1

Vjk kf}

k'vf{+ bo\s tsu' ;DklQ, emLu' snf j ;+:s[lt

lksfs—eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf

g]kfn ;+jt\ !!#( lrNnfYj÷@)&% r}t !÷ 2019 March/ NofM(, bf““M!

lksfs– Vjk gu/kflnsf÷;Dkfbs—cfzfs'df/ lrs+a~hf/÷yfs"—eQmk'/ ckm;]6 lk|G6;{kmf]g NofM – )!–^^!))(^, O–d]n – bhaktapurmuni@gmail.com

;DkfbsLo

efHofk'v' o]Fof /fgL k'v' :jof] ªf;bfF xfF bo\su' Gx"u' tYo lkAjnVjk ;f“:s[lts j P]ltxfl;s gu/hs dv' Yj k'v'of gu/g+ vM . tM -l;4_ k'v', gMk'v', af/] -sdn_ k'v', efHof

k'v', v“rf k'v', oftf k'v', b'dh' k'v', e08 k'v' y+] cg]s k'v' to\u' Nof :joan] Yj gu/] cx] #$ uM k'v' t bM . ckn+ k'v'tOno\ x] Nx\jg] dkmof] Nxfª 5\jt . k'v' dbof] jfg gf+hs afsL bMlg . u'ln+ k'v'Nxfª lghL 5]F, ;fj{hlgs ejg j nf“ bo\s]w' +sn .

;Dkbf Djfs to\u' em\jno\ Vjk gu/kflnsf+ efh' k'v' Nx\jg]u' Hof Gx\ofsn . 3fF;+ tk'of] Rj+u' tMbf ts gfM d?u'k'v'sfy+ Noª Rj+u' plsof bYjLof bDkmf] b]uM vMnf j b]uM vM;f 5' vM 5' lsof b]uM wfo\u' vf“ Yjgxf“ ;'g+ x] yy]x]hs wfo\dkmM . Vjk gu/kflnsf+ y'lsof P]ltxfl;s dxŒjoftf ljrM ofª Nx\jg]u' Hof gkf+ ;M:o" j y"lklgu' lj1 k'rM bos cfgfP]ltxfl;s a:t'tM dfn :jo\u' gkf+ jo\s lk;+ cWoog cg';Gwfgof+ Hof g+ Gx\ofsn .

Oltxf;ljb\ 8f= k'?iff]Qd nf]rg >]i7of slhno\ lg:jf+u' lj1k'r+ Gxo\nf las ofu' cWoog cg';Gwfg+ efHof k'v'of af/]Gx"u' vf“ lkAjn . y'lsof Gx\kfts efHofk'v' dltof cvM cfgf n'of] jMu' eUgfjz]ifof lnw+;fo\ h"u' cWoog sfy+ y'u' k'v' afx|f}+ztfAbL cyf{t\ o+]of /fgLk'v' :jof] %)) bf xf“ x] bos] w'+su' k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg] ;fj{hlgs ofª lbn .

Vjk gu/kflnsf+ pu" k|ltj]bgof k|f/lDes l6kf]6of ljifon] cem ljZj;gLo ofo\tf ;Dkbfljb\, ;+:s[ltljb\, Oltxf;ljb\,jf:t'snfljb\k'+ d'+s 5u" cGt/lqmof Hofem\jM kmfu'g @& ut] Sjrfo\sn . pu' cGt/lqmofv] lj1lk;+ ;Dkbf ;+/If0fvo\ emLu'df}lns kxM lkHoOu' j plsoftf Djfs to\dMu'ln aM laof] lbn . xfsg+ cKjM ljZj;gLotf bo\s]tf yL yL k|ljlwt g+ 5\on :ki6ofo\ dMu' larM g+ Kj+s lbn .

;Dkbf ;+/If0fvo\ yMu' la:s+ kxM Soª dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf Dx]t jof] Rj+u' Vjk gu/kflnsf+ yMu' x] df}lns kxM TjMdtl;+ df}lns z}nLvo\ bo\sL wfo\u' lj1lk;+ j hgtf+ enf];f sfof] Rj+u' bM . y'u' Hofvo\ Vjk gu/kflnsfof hgk|ltlglwk'+;'yf+ nfo\d, le+ h'o\d bs z'efo\ b]5fof] Rjªf .

Snf/f h]6\lsg

Vjk kf}

2

Snf/f h]6\lsg (Clara Zetkin) hd{gofDxf 5Dxfdlxnf clwsf/jfbL j cGt/f{li6«o dhb'/ cfGbf]ngof:oNnfDx g]t[ -Gx\on'jf_ vM .

Snf/f % h'nfO{ !*%& vo\ ;fS;]g (Sachsen)of ljb]/fp (Woderau) wfo\u' yf;o\ a"u' vM . jo\sofAjf uf]6lk|m8 O:g]/ (Gottfried Eissner) ufd]of 5u":s"nof df:6/ vM;f jo\sof df+ hf];]lkmg (Jobephin)P;{uf]lkmu]{ (Erzge Firge) of 5u" ufd] Ajnf+u' vM .

;g \ !*&$ o \lx+Gx\o\bfof a};lg;]+ Snf/fh]6\lsg+ dlxnf clwsf/jfbLg ]t [ cui6L l:dlb-Auguste_ gkf+ nLklhu(Lipzig) o\ df:t/gL-lzlIfsf_ to\u' 5u" d'+Hofo\Ajlt sfof] lbn . ;g\ !*&$lg;]+ !*&* of bYjL cyf{t\!% bf lg;]+ @! bfof bYjLhd{g] h'u' ld;fk'rMof;NnfaNxf, cGt/lqmof jd]d]u' Hofem\jM vo\ Ajltsfof] lbn . pu" nfFk' sfoflg+jo\s ;fdflhs k|hftGqjfbLt (Social Democrats)gkf+ Hof ;fF emfn . pu" Ono\ jo\sof :jfk' ?;L qmflGtsf/Lcf]l;k h]6\lsg (Oscip Zetkin) gkf+ h'n .

;g\ !*&* vo\x] jos\ ;fdflhs dhb'/ kf6L{(SAP) gkf+ :jfk' tMu'of x'lg+ jo\sgkf+ Ejl5+ x] (Bruch)a|'r jfg]tf afWo oft .

;g\ !*&* lg;]+ !**@ ts Kobfof b'g] cy] wfo\u'@! bf lg;]+ @% bfof a};]ts ;fr;]t (Sachset) jcli6«of (Austria) wMu' yf;o\ df:6/gL (Zarness)h'of] Hof ;fª lbn .

;g\ !**@ vo\ x] Snf/f :jL6\h/Nof08of h'l/r

(Zurich) wfo\u' yf;o\ ;fdflhs k|hftflGqs (SocialDemocrat) kf6L{ Rjª Hof;fª lbn . jx] bfFo\ jo\sgf]e]Da/ dlxgfo\ k|mfG;of /fhwfgL k]l/;] cf]l;k h]6\lsggkf+ Rjª lbn . cf}krfl/s sfy+ Olxkfofo\tf dMu' EjFd?u'ln+ yMu' gf+of lng] cf]l;k h]6\lsgof kfl/jfl/s gf+ jy/ h]6\lsg tof] lbn . jo\s kfv+ g]Dxf sfo\drf bt .

;g\ !**( vo\ Njr+ sof] cf]l;k h]6\lsg dGt .k]l/;] yd+x] g]Sju" cGt/f{li6«o a}7sof Uj;M Ujn . pu"

Hofem\jM vo\ jos+ b'Uo+u'dlxnf dhb'/ cfGbf]ngofGjr' laof] lbn ¤y'ls+lnkf jos+ k]zfut

j ;fdflhs If ]qofld;fto\u' ;dfg xsofdfu tof] ju{ ;+3if{of yLyL ultljlw ofª lbn .pAn] jo\s #@ bfof vM .;g\ !*(! vo\ hd{g+

;dfhjfbL sfg 'gbo\sn . cn] Snf/f

hd{g] NofxfF jof] :6'6uf8{ (Stuttgart) vo\ Rjª lbn .bfR5L lnkf !*(@ vo\ ;fdflhs k|hftflGqs kf6L{ (SDP)of kfv]+, jfdkGyL kfv]+ d" ;ldltof b'hM h'of] lbn . cn]jo\s :6'6uf8]{ ;fkm" ;'O lklgu' k'rM ;'Hof ;'Ou' k'rMn];lqmo h'of] Hof ;fª lbn .

pu' Ono\ hd{g] HofdL -dhb'/_ k'rMn] ld;ftb'Mh h'oMd?u' sfg'g bM . cn] !*(^ vo\ jo\s pu'o'lgogof c:yfoL cGt/f{li6«o 5\of~h] -;lrj_ of efnfs'laof] lbn . ;g\ !*(& vo\ jo\s dfn/ hf]h{ k|]m8l/vh'G8 (Moler Zeory Fredrich Zundd) gkf+ kLbfFofa}+;] g]su" Olxkf ofª lbn .

;g\ !()& vo\ :6'6uf8]{ ;dfhjfbL ld;fto\u'

5Dxf gf+hMDxf cGt/f{li6«o g]t[ -Gx\on'jf_ Snf/f h]6\lsg

Snf/f h]6\lsg

3

Vjk kf}

Gxfkf+u' cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng h'n . pu" d'+Hof+ Snf/fh'6\lsgoftf dlxnf ;lrjfno j x]8Sjf6{/of gls+ sfy+Non . pu" O{no\ Snf/f %) bfof kfsf] j}+;of h'ow'+sn .

;g \ !(!) vo \ 8 ]gdfs {of sf ]kgx ]ug ](Copenhegon Denmark) g]su" cGt/f{li6«o ;dfhjfbLdlxnf lbj; ªfo\s]u' k|:tfj tof]lbn .

;g\ !(!$ lg;]+ !% tsvo\ Gxfkf+u' ljZjo'4 ;'?h'n . ;fdflhs k|hftflGqs kf6L{ (SPD) a'n'x'F ;fdflhscGw/fi6«jfb] km;] h'h'+ jfg . pls+ Snf/f kf6L{of jfdkGyLwMof] k|ltlglwTj ofo\u' vfF c:jLsf/ ofª lbn . cGt/f{li6«o;dfhjfbL dlxnf ;+3of 5\of~h]of x}l;ot+ jos+ ;g\!(!% of dfr{ dlxgfo\ ;dfhjfbL dlxnf ;Dd]ng (So-cialist Women\s Conference) of Uj;M Ujt u'lsofx'lg+ jo\s Konf h]no\ Rjg]dfn .

cn]Sh]G8/ sf]nf]GtfO{ (Alexandre Kollontai)gkf+ ldn]h'of] Snf/f h]6\lsg+ kIfkftk"0f{ hgdt ;+u|xof

lj/f]w ofª lbn . pu' Ono\ hd{g] km'Ss ld;fto\;+ ef]tlaod? . lglZrt ;DklQ j cfDbfgL bMk'+ ld;fto\;+ hsdtbfg] Ajlt sfo\ b}u' . jo\s+ yhu' kIfkflt dtflwsf/oflj?4o t:s+ lj/f]wof;] k'FhLjfbL dlxnfjfbof rf]Q'Sslj/f]w ofª lbn .

;g\ !(!^ kfv] sfn{ sfpT:sL+ (Karl Kautsky)cGw/fi6«jfb j ;+zf]wgjfbof nfFk' Hj+u'ln+ Snf/f h]6\lsg,/f]hf nSh]Da/ (Roz Luxemburg) gkf+ ldn]h'of] jfdkGyLwf/oftf Hjª ;+zf]wgjfbof lj?4o\ rf]Q's lj/f]w ofªlbn . plsoftf ;+3if{sfy+ Gx\ofsn . n]lgg+ 5k' Rj;'Rjof] ‘u2f/ sfpT:sL’ bs s'+lvª lbn .

;+zf]wgjfbLt gkf+ Njfo\tf ;g\ !(!^ kfv] nSh]Dju{jf lnAVg]t+ (Liebknecht) :kf6f{s;jfbL (Spartacists)wfo\Dxf /f]dof 5Dxf bf; ljb|f]xof g]tfof gfdo\ jfdkGyL;+u7g rfo\sn . Snf/fg+ jx] ;+u7g] b'Yofsn .

