1

Fw.-F. ae-bmfw

(km-ln-XycN\)

]mTy-]-≤Xn

Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥

ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-ime

2

Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bv°p-th≠n

cPn-kvSm¿ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂Xv

3

BapJw

ae-bmf mj-bnepw kmln-Xy-Ønepw ka-K-amb Adn-hp-≠m-°pI F∂

e£y-tØm-sS-bmWv Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bpsS kmln-

Xy-^m-°¬‰n°pIogn-ep≈ Fw.-F. ae-bmfw (km-ln-Xy-]-T-\w), Fw.-F. ae-

bmfw (km-ln-Xy-c-N-\) F∂o tImgvkp-I-fpsS ]mTy-]-≤Xn Xøm-dm-°n-bn-´p

-≈-Xv. aebmf`mjbpsS hn⁄m\]Zhn, `mjm-im-kvXw, hymI-c-Ww, kwkv

Ir-Xw, tIcf kwkvIm-cw, hnh¿Ø-\-]-T\w, kmlnXyNcnX hn⁄m\obw

XpSßn ]tØmfw t]∏-dp-Iƒ c≠v Fw.-F. tImgvkp-I-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm\-

hn-j-b-ß-fm-Wv. `mjm-km-ln-Xy-ß-fpsS ]T-\-Øn¬ Ch A\n-hm-cy-am-Ip-∂p.

hyp¬]-Ønbpw `mhp-I-Xzhpw hnZym¿∞n-I-fn¬ Dcp-Øn-cn-bp-∂-Xn\v Cu ka-

K-]m-Ty-]-≤Xn DX-Ip-sa-∂mWv ]Xo-£n-°p-∂-Xv.

kmln-Xy-]-T\w tImgvkn¬ \n∂v Fw.F ae-bmfw (km-ln-Xy-c-N-\)

F∂ tImgvkn\v Nne hyXy-kvX-X-I-fp-≠v. ][m-\-ambpw k¿§m-fl-I-c-N-\-bpsS

ssk≤m-¥n-Ihpw ]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amb hi-߃°mWv AXnse BZysØ ska-

Ã-dp-Iƒ Du∂¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≈-Xv. cN-\m-kn-≤m-¥-߃, cN-\m-X-¥-߃

F∂nh a\-n-em-°p-hm≥ hnZym¿∞n-Isf klm-bn-°p∂ Xc-Øn-em-hWw

A≤ym-]-\-co-Xn. k¿§m-flI cN-bn-Xm-°ƒ°p≈ Du¿÷-am-bn-Øocpw Cu

]mTy-]-≤Xn F∂p ]-Xo-£n-°p-∂p. ASn-ÿm-\-hn-j-b-ß-fn-eqsS hyp¬]-

Ønbpw A`ym-km-\p-io-e-\-ß-fn-eqsS Imc-bn-Xnbpw `mh-bn-Xn-bp-amb `mhp-

I-Xz-ßfpw t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ ]mI-Øn-emWv ]mTy-]-≤Xn Bhn-jvI-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv.

tUm. Sn. A\n-X-Ip-amcn

A≤y-£, kmlnXy ]T\kanXn

4

]T-\-kanXn AwK-߃

tUm. Sn. A\n-XIp-amcn (A-≤y-£)

tUm. NmØ-\mØv ANyp-X-\pÆn

tUm. kn.-B¿. ]kmZv

tUm. F≥. APnXvIpam¿

tUm. F.Fw. io[-c≥

tUm. h’-e≥ hmXp-t»cn

tUm. ]n.-F-kv. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥

tUm. F¬. tXmakvIp´n

tUm. _n.-hn. iin-Ip-am¿

tUm. IrjvW≥ \ºq-Xncn

tUm. C. cm[m-IrjvW≥

tUm. A≥h¿. F

5

H∂mw ska-ÿMU CC 1001 ae-bm-f`mj-bpsS hn⁄m-\-]-Zhn

MU MLW 3102 k¿§m-flIcN\ ˛ ASn-ÿm\XØz-߃

MU MLW 3103 k¿§m-flIcN\ ˛ ASn-ÿm\LS-I-߃

MU MLW 3104 `mjm-imkvXw

MU MLW 3105 kwkvIrX-]-cn-Nbw

c≠mw ska-ÿMU MLW 3206 IhnX˛\mSIw

MU MLW 3207 BJym-\-Ie

MU MLW 3208 sNdp-IY˛t\mh¬

MU MLW 3209 hnh¿Ø-\-]-T\w

MU MLW 3210 hymI-c-Ww

aq∂mw ska-ÿMU MLW 3311 kmln-Xyhna¿i\XØz߃

MU MLW 3312 -tIcfkwkvImcw

MU MLW 3313 Fgp-Ø-—\pw BJym-\-I-ebpw (Hm∏¨ C-e-IvSo-hv)

MU MLW 3314 kmln-Xy-P-\p-p-Iƒ (C-e-IvSo-hv 1)

MU MLW 3315 ItY-X-c-km-lnXyw (C-e-IvSo-hv 2)

\memw ska-ÿMU MLW 3416 kmln-Xyhpw kwkvIm-c-]-T-\hpw

MU MLW 3417 km-ln-Xy-Ncn-X-hn-⁄m-\obw

MU MLW 3418 Kth-jW ]_‘w/cN-\m-k-a¿∏Ww

MU MLW 3419 Iºyq-´¿ ae-bm-fhpw ]km-[-\-I-ebpw (C-e-IvSo-hv 3)

MU MLW 3420 am[yacN\ (C-e-IvSo-hv 4)

6

H∂mw ska-ÿMU CC 1001 ae-bm-f`mj-bpsS hn⁄m-\-]-Zhn

MU MLW 3102 k¿§m-flIcN\ ˛ ASn-ÿm\XØz-߃

MU MLW 3103 k¿§m-flIcN\ ˛ ASn-ÿm\LS-I-߃

MU MLW 3104 `mjm-imkvXw

MU MLW 3105 kwkvIrX-]-cn-Nbw

7

MU CC 1001 ae-bm-f- m-j-bpsS hn⁄m-\-]-Zhn

\thm-∞m-\-Imew apX¬ ssh⁄m-\n-Iw, hnZym- ym-kw, kmt¶-Xn-Iw, cmjvSobw

F∂o cwKß-fn¬ ae-bm-f- `m-j -t\-Sp∂ hf¿® ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-XmWv

Cu t]∏¿.

bqWn‰v 1\thm-∞m-\hpw ae-bm-f-`m-jm-ht_m-[hpw:-˛ tImf-\o-I-c-Whpw amXr-`m-j-bpw.

temI-`m-j-I-fn¬ ae-bm-fØns‚ ÿm\w, \thm-∞m-\hpw tIc-fw, ae-bmfw

F∂o k¶¬∏-\-ß-fpsS hf¿®bpw ˛ amXr-`m-jbv°v th≠n-bp≈ ia-߃

˛ a‡n-X-߃, tPm¿÷v amØ≥, F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, ]T-\-am-[y-aw, sFIy-

tI-cfw F∂ k¶¬∏w, sFIy-tI-cf ]ÿm-\w.

