcelaZe _ ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universite
ti, filolo giis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
ia CiqviniZe _ saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti, liberalur mecnierebaTa depar
tamenti, filologiis akademiuri doqtori, asocirebuli profesori
hans rudiger fluki _ boxumis universitetis profesori, filolo giis mecniere
baTa doqtori
kulpaS beibitova _ evraziis gumiliovis sax. erovnuli universitetis profesori,
filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori (q. astana)
tania grishameri _ filolo giis magistri (DAAD)
qeTevan gabunia _ ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti, filologiis akademiuri doqtori, romanu
li filologiis mimarTulebis xelmZRvaneli, profesori
maria mixailova _ moskovis lomonosovis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis sru
li profesori, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ruseTis sabunebis metyvelo
akademiis akademikosisilvia boteva _ sofiis wminda klement ohridelis saxelobis universiteti, roma
nuli filologiis departamentis xelmZRvaneli, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
tatiana megreliSvili _ saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti, liberalur mec
nierebaTa departamenti, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesorialba graciano _ italiis q. tuscias universiteti, enebis centris direqtori,
filologiis doqtori, profesorialesandra spadafora _ italiis q. tuscias universiteti, ene bis centri, filolo
giis doqtori, asocirebuli profesorigiorgi yufaraZe _ ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti, filologiis akademiuri doqtori, asocirebuli profesori
rusudan gociriZeE _ saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti, liberalur mecnierebaTa departamenti, filologiis akademiuri doqtori, profesori, oqsfordis sauni
versiteto sazogadoebis asocirebuli wevri
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Редколлегия журнала
Майя Чхеидзе – Грузинский университет, руководитель департамента языков, доктор филологических наук, профессор
Русудан Табукашвили – Грузинский технический университет, департамент либеральных наук, академический доктор филологии, профессор
Виола Пурцеладзе – Тбилисский государственный университет им. Иванэ Джавахишвили, доктор фи-ло логических наук, профессор
Ия Чиквинидзе – Грузинский технический университет, департамент либеральных наук, академический доктор филологии, ассоциированный профессор
Ганс Руддигер Флук – Профессор Бохумского университета, доктор филологических наук, профессорКульпаш Бейбитова – Профессор национального университета Евразии им. Гумилева (г. Астана),
доктор филологических наукТаня Грисхаммер – Магистр филологии (DAAD)Кетеван Габуния – Тбилисский государственный университет им. Иванэ Джавахишвили, факультет
гуманитарных наук, академический доктор филологии, руководитель направления романской филологии, профессор
Мария Михайлова – Московский государственный университет им. М. Ломоносова, доктор филологических наук, профессор, академик Российской Академии Естественных Наук (PAEH)
Сильвия Ботева – Софийский университет им. Святого Клемента Охридского, руководитель департамента романской филологии, профессор
Татьяна Мегрелишвили – Грузинский технический университет, департамент либеральных наук, доктор филологических наук, профессор
Альба Грациано – Университет г. Тусция (Италия), директор центра языков, профессорАлессандра Спадафора – Университет г. Тусция (Италия), доктор филологии, ассоциированный
профессор центра языков Георгий Купарадзе – Тбилисский государственный университет им. Иванэ Джавахишвили, факультет
гуманитарных наук, академический доктор филологии, ассоциированный профессор Русудан Гоциридзе – Грузинский технический университет, департамент либеральных
наук, академический доктор филологии, профессор, ассо циированный член Оксфордского Университетского Общества
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Editorial board
Maia Chkheidze – Head of the Languages Department of Georgian University, Doctor of Philological Sci-ence, Professor
Rusudan Tabukashvili – Georgian Technical University, Department of Li beral Sciences, Academic Doctor of Philology, Professor
Viola Purzeladze – Tbilisis' State University, Doctor of Philological Science, ProfessorIa Chikvinidze – Georgian Technical University, Department of Li beral Sciences, Academic Doctor of Philol-
ogy, Assosiated ProfessorHans Rudiger Fluck – Professor of the Bokhums' University, Doctor of Philological
ScienceKulpash Beibitova – Gumilev's National Eurasian University (Astana), Doctor of Philological Science, Pro-
fessorTanya Griskhamer – Master of Philology (DAAD)Ketevan Gabunia – Tbilisis' State University, Faculty of Humanitarian Sciences, Head of the Dirrection in
Romanian Philology, Academic Doctor of Philology, ProfessorMaria Mikhailova – Moscow's State University, doctor of Philological Science, the academician of Russian
Academy on the Nature Study (RANS) Sylvia Boteva – Sofia's Uniersity of Holy Klement Okhridsky, the leader of the romanian philology depart-
ment, professor Tatiana Megrelishvili – Georgian Technical University, Department of Li beral Sciences, Doctor of Philologi-
cal Science, ProfessorAlba Graziano – University of Tuscia, Italy, Language Center Director, ProfessorAlessandra Spadafora – University of Tuscia, Italy, Language Center, Doctor of Philology, Assosiated Pro-
fessorGeorgi Kuparadze – Tbilisis' State University, Faculty of Humanitarian Sciences, Academic Doctor of Phi-
lology, Associated ProfessorRusudan Gotsiridze – Georgian Technical University, Department of Li beral Sciences, Academic Doctor of
Philology, Full professor, the associate member of Oxford's University Society