Gxkf Snf/f ‘:jtGq ;dfhjfbL k|hftflGqs kf6L{hd{gL (Independent Social Democratic Party

Vjk kf}

4

Vjk gu/kflnsf gu/jf;Lto\u' yMu' x] ;+:yf vMs/bftfto\;+ On\ox] s/ k'nlb;F

gu/ ljsf;ofo\tf UjfxfnL ofª lb;“gu/ ljsf;ofo\tf UjfxfnL ofª lb;“gu/ ljsf;ofo\tf UjfxfnL ofª lb;“gu/ ljsf;ofo\tf UjfxfnL ofª lb;“gu/ ljsf;ofo\tf UjfxfnL ofª lb;“

Vjk gu/kflnsfofu'

/]l8of] Hofem\j‘Vjk ;M’

eQmk'/ Pkm=Pkm= !)%=$ d]ufxh{vo\ Goªlb;+a'waf/ M a'waf/ M a'waf/ M a'waf/ M a'waf/ M ;'yfo\ &=#) Ono\ lnl;+ *=#) tf Ono\ tsz'qmaf/ Mz'qmaf/ Mz'qmaf/ Mz'qmaf/ Mz'qmaf/ M axgL ̂ =#) tf Ono\ lnl;+ &=#) tf Ono\ ts

German) of ;x ;+:yflksf vM . jos+ (DilGleichneit) ‘;dfgtf’ gf+of klqsf lkyfª lbn ./fhg}lts j ;}4flGts larM kf;]ln+ jos+ pu' ‘;dfgtf’gf+u' -kf}_ klqsf TjMt lbn .

;g\ !(!* vo\ sfn{ lnAvg]t j /f]hf nSh]Dau{gkf+ ldn] h'of] Snf/f h]6\lsg hd{gof sDo'lgi6 kf6L{(Kornmunist paric Daeuts Chlands- KPD) of;+:yfks h'of] lbn .

;g\ !(@) vo\ jos hd{gL sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ofkfv]+ Rjo\of ;bg /fOv:6fu (Reichetag) of b'hMh'of] lbn . @ h'nfO{ !(@) vo\ hd{g sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ofGxfkf+Dxf ;f+;bof gftf+ jo\s+ ;f]leot ;+3 gkf+ P]Soa4tfofdfu ofª 5u" jQmJo lksfof] lbn . pAn]x] jos+ ;f]leot;+3] Gxfkf+u' e|d0f -rfx\o" jfg]u'_ ofª lbn . ;f]leot ;+3]jos+ ?;L hgtfof dxfg g]tf n]lgg gkf+ Sjft'u' :jfk'tof] lbn .

jo\s yL yL Njr+ sof] Rj+u'ln+ pkrf/of lg+lt+u'An]+ ;f]leot ;+3] u'An]+ hd{g] emfo\u' ofª lbn .

;g\ !(@! lg;]+ jo\s ‘cGt/f{li6«o dlxnf sDo'lgi6’(Die Kommunistische Frauen International)gf+of klqsfof ;~rflnsf j cGt/f{li6«o dlxnf;lrjfno\of 5\of~h] h'of] Hof ;fª lbn . gkf+ jo\s!(@! lg;]+ sDo'lgi6 cGt/f{li6«oof sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltofb'hM (Member of the Executive Committee ofthe Communist International) h'of] lbn . cn]!(@$ lg;]+ jo\s ;f]leot ;+3];+ Rjª lbn . ;g\ !(@%vo\ jos+ ‘cGt/f{li6«o nfn ;xof]u’ (InternationalRotein Helfe) ;+:yf rfo\s yMx] plsof gls+ h'of]lbn .

;g\ !(@& vo\ jo\s &) bfF So+u' n;tfo\ yL yL

;flxlTos j cGt/f{li6«o ;Ddfg+ xfg]Hof oft .#) cui6 ;g\ !(#@ of lbg; k"j{ gls+of gftf+

lgjf{lrt Rjo\of ;+;b (Reichetage) of pn]Hof Gjr';+Snf/f h]6\lsgg+ k'FhLjfbL ;dfh Joj:yfof lj?4o Njfo\tfgkf+ kmf;LjfbL k|j[lQof lj?4o Njfo\tf 5Kkf 5lw h'ou'vfF tof] xHofª lbn .

tfMO{ ts lhj+ dkm";]ln+ @) h"g !(## of lbg;+d:sf]of lnSsRj+u' cfrf{A;sf]h (Archangeleskoje)wfo\u' yf;o\ jos+ k|f0f Tjt lbn . jo\sof zj oftfd:sf]of qm]dNgf}/ (Kremlnaure) wMu' yf;o\ tof] tMu'vM .

Snf/f h]6\lsg cGt/f{li6«o sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ng jcGt/f{li6«o dlxnf dhb'/ cfGbf]ngof 5Dxf :oNnfDxf g]t[vM . wfTy]+ wfo\u' vM;f 5Dxf :oNnfDxf dhb'/ cfGbf]ngofGx\on'jf cn] k'FhLjfbL dlxnfjfbLof tRjs+ cfnf]rgfofo\;MDxf kmMDxf ld;fdrf vM .

-ljZjof qmflGtsf/L dlxnfx¿ ;km"lt+ Nx\oof] sfofu'_

5

Vjk kf}

Gx\o;M bsn] GxMkf+ l5+ uhu' ;fkm' t Ajg]u'ofª lbof <

ln;M lgDg dfWolds j dfWolds tlu+ cy] wfo\u'Rofu', lxu' tlu+vo\ cfvM Ajªfan] lhtf Aa+lsk'+u'? lk+; laof] bo"u' ;fkm"t Ajg]u', uy]ls, dg"ofljsf; uy]h'nf < wfo\u' 8flj{gof aMrf x|f+u'lskfd"gf ;fkm", jL/ jL/fª\ugf to\u' Dxfl;Osf;fkm"t, j ;/n g]kfnL ;flxToof ;fkm" t Ajªfu'vM .af}l4s ljsf;df08n j hg cWoog d08n yhu'yMyfo\ 5]+“ Sjo\ bMu' ;fkm"s'ly j ;flxlTos ;+u7gofb'hM h'oflg+ ;/n g]kfnL ;flxTo j b]z ljb]zofqmflGtsf/L g]tf lklgu' ;fkm" Ajªf . pAn] lh+dfcf]T;]t'·of aMrf xfsu' hLjgL gkf+ ef/tof;lxb eutl;+xof hLjgL j d] d]k+' qmflGtsf/Llklgu' hLjgL Ajªf .ljBfyL{ ;+u7g j sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ gkf+ :jfk' b;]ln+cfgfof qmflGtsf/L kf;fk'+ gkf+ yL yL ;flxlTosj /fhg}lts ;fkm" t Ajªf . pAn] cM ofoy]+km'Ss ;fkm"t Gofo\u' d?u'ln+ kf;flk;+ Hjª ju';fkm"t kfn+kM lxn Ajg]u' . @)!$÷!% ;fnkfv]Ajªfu' cM n'dfªju' ;fkm"t dWo] – rt';{]gzf:qLof– wd{sf] gfddf, ozkfnof ‘dfS;{jfb’,‘bfbf sfd/]8’, ‘7fp“7fp“sf s'/f’ -gf6s_,ufGwLjfbsf] zj k/LIf0f, s[i0frb/of –‘Psuwfsf] cfTdsyf, gDa"lbl/ofbof ‘ufGwL / pgsf]

jfb’ uf]ljGbk|;fb nf]xgLof ‘of] xf] ;f]leot ?;’lrgL hg;+3if{sf] Oltxf;’ /fx'n ;f+s[Tofogofefiffof ;fkm"t Ajª 1fg sfou' gkf+ ;o\s]u' t/Jojl:yt efo\of 1fg dbo\s lxGbL ;fkm" Ajªlems] ljifoj:t' wfTy]+ vMu' j lxGbL ;flxTo Rjo\tfyfs'O . dxfljBfnoof :t/] a+ufnL, lxGbL, ;+:s[t,k|mfG;]nL j d]d]u' efo\ ;o\s] kmM;f af+nf h'O{ .u'?k+' cn] kf;flk+s] ;Nnfx dsMl;+ xMg] WjMt'u';fkm"t AjgwM;f jf ;fkm"of xMg]of uftf j 5\of]“ -zLif{s_ hs :jof] Ajg]u' oftwM;f Ajg]w'+s j;fkm" af+nfu' dvoj+ w]af j O{hs aaf{b h"u' dltj} } .

cy];f xsg+ dlt jo\km uhu' j ;'ofu' ;fkm"Aj+;f lhO <

ln;M cy] wfo\u' Ajgfldlk;+ yMu' ljifosfy+of ;fkm"t Ajlg;f Rjld :jof]g+ ;fkm" NoO . u'An]+ u'An]+ahf/] ao\ao\ h"u' rlr{t ;fkm"t g+ Ajlg . t/chu' km'Ss ;fkm"t af+nfO wfo\u' d? . t/ lj1fkg+af“dnfu' ;fkm" tfg+ 5fo\lkof] ao\ao\ofª gSsnL;fdfg emLu' nfxfto\ nfs+ laO . y'lsof lg+lt+

efiff j Jojxf/ ;dfhof

wfTy+]u' ;+:s[ltof bfk' vM sf= gf/fo0fdfg lah'S5+] -/f]lxt_

Gx\o;M

Vjk kf}

6

kq–klqsfof ‘k':ts ;dLIff’ k':ts kl/roAjgwM;f kfo\5L h'O’ ;fkm"s'lyof nfOa|]l/og jf‘k':tsfnolj1’ ofs] UjfxfnL sM ;f+g+ af+nf h'O .emL;+ 5' dltto\d wM;f ;fkm" s'ly Rjlgk+' ;flxToAjg]dg\bMk+' x] h'O, clds] ;fkm"ofaf/] 5'g+ 5+' 1fgb} cn] ;fkm" j ;flxTo wfo\u' Ajg]x] dgd?k+' dg"t;fkm"s'ly Hof ;flgdv' wfo\u' dg] to\dM .uy]ls– lh+ dfcf]T;]t'ª\uof Dxfl;Osf -hLjgL_Rjof] tMu' yL yL Rjldof ckMn+ ;fkm"t Ajªfcn] j km'Ss ;fkm"vo\ bsn] GxMkf+ P8u/ :gf] of‘rLgof ;u{to\ xof+]u' tf/f’ ;fkm"kfv+] Nx\oof]sfof] tM u' x] vfªf . cn] ;'g+ Gxkfnfs jx] ;fkm"Ajg]u' ;Nnfx Ao"u' vM;f d]u' ;fkm" Ajª Rjg]x]dflnu' dv' .

Gx\o;M u'u' ljifoof ;fkm"t ckn+ Ajª lbof <ln;M @)@@÷@# ;fn+ lnkf hL+ ytf /fhgLltvo\ x]

ckn+ ;dlk{t ofªf . u'ls+ofª lh+ Ajg]u' ckn+ljifo /fhgLlt x] h'n . ljZjof Oltxf;gkf+ yLyL b]of qmflGt j k|ltqmflGtof ;fkm"t Ajg]u'lndg Sj;fn . Pl;of, clk|msf j nfl6g cd]l/sLb]of Oltxf;, :jtGqtf j d'lQmof Oltxf; j pu'b]of g]tfto\u' ljifon] cWoog ofªf .

Gx\o;M ;fkm" uy]ofª Noo\u' cn] uhu' ;fkm"tAj+;f af+nfO <

ln;M Rjo\ lGxyfªf sfy+ – yMu' hLjgof d" cfh'oftfUjfxfnL ofOu' j yM u' ljifov] ljz]if1tf tfªljOu' ;fkm"t Ajg]u' cfjZos vM . uy] 5tflhjf; v+ km'Ss la/fdLof Njo nf+s] km}dv' cy] x]km'Ss Ajgfld -Nof;]NofDxf]_ lklgu' nflu+ 5u"x]ljifoof ;fkm" Ajg] of] tfo\sL dv' .