hnti-j-]-T\w

n tPm¿÷v amØ≥, "_mem-`y-k-\-sØ-°p-dn®v Hcp ]kwKw' (aq∂mw

Jfiw amXw) (1867)

(tUm. kmap-h¬ Nµ-\-∏≈n, dh. tPm¿÷v amØ≥ ˛ IrXn-Ifpw ]T-

\hpw, ]p. 435 ˛ 447)

n a‡n-X-߃, "Xan-gp-cmPyw apX¬ ae-bm-f- cmPy\nhm-kn-I-fmb ap…nw

P\hpw hnZym-`ym-khpw' (a‡n Xß-fpsS kºq¿Æ IrXn-Iƒ, tIcf

CkvemanIv anj≥, Xncq¿ 6, 1981)

n F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, "\m´p- m-jm-hn-Zym- ymkw' (F. B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω-

bpsS sXc-s™-SpØ ]_-‘-߃, cRvPna ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, amΩq-Sv,

1987)

n ktlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏≥, ae-bm-f-`m-j-bpsS A`n-hr≤n am¿§w (1934)

(k-tlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏≥: Pohn-Xhpw IrXn-Ifpw Fw.]n. joP (F-Un.)

8

ssaXn- _p-Ivkv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 2010)

n KqKn hm Xn HmwtKm, B^n-°≥ kmln-Xy-Øns‚ `mj (a-\-ns‚ A]-

tIm-f-\o-I-c-Ww)

n Xmbm´v i¶-c≥, am\-kn-I-amb ASn-aØw (C-¥y≥ hnZym-`ymkw \q‰m-

≠p-I-fn-eq-sS)

bqWn‰v 2

`mj-bpsS am\-Io-I-c-Whpw B[p-\n-IoI-c-W-hpw.

hmsam-gn-bn¬ \n∂v hc-sam-gn-bn-te-°v, ae-bmfw A°-߃, kmln-Xy-N-cn-X-

߃, \nL-≠p-°-fpsS hc-hv, ]mtZ-inI `mjm-t`-Z-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Xncn-®-dn-

hv, eIvkn-t°m-Km-^n, A®-Sn, ]Xw, ]X-`m-j, am[y-a-`m-j, `mjm-km-t¶-Xn-

IX: ae-bmfw ssS∏vssd-‰¿, en]n-bpsS ]cn-Wm-aw, en]n ]cn-jvI-c-W-I-Ω-‰n-

Iƒ, A®Sn: ]pXnb en]n, Iºyq-´¿ ae-bm-fw, ae-bmfw tkm^v‰vshb¿, AXn-

\p≈ ia-߃, ÿm]-\-߃.

hnti-j-]-T\w

n C.- hn. cma-Ir-jvW≥, "h¿Ø-am\ ]X-ß-fp-sSbpw A®Sn b¥-ß-fp-

sSbpw hym]-\-tØmsS ae-bm-fn-bpsS kmlnXy k¶¬∏-\-ß-fnepw mjm

hyh-lm-c-ß-fnepw kw`-hn® am‰-߃'

(Fw. F≥. hnP-b≥ (F-Un.) \ΩpsS kmln-Xyw, \ΩpsS kaq-lw,

hmeyw 2)

n Sn.- _n. thWp-tKm-]m-e-∏-Wn-°¿, "ae-bmf en]n ]cn-jvI-cWw: `qXhpw

`mhnbpw' (P-\-]-Yw, \hw. 2009).

n kt¥m-jv tXm- p-߬, "bq\n-t°mUv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ kw -hn-°p-∂-sX¥v?'

(P-\-]-Yw, \hw. 2009).

n \nJn¬ \ºym¿, hna¬ tPmk^v, "ae-bmfw C≥kvIn-]vj≥ Iot_m¿Uv

Fßs\ D]-tbm-Kn°mw?' (P-\-]Yw, \hw. 2009).

n Fw. apIp-µ≥, "Hcp km£m¬ Xnø≥ as‰mcp Xnø-t\mSv Cw•ojv ]d-

bptam?'

(am-Xr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn-∏v, 2010 P\p. 24 -˛ 30)

bqWn‰v 3hn⁄m-\- mjhn⁄m-\-`m-j-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠p-h-sc-bp≈ ae-bm-f-

Øns‚ hf¿®, hn⁄m-\-`m-j-bpsS hnIm-kw, hn⁄m-\-tIm-i-߃, ae-bmf

]Z-tIm-i-Øns‚ B[p-\n-IoI-c-Ww. A¿∞-]-cn-Wm-aw, hnh¿Ø-\-K-Ÿ-߃,

imkvX-K-Ÿ-߃, `uXn-I-im-kvX-߃, kmaq-ly-im-kvXw, C¥y≥ `mj-I-

fn¬ \n∂p≈ hnh¿Ø-\w. Cw•ojv `mj-bn¬ \n∂p≈ hnh¿Ø-\-߃, a‰p-

temI`mj-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hnh¿Ø-\-߃, kmt¶-XnI ]Z-߃, kmt¶-XnI

]Z-kq-Nn, ]mT-]p-kvXI IΩn-‰n, amXr-`m-jm-hn-Zym-e-b-߃ D]-cn-hn-Zym-`ym-khpw

amXr- m-j-bpw, ]IrXn imkvX kmaq-ly-im-kvX-]-T\w ae-bmf am[y-a-Øn¬.

9

hnti-j-]-T\w

n sI. tkXp-cm-a≥, "D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ymkw' (a-e-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn, sI´p-I-Y-

I-fpsS ASn-ÿm\w F∂ A[ymbw. ]p. 104 ˛ 123)

n tPml-∂kv t^m¨ tab¿, ]Ir-Xn-im-kvX-Ønse ka¿∏W teJ\w

(1883)

(Imhp-ºmbn _me-Ir-jvW≥, aebmf imkvX-km-lnXy ]ÿm\w Hcp

]T\w ˛ A\p-_-‘w)

n tPmk^v ap≠-t»cn, ae-bm-f-`m-jbpw imkvX-K-Ÿ-ßfpw, (`-c-W-`m-j,

1935)

n ANyp-Xvi-¶¿, imkvX-`mj (\-ΩpsS `mj, \ΩpsS kwkvIm-cw, FUn.