Gx\o;M l5u' cWoog z}nL Ajg]u'of -cfh'_p2]Zo j kxM -tl/sf_ uy] vM y] <

ln;M bsn] GxMkf+ ;fkm"of ljifon] cn] Rjldof ljifon]hfgsf/L sfo\u' . cn] ;fkm" Aj“ Aj“ jfg]an] yMtfdg\bMu' j dd?u' gkf+ dg dGxofu' ljrM oftf5u' sfkL vo\ Nx\oof] sfo\u' . ;fkm" Ajg]w'+s j;fkm"of af/] 5'+ 5+' yMtf nu]h'u' vf“ aMrfxfsRjof] to\u' . yy] oft wM;f tf O ts n'df;] jof]Rj+lgu' hs dv' j ;fkm"oftf xfsg+ Ajª Rjg]dfln dv' .GxkfGxkf dyf+ dyf+ ;fkm" Sjrfo\s Ajg]u' . cMlj:tf/+ Hof cKjof] j;f+lg;+] 5u" ;fkm" Ajg]tf x]g]nf :jnf laOu' . clgoldt hLjgof sf/0f+ g+yy] h"u' vM .Oltxf; ljifo Ajg]an] c;xdlt j z+sf h'nwM;fd]u' Oltxf;of ;fkm" gkf+ HjM nfs :jo\u' .;fkm"s'lyof ;fkm" h'nls+ l6kf]6ofo\tf cKjM O{ljOu' . yM u' x] ;fkm" cn] kf;flklgu' ;fkm" h";fr+]tof] dyf+ Ajg] w'+s]u' . t/ u'An]+ u'An]+ vf“UjM5UjMof vf“Uj Hofo\tf vf“UjM w's' -zAbsf]z_ jtM x+|fu' ljZjsf]ifof UjfxfnL sfo\u' ofªf .

Gx\o;M ;flxlTos ;fkm"t 5fo\ Ajg] dM y+] <ln;M ;flxTo ;dfhof RjGx\ofu' ljrM -pTs[i6

cleJolQm_ gkf+ ;f+:s[lts hLjgof Gx\o\s+ vM .;dfhoftf xfuMYo+s jª :jo\u' uDeL/ ?k+ y'Os]u'plsof t:s+ af+nfu' kIfoftf cfTd;ft ofo\tf,yªfn sfo\tf yMu' efo j lrGtgoftf hlt laotf;flxTo Ajg]u' ofO . lh+ ?;of ckM ;flxTo Ajg]dvf“;f+ 5'+5'+ af+nfwMu' ;fkm"t Ajªfu' bM . c n]tfN;tfoof ‘cGgf s]/]lgof’ Ajg] w's+ ?;ofo\u';"Id vf“t l;Osfu' cg'ej h'n .cy]x] u]/]of ‘kmfp:t’ Ajg] w'+s ;flxTosf/to\u'k|efj /fhg}lts ;flxTov] uy] nfOu' h'of] Rjgfwfo\u' vf“ y'Osf . ;flxTo+Ajnf+k'+ dg"t g]tf h'nls+/fhgLltof eljio j cfh' rsf+s Sog] km}u' h'of]Rjgf wfo\u' vf“ dfS;{, P+ ]u]N;, n]lgg j

7

Vjk kf}dfcf]T;]t'·of Rj;'v+ Wjfy'Os] kmM . cy]x] /fhg]tfj /fhgLlt1to\s] ;flxToof 5fk nftls+ Sjft's,l3l;nfSs xHofO . wfOu' gkf+bM an+ Tofs]dkmu'u'lng+ ljifo s"6gLlt+ -1fg+_ TofsL . s"6gLltofbsn] anfu' kIf efo\ j Jojxf/ x] vM . efo\ jJojxf/ ;dfhof wfYy]+u' ;+:s[ltof bfk' vM .

Gx\o;M uy]ofª /fhg}lts ;fkm" Aj+;f af+nfO <ln;M uy] emL;+ gf6s -Kofv+_ of ljifo Ajg]tf gf6so\

dMu' tŒj jf u'0f 5' vM wfo\u' y'oflg+ ltlg ydg+Ajªfu' gf6sof ljifon] af+nf, af“dnf wfo\ km}cy]x] /fhgLlt zf:qof ;fdfGo 1fg bosflg+ ltlg/fhg}lts ;fkm" t Ajg wM;f ugf+ TjMSolg dv' ./fhgLltzf:qof ljBfyL{ lkGtf cM bosu' ;+ljwfgj zf;s bnto\u' dle+u' Hof j t]nsf;fof /x:oy'Os] yfs'O dv' . a? ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfto\tf5n+ nfª rfs's dfs's vf“ sfª Vo"+yfo\ o+lsu',jx] vf“ v+ ;j{;fwf/0f hgtft kTof h'Ou':jfefljs vM .5Dxf dfd'nL dg"g+ P]g–sfg'gof 5'+ vf“ y'OsJojxfl/s hLjg] ;+od h'o\tf aM laO;f 5Dxfjlsn+ yMtf sfy+ l5+s yM TofOu' sfy+ plstf5\onL . cn] 5Dxf Gofoflwz+ P]g–sfg'goflnw+;fo\ yMu' ljj]sgkf+ Njfs5\ofª Gofo -lgk+_ljO cy]x] 5Dxf ;fwf/0f gful/s+ /fhgLlt j/fhgLltzf:qof ;fkm" t Ajª yMtf ;r]t ofOcn] 5Dxf a]sf]dlt bM Dxf dxŒjfsf+IfL /fhgLlt1+chu' ;fkm" Ajª yMu' :jfy{ k" jf+sL . plsoflg+lt+ 5\onL . t/ hgtfoflg+lt Hof ;flgDxf5Dxf ;RrfDxf /fhgLlt1+ b]z ljb]zof /fhg}lts;fkm"t Ajª yMu' b]z j hgtfof le+h'Ou' Hofvo\5\onL, cn] yM tfª Rj+u' nf“n'of] jy+] tfo\sL .5u"sfy+of aM ju' dlt t} . pls+ /fhgLlt j/fhgLltzf:tqof ;fkm" g+ km/s–km/s dlt tof]Ajlg .

Gx\o;M ;fkm" Ajg] w'+s pu' ;fkm"of ;f/ j;ldIffg+ lksfO{nf y+] <

ln;M yL yL Ajgfld lklgu' yM yM u' larM sfy+;fkm"of ;f/ lksfO . yMu' larM gkf+ ;fkm"tf:jO . uy]ls+ ;'+g+ Ajgfld+ dxfsfJo AjgwM;fu'Dxfl;+ 5Gb, /; j pls Rjof] tMu' cleJolQmhs y'Ols;f u'Dxfl;+ plsof afv+r' k|ultzLnvMnfls k/Dk/fjfbL 5' vM < plsof ;f/ lksfO .cy]x] yhu' vf“ /fhgLlts ;fkm", Dxfl;Osf -hLjgL_ afv+ j pkGof; Ajlgan] g+ dg"of :jefjsfy+ kfOu' vfg]bM . af+nfk' Ajgfldlk;+ 5u";fkm"d]u'gkf+ HjM nfs :jOu' gkf+ efo\ z}nL -kxM_ jcfh'gkf+ xlrOs yM u' larM AjO . ;fdfGoAjgfldlk;+ b]g]hs nfnfsfof] yMu' larM Kj+sL .pls+ ;flxlTos ljifon] yL yL ljwfof 1fg bo\dcy]x] /fhg}lts j d]d]u' ljifoof ;fkm"lt g+ Gx\kf+t'+5+' elt hfgsf/L bM;f plsof ;f/ y'Os] cMk'O .

Gx\o;M Rjldoftf uy] Dxfl;Os]u' <ln;M u'Dxfl;+ ;fkm" Ajª Rjld Dxfl;Ols ;f u'Dxfl;+

Rjld :jof] ;fkm" Ajlg . wfTy+] wfo\u' vM;f ;fkm"j josof Rj;'v+ Rjld Dxfl;O cn] Rjld Dxfl;OsRj;' af+nf af“dnf SjM l5O .

Gx\o;M kfo\l5 h'Os -Jojl:yt ofª_ uy] Ajg]u'<

ln;M ljifoj:t'of 5+' elt x] 1fgd?;f ;fkm"ltO Rjof]tMu' vf“ y'Os] yfs'O cn] Ajªfu' O{ hs l;lt+jlg . pls+ Gx\ofu'g+ ljifo xf“ulg;+]x] ;o\sn y'OsnwM;f cM k'u' cg'ej h'O . Rjo\ wfofsfy+ efo\ jJofs/0fof 1f+ af+nfs bo\dM . uy]+ ls af+nfk'+ljBfyL{to;+ km'Ss ljifo cM k'u' dlt t} cy]x] Yjvf“ km'Ss If]q] nfu' h'O .

Vjk kf}

8

Ajg]dM wfo\u' l;Os] ljo\tf cM k's y'u' nfufo\5\on]tf gsltlgof ljBfyL{lkGtf yMu' kf7\ok':tsafx]s+ g]kMof k'nf+ k'nf+u' nf]safv+t, O;kof afv+t,u|L; j /f]dof nf]safv+t, lrlgof“ nf]safv+, csa/jL/anof afv+ jf cfkmlGtof afv+ gkf+ b]zL–ljb]zLnf]safv+ lg;]+ Ajg]u' afgL 5\on wM;f Hon jflgu':jfefljs vM . u'ls+ clds] yk 1fg a9] h'O cn]dfQ'dfn Ajg]u' afgL nu] h'O . emL;+ y'ofsfy+ tMtM x+|fk'+ nf]s+x\jfk'+ ;flxTosf/ lk;+ cn] g]tflk+;+nf]s+x\jfDxf nf]safv+of 5Dxfkfqoftf xM lrOs cn]5u" n'df+s]axMu' 36gfsfª t:s+ dgo\ Wjfy'Os Gog]ofo\k';]Rj+s sflgu', Rjof]tMu' Goªf, Ajªf .u'An]+ u'An]+ 5Dxfhs Rjldof Rj;' Ajlgu' cn]lnkf d]Dxf Rjldof Rj;' Ajg]u' ofO . lhu' ljrMn]yL yL Rjldof Gxkf+of Rj;' -k|f/lDes n]v_ kfv+Ajg]u' Gx\ofsn wM;f Rjld Dxfl;Os]tf cM k'O .cn] emL;+ Ajªfu' ;f/ h'O .

Gx\o;M dAj+l;+ dufu' 5+' 5+' ;fkm"t 5' 5' bM y]+ <ln;M g]kfnL ;flxToof ;fkm"t dfWolds tlu+ lg;+]

Pd=P= ts Ajg]an] kf7\ok':ts]xo\ ckn+ Rjldto\u';fkm" j Rj;'t Ajg] w'+ls . pu" kf7\oqmd] b'Yofu';flxToof yL yL ljwfof ;fkm" j Rj;'t Ajg] w'+sk'nf+k'+ g]kfnL ;flxToof d"w{Go ;flxTosf/ lklgu';fkm" Aj+;f af+nfO . bGTo, -nfv] nl;of afv+_syf lg;+] kf/;d0fL k|wfg, w/l0fw/ sf]O/fnfofRj;" j ?b|/fh kf08] gf6s, pkGof; -?kdtL_,a;fO“ lg;+] ctMs gf+rn] h"u' pkGof;, gf6s -Kofv+_ j Rjv“of ;fkm"t Aj+;f af+nfh'O .uB lrgfv“of nfufo\ uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfn,s[i0frGb|l;+x k|wfg, ljhodNn, hgfb{g ;dlg;+]cMtsof nf]s+ x\jfk'+ sljlklgu' s[lt Ajg]u' af+nfh'O{ . cfnf]rgf j ;dfnf]rgfof nfufo\– ob'gfyvgfn, /fds[i0f zdf{, O{Zj/ a/fn, uf]ljGbk|;fbnf]xgL, s[i0frGb| l;+x k|wfg, tf/fgfy zdf{ lklgu'

jfb–k|ltjfbof ;dfnf]rgfof Rj;'t g]kfnL;dfnf]rgfo\ af+nfu' kIf vM . pAn]of w/tL,k|ult j d]d]u' jx] ljifoof klqsft AjgwM;faf+nfO . gkf+ lj=lk= sf]O/fnfof tLg 3'DtL,kfl/hftof lzl/ifsf] km"nofaf/] uf]ljGb e§ofcfnf]rgf Ajg]jxMu' cfnf]rgf vM .

Gx\o;M cg'jfb ;fkm" vo\ rf0fSo -lji0f'u'Ktofrf0fSo gLlt_ -rt';{]g zf:qL_ln;M ejfgL leIf'of–afv+t u'gs]z/L, d}of“ ;fx]j-dgf]j}1flgs afv+ sfy+_

/d]z ljsn– cfsf;sf tf/fx¿ 56\k6fO/x]sf lyP,k'nf+u' uf]/vfkqvo\ 5fk] h"u' – ho b]z ho

g/]z, a'4 z/0f+ uR5fld,dw'ks{of k'nf+u' Nofvo\ 5fk]h"u' – sfnL–;]tL

-afv+_, olt– afv+,yL yL sfy+ Rjof]tMu' Rjo\of Rj;'t Ajg]u'

1fgj4{s x] h'O .cy] x] – tfgf zdf{of – a]nfotlt/ a/fln+bf j

kftfn k|jf;,uf]ljGbk|;fb nf]xgLof –ljleGg b]zsf] ofqf

j0f{g,l;l4r/0f >]i7of – pj{zL v08sfJo, d]/f]

k|ltlaDa l;l4r/0fof -lrgfv“ d'gf_,n]vgfy kf}8onof – Ct' ljrf/ -v08sfJo_,

ljho dNnof sljtfuf]kfnk|;fb l/dfnsf OA;gjfbL gf6s– d;fg,

of] k|]d ¤ gkf+ lrgfv“ts[i0frGb|l;+x k|wfgof – e~Hofªlg/ob'gfy vgfnof – ;dfnf]rgfsf] l;4fGtb}j1/fh cof{n– Pufd]gg\ j PG6L ugLr'Oof“–/fhf Ol8k;–kmfpi6 u]6]– -cg'jfb_ t'nfw/pkGof;– chDa/L ufp“, cfdf

9

Vjk kf}

-eQmk'/_ Vjk P]ltxfl;s j;f+:s[lts gu/ vM . k|frLg gu/ Vjk]sfi7snf, wft'snf k|:t/snfof t:s+RjGx\ofu' HjM d?u' pbfx/0ft oSjbM . gu/of k'nf+u' yfo\ yf;o\ b]uMNjxFlxlt, kmNrf, k'v', t'+ly, d7, ;Qyhu' ckn+ ;Dkbft cM ts+ Djfª Rj+u'bM . Ono\ x] ;/sf/+ y'u' nfufo\ larMofª Nx\jg]u' Hof dofu'ln+ u'ln g+ ;Dkbftdbof] jfg . k'v' Nxfª yMu' lghL 5]F bo\lsu' kmNrf ;tMyMu' ofOu' Hofv+ ‘afHofof bQ 5og+ r§’ ofOu' Hof emgcKjof] jn . k'/ftflTjs j P]ltxfl;s dxTj+ eoAo"u';Dkbft No+s to\u' dlt+ 5'+ bzs Gx\of] lg;]+ Vjkgu/kflnsf+ k'vf+{ bo\stsu' ;DklQ emLu' snf j ;+:s[ltofgf/f Hjª y'hfu' Hofvo\ knf tof] jof] Rj+u' vM .ªo\ªfkf em\of] b/af/, ªftfkf]NxF b]uM Tjfno\ Tjfno\ofNjxFlxlt, kmNrf, ;t, b]uM Nxjg]u' Hofvo\ cleofg sfy+dlbSs xHofª jof] Rj+u' bM .

@)&@ ;fnof Ejvfrf+ Vjko\ oSjl;of 5]F gkf+;Dkbft g+ :oª\slan . u'ls+ tx|f+u' Iflt h'n .hgk|ltlglwt d?u' Ono\ Nx\jg]u' Hof dM sfy+ xHofo\dkm"t . @)&$ h]7 lg;]+ lhld;+ hgk|ltlglwsfy+ ;kyu|x0fofo\ w'g]j+ Ejvfrf+ :o+su' yfgfof d"t{ j cd"t{ ;DkbftNx\jg]u' 5u' tx|f+u' r'gf}ltsfy+ bfF jn . cy] g+ lhld;+xyfo\;+ ;Dkbft Nx\jg]u' :jof] yMu' x] kxMof df}lns z}nLj u'0f:t/ sfy+ le+s aNnfs bo\s]u'nL aM laof] Rjªf .;Dkbft Nx\jg]u' Hof 7]Ssfvo\ laou' :jof] hg;xeflutfofª pkef]Qmf ;ldlt bo\s jf cdfgt -Hofnf+_ Nxj+s]u'

Hof ofo\u' af+nfOu' h'u'ln+ lhld;+ y'u'gLlt Hjªfu' vM . pkef]Qmf ;ldltkfv]+h"u' Hof le+u', aNnfu', u'0f:t/Lo jyMu' x] kxMof df}lns z}nLtf Djfsto\tf UjfxfnL h"u' dlt bM .

;Dkbf Nx \jg ]u ' Hofem \jMk|fyldstfof cfwf/] Gxkfnfs ofo\dMu'Hof xMg]nfs ofª jof] Rjªfu' vM .pls+dWo] 5u" vM ‘efHof k'v'’ . @)%$

;fno\ Tofsjf+k'+ hgk|ltlglwlk;+ efHofk'v' Nx\jg]u' HofGxMkf+ Gx\ofsu' vM . kbfjlw km'Oy]+ Rjªfln+ :yfgLohgtfof UjfxfnLvo\ Gx\ofsu' pu' k'v' Nx\jg]u' Hofhgk|ltlglwk'+ dbo\j+ Hof g+ lbt . cM hLk'+ hgk|ltlglwk'+joflg+ gfM dbof] 3f“;+ e'ª Rj+u' k'v' ;kmfofo\u' Hof v+;'? ofªf . lgoldt Gx\ofs Rjªfu' ;kmfO cleofg ofem\jno\ tM sx] ;kmfofo\w'+u' vM . cn] lhldk'+ k|fljlwsk'+kfv+] gfkhfFr ofs ;M:o" j y'k'+ cg'eljk'+ kfv]+ gfM uy]of;f yfO wfo\u' ;NxfaNxf ofªf . pu" ;NxfaNxfofem\jno\ l;4 k'v' -tMk'v'_ Nx\jªfu' Ono\ y]+ gfM HjOu';Defjgf bMu' k'v'of yfo\ yf;o\ ;fx|] rf/ lkm6 Aof j;ft lkm6of uM Dx"of] b]rf yfªf . cn] pu' k'v'of bYjLNo+ bMu' å+km\jn] uhu' cn] 5' b]uM bMu' wfo\u' vfF ;'g+ x]wfo\ dkm"t .

efHofk'v' Nx\jg]u' em\jno\ n'of] ju' k'/ftTjj:t'of lnw+;fo\ k|fljlws k'r+ 5u" cg'dfgoft . plsoflnw+;fo\ gS;fg+ bo\sn . k'v' bYjLof b]un] jflgu'nfFo\ No+ bMu' eUgfjz]ifof lnw+;fo\ pQ/ blIf0f :ju' tfFbMu' cg'dfg ofo\ yfs' dh' . u'u' Hof, yy] x] vM wfo\u'

‘Ejvfrf+ :o+s Ao"u' ;Dkbft Nxjg]u' tx|f+u' r'gf}tL gkf+k|fyldstfof cfwf/vo\ ;Dkbf Nx\jª Rjªfu' bM’

k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfklt

Vjk kf}

10

Sjl5o\ kmMu' lglj{sNk lrh bM cfgflg;]+ lhld;+ Nx\jg]u'bo\s]u' Hof Gx\ofsf . lhld;+ cfzf ofªf–;Dkbf Nx\jg]u'Hofvo\ k'/ftTj ljefu, ;Dkbfljb\k'+, ;+:s[ltljb\k'+Oltxf;ljb\ lklgu' k'rM bo\s xHofo\ bM;f Ho" . k|frLg:df/s ;+/If0f P]ggkf+ ;Dkbf ;+/If0f;DaGwL P]g lgod,;Dkbfljb\, Oltxf;ljb\ j ;+:s[ltljb\ gkf+ :yfgLo hgtfofUjfxfnL j cg'ejof lnw+;fo\ lhk'+ xHofª Rjªfu' vM .

Gx\onflt xfF y'lsofaf/] dfns'n :jo\u' cn] rfofb'g] Nxfª Rj+u'ln 5' b hs d'n :jo\du' -cGj]if0f jpTvgg\_ cfjZostf dlt tof] Oltxf;ljb\ k|f=8f=k'?iff]Qdnf]rg >]i7of slhvo\ 5u" ;M :o" y' lklgu' lj1k'rM lg:jfªf . jo\slkGtf yMtf dMu' sfo{ljlw ydg+ x]bo\s xHofo\ km}u' clwsf/ laof . bsn] Gx\kf+of nR5LofO{ laofu'ln joslkG;+ dfns'n :jo\u' Hof b]g+ b]g+ hsdof;L+ b'Uo+s ofo\ dMu'ln+ O{ tfg]dMu' vfF wfof]lbn .Vjk gu/kflnsf+ efHof k'v' ;DaGwL 5u" wfTy]+ vMu',ljZjf; jf+u' cn] km's+l;g+ dv' wfo\ dkm}u' 5u" t:s+dxŒjk"0f{u' b:tfj]hof cfzfof;] v'nftsof O{ tfª :ynutcjnf]sg, k'/ftflTjs cGj]if0f j pTvgg\ -dfn]u' jNxfªRj+u' ;Dkbft d'n :jou'_ of em\jno\ n'of] ju' lrhj cjz]ift, efHofk'v'ofaf/] sfª jof] Rj+u' lsDabGtL,

hg>'lt, pu"k'v'of rfslnof ;Dkbft gkf+ d]d]u' ;Dkbft,HjMnfs cWoog of;+] :oNnfu' k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg tof/ofª lbn . pu" k|ltj]bg+ lhldtf Gx\on+ rfo\s Ao"u'y]+lhldu' Wofg ;fn sfn . Yj k|ltj]bg Gx\of]+ o]Fof /fgLk'v' -g]=;+= &()÷lj=;+= !&@&_ kfv]+ k|efljt h'of] efh's;+bo\su' hg>'lt Goª jofu'ln yf+}of k|ltj]bgof lnw+;fo\y'u' k'v' /fgL k'v' :jof] ªf;bf k'nf+u' vfg] bt . u'ls+lhldtf Yj vfF emL ;M :o" j y'k'+ lj1 lklgu' bYjLtodfnL hs nu]h'n . y'ls+ efHof k'v'of Gx"u' Oltxf;;'? h'O . Yjx] vfF oftf sfof] 8f= k'?iff]Qdnf]rg >]i7ofslhno\ lg:jf+u' lj1 k'rMof kfv]+ Yj k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgofljifono\ cGt/lqmof Hofem\jM Uj;M Ujofu' vM . YjHofem\j;+ hgk|ltlglw, k'/ftTjljb\, ;Dkbfljb\,Oltxf;ljb\, ;+:s[ltljb\, jf:t'snfljb\ j k|fljlwslkGtfAjªfu' vM . y'u' k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgof ljifon] yMyMu'egfO{ j ;'emfjt laof] lbu' enf;f sfof . u'ls+ Yjk|ltj]bg cem ljZj:t h'of] lglj{jfb h'Ou' ljZjf; sfo\ . z'efo\ ¤-Vjk gu/kflnsfof Uj;fno\ kmfu'g @& ut] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfj8f g+= ! ofu' P]ltxfl;s efh' k'v'ofu' k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k|:t'tHofem\jno\ xfg]axDxf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfklth'+ tof]b\o"u' Gjr'_

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= ! ofu' P]ltxfl;s efh' k'v'ofu' k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k|:t't Hofem\j

11

Vjk kf}

k|s[lt j cfgfof rf, kmo\ gf yL yL kof{j/0f gkf+Hofl5+s ;+t'ng tof] x] emLu' yfo\ afo\ cn] ;dfh bMu' vMwfo\u' cKjl;g+ :o" . gu/ lgdf{0fof em\jno\ ;dfhodbo\s+ dufu' cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"jf+s]tf j yfo\ofe"agf]6, cn] jMkmo, rf gkf+ :jfk'tof] bosMu' vf“ emL;+Oltxf;kfv+ y'Os sfo\kmM . y'lsoftf tf O{ts Djfs to\tf;+:s[ltof lt;f+ ltOs Ao"u'ln+ emL km's+ pls no\tfof]e]n]k'ª Rjªf . pls+ dg"to\tf dbo\s dufu' 5u" tŒjdWo] gfM g+ vM . u'lsof kn];f -ljsNk_ d? . gfMljgfof hLjg c;Dej wfo\u' vf“ wfof] Rjg] dflny+] dRj+ .cy] h"u'ln+ dWosfnLg zf;slk;+ ;dfhof hgtfof lg+lt+gfMof Joj:yf ofo\u' em\jno\ yhu' k'v', Njx“lxlt, t'+ly,Ajª bo\s]u' ofu' vf“ :ki6 h" . plsdWo] Vjk b]of yL yLgf+ dWo] k'v' k'v'of gu/ g+ wfo\u' of . 5fo\wM;f yfgf #$uM k'v' cn] yfo\ yf;o\ Njx“lxlt, t'+ly, af]ª bo\s tMu'bM . Yj km's+ gfMof cfjZostf k"jf+s]of nflu+ bo\s tMu'vM . cn] yhu' P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s ;Dkbft No+s to\u'emLu' st{Jo vM wfof] Vjk gkf+ y'hfu' nfufo\ nfxftof]Rj+u' vM . cn] y'hfu' k'v'of k|fljlws kfv+ :jo\u' vM;ft:s+ dxŒj bMu' l;o\bM . uy]ls yfo\ -:yfg_ ljz]ifofdxŒj, cfgfof e"agf]6 j -Micro climate_ -tfNnf+ l;r's]u'cn] lrs'nf+ n'd'u' gfMof Joj:yf_ cn] b}lgs Hof -DjM