Imhp-ºmbn _me-Ir-jvW≥)

n ]n. ]hn-X≥, `mjbpw XXz-Nn-¥bpw: D]-I-c-W-hm-Z-Øn\pw \n¿W-b-hm-

Z-Øn\panS-bn¬, amXr-`m-jbv°vth≠n-bp≈ ka-cw, 2014.

n cho-µ≥, "Ne-®nX kma-Kn-bmbn amdp∂ `mj' (a-e-bm-fw, amXr-`qan

tImgn-t°m-Sv)

bqWn‰v 4

`c-W-`mj ˛ ae-bmf `mj-bpsS `c-W-]-chpw cmjvSo-b-hp-amb hnImkw

`c-W-`m-jbpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-h¬°-c-W-hpw, temI-am-Xr-`m-jm-Zn-\w, C¥y≥ `c-

W-L-S-\-bn¬ `mjI-fpsS ÿm\w, ae-_m¿, sIm®n, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ F∂n-hn-

S-ß-fnse `c-W-a-fi-e-Øn¬ ae-bmf`mj-bv°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ ÿm\w. `c-W-`m-

j-bv°p≈ IΩo-j≥, tImam-´n¬ ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥ IΩo-j≥. HutZym-KnI

`mjm ]Jym-]-\w 1969. tImSXn `mj ˛ \tc-µ≥ IΩo-j≥ ˛ `c-W-`m-jm-t]m-

’m-l-\ \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ ˛ Pn√m Xmeq°v Xe HutZym-KnI `mjm-k-an-Xn-Iƒ, `mj-

bv°p-th-≠n-bp≈ ]ÿm-\-߃.

hnti-j-]-T\w:

n iqc-\m-´p-Ip-™≥]n≈, "ae-bmfw c-W-`m-jm-]-Z-hn-bn-te°v' (`-c-W-`m-j,

C≥^¿ta-j≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv hIp-∏v, tIcf k¿°m¿).

n PÃnkv \tc-µ≥, 1. "ae-bmfw tImS-Xn-I-fn¬'†(`c-W-`m-j)

2. \tc-µ≥ IΩo-j≥ dnt∏m¿´v ˛ kwKlw (Hu-tZym-KnI `mjm-kw-_-‘-

ambn tIcf k¿°m¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® ][m\ DØc-hp-Ifpw k¿°p-e-dp-

I-fpw, A\p-_‘w 1, tIcf k¿°m¿, 2002)

n ]n. tKmhn-µ-∏n≈, "`mj-bpsS cmjvSobw'†

n Sn. Sn. ioIp-am¿, "`mjm-]-Xn-k-‘n-bpsS kmaqly ]›m-Øew' (hn-

⁄m\ ssIc-fn, 1990 Pqembv)

n tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw, "ae-bmf kwc-£-Ww, F¥n\v'? Fßs\? (a-e-bm-

fhpw ae-bm-fnbpw, Id‚ v _pIvkv, Xriq¿ 1992).

n Fw. F≥. hnP-b≥, "`mj kwkvImcw hnZym-`ymkw' (\-ΩpsS `mj,

\ΩpsS kwkvIm-cw, FUn. Imhp-ºmbn _me-Ir-jvW≥)

10

n Fw. hn. tXmakv, tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y\w: ]mtZ-inI `mj-I-fn-eqsS (`-c-W-

`mjm ]iv\-߃, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v).

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

A_vZpƒIcow, apl-ΩZv sI. sP. (k-ºm), 2006 a‡n-X-ß-fpsS kºq¿Æ

IrXn-Iƒ, tImgn-t°m-Sv, hN\w _pIvkv.

BZ¿iv hn. sI, 2009, C\n hmb-\, C. hmb-\, tIm´-bw, Un. kn. _pIvkv.

C. -Fw.- F-kv, 1997, \ΩpsS `mj, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

C≥^¿ta-j≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv hIp-∏v, 2003, `c-W-`m-j tIc-f-

k¿°m¿.

Hma\ ]n. -hn, 1990, \nL-≠p-°ƒ ae-bm-f-Øn¬, tIm´-bw, Id‚ v _pIvkv.

Imc-t»cn Fw. F≥, 2004, sXfn-a-e-bm-fw, tIm´-bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cmcv, 2002, ae-bm-f-ssi-en, tImgn-t°m-Sv, amcm¿ kmln-Xy-]

-Im-iw

tIcf ]kv A°m-Zan, 1983, ]X-`m-j, sIm®n, tIcf ]kv A°m-Zan.

tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v, A®-Snbpw FgpØpw: Hcp ssì ]pkvX-Iw,

Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

IrjvW-Ip-am¿ Fkv, 1996, ae-bmf Kth-jWw k¿h-I-em-im-e-I-fn¬, Xncp-h-

\-¥-]p-c, am¿Kn ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, .

KtWjv kn (F-Un), 2016, `mj-bpsS AXn-Po-h-\-Øn\v Hcp P\XbpsS

k©m-cw, tImgn-t°m-Sv, ]nb-X.

Kncojv ]n. Fw. 2013, ae-bmfw: kzXzhpw hn\n-a-b-hpw, ip-I-]pcw, h≈-tØmƒ

hnZym-]o-Tw.

tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥ \Sp-h´w tUm, 2012, ae-bmfw ¢mknIv `mj: ]g-°hpw

hy‡n-Xz-hpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

KqKn hm XnHmwtKm, 2007, a\-ns‚ A]-tIm-f-\o-I-cWw, sIm√w, Kmwjn

_pIvkv.

tKm]n-\m-Y≥ \mb¿ F≥, (F-Un.), 2006, `mjbpw kaq-lhpw: `mjm-imkvX

]T-\-߃, ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-hn-`m-Kw, Imen-°‰v k¿h-I-em-im-e.

Nmt°m ]n. kn, 1940, ae-bmfw Npcp-s°-gpØv am\z¬, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, Kh.

]v.

Pb-Ir-jvW≥ F≥, (F-Un.), 2011, ae-bm-fhpw ¢mkn-°¬ ]Z-hn-bpw, Xncp-h-

\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

Pb-cmPv Fw, 2017, ae-bmf A®-Sn-am-[yaw : `qXhpw h¿Ø-am-\hpw, tImgn-

t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.

Pbm kpIp-am-c≥ (F-Un.), 1997, X¿÷a: kn≤m-¥hpw ]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-

Øn¬, Xmc-Xay ]T-\-kw-Lw.

tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw, 1982, ae-bm-fhpw ae-bm-fn-bpw, Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.

tPm¿÷v Ccp-ºbw, 2010, ˛ "ae-bm-fn°v Btcm-SmWv Iqdv' `mj kmlnXyw

11

kwkvIm-cw, Xriq¿, tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Z-an.

tPmk^v ]n. Fw, 1984, ae-bm-f-Ønse ]c-Iob ]Z-߃, Xncp-h-\¥-]p-cw,

tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

tPmk^v, kvIdnb tUm, 2007, ]g»n tcJ-I-fnse hyh-lm-c-`m-j, tImgn-

t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.

tZh-cm-P≥ Pn. tUm., 2005, C≥^¿ta-j≥ kb≥kv: Hcm-ap-Jw, Xncp-h-\-¥-

]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

\mb¿, s]cp∂ sI. F≥., 1976, ae-bmf ]X-Øns‚ IY, tIc-f- h¿°nwKv

tP¿W-enÃv bqWn-b≥.

]hn-X≥ ]n, 2014, amXr-`m-jbv°v th≠n-bp≈ ka-cw, ae-bmf sFIy-th-Zn.

]Im-iv sI. Fkv. tUm, tUm. Fkv. F. jm\-hmkv (kw-tim.), 2010, ae-

bmf `mjbpw BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-hpw, ]Im-i-\-hn-`m-Kw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,

tIcf k¿h-I-em-im-e,

]t_m-[-N-µ≥ \mb¿ hn. B¿, 1999 ae-bmfw ae-bm-fn-tbmfw, Xncp-h-\-¥

-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq-´v.

]`m-I-c≥ F≥, 2012, "ae-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn', Bg-Øn¬ sh® I√p-Iƒ, tImgn-

t°m-Sv, C≥ssk‰v ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.

]nb-Z¿i-\≥ Pn, 2010, ae-bmf ]X-]-h¿Ø\w ]mcw`kzcq-]w, Xriq¿, tIcf

kmlnXy A°m-Z-an.

]nb-Z¿i-\≥ Pn, 2010, ]g-a-bn¬ \n∂v, at\m-ca ]ªn-t°-j≥ Unhnj≥.

]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿ sI. Fw, 2004, ae-bmfw: am‰hpw hf¿®bpw, ipI-]p-cw, h≈-

tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw.

]nb-Z¿i-\≥ Pn., 2007, BZy-Ime amkn-I-Iƒ, Xr»q¿, tIcf kmlnXy

A°m-Zan.

t^m¨ta-b¿, tPml-∂kv, 1983, ]Ir-Xn-im-kvXw, _mk¬ anj≥ _p°v

B‚ v SmIv‰v knwt_mkn-‰-dn.

_m_p sNdn-bm≥ tUm, 2009, s_©-an≥ s_bven, tIm´bw, kmlnXy ]h¿Ø-

I-kl-I-cWkw-Lw.

_m_p-cmPv ]n. Fw., 2009, ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Fßs\ tªmKmw, tIm´-bw, Un.- kn.

_pIvkv.

_me-Ir-jvW≥, Imhp-ºmbn, 2007, ae-bmf imkvX-km-lnXy ]ÿm\w Hcp

]T\w, Xriq¿, tIcf imkvX-km-lnXy ]cn-j-Øv.

_me-Ir-jvW≥ Imhp-ºmbn (F-Un.), 2017, \ΩpsS `mj, \ΩpsS kwkvIm-cw,

tIc-f-im-kvX-km-lnXy ]cn-jØv.

ae-bmfw hn°n ]oUnb ]h¿Ø-I¿ 2012 G]n¬, hn°n ]oUnb Hcp ssI∏p-

kvX-Iw, ae-bmfw hn°n-]o-Unb ]h¿Ø-I¿, .

amcm¿ sI.-sI., 2008, tIc-f-Ø-\n-a, tImgn-t°m-Sv, ]q¿W ]ªn-t°-j≥kv

amXyp sP. ap´Øv tUm, 2007, hm¿Ø-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ, ]m∏n-dkv _pIvkv.

amXr-`qan _pIvkv tP¿W¬ (k-am.), 2008, ae-bmfw ˛ ae-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn-sb-

12

°p-dn®v Nne \nco-£-W-߃, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.

amXr- qan, 2014, "knhn¬ k¿hokv hnPbw t\Sm≥ ae-bmf-w', amXr- qan Cb¿_p-

°v, ]p. 746 -˛ 750.

an\n \mb¿, tUm, 2012, knhn¬ k¿∆okv ]co-£-I-fnse ae-bm-fw, tIm´-bw,

at\m-ca _pIvkv.

aq¿t°mØv Ipam-c≥, 1985, Nn”-\w, tIm´-bw, hnZym¿∞n-anXw _p°v Unt∏m.

cho-µ≥ sI., 2009, hnh-c-ti-J-cWw C‚¿s\-‰n¬, tIm´-bw, Un. kn. _pIvkv.

cho-µ≥ sI, 2001, C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn \nL-≠p, tIm´-bw, Un. kn.

_pIvkv.

cmL-h≥ ]pXp-∏≈n, 1985, tIcf ]X-]-h¿Ø\ Ncn-Xw, Xriq¿, tIc-f-

km-lnXy A°m-Z-an.

cmPp amhp-¶¬ tUm, 2004, hnZym-`ymk C≥^¿am-‰n-Ivkv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,

tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq- v.

cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω F. B¿, F. B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω-bpsS ]_-‘-߃, amΩq-Sv.

cRvPna ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.

cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, Fgp-a-‰q¿, 2008, `mjbpw `c-W-`m-j-bpw, tIcf `mjm

C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, Fgp-a-‰q¿ (F-Un.), HutZym-KnI `mjm kw_-‘-ambn tIc-f-

k¿°m¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® ][m\ DØ-c-hp-Ifpw k¿°p-e-dp-I-fpw.

cmP-tKm-]m¬ IΩØv tUm, 2012, `uXn-I-imkvX \nL-≠p, tIm´-bw, Un. kn.

_pIvkv.

cmP-ti-J-c≥ ]n. sI, Fkv. F≥. Pb-]-Imiv, 2003 am[ya \nL-≠p,

tIm´-bw, Un. kn. _pIvkv.

cmP-ti-J-c≥ Fkv, 2010, ae-bm-fn-bpsS ae-bm-fw, tIm -bw, kmlnXy ]h¿ØI

kl-I-c-Wkw-Lw.

cma-N-µ≥ \mb¿ ]∑\, 2000, ae-bm-fhpw ae-bm-fn-I-fpw, tIm´-bw, Id‚ v

_pIvkv.

cma-N-µ≥ ]pXp-t»cn, 2010, sXc-s™-SpØ ]_-‘-߃, Xriq¿, tIc-f-km-

lnXy A°mZan.

cma-h¿Ω (a-cp) Xºp-cm≥, F. B¿. AJn-te-iz-c-ø¿ (hym-Jym.), 1128, aI-cw,

Xr»n-h-t]-cq¿bp‡n-`m-jm, awK-tfm-Zbw enan-‰-Uv.

hk-¥≥ Fkv. sI, 2007, kakvX tIcf kmlnXy ]cn-j-Øns‚ Ncn-Xw,

Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.

h¿°n ]´n-a‰w, 2008, Iwπo‰v Iºyq-´¿ _p°v, tIm´-bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv

hnP-b≥ Fw. F≥ (P-\. FUn), 2000, \ΩpsS kmlnXyw \ΩpsS kaqlw ˛

1901 ˛ 2000, 1˛4 hmey-߃, tIc-f-km-lnXy A°m-Zan.

thWp-tKm-]≥ \mb¿ Fkv. hn (F-Un.), 2010, ae-bmf `mjm-N-cn-Xw, Xncp-h-\-

¥-]p-cw, amfp-_≥ ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.

hmkp-°p-´≥, sI. Fw s]m^, 1991, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v: ]›m-Ø-ehpw

13

]h¿Ø-\-hpw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq-´v.

hnf-°pSn cmtP-µ≥ tUm, 2011, `mjm ip≤nbpw `c-W-`m-jbpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-

cw, ]nb-Z¿in\n ]ªn-t°-j≥kv skmssk-‰n.

inh-Ip-am¿. B¿, 2013, `c-W-`mjm ]tbm-K-߃, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

inh-Ip-am¿ B¿., F. B¿. kvanXm tibv, 2013, ae-bm-fw˛Cw•ojv HutZym-

KnI `mjm-\n-L-≠p, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

ioIp-am¿ ]n, 2008, `mj A[zm\w hntam-N-\w, hntam-N-\m-flI `mjm-im-kvX-

Øn\v Hcm-ap-Jw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, Nn¥-]-ªn-tjgvkv

ioIp-amcn Fkv., ae-bmf `mjm-\-thm-∞m-\hpw kmlnXy kwL-S-\-Ifpw

joP Fw. ]n., 2010, ktlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏≥: Pohn-Xhpw IrXn-Ifpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-