Nx'ou', lxhf lxou'_ dgf]/~hg, wfld{s dxŒj -l;4 k'v',sdn k'v'_ cflb hfqfjn] VjM l;n]u'of lg+lt+, Aquaculture ªf, xf“o\ j kn]:j+of nflu+, ugf+ tx|fs+ ld+GjnwM;f sfrfSs gfv+ ld :ofo\tf u'ln g+ cfgfof rv'+ av'+,;f“, d]“ j:t'efp to\tf dMu' Joj:yfof lg+lt+ -Ecologicalbalance_ dg"to\;+ Tjg]u' afx]s d]u' ;kmf ofo\tf 5on]u'gkf+ jiff{of gfM -jMult gfM_ d'g]u' cn] jgkf+ lnSs Rj+u't'+ly, Ajª, Njx“lxlt j ;xfos k'v'nL gfM 5\jotf k'v'bo\lsu' vfg] bM . uy]ls l;4kf]v/Lof k"j{ kfv] -xfneQmk'/ c:ktfnof cfsl:ds ejg_ Rj+u' emLu' df}lns-Tradisnal water supply and ReservoirEngeneering_ k/Dk/fut gfM Oª laou' j d'g]u' k|0ffnLyfgf bMu' k'v't Nx\jª xfsg+ Djfs]u' dlt+ xHofª Rjªfu'vM . k'v' Nx\jg]u' Hofof ;'?jft Vjk j8f g+= ! of efh'kf]v/L+ ofªfu' vM . pu' k'v' emLu' kxM of df}lns k|ljlwofk'gM lgdf{0f h'ow'+su' gkf+ y'u' k'v'of bYjL Rj+u' b]uMk|f=8f= k'?iff]Qd nf]rg >]i7of k'rn+ ofu' cWoog sfy+Nx\jg]u' j bfg]u' Hof ;'?ofªfu' h'n . yf}+of Yj Hofem\jMv+ ju' ;'emfj gkf+ Vjkgkf+ ªfnsfof] Hof Gx\os]u' vM .lhldtf k"/f ljZjf; bMls Yj k'v' j b]uM bo\s] w'+sVjkof kof{j/0f] 5'+ eflt ;'wf/ jof] emLu' ;+:s[ltofhLjGttf gkf+ pu' yfo\ t:s+ af+nfu', xf“ok'u' yfo\ h'O{ .cn] emLyfo\ Rj+k'+ gu/af;Lt gkf+ b]z ljb]z+ emfOk'+ ko{6slk;+yfgfofo\u' ;'Gb/tf :j:j+ t:s+ cfgGb sfO . o+]of /fgLk'v'bo\s]tf yfgfof UjfxfnL sM y+] d]u' yfo\of lk+; g+ y'lsofcg's/0f ofO wfo\u' ljZj;f sfof . pls+ l5sk'+ ;snljåt cn] cfdlGqt ju{of SjfQ'u' ;xeflutf -Activeparticipation_ j k[i7 kf]if0f -Feed back_ of cfzfof;+] xfsg+ 5s ;sl;tf+ n;s'; ofªf .-Vjk ! j8fo\ Rj+u' efHof k'v'ofaf/] Gx\oAjMu' k|f/lDesk|ltj]bgof cGt/lqmof Hofem\j;+ Vjk gkfof pkd]o//hgL hf]zLh'+ laof]b\o"u' n;s'; Gjr'_

pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zL

k'vf{+ bo\s tsu' P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s ;Dkbft No+s to\u' emLu' st{Jo vM

Vjk kf}

12

emLs] b'Mu' Gofu' 1fg]Gb|Lo dWo] 5u" Gxfo\k+vM . u'u' Gxfo\k+ dg"ofo\s] a“';f+lg;] d;Ltn] b}u' vM .t/ pu' Gxfo\k+ Sjv+ ogx“ wsfM chfclh+ wfMu' v“ Gogfkm'Ss cftfxf+ h'O{ . 1f+of vfkf rfo\sf dgof ;ln+rfo\onf, g'uMof xf;f+xfof or'u' afsL b'u' hfsL y]+ Hono\w+'u' a};gfk+ v“ y'Ow'+sf a“o\ dv' lz/o\ nft wsfM emLt‰jftf+ x] ygf ljOu' cj:yf x}Dx jx] dtfM5' ofODx Gxfo\k+g+ ofgf x] vM . On+ Yjs'u' wfk' b'g]of ;Totfof kk' 5'gfns;o\ nffkfrf y+] Ajof Rj+u' chfclhof wfk'+ emLtgf]sly+ bfM y+] bfofg+, cf+sly+ Sjfy]+ Sjfgfg+ y'Os] dkm";fclt b'Mv h'O{ . cn] lwl;dnfu' hLjg xgfM Gxfo\k+ gLsfs;f gof Rjg] dflnu' :o" x] h'O{ . pls+nf 1f+of v“Gxfok+ ljof Wofg tof Gog] dfMu' .

drfvfrf 1fgL dh'nls+ df+ Ajf+ Gxfo\k+ lxOsfGog]dflnu' . jx] x'lg+ u'ln+ v“ tfM;f+ dtfM 5'gfRjg]dflnu' . cfZjf;g+ r'gfj TofsDxf dGqL+ y+] tMl;+Vjf“o\ h'ofM Rg]dflnu' . j Gxof] j 5'gf Rj+Dx tMl;+Vjf“o\ . xh"/ wfnls+ vfkf rfo\s] dfln wsfM dtfM 5'gfdtfk+ Gofl;+ jgf Rj+Dx ls;Loft lvrf+ pgf Rj+;f Ro"tfdtl;+ Ajf“o\ jgfRj+Dx yf}+of ;/sf/ tMl;+ Vjf“o\ vM .Vjf“o\ chfh' cy]nf yL yL Gxfo\k+of yL yL Hof gfk+kxb' . tM tf Gxfo\k+ dWo] Gx\ofSjwfM ;f+ wfM Nxf drfODxVjfQ'u' Gxfo\k+ b'Dx cQ]/L Gxfo\k+ . ug]Bf] oft y+] u+ yfgfyg]dfDx c:ou' ls;L Gxfo\k+ . ;t'u' tfofg+ ldvf+hs:jof dtf 5'gf jlgDx s'+;'|u' Gxfo\k+ . yHofu' Gxfo\k+ b'lkG;+ stof v“ Gogls+ Hof ;g]dfln wsf cg]s hMUjO{ . u'An]+ Old;+ Gxfo\k+ ltgf Gogfkx ofO{ . clt{pkb]z vfO w}lk+ yf}+ sGx]of drf Nofo\Dx Nof;] to'u'

Gxfo\k+of dlxdfRjv“

cfzfs'df/ lrs+a~hf/

Oo/kmf]g tof h'Olklgu' Gxfo\k+ Yjx] sf]ltof Gxfo\k+ vMu'u' Gxfok Gxfo\k+ k'O“v+ hfof xlQO{ . u'Dx]l;of Gxfo\k+lvrf Gxfo\k+ lslQs ; jnls+ tfO{ . s/lklgu' v“SjlyOs Gogf v“ NjfsAjfs ofgf v“ a'§f lsof d]lkGtNjfs] dw'+tn] jof Kjf hfO{dv' . cn] Gxfo\k+of hfnL:jof Gxfok+ hfnL lkG;+ dtfu' v“ g+ tfof 5'gf ;'lghfg];fIfL lh x] tfofu' wsf rfs/Lof n“k' HjlgDx Gxfo\k+oflDxu :jof yf}+ emg nL dnf . yhu' Gxfo\k+g+ ofgf yL yL;dfho\ rn+jg, e'vfo Ajn . yhfu' hfnL Gxfo\k+dg"ofs] hs dv' c+uno\g+ bo\km" wsf k'vf{+ ;ts{ ofsfys'u' v“ dGo+;+] dGq Do]xfnf h'u'nL+ k|no h"u' v“ ygds+;] duf . Old;+ st b'km\jfgfM nFo\ 5' 5' ofO{ .

;+;f/o\ k|f0fLto\s] Gxfo\k+ db";f 5' h'Ou' h'O{ <emL;+ ldvf efo\ ofgf, VjfM Hofgf ;f+s[lts ef;+ ja|]nlnlk y+] lyof :jofhs g'uMv“ sg]u' h'O{ . pls+ jwGoDx Gxfo\k+oft lt;f+ ltOs]u' ofu' h'O{ . ld;f Gxfo\kg]t'sL, d'sL, 9'ª\u|L, 6k, Ool/· em'Dsf lt;f+ ltOls;f,ldh+ Gxfo\kg] d'Gb|L cn] l/ª j s'08n g+ ltOs . cn]af]nL uf]nL y]+ 5f lkG;+ UjnLof kxju' lt;f+ g+ To" . yy]:jojn] Gxfo\k+of g+ ld;f Gxfo\k+ ldh+ Gxfo\k+ wsfM lnª\uLoe]b b'nf < Gxfkfnf hftLo e]b g+ b' x“ . Rjo\ hft jSjo\ hftof Gxfo\k+ . cn] Gxfo\k+ hfMlk+ wgL j Nxf;fo\ n“'oSj lhu' Gxfo\k+ vfnL wsfM xfnf h"lk+ ul/a Gxfo\k+tMyHoflk+ Gxfo\k+ Gxfok+of bYjL g+ Njfk' dh"u' dv' .u'lsoftf ju{ ;+3if{ wfo\ km}nf <

emLu' b] ef/t+ t]nfsfn x“ . zf;s Gxf+o\kg]9'ª\u|L+ kgf ls;Lof Gxfo\kg] k“lt xfn]y+] h'n . ahf/efMlys] h'n, a]/f]huf/ a9]h'n, cKj w}y] Nof;] NofDx\jljb]zo\ jg yMu' a'l4 g+ drfDx stof a'l4 dHo"Dx;/sf/nf tfxf -;k{_ y+] Gxfo\k+ x] db'Dx vlg . cn] yMt of ;f P]of, stoft of;f yof wsfM xfnf h'Olk+hfkfg blIf0f sf]l/ofy+] hfMlk+ cd]l/sg ;k]/fof Ozf/fo\lt+ lt+ Gx'of Rj+lk+ Gxfo\k+of afGsL hs b'lk+ lgu" Gxfo\k+;fkf?of tfxf;f“of Gxfo\k+ y+] hs vM . j stofo\u' v“Gog]dflnwsfM /fIf;L k|j[lQ lksof Gxfo\kgo\ u+ tof

13

Vjk kf}u7fd'uM -306fs0f{_ y+] h"Dx cd]l/sf, ef/t y'hfu';fd|fHojfbL j lj:tf/jfbL b]zof zf;s lkGt stfd/LSjvfo\sf wf“ yfgfM jfo\ o+s]dkmtn] Oldu' Gxfo\k+rfnLdv' . tM b“ Gx\of] lg;+] Vjf“o h'of Rj+u' Oldu'Gxfokg] uM;+' du'OsrfnL x] dv't . Old;+ adnfu' b]ofGxfo\kg] l;4fGtof :jf+ :jy+sf, P6dadof Gof+ ;Dxo\skfno\ to\sf NjfeMof Hofe k'hfofsfM ;"lte}n+ HjgfxMDx Gof ?kL dg"oft y+] Gxfo\k+ gLsf d"xfo\sf s}of}+ l;ofGxfo\k+ :o" go w'+sn .

a|DxfhLof Gxfo\kg+ lkxf“ju' Gxfo\k+ k'O{ ;d'b|o jf+5\jano z'Dd lgz'De hGd h'n x“ . j zlQm /fi6« g+jx] b}Toof kof{o vM . Oldt txnu] ofgf ltlg zfGtu'a“Ujf/f -k[YjL_ bt x“ . pls+nf nfxf kmof+ hs 5' b} .Njfgf x] hs emLu' clwsf/ sfo\ km} hs w} ys'u' v“tfo\s] dfn .