]p-cw, ssaXn _pIvkv.

jmcp sP. h¿Ko-kv, F. hnP-b-e£van, 1992, A®-Sn, Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.

kmap-h¬ Nµ-\-∏≈n tUm, 1992, dh-d‚ v tPm¿÷v amØ≥: IrXn-Ifpw

]T-\-hpw, Hmdn-b‚¬ dnk¿®v C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v Nµ-\-∏-≈n.

kmw F≥, 2003, ae-bmf ]X-]-h¿Ø\w ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬,

tIm´-bw, Un.- kn. _pIvkv.

kp\oX Sn.- hn, 2009, ssk_¿ ae-bm-fw, Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.

kp\oX Sn. hn, 2012, C ae-bmfw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

kptcjv ]n. tUm, (F-Un) 2017, ae-bm-fw: tZihpw kzXzhpw, tImgn-t°m-Sv,

t]mKkv ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.

tkXp-cm-a≥ sI, ae-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn, tImgn-t°m-Sv, amXr-`qan _pIvkv.

kvIdnb k°-dnb tUm., 1996, Xe-t»cn tcJ-Iƒ, Xm]-kw.

Cw•ojv ]pkvX-I-߃

n Robert Phillipson, Linguistic Imperialism, Oxford University Press, 1992.

n Asha Surangi, Language and Politics in India, Oxford Univesity Press, 2009.

n Satyendranath Bose, 'The Mother Tongue', Satyendra Nath Bose His Life and

Times Selected works, Ed. Kamseshwar C. Wali, World Scientific, 2009.

n John E. Joseph, Language and Identity, Palgrave, Macmillan, 2004.

n imkvX kmt¶-XnI i_vZ-tImiw

n `c-W-`mjm i_vZm-hen

n hnhn[ ]Z-tIm-i-߃

teJ-\-߃

n ]n. kn. Nmt°m, "\nbaw ae-bm-f-Øn¬' (`-c-W-`m-j)

n sIm´nbw apl-ΩZv, "I∏-en-\-I-sØ- Pew' (`-c-W-`m-j)

n Fw. hn. tXmakv, "am‰w aµ-K-Xn-bn-em-hp-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v' (`-c-W-`m-j)

n F. F≥. ]n. DΩ¿Ip´n, "`c-W-`m-jbpw `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´pw' (`-c-W-`m-j)

n tUm. Fw. B¿. Xºm≥, "`cWw P\-ß-fpsS `mj-bn¬' (`-c-W-`m-j)

14

\nb-a-߃, IΩo-j≥ dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ

n `c-W-`mj 1965, 1967 F∂o h¿j-ß-fnse \nb-a-߃

n tIcf HutZym-KnI `mjm \nbaw

n XpS¿ \nb-a-߃ 1973, 1975.

B\p-Im-en-I-߃

n `c-W-`mj, C≥^¿ta-j≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv ]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww.

n hn⁄m-\-ssI-cfn, Pqembv 1990, ae-bmfw hnti-jm¬ ]Xn.

n P\-]Yw, 2010 \hw-_¿, C≥^¿ta-j≥ B‚ v ]ªnIv dnte-j≥kv ]kn-

≤o-I-cWw.

n ae-bm-◊, ae-bmf kan-Xn, 1990.

tcJ--Iƒ

n sI. Pb-Ip-am¿, Xp©Øv cmam-\p-P≥ Fgp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-

im-e, kao-]-\hpw LS\bpw, sabv, 2012 (a-e-bmf k¿h-I-em-imem ÿm]-

\-Øn-\p≈ ]T-\-dn-t∏m¿´v)

n sFIy-a-e-bmf ]ÿm\w eLp-teJ, tIc-f-hn-I-k-\hpw ae-bm-f-k¿h-

I-em-im-ebpw cq]-tc-J, 2011.

15

MU MLW 3102 k¿Km-fl-I-c-N\ ˛ ASn-ÿm-\-X-Øz-߃

]T\e£yw

k¿Km-fl-I-c-N-\sb kw_-‘n® ]uc-kvXyhpw ]m›m-Xy-hp-amb kao-]-\-ßsf

]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. kmlnXycN-bn-Xm-hm-Im≥ ian-°p∂ ]Tn-Xm-hns\ ]c-

º-cm-KXcoXn-bn¬ A`y-kn-∏n°p-∂-Xn-ep-]cn k¿§m-fl-IXsb DtØ-Pn-∏n-°p-

Ibpw ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-I-bp-amWv Cu tImgvkns‚ e£yw. k¿Kmfl-IXbpsS

ASn-ÿm\]am-W-߃, k¿§mflIhmb-\, cN-bn-Xm-hv, cN-\m-kvXw-`\w F∂o

hnj-b-߃°v Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ cN\mPohn-X-Øn¬ khn-tij]m[m-\y-ap-

≠v. A[yb-\-coXn k¿§m-fl-I-am-bn-cn-°pw. ]mtbm-Kn-I-amb DZm-l-c-W-ß-fn-

eq-sS-bmhpw A`y-k\w \S-°p-I.

bqWn‰v 1

k¿Km-fl-IX

]uc-kvXy-k-ao-]-\-߃

k¿Km-fl-I-X-bpsS Dd-hn-S-sØ-°p-dn®pw AXn¬\n∂p cq]-s∏-Sp∂ kr„n-I-

fpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ `mc-Xo-b-]-fin-X-∑m-cpsS A`n-]m-b-߃

˛ ]Xn` ˛ kn≤n ˛ km[\ ˛ Imc-bnXn ˛ `mh-bnXn ˛ hyp¬]-Ønbpw A`ym-

khpw ˛ hy‡n-Xz-Øn¬\n-∂p≈ tamN-\w ˛ Imhy-]-tbm-P\w ˛ Imhy-tl-Xp-

°ƒ ˛ kmaq-ln-I-aq-eyw.

]m›mXy-k-ao-]-\-߃

\n¿h-N-\-߃ ˛ kn≤m-¥-ß-ƒ ˛ k¿Km-fl-IXbpsS Dd-hnSw ˛ `mh-\bpw

k¿Kmfl-IXbpw ˛ `mh-\bpw t_m[-[m-cbpw ˛ `mjbpw k¿K-mfl-IXbpw ˛

_p≤nbpw k¿K-mfl-IXbpw ˛ hy‡n-Xzhpw k¿§-mfl-IXbpw ˛ kz]v\hpw

16

k¿K-mfl-IXbpw ˛ el-cnbpw k¿Kmfl-IXbpw ˛ kam-\-Xbpw FXn¿∏pw

k¿Kmfl-IX-bn¬ ˛ k¿§-mfl-IXbpsS ]cn-]m-e\w ˛ \qX-\m-i-b-ßfpw

k¿Kmfl-IXbpw

bqWn‰v 2

k¿K-mfl-Ihmb\

]uc-kvXy-k-ao-]-\-߃

cN-\-bpsS Bkzm-Z-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ `mc-Xo-b-k-¶-ev]-߃ ˛ ckm-kzm-Z\w ˛

klr-Z-b≥ ˛ A`n-[m-hym-]mcw ˛ `mh-I-Xz-hym-]mcw ˛ t`mP-I-Xz-hym-]mcw ˛

A\p-am-\w.

]m›mXy-k-ao-]-\-߃

hmb\ ˛ hmb-\bpw k¿Kmfl-I hmb-\bpw ˛ hmb-\bpw Nn¥bpw ˛ hmb-

\bpw `mh-\bpw ˛ hmb-\-bpsS ]cn-Wmaw ˛ hmb-\-bpsS \yq¢n-bkv ˛ hmb-

\-bpsS LS\ ˛ amdp∂ hmb\ ˛ amdp∂ \yq¢n-bkv ˛ hmb-\-bpw Zriy-am-[y-

a-ßfpw ˛ hmb-\-bpsS \m\m¿∞-߃ ˛ hmb-\-bn¬ Xo¿°p∂ cN-\m-in¬]-

߃ ˛ hmb-\-bpw ImgvNbpw

bqWn‰v 3

cN-bn-Xmhv

]uc-kvXy-k-ao-]-\-߃

cpZ-S≥, cmP-ti-J-c≥ apX-em-b-h-cpsS ]Xn-`m-N¿®. k¿Km-fl-IX ˛ klr-Z-b-

Xzw.

]m›mXy-k-ao-]-\-߃

cN-bn-Xm-hns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Ifpw Z¿i-\hpw ˛ cN-bn-Xm-hns‚ ]cn-thjw ˛ Fgp-

XmØ IrXn, Fgp-Xnb IrXn ˛ Fgp-Øns‚ \m\m¿∞-߃.

bqWn‰v 4

cN-\

cN-\-sb∂ -inev]w ˛ BJym\ cq]-ßfpsS At\z-jWw ˛ hna¿i\w F∂

A\n-hm-cyX ˛ Xncn-®-dn-tb≠ kmaq-lnI]mT-߃ ˛ cN-\m-k-t¶-X-߃ ˛ `mhp-

IXzhpw kwth-Z-\-£-a-Xbpw ˛ kz¥w `mj, ssien, LS\ F∂n-h-bpsS

Is≠-ج ˛ A\p-`-hhpw Ah-t_m-[hpw

bqWn‰v 5

cN-\m-kvXw- -\hpw hnap-‡nbpw

\n¿h-N\w ˛ Imc-W-߃ ˛ Bi-¶-Iƒ ˛ \ne-®p-t]m-Ip∂ cN\ ˛ B¥-cnI

17

hna¿i-Is‚ km∂n[yw ˛ Fgp-Ø-dnhv ˛ cN-\bpw \ne-]mSpw FXn¿∏pw ˛ cN-

\m-kvXw-`\-Øns‚ \m\m¿∞-߃ ˛ ]cn-lmc am¿K߃

klm-bIKŸ-߃

AIv_¿, I°-´n¬, 1993, k¿K-k-ao£, tIm´bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

ANypX≥, Sn.sI., 2001, `mjmtIfn, tIm´bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm-cv, 2002, kmlnXy hnZy, tImgn-t°mSv: amcm¿ kmlnXy ]Im-

i-\w.

_m_p, F≥. tUm.-, 2010, k¿Km-fl-I-X-bpsS a\:imkvXw, Xncp-h-\-¥]pcw:

]`mXv _p°v lukv.

cmtPµ≥, kn., ]mThpw s]mcp-fpw, ipI-]pcw: h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw.

efn-X-se-\n≥, ]pXnb hmb-\, Xriq¿: imkvX-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-j-Øv.

h’-e≥, hmXp-t»-cn, tUm., 2007, IY-bpsS \yq¢n-b-kv, tImgn-t°mSv: Henhv

]ªn-t°-j≥kv .

hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿, Fw.Sn., 2014 ,ImYn-Is‚ Ie, IÆq¿: ssIcfn _p°vkv

hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿, Fw.Sn., 1998, ImYn-Is‚ ]Wn-∏pc, tIm´bw: \mj-W¬

_p°v Ãmƒ.

hmkp-tZ-h-`-´-Xn-cn, kn.hn., 2002, KZy-in¬]w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm

C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

jmP-lm≥, Fw. tUm., 2014, cN-\m-kvXw-`-\w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf `mjm

C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

lcn-Ip-am¿, ]n.-B¿, 2012, Fgp-Øns‚ apZ-Iƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: skUv sse

_-dn.

Burroway,2006, Imaginative Writing (2nd Edn), New York : Longman.

David, Morley and Philip, Neilsen (Ed), 2012, Creative Writing, New Delhi: Cam-

bridge University Press.

Linda, Anderson (Ed), 2006, Creative Writing : A Work book with Readings, London:

Routledge.

Margaret Boden, 2004, The Creative Mind : Myths and Mechanisms, London:

Routledge.

William Zinsswr, 2005 On Writing Well, New York : Collins.

Iser, Wolfgang, 1974, The Reading process a phenomenological approach,

Bathmore, Johns Hopkins University Press.

18

MU MLW 3103 k¿Km-fl-I-c-N\ ˛ ASn-ÿm-\-L-S-I-߃

BapJw

]Tn-Xm-hns‚ cN-\m-Xm-ev]-cy-ßsf ]tNm-Zn-∏n-°pIsb∂ e£y-tØmsS hn`m-

h\w sNbvXn-´p-≈-XmWv Cu tImgvkv. tπm´v, IYm-]m-X-\n¿Ωn-Xn, BJym-\-I-

e, `mjbpw ssienbpw F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v kmam-\y-amb Adnhv e`n-t°-≠-Xp-

≠v. Cu tImgvkns‚ `mK-ambn e_v[-]-Xn-jvT-cmb Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS cN-\m-

\p-`-h-߃ ]¶p-h-bv°p-∂-Xpw, At\z-jn-®-dn-bp-∂Xpw IqSp-X¬ KpWw sNøpw.

Hmtcm bqWn-‰n\pw A\p-_-‘-ambn tN¿Øn-cn-°p∂ amXr-Im-]m-T-߃

tImgvkns‚ Znim-kq-Nn-Iƒ amX-am-Wv. Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ kµ¿t`m-Nn-X-ambn

IqSp-X¬ cN-\-Iƒ ¢mvap-dn-bnse kwhm-Z-߃°v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-tX

-bp-≈q.

bqWn‰v 1

tπm v

tπm´v cq]o-I-cWw ˛ Nn¥bpw `mh-\bpw bmYm¿∞yhpw ˛ CXn-hrØ kzoI-

cWw (H∂v) ˛ `oI-c-k-XzsØ Iog-S-°¬, IpSn-en¬ \n∂v sIm´m-c-Øn-te-°v,

At\z-jWw, A⁄m-X-tZ-i-tØ-°p≈ bmX-Iƒ, arK-I-Y-Iƒ, ip`m¥y IY-

Iƒ, Zpc-¥-I-Y-Iƒ, ]p\¿P∑w F∂nh- ˛ CXn-hrØ kzoI-cWw (c-≠v) ˛

kw`-hw, A\p-`-hw, `mhw, Ah-ÿ, Bi-bw, Z¿i\w F∂nh ˛anØv, sI´p-I-

Y-Iƒ, sFXn-lyw, Aam-\p-jnIw F∂n-hsb D]-Po-hn® CXn-hr-Ø-߃ ˛

CXn-hrØ LS\: ]m›m-Xyhpw ]uc-kvXyhpw ˛ ÿew, Imew, kaqlw F∂n-

h-bpsS kzm[o\w ˛ Inbm-k-µ¿`hpw GImKXbpw ˛ Ipg-a-dn-®n¬ (Twist),

19

sIWn (Trap), `mjm-]-tbmK X¥-߃ F∂n-h-bpsS ka¿∞-amb D]