Gxfo\k+ ofo\g+ of], do\ b' . cfOG;6fOgof;fk]IftfjfbL l;4fGt y+] do\of cd'O{ nfgf s0f{lko af“;'/Lof;Moft sMofgf dg r+ r+ wfo\lsDx Gxfo\k+ s0f{s6' e':ofof;no\ Gxfo\k+ Kjf ltgfM lj:o" h'O{ . ug+ /fhgLltof v“jnls+ ;f s'ljof nfo\s' Ro"tf xf xf+ lj:o" jlg . w'g'x'+jlk+ Gxfo\k+tM ju{ ;+3if{of v“ dy'tn] Gxfo\k+ ltgf h'Olk+dg"to;+ Gxfo\k+ l; l; t'nf jgflg+ ltlg jf rfo\sL .pls+ Gxfo\k+ 5u" lgk+of Gofoflwz g+ vM .

u'ln Rjo Rjo\ jlg pln x] Gxfo\k+ oft yfs"O .jof Gxfo\k+ xlQO . b]zof zf;sto\t Yj Njr+ snls+hgtfof Gx\k'+ok"x] r'O“ud y+] Gx\oof Gxfo\k+ rfo\s] dfl:tj} . cn] Oldt d'vf/] db\o\s+ ufO{ dv' . cHoflk+ hfnLGxfo\k+ b"lk+ d'vf/] to\;+ofgf sfhL eLddNn :oft .eLd;]g yfkf+ cfTdxTof ofo\dfn . cn] cldu'x] ;Nnfxvo\‘kmf“;L b]’ of gf/f g+ Yjosn . cn] hnfvfnf b]z+ef}Kjf tof gfsfaGbL oft . emfqmL vf;] jy+] jo\sfkm'Ss hn;|f]t nfsfsfn g+ Gxfo\k+:of b]s] hs jgfchfh' Sjv+ o+s'ano\of afv+ sgfM hgtf to\tf ldvfo\w'n+ 5\jfsn . ljlkof ;dfhjfb j gf}nf] hgjfbofs';L hgtfof Gxfo\kg] tsM sg] dHo"u' afv+ xfn] dHo"u'

Do] xfo\sf WjlUuu' dxfg ljhoof gfd+ rfsdtf Rofs]laofRjg .

yMu' Vjlj+ dfxf+a'Osf r'lnhfof ju' OR5fof jfa'O“ stoft af“w bo\s] laofM k'“hLjfbL ;lDawfgof hkofs' ofs'+ 5'“of Gxfo\k+ n'On'O of drfkxn hndUg h'ofg+ Tofu' pT;jof gfo\lv+ Rjo\sf Gxno\ xfnfRjlk+ zf;sto\;+ ;'yoft ;M tf Rj+lk+ Uj+uM to\t Gxof] ;]+s'u' efMkf+y|];xf]N8of r'lk+ :ofo\u' c;kmn s'tM -k|of;_ ofgf Rjg .;Toof ;'hBf] n'Ow'+sf s[i0fof s[lQd ;"kf“o\r+ jf:tljstf:ofo\ km} dv' . d'lQmof Do] g]go\u' :jof elQmof ehgxfn]u' em\jno\ yMu' alkvo\ xfd|f]lgod yfsfM skfno\tanf ofs] ljou'nL /;sfof Gxo\lj b\jxf“ jgf Rj+lklgu'Gxfo\kg] ju{ ;+3if{of lrs+tofM cGwljZjf;of Gxfok+k'O{sfsf r]tgfof Uj+uM xfo\sf yg]dflg . cn] ltgL km'Sszf]lift t 5Kk“h'of d'lQmof dfn>L xfnM Gxfo\kg] gln:jf+5'gf or'u', lkr'u' cn] wfTy]+u' lGxnf;'lkHju' gvM xlg,hgtfof ;dfhjfbof ¤¤¤

Vjk gu/kflnsfgu/ sfo{kflnsfofu' sfof{no

Aof;L, Vjk

Vjk gu/kflnsf+ cl8of] gf]l6; ;]jf xlrsu'ln+gu/kflnsfofu' ;"r+ j Hof em\jM Sjo\ RjotMu' gDa/vo\8fon oª Gog] km}u' vfF bsf]+l;tf Aofs rf]ªf .

Audio Notice Number M !^!*)!^^!))(^ M !^!*)!^^!))(^ M !^!*)!^^!))(^ M !^!*)!^^!))(^ M !^!*)!^^!))(^

Vjk gu/kflnsftf Gx\ofan]+;kmf, ;'U3/ to\u' ;sngu/jf;Lto\u' st{Jo vM .

Vjk kf}

14

Vjk gu/kflnsfof Hof em\jM t

b]zeQm, cg'zfl;t j Ifdtfjfg ljBfyL{t tof/ ofo\dM@)&% kmfu'g !)

:s"n] h'Ou' sf;fof ultljlw j cltl/Qmlqmofsnfk+ ljBfyL{lkGtf :j:y j tGb'?:t ofOu' vf“ljBfljsf; :s"nof 5u" Hof em\jM vo\ Vjk gkf k|d'v;'lgn k|hfklth'+ ljrM Kj+s bo\u' vM .

gfrufgof /fhwfgL Vjk] ;Dkbf ;+/If0f ofo\kmM;f emLu' b]z ljZj+ Dxfl;Ou' h'u'ln+ :s"n+ chu'

dltbk'+ b]zeQm, cg'zfl;t j Ifdtfjfg ljBfyL{t tof/ofo\dMu' vf“ sªlbn . gu/kflnsfof yL yL Hofem\jMtpn lb;+] sf;f l3+l3+anfvo\ tMnfk'+ ljBfyL{ sf;ldlkGtfl;/kf nMNxfª bo"u' vM .

j8fWoIf & of ps]z sjf+, lk|lG;kn k|lbk If]qL,j8f;b:o /~hgf TjftL j x]/f Vofh"+g+ pu' Hofem\j ;+yMyMu' ljrM Kj+s b\o"u' vM .

/fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0fof 6f]nL Vjk] emfn@)&% kmfu'g !!

/fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0fof k|d'v sfo{sf/Lclws[t ;'lznrGb| 1jfnLof k'rMn+ Vjk gkfof k|d'v;'lgn k|hfklth'+ gkfnfª egkf j8f g+= ! vo\ Nx\jª Rj+u'efh' k'v', l;4 k'v', Vjkof nfo\s', snf ;+u|xfno, ªftfkf]Nx“b]uM, e}n b]uM of :ynut cjnf]sg ofª lbn .

pu' gkfnfou' Hofem\jMn] k|d'v k|hfkltHo"+ o]Fof/fgL k'v' Nx\jg]u' Hofvo\ UjfxfnL ofo\u' af+nfu' dltVjkgkfof bMu' vf“ Aofs :jlguMof ;f“:s[lts ;Dkbf

km'Ssl;of d+sM ;Dkbf vM wfof] lb;+] y'lsoftf le+s,af+nfs Djfs to'u' emL km'Ssl;of d+sM s't h'odM . YjemLu' st{Jo g+ vM wfof] lbn . josn+ Vjko ;Dkbflgdf{0f] Hof pkef]Qmf ;ldlt j hg;xeflutf+ ofª Gx\ofsRjªfu', y'ls 5lt+x] ;xof]u d?u' vf“ g+ sª lbn .

pu' gkfnfo\u' Hofem\jM vo\ k|d'v cfo'Qm 1jfnLh'+ y+] dxfgu/kflnsf+ /fgL k'v' Nx\jg]u' Hof ofo\ dkmu'ln+plsof lhDdf sf7df08f} ljsf; k|flws/0ftf nM Nxfu'ln+Vjko\ h'of] Rj+u' k'gMlgdf{0f k|efljt h'of] jos Vjk

gkfs] UjfxfnL km\j“ jofu'vf“sª lb;] UjfxfnLofOu' ljZjf; Kj+slbn .pu' Hofem\jM;+ j8fWoIfk'+-!_ Zofds[i0f vqL, -#_/fhs[i0f uf]/f, -&_ ps]zsjf+, -(_ /jLGb| HofVjgkf+ sd{rf/L ;dfhg]kfnof gfof] uf}tdk|;fbnfl;jh' k'+ g+ pkl:yth'of] bo\u' vM .

15

Vjk kf}

@)&% kmfu'g !!g]kfn qmflGtsf/L ljBfyL{

;+3 # j8fof Uj;fno\ h"u'ljBfyL{lkGtf awfO{ lao\u' Hofem\jMvo\ g]dlskfof d" b'hM gkf+ Vjkgkfof k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfklth'+ Vjkgkf+ Vjk sn]h rfo\s b]zf+b]l5ofljBfyL{ lkGtf bf+s, le+s, af+nfsAj+s b]zoftf dMk' + hgzlQmpTkfbg ofª jofu' gkf+ ljb]zL w]jf dsl;+ cdfgt jpkef]Qmf ;ldlt bo\s k'gMlgdf{0f ofª jofu' Vjkofhgtfof :jf:Yo pkrf/of lg+lt+ :jbfof b'g] Vjkc:ktfn bo\s] l;wo\s]u' vf“ sª lbn . ;+3Lotfof

;+3Lotfof cy{ :yfgLo txoftf clwsf/ ;DkGg ofo\ dMu' vM k|d'v k|hfkltcy{ :yfgLo lgsfotf clwsf/;DkGg ofo\dMu' vf“ g+ jos+sª lbn .

pu ' Ho fe m \ j M; +k | fWofks ;dfhof gfof ];/f]h/fh uf];fO{ h'+ Gx'u' k':tfofb]z hgtfof lxt h'Ou' Hofvo\£jf;fljodMu' vf“ sª lbn .j8fWoIf # /fhs[i0f uf]/f

k|frfo{ ;'hg dfsnufotof d]d]k'+ jQmft\o;+ yMu' vf“kf]+su' pu' Hofem\jM;+ k|d'v k|hfklth'+ tMnfk'+ ljBfyL{to\tf bl;kf} j l;/kf ljof]bo"u' vM . gkf+ ;f“:s[ltsAjHof g+ ofu' vM .

@)&% kmfu'g !$Vjk gkfof k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfklt cn] pkk|d'v

/hgL hf]zL gkf+ uf]bfj/L gkfof k|d'v uh]Gb| dxh{gofGx\on'jfvo\ emMk'+ 5u" k'rM gkf+ gkfnfª Vjk gkfofof]hgf tyf sfo{qmd, ljsf; lgdf{0f j ;Dkbf k'gMlgdf{0fj ;f“:s[lts ultljlw ljifon] ;Nnfx Jofsn .

pu' Hofem\j;+ bf+s j af+nfs lrlsT;fzf:qAj+s]u', Vjk c:ktfn bos Rjªfu', cfly{s lgod jcg'zf;g] Rjª ljb]zL w]jf dsl;+ ;Dkbf Nx\jª Rjªfu'

uf]bfj/L gkfof k|d'v Vjk gkfo\gkf+ 8sdL{ j l;sdL{of tflnd ljofu' gkf+ :jlguMofªfu' P]ltxfl;s gu/kflnsf bYjL :jlguMb'g] Rj+u'k'/ftflTjs, P]ltxfl;s j ;f“:s[lts dxŒj bMu' ;+/rgftfhg;xeflutf bYjL ;Nnfx ofª Nx\jg]u' Hof ofo\u', bMu'P]ltxfl;s k|df0fof lnw+;fo\ cg';Gwfg ofª emLu' x]df}lns z}nLvo\ ;Dkbft Nx\jg]u', k'gMlgdf{0fofo\u' j:jlguM oftf ;f“:s[lts ;+/lIft s]Gb| 3f]if0ff ofs]u'lg0f{o+ ;sf/fTds ;Gb]z jf+u' vf“ sªlbn .

pu' Hofem\jM vo\ uf]bfj/L gkf :jlguMof tMx|f+u'gkf gkf+ g]jM a:tL oSj bMu', ;f“:s[ltsdxŒj bMu' gkf h";f+ cg'ejof sld+ Hof ofo\yfs'u'ln+ cg'ej lxnfa'nf ofo'dMu' vf“ sªlbn . Vjk gkf+ lzIffvo\ t:s+ af+nfu' Hofofªb\o"u' vf“ sª bo";]+ yMu' gkf b'g] km'Ss wfo\y+];Dkbft g]kfn ;/sf/, k'/ftTj ljefuofUjfxfnL+ k'gMlgdf{0f h'of] Rj+u' j ;f“:s[ltsAjHofof lw+ lw+ aNnf ofo\tfªfu'ln VJk gkfofcg'ej+ UjfxfnL h'Ou'vf“ sª lbn .

Vjk kf}

16

@)&% kmfu'g !@Vjk gkfof k|d'v ;'lgn

k|hfklth'+ ;"o{ljgfos Aof/]sof k|d'v;]gfgL lzjk|;fb kf}8]n gkfnfªlhNnfof ljkb Joj:yfkg;DaGwL;xsfo{ j ;dGjoof ljifon] ;NnfaNxf ofª lbn .

@)&% kmfu'g !^ ut]Vjk gu/kflnsfof k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltgkf+

hfkfgL cGt/f{li6«o lrlsT;f k|ljlw ;+:yfg -hL=cfO{=Pd6L=O= Pkm=_ of cWoIf 8f= lzu]sL xfof;L g]t[TjoflrlsT;s 6f]nL+ laxLaf/ gu/kflnsfof ;efsIf gkfnfªlbn . pu" gkfnfo\u' Hofem\jM vo\ Vjk gu/] Zjf;k|Zjf;-bd_ ;DaGwL Njo\of la/fdLlkGtf lkmlhof]y]/fkLljlwdfkm{t\ pkrf/ ofo\u' 5ftL k'gM:yfkgf s]Gb|;~rfng ofo\u' ljifono\ 5nkmn h"u' vf“ sªlbn

pu" Hofem\j;+ k|d'v k|hfklth+' Vjk gu/P]ltxfl;s j ;f“:s[lts gu/ wfo\u' hfgsf/L of;+];Dkbf ;+/If0f j gu/of df}lns :j?k No+sto\tfk/Dk/fut z}nL+ 5“] bo\s]of nflu+ gu/af;LlkGtfk|f]T;flxt ofªfu' vf“sª lbn .

@)&% ;fn] AjMu' Ejvfrf+ kLl8thgtfto\tf hfkfgL ;/sf/ j hgtft kfv+] UjfxfnLAo"u'ln+ z'efo\ b]5f]of] lb;+] k|d'v k|hfklth'+ gu/kflnsfyd+ x] Vjk c:ktfn ;~rfngof tof/L of;+] ejglgdf{0f ofª Rjªfu' hfgsf/L laof]lbn .

lhD6]kmof k|fljlws UjfxfnLvo\ 5ftL k'gM :yfkgfs]b| rfo\s] an] bdNjoof dg"to\tf yfgf;+ pkrf/ ofo\b}an] cMk'Ou' ljZjf; Kj+slbn .

lhD6]kmof gfof] 8f= xfof;Lh'+ Vjk] @)&% lg;+]bdNjoof ljifo Vjk gu/kflnsf gkf+ ldn]h'of] cWoogofª Rjªfu' gkf+ g]kfn] bsn] Gxkf+ Vjk] 5ftL k'gM:yfkgf s]Gb| ;~rfng ofo\tf yMlk;+g+ UjfxfnL ofo\bMu'ln+ no\tf Kj+s lbn . u'lsof nflu+ g]kfn] Rj+u'hfkfgL b"tfjf;] lhD6]km j g]kMof nflu+ hfkfgL /fhb"t

gkf+ x:tfIf/ h"ow+'su' vf“ g+ sª lbn .pu' s]Gb|of lg+lt+ Vjk gu/kflnsf+ t'drf] b'u'/]

yMu' x] hUufvo\ :jtf hMu' ejg bfg]u' gS;f kf;ofªg]kfn ;/sf/ :jf:Yo dGqfno+ :jLs[lt sfo w'+su' bMbfR5Lof b'g] pu' ejg df}lns z}nL+ bos] w'+s]u' vf“k|d'vh+' sfª lbn .

Dj;M j bd /f]uof k'gM:yfkgf s]Gb|;DaGwL ;NxfaNxf

17

Vjk kf}

@)&% kmfu'g !&Vjk gu/kflnsfkfv]F Gx\ofsu' sfi7snf, x]o/

sl6ª\u -;fF Roflsu'_ -pGgt l;nfO_ ;'Hof ;'ou' tflndofbl;kf} Vjk gkfof ;efsIf;+ Vjk gkfof k|d'v ;'lgnk|hfklth'+ nM Nxfª lbn . pu' Hof em\j;+ b]zof lg+lt+dMk'+ hgzlQm tof/ ofo\h' dlt+ nfxfto\ Hof bOu';Lkd"ns tflndt Gx\ofsfu' cn] Vjkof bIf hgzlQmb]zof yL yL yf;o\ jfª Hof ;fª Rj+u' gkf+ o]Fof /fgLk'v' k'gMlgdf{0f ofo\tf /fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0f+gu/kflnsfgkf+ ;xsfo{ ofo\tf UjfxfnL km\j+u' vfF lGxyfª

/fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0fof k|d'vgkf+ vNxfaNxf@)&% kmfu'g !& ut]

Vjk gu/kflnsfof k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfklth'+z'qmaf/ /fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0fof k|d'v sfo{sf/Lclws[t ;'zLn 1jfnL gkfnfª Vjk nfo\s'of /fli6«osnf ;+u|xfno k'gMlgdf{0f j Vjk bQfqoof k'hf/L d7Nx\jg]u' ljifo ;NxfaNxf ofª dyf+ Nx\jg]u' Hof ofo\

dkm';f ljZjk|l;4 Dx\j]o\vf em\of] j sfi7snf ;+u|xfnow/fk] nfOu' h'u'ln+ Vjk gkf+ df}lns z}nLof gS;f,nut Ol:6d]6 Vjk gu/kflnsf+ tof/L ofª Rj+u'hfgsf/L laof] lbn .

lgb]{zs 1jfnL+ y'u' x] cfly{s jif{+ lg;]+ 5'+ 5'+ah]6of Joj:yf ofo\u' cfZjf;g laof] lbn .

lbn . jos+ k|fljlws 1fg, ;Lk+ JolQmTj ljsf;] UjfxfnLofOu' ln= af+nfs Ajg] dMu' cn] Hofoftf ;Ddfg ofOu'j b]z;]jfof efj Ajnf+s] dMu' vfF sª lbn . pu' x] Hofem\jvo\ pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zL+ yhu' Hofv+ gu/jf;Lto\u'cfly{s :t/ xHofOu' vfF wfof] lbn . gkf+ j8fWoIf -#_of /fhss[i0f uf]/f+ g+ yMu' vfF tof] b\o"u' vM . sf=;=/f]zgd}ofF ;'jfn, s[i0fnIdL b'jfn, ;l/gf Bf]nf,sfi7snf k|lzIfs lji0f'eQm s';Lh'+ g+ yMu' vfF Kj+sb\o"u' vM . pu" Hof em\j;+ k|lzIffyL{to\;+ b\o\su' ltsfem\of]gu/kflnsftf nM Nxfu' vM .

;fF Roflsu', pGgt l;nfO j ;'Hof ;'ou' tflndof bl;kf} nM Nofo\u' Hof em\j

@)&% kmfu'g !*lnl6n jN8{ :s"nof Hof em\j;+ emfof] Vjk

gkfof d]o/ ;'lgn k|hfklth'+ b]zof /fhgLlt af+nf;fkm'Ss If]q af+nfOu' h'u'ln+ ljBfyL{lkGtf /fhg}lts lzIfflaodMu', b]zof ;jf{ef}ldstf /Iffof lg+lt j cGofooflj?4o Njfo\tf b]zeQmof vfF sfg]dM wfof] lbn . ;/sf/

lzIff j :jf:Yoof lhDd]jf/L+ tfkfSs jf+u'ln+ Vjk gkf+sn]h j hg:jf:Yo s]Gb| rfo\sfu' vfF g+ sª lbn .pu" Hof em\jM ;+ yL yL JolQmTj lk;+ g+ yMu' vfF Kj+s]b\o"u' vM .

cy]x] OMlh kfof]lgo/of @% bFof a'lb+of n;tfo\k|d'v k|hfklth'+ pTkfbg >dgkf+ :jfk' b}u' lzIffvo\ aMlaodMu' vfF sª lb;]+ Vjk gu/oftf ;f+:s[lts gu/,ko{6sLo uGtJo:yn, 1fg lj1fgof s]Gb| gkf+ Vjkofefiff, ;+:s[lt, ;Dkbf, lzIff cflbvo\ bIf hgzlQmbo\s]u' dlt+ Vjk gkf+ :yfgLo kf7\oqmd bo\s nfu'ofªfu' vfF Aofs lbn . cn] b]z j ;dfhk|lt lhDd]jf/ljBfyL{t pTkfbgof lg+lt Hof ;fg] dMu' vfF sª lbn .pu" Hof em\j;+ yL yL lj4fg lk;+ g+ yMu' Gjr' laof]b\o"u'vM .

b]zof /fhgLlt af+nf;f km'Ss If]q af+nfO

Vjk kf}

18

o]Fof /fgL k'v' Nx\jg]tf Vjko\ g+ k|fljlws UjfxfnL ofo\u'@) kmfu'g @)&%Vjk j8f g+= ! of Uj;nfo\ h"u' pkef]Qmf

;ldlt gkf+of 5nkmnvo\ Vjk gkfof k|d'v;'lgn k|hfklth'+ /fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0fk|flws/0fof k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t;'zLnrGb| 1jfnLh'+ o]Fof /fgLk'v' k'gMlgdf{0fofo\tf k|fljlws hgzlQm km\j+u'ln Vjkgu/kflnsf ;sf/fTds h"u' vfF sª lbn .jo\sg+ :jlguM emLu' -;femf_ d+su' ;f+:s[lts;Dkbf h'u'nL+ UjfxfnL ofo\ dMu' ;femf st{JovM wfof] lbn .

Vjk gu/kflnsfof k|d'v k|zf;sLoclws[t /f]lxt/fh kf]v/]noftf labfO@)&% kmfu'g @!

Vjk gu/kflnsfof k|d'v k|zf;sLo clws[t/f]lxt/fh kf]v/]noftf 5u' Hofem\jM bo\s dltgfof lr+gkf+ gu/ k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfklth'+ ljbfO ofª lbn . Vjkgkf d]u' gkf :jof] af+nfu' j Jojl:yt h'u' gkf+ ;snl;ofUjfxfnLv+ yMtf Hof;fg] cMk'u' vf“ sfª lbn . pu"Hofem\j;+ k|d'v k|hfklth'+ ;/sf/ ;kmn c;kmn h'Ou'sd{rf/Lof UjfxfnLvo\ e/ k/]h'O wfof] lb;+] km';{bofOno k|=k|=c= kf]v/]n h'oftf yMu' hLjgof cg'ej Rjof]Gx'u' k':tftf nf“k' Soª lb;F wfof] lbn .