-tbm-Kw.

amXrIm]mT-߃

am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ω ˛ kn.-hn. cma≥]n≈

tKmXbm\w ˛ Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿

hmkvXp-lmc ˛ kn.-hn. iocm-a≥

PwKnƒ_p°v (au-•n-bpsS IY)˛ dpUvbm¿Uv InπnwKv

(]p\-cm-Jym\w: tUm. AtimIv UnIq-kv)

101 PmX-I-I-Y-Iƒ ˛ ]p\-cm-Jym\w: tUm. sI. ioIp-am¿

]©-X¥w (Im-tIm-eq-Io-bw) ˛ ]p\-cm-Jym\w: kpaw-Ke

bqWn‰v 2

IYm-]mX \n¿ΩnXn

ÿew, Imew, kaqlw F∂n-h-bpsS kzm[o\w ˛ _mly-cq]w ˛ Ne-\w, `mh-

]-I-S-\-߃, s]cp-am-‰w,- kz-`m-hw, kw`m-jWw ˛ at\m-`mhw ˛ `uXnI Np‰p-

]m-Sp-Iƒ ˛ Z¿i\w ˛ ImgvN-∏mSv ˛ ]uc-kvXyhpw ]m›m-Xy-hp-amb IYm-]mX

k¶-ev]-߃ ˛ alm-Imhy e£-W-Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-Sp∂ \mbI IYm-

]mX \n¿ΩnXn ˛

amXrIm]mT-߃cma-N-µ-hn-emkw (k¿§w H∂v) ˛ Ag-IØv ]fl-\m-`-°p-dp∏v

i_vZ-߃ ˛ ssh°w apl-ΩZv _jo¿

cm®n-bΩ ˛ Ddq_v

DXp-∏ms‚ InW¿ ˛ Imcq¿ \oe-I-WvT-∏n≈

`·-`-h\w ˛ F≥. IrjvW-]n≈

Ipt´y-SØn ˛ Fw.- Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿

e¶m-e£van ˛ kn.- F≥. ioI-WvT≥ \mb¿

Jpssd-in-∏mØp ˛ ]p\-Øn¬ Ip™-_vZp≈

bqWn‰v 3

cq]hpw mhhpw

-cq]-]-c-amb ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ, A¥-cm¿∞-߃ ˛ inev]-cq-]-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚

khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ˛ ]q¿h-cq-]-ß-fnse ]co-£-W-߃. Imhy-cq-]-Øn-s‚bpw

KZy-cq-]-Øn-s‚bpw am™p-t]m-Ip∂ AXn¿Øn-Iƒ ˛ amXrIm]mT-ß-fnse

]k‡ `mK-ß-fpsS Xmc-Xayw. -`mh]-c-amb ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ, A¥-cm¿∞-߃

˛ Z¿i\w Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ hln-°p∂ ]¶v.

a[p-cw -Km-bXn ˛- H.-hn. hnP-b≥

20

bqWn‰v 4

aqey-hy-h-ÿbpw Z¿i-\hpwaqey-hy-h-ÿ-˛-[m¿Ωn-I-X-˛-kmw-kvIm-cnI kml-N-cy-߃-˛-F-gp-Øns‚ ImgvN-

∏m-Sp-Iƒ, \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ, Z¿i\w.

Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ hy‡n-Xzw-˛-ssh-b-‡n-I-X-˛-c-N-\m-]m-c-º-cy-߃-˛-k-a-Im-en-

IkmlnXy ]h-W-X-Iƒ-˛-`m-hp-I-Xz-]-cn-Wm-a-߃.

bqWn‰v 5

`mjbpw ssienbpw

]Z-tImiw ˛ ]Z-ß-fpsS sXc-s™-Sp∏v ˛ Xmfm-fl-I-amb hmMvabw ˛ ]Z-ip≤n

˛ hmIy-\n¿ΩnXn ˛ ]u\-cp‡yw ˛ hmIy-k-¥p-e\w ˛ `mjm-ssien ˛ Jfin-

Im-I-cWw ˛ Nn”\w ˛ kwK-l-Whpw hn]p-e-\hpw ˛ A®-Sn-`m-jbpw tZiy-

t`-Z-ßfpw ˛ enJn-X-`m-j-bnse Xcw-Xn-cn-hp-Iƒ ˛ `mjm-tI-fn-Iƒ ˛ ]g-s©m-√p-

Ifpw \mS≥ ssien-Ifpw ˛ hm°p-I-fpsS ]Wn-∏pc ˛

amXrIm]mT-߃_mey-Im-e-kva-c-W-Iƒ ˛ am[-hn-°p´n

NnZw-_-c-kva-cW ˛ _me-N-µ≥ Np≈n-°mSv

Dcpfn-Ip-∂-Øns‚ epØn-\nb ˛ k°-dnb

ImSv ˛ Un. hn\-b-N-µ≥

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

ANyp-X-\pÆn, NmØ-\mØv. hn-h., Ihn-I-WvTm-`-cWw, h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-

]oTw.

David Morley, The Cambridge Introduction to Creative Writing (Cambridge Intro-

ductions to Literature), 2007, Cambridge University Press.

David, B. Pirie, 1985, How to Write Critical Essays, Routledge.

Devy, G.N., Geoffrey V. Davis, K.K.Chakravarty, 2013, Narrating Nomadism: Tales

of Recovery and Resistance, Taylor & Francis Group,

Graeme Harper (Ed.), 2013, A Companion to creative writing, (Wiley -Blackwell)

John Wiley & Sons.

Jurgen, Wolff, 2012,Your Writing Coach: From Concept to Character, from Pitch

to Publication - Everything You need to Know About Writing Novels, Non-fiction,

New Media, Scripts and Short Stories, Nicholas Brealey Publishing.

Modern Language Association, 2009, MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Pa-

pers 7the Edn.

Paul Mills, 2006, The Routledge Creative Writing course book, Routledge.

Paul Cobley, 2001, Narrative (The New Critical Idiom), Routledge.

Paul Ricoeur, 1981, The Rule of Metaphor: Multi-disciplinary Studies of the Creation

21

of Meaning in Language, University of Toronto Press,

Richard Bradford, 1997, Stylistics (The New Critical Idiom), Routledge.

Sean, Burke, 2008, The Ethics of Writing: Authorship and Legacy in Plato and

Nietzsche, Edinburgh University Press.

22

MU MLW 3104 `mjm-imkvXw

bqWn‰v 1

kmam-\y-X-Xz߃`mj ˛ a\p-jy-`m-j-bpsS kmam-\y-e-£-W-߃ ˛ `mjbpw `mjWhpw XΩn-

ep≈ hymh¿Ø-\w.