@)&% kmfu'g @# ut]pu' Hofem\j;+ d"kfxf+ xfg]axDxf g]dlskfof gfof]

gf/fo0fdfg lah'S5+]h'+ ljBfyL{lkGtf e"uf]n j Oltxf;of1fg laodkm";f lhDd]jf/ kb] jflgan] t:s+ sfy+ dl5+sHof ofOu'ln+ kf7\oqmd afx]s b]zelQmk"0f{ g}lts lzIffljodMu' vf“v] aM laof]lbn . /fhgLltof vf“UjM untJofVof ofª Rj+u'ln+ s'+lvª lb;] b]z j hgtfof lg:jfy{;]jf ofo\u' x] /fhgLlt vM wfof]lbn .

pu' Hofem\j;+ Vjk gkfof k|d'v Pjd\ sn]hJoj:yfkg ;ldltof gfof] ;'lgn k|hfklth'+ @! cf}+ ztfAbLtfdMk'+ ljBfyL{t pTkfbg ofo\dMu' vf“ aMlaof] lb;]+ :yfgLotxtf s]Gb|+ ;~rfng ofo\u' k|ltufdL ;f]r vM wfof] lb;+]s]Gb+| jx] ;f]r+ Hof ;flgu' ;Defjgf bMu' vf“ sª lbn .

cy]x] k|b]z g+= # of ;f+;b ;'/]Gb|/fh uf];fO{h'+ljBfno+ ljBfyL{to\tf cg'zfl;t j Ifdtf ljsf;of vf“sg] dMu' vf“ sfª lbn . pu" Hofem\j;+ ( j8fofj8fWoIfgkf+ lj=Ao=cWoIf /ljGb| HofVj k|frfo{k'+ s[i0fk|;fbwG5f, wgs'df/+ >]i7 nufot+ Gjr' laof] bo"u' vM .

jfuLZj/L dfljof -lx/f a'lb+_lx/s hoGtLof Hofem\jM Sjrfn

19

Vjk kf}

@)&% kmfu'g @$ ut]Vjk gkf kfv+] ;~rflnt Vjk sn]h j Vjk

OlGhlgol/ª\u sn]hof ;+o'Qm Uj;fno\ !)( u" cGt/f{li6«o >lds dlxnf lbjzof n;tfo\ h"u' Hofem\j;+xfg]axDxf g]dlskfof gfof] gf/fo0fdfg lah'S5] /f]lxth'+ljBfyL{lk;+ hf“r] kf; h'otf hs Ajg]u' dv';+] efiff gkf+yL yL ljifoj:t'of hfgsf/L gkf+ af+ af+nfu' ;fkm"t lg/Gt/ Ajg]dMu'ln aMlaof] lbn . ld;fd:to;+ /fhgLlts;flxTo AjgwM;f ;dfhtf y'Os] cMk'Ou' cn] lzIfs–lzlIfsflk;+ g]kfnL efiff j df+ efo\ vo\ af+nfs 1fgbo\s]dMu' ;dfhoftf xMlrOs]tf cn] Gx'u' k':tftf xMlrn]tfcMk'Ou' 9·+ Jojxfl/s lzIff lao dMu' vf“ vo\ aMlaof]lbn .

cy] x] g]dlskfof d" b'hM Vjk gkfof k|d'vh'+

@)&% kmfu'g @$ ut];]s\l/8\xf8{of cleefjs lbjz] Vjk gkfof k|d'v

;'lgn k|hfklth'of d"kfxf“no Sjrfn . pu" Hofem\j;+ @!cf}+ ztfAbLof lg+lt+ dMk'+ ljBfyL{t emLu' b]z] x] pTkfbg ofªcldtf /fhgLlt 1fglaof] ;dfhof lg+lt+ Hof ;flgk'+ bo\s]dMu' vf“v] aMlaof] lbn . Vjk gkf+ cGt/gu/ v]ns'b lw+

;]s\l/8\ xf6{of cleefjs lbjzlw anfsf;f, /~hgflnlk, ljb]zL efiff gkf+ yL yLnfxfto\ HofbOu' ;Lkd"ns tflnd laof] jofu' cn] Gx'u'k':tftf emLu' ;+:sf/ ;+:s[lt Dxfl;Os] laof] tf O{ tsDjfs to\of nflu+ :yfgLo kf7\oqmd bos Aj+s] laofu' vf“g+ sª lbn . pu" Hofem\jvo\ yL yL JolQmTjlk;+ yMu' g'uMvf“ Kj+sb\o"u' vM gkf+ ;f“:s[lts AjHof g+ h"u' vM .

/fhgLlts sfo{stf{to\;+ cGt/f{li6«o qmflGtsf/L dlxnf g]t[lklgu' hLjgL Ajg]dPg= lh= cf]=÷cfO=Pg=lh=cf]+ to\;+ vM y+] ªf+s hsdlxnf lbjz ªfo\s jof] Rj+u' k'“hLjfbL Joj:yfv\o yy]h'Ou' :jfefljs vf“ vM wfof]lbn .

juL{o ;dfh] tMldk'+ ld;fto\u' nflu+ cj;/,:jtGqtf, ;'ljwf km'Ss b}u' cn] ul/a lrld ld;fd:to\tf 5'+ x] db}u' h'u'ln+ dlxnf d'lQmoftf juL{od'lQmgkf+ :jfo\dMu' vf“ sª lbn .

/fHo ;+/rgfvo\ Hof;fª g}k'+ ld;fd:to\u';dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj dMu' vf“ wfof] lbn .

cy]x] pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zLh'+ of]Uo dlxnfk'+;dfhk|lt pQ/bfoL h'of] ;Eo j ;';+:s[t ;dfh bo\s]tfUjfxfnL h'O sfy+ xHofo dMu' vf“ sª lbn .

pu' Hofem\j;+ k|frfo{k'+ j lzlIfsf lk;+ g+ yMu'g'uMvf“ Kj+s b\o"u' vM .

@)&% kmfu'g @% ut]z'qmaf/ ltnu+uf cf“vf s]Gb|of k|fljlws UjfxfnLvo\

cf“vf c:ktfn rfo\s]u' vf“ sª lbn . km'Ss :jf:Yo ;'ljwfVjk];+ bo\s]u' dlt+ y'y' Hof h'of] Rj+u' gkf+ km'Ss gful/s :j:yj lzlIft ofo\u'ln Vjk gkf+ aMlaof] Rj+u' vf“ sª lbn .

pu' Hofem\j;+ j8fWoIf -#_ /fhs[i0f uf]/f sfof{kflnsf;b:o ;'lgtf cjfn j j8f ;b:o s[i0fuf]kfn rf}u'7L g+ yMu'g'uMvf“ Kj+s b\o"u vM .

cy] x] j8f g+= ̂ of dlxnf :jf:Yo sfo{stf{ gkf+ g;{

kl/rfng ;ldltof Uj;fno\ h"u' ;'u/, k|];/, d[uf}nf;DaGwLlgMz'Ns :jf:y k/LIf0f Hofem\j;+ gu/ k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfklth'+:jf:Yo lzlj/ ofª Vjkof hgtfof :jf:Yoof cj:yf l;Osjf;ofo\ cMk'Ou' h'u'ln+ yhu' lzlj/ ofo\dMu' vf“ sª lbn .Ono x] Njo kQf nu]ofª Ono x] jf; ofo\ dMu' vfF v] jos+aMlaof] lbn .

pu' Hofem\j;+ j8fWoIf -^_ xl//fd ;'jfn j8f;b:o, uf]ljGb b'jfn, l;l4/fd cjfn, sf=;= /f]zgd}of;'jfnh'lk;+ g+ yMu' vf“ Kj+s bo"u' vM .

ltnu+uf cf“vf s]Gb|of k|fljlws UjfxfnLvo\ cf“vf c:ktfn rfo\s]u'

Vjk kf}

20

@)&% kmfu'g @&Vjk gu/kflnsfof Uj;fno\ P]ltxfl;s efHof

k'v' hL0ff{]4f/of k|ltj]bg;DaGwL 5u" cGt/lqmof Hofem\jMh'n . pu" Hofem\j;+ Oltxf;ljb\, ;+/If0fljb\, hgk|ltlglw,gkfof zfvf k|d'vk+' j ljleGg If]qof ;/f]sf/jfnfk'+emfof] Ajltsfof] bo"u' vM .

pu" Hofem\j;+ d" kfxf+ g]dlskfof 5of~h] cn]k|ltlglw;efof ;f+;b k|]d ;'jfnh'+ ;/sf/+ ;Dkbf;+/If0fvo\ Wofg dtMu'ln+ ckn+ ;Dkbft -Nxfª_ dbof]jf+u' k'v', kmNrf, ;Q gkf+ yMu' gfd] tof] Gofo\u' ldo\u'Hofh"u'ln+ cfklQ Kj+s lbn . lhDd]jf/L kb] Rj+k'+ dg"to\;+ofu' uNtLv+ b]z] ck"/0fLo Iflt h"u' vf“ sª lb;+];Dkbfof P]ltxfl;s cWoog gkf+ Nx\jg]u', bo\s]u' HofoftfxHofs]dMu'ln aMlaof] lbn .

cy] x] gu/ k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfklth'+ VjkofP]ltxfl;s k'/ftflTjs dxŒj bMu' ;Dkbft Nx\jg]u' dlt+5'+ bzs Gx\of]lg;+] knf xMlrOs Rjªfu' cy] :df/s

;+/If0f P]g, ;Dkbf ;+/If0f P]g, lgod, ;Dkbfljb\,Oltxf;ljb\ j ;+:s[ltljb\ j :yfgLo cg'ej+ kfsf]k'+ hgtfof;Nnfxsfy+ xHofª Rjªfu' vf“ sª lbn .

tMk'v' Nx\jªfu' cg'ejof lnw+;fo\ gfM HjOyfo\b]rf tof] cn] k'v'of byLof b]uM5' vM wfo\u' cg';Gwfgj cWoog lj1lkGtf ofs Kofxf“ ju' k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgsfy+ efh'sM;+ bo\su' lsDabGtL bM;f+ o]+of /fgLk'v':jof] ªf+;bf xf“x] y'u' k'v' bMu' vf“ k|ltj]bg+ So+u' wfof]lbn . y'ls+ Gx"u' Oltxf; ;'?h"u' vf“ sª lbn .

pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zLh'+ n;s'; Gjr' ljof] bo"u'pu' Hofem\j;+ k|ltj]bg Oltxfl;ljb\ 8f= k'?iff]Qdnf]rg>]i7h'+ k|:t't ofª bo"u' vM . k'v'of bYjL hn]Zj/dxfb]j of d"lt{ j b]uM bMu' pu' b]uM lzv/ z}nLof vMwfof] lbn . cy]x] k|lhc gf/fo0fk|;fb e§, k'/ftŒjljefuof k"j{ dxflgb{]zs e]ifgf/fo0f bfxfn, ;+:s[ltljbt]h]Zj/ afa' Uj+uM k|f=8f= df]xgd"lt{ kGy, k'/ftTj ljefuofk"j{ lgb{]zs nIfd0f/fh 1jfnL, u'7L ;+:yfgof lgb{]zsdLg/fh rf}w/L, k'/ftŒj ljefuof k|d'v xl/;'j]bL k|]dl;+xa:Goft j b/af/ x]/rfx tyf :df/s ;+/If0f sfof{noofk|ltlglw sNkgf k|hfklth'+ lk;+ g+ yMu' vf“ tof] bo"u' vM .

efHof k'v' hL0ff{]4f/of k|ltj]bg;DaGwL 5u" cGt/lqmof Hofem\jM

h]l;h :s"nof $) su"jflif{sf]T;jof pn]Hof

@)&% kmfu'g @% ut]h]l;h O·ln; :s"nof $) su" jflif{sf]T;j j

cleefjs lbjzof pn]Hofof;+] cGt/f{li6«o nfufo\ k|lt:kwf{ofo\ kmMk'+ ;Ifd j bIf hgzlQm tof/ ofo\dMu' gkf+cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk gkf+ ;dfh] n]k'lgu' Joxfl/s jg}lts lzIff laof] JolQmut :jfy{ dv';+] ;dfh ;]jfofefj bMk'+ ljBfyL{ tof/ ofo\dM wfof] lbn .

cy] x] luN6/ km\o'r/ :s"nof !& su" jflif{sf]T;j;+gu/ k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfklth'+ lstfaL 1fggfkf+ Jojxfl/s1fgg+ laof] b]z j ;dfhof ;]jf ofOk'+ ljBfyL{ bo\s] dMu'vf“ lGxyfª lbn .

hd{g;f+;bk'+ Vjko\ emfn@)&% kmfu'g @) ut]

g]dlskfof ;f+;b k|]d ;'jfn j Vjk gkfof k|d'v;'lgn k|hfklth'gkf+ hd{gof ;f+;bk'+ Tobias Plfuger,Gabriele Katzmarek / Anke DomscheitBerg h'lk;+ Vjko\ gkfnfª lbn . gkf+ g]kMof nflu+hd{g /fhb"t /f]gfN8 ;]km/ g+ bL . ;f+;b k|]d ;'jfn h'+g]kMof ;+;b j hd{g b]z+ Vjkof ;Dkbf ;+/If0f] ofu'UjfxfnL hgtfof dg] bMlg wfof] lbn .

cy]x] k|d'v k|hfklth'+ Vjko\ &@ ;fnof Ejvfr+ofu' Iflt aR5L dofsf+ k'gMlgdf{0f ofo\ afFsL bMlgu' vfFsª lbn . y'hu' Hof cfly{s cg'zf;g j hg;xeflutfofª Gx\ofs Rjªfu' vfF sª lbn .

hd{g ;f+;blk;+ ljZj ;Dkbf If]q] rflxn] w'+s;kmf ;x/ Vjko\ rflxn] bMu' ln notf Kj+s lbn .