`mjm-imkvXw ˛ imkvXob-X-bpsS kz`mhw ˛ \n¿t±-im-fl-I-hpw hnh-c-Wm-

fl-Ihpw ˛ hyXym-kw.

`mj-bpsS LS-\m-kz-`mhw : kz\na˛cq-]na˛hmIy-X-e-߃. `mjbpw A¿

∞-hpw.

GI-Im-en-I-˛-_-lp-Im-enI coXn-I-fpsS hymh¿Ø-\w. Xmc-X-aym-flI `mjm-

im-kvX-Øns‚ kz`m-hw.

`mjm-im-kvX-Øns‚ B\p-Im-en-I-]-k‡n˛`mjm-\m-iw, `mjm-]p-\-cp-÷o-h-

\w, `mjm[ym-]-\w, hnh¿Ø-\w, \nL-≠p-\n¿Ωm-Ww, `mjm-t`-Z-]-T-\w.

bqWn‰v 2

kz\- kz-\na hn⁄m-\-߃

kz\-\n¿h-N\w ˛ ]T-\-co-Xn-Iƒ : ih-Wm-kv]-Zw, kz\-`u-Xn-Iw, Ah-b-

hm-kv]-Zw.

`mj-W-]Yw ˛ `mjtWm¬]m-Z\w ˛ kzchyRvP-\- h¿Ko-I-c-Ww, am\-kz-c-

߃, Jfi-߃.

kz\nasa∂m¬ F¥v? Fßs\ \n¿W-bn°mw? hyXybw, ]qc-I-Xzw. kz\n-

ahpw D]-kz-\-ßfpw.

ae-bm-f-Ønse kz\n-a-߃.

A£-cw ˛ A£-cmXn¿Øn-°p≈ ]m[m\yw, A£-c-Im-e-Xmfw (Syllabie

timed rhythm)

bqWn‰v 3

cq]nahpw hmIyhpw

cq]n-aw, D]cq]naw Fßs\ \n¿W-bn°mw? kz\n-am-[n-jvTn-Xhpw cq]n-am-[n-

jvTn-X-hp-amb D]-cq-]-߃.

[mXp, ]IrXn, ]Xybw, ]Zw ˛ ]Xy-b-hn-`m-K-߃. ap≥]-Xy-bw, ]n≥]-

Xy-bw, Dƒ]-Xy-bw (prefix, suffix and infix) - DZm-l-c-W-߃.

23

cq]-kn-≤nbpw \njv]m-Z\hpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-߃ (inflexion and deriva-

tion)

bqWn‰v 4

hmIy-hn-⁄m\w

hmIy-hn-⁄m-\-Øns‚ ]m[m\yw ˛ k∂n-lnX LS-\m-_-‘w, ]P\I

kao]\w ˛ hnhn[ coXn-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-ج. BImw-£, Imc-Iw.

ae-bm-f-Ønse hmIy-co-Xn-Iƒ (Sentence types).

bqWn‰v 5

_lp-Im-enI mjm-imkvXw

`mjm-]-cn-Wm-a-co-Xn-Iƒ: kz\n-a-˛-hym-I-c-W-˛-A¿∞-X-e-ß-fnse ]cn-Wm-a-߃.

`mjm-]-cn-Wma tlXp-°ƒ: kz\-]-cn-Wm-aw, kZri Iev]-\, BZm-\w, kz\-\n-

b-a-߃, Ah-bv°p≈ A]-hm-Z-ß-fpsS Imc-W-߃ ˛ Ncn-Xm-flI `mjm-im-

kvXw.

IpSpw-_-hr-£-Nn-Xw, XcwK kn≤m-¥w, `mjm-Ip-Spw-_-߃ ˛ C¥y-bn¬

`mjmIpSpw-_-߃.

ZmhnU `mjm-Ip-Spw_w ˛ kmam-\y-]-cn-N-bw.

C¥y≥ `mjm-t£-X-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.

klm-b-I-KŸßƒ

Ip©p-Æn-cm-P, sI., `mjm-K-th-j-Ww.

\ºq-Xn-cn, C.-hn.-F≥., hmIy-L-S-\.

]t_m-[-N-µ≥ \m-b¿, hn.B¿., 1980, kz\-hn-⁄m\w.

]t_m-[-N-µ≥ \m-b¿, hn.B¿., 2012, `mj-imkvX \nL-≠p, ktX¨ C≥Ãn-

‰yq´v Hm^v emwtKz-Pkv.

]t_m-[-N-µ≥ \m-b¿, hn.B¿., 2009, `mj- imkvX ZrjvSn-bn-eq-sS, ktX¨

C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v emwtKz-Pkv.

]`m-Ic hmcn-b¿, sI.Fw, B[p-\nI `mjm-im-kvXw.

]`m-Ic hmcn-b¿, sI.Fw, kz\n-a-hn-⁄m\w.

Bloomfield, Leonard, 1984, Language, University of Chicago Press.

Hockett, C.F., 1958, A Course in Modern Linguistics, Prentice Hall College Div.

Verma, S.K. & Krishnaswamy, N., 1997, Modern Linguistics: An Introduction, Oxford

University Press.

24

MU MLW 3105 kwkvIrX]cn-Nbw

ae-bmf `mj-bn¬ kwkvIr-X-Øn-\p≈ kzm[o\w ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ, k¿h-

I-em-im-em-X-e-Øn¬ ae-bmfw apJy-hn-j-b-ambn ]Tn-°p∂ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ Xo¿®-

bmbpw kwkvIr-X-`m-j-bpsS LS-\m-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ kmam-\y-am-sb-

¶nepw Adn-™n-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. kwkvIrX kmln-Xy-Øn\v ae-bm-f-Øn-ep≈

kzm[o\w ASp-Ø-dn-bp-hm≥ kº-∂-amb kwkvIr-X-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚ hmXn-

ep-Iƒ Xpd-°p-Ibpw thWw. CXmWv tIhew ]mY-an-I-sa∂p ]d-tb-≠p∂

Cu ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bpsS e£yw.

bqWn‰v 1

`mjm-]-T\w: kwkvIr-X-Ønse Nne ]mY-anI `mjm-\n-b-a-߃. ASn-

ÿm\KŸw: tUm. sI.-Pn. ]utem-kv, eLp-kw-kvIrXw (h-≈-tØmƒ

hnZym -]o -Tw. ipI-]p -cw, 2012; hnX-cWw: \mj-W¬ _p°v Ãmƒ,

tIm´-bw)

1. ]pcp-j≥, hN\w; h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-In-bm-cq]w (e-Sv), ]c-kvssa-]-Zw, Bfl-

- t\-]-Zw. (e-Lp-kw-kvIr-Xw, ]mTw 2, ]pdw 35-˛39)

2. hn`-‡n, hn`-‡n-bpsS A¿∞w, hn`‡n cq]-߃. (e.kw; ]mTw 3, ]pdw

46˛51)

3. hn`‡n cq]-߃ XpS¿®. CIm-cm¥w ]p√nwKw ‘Ihn’ i_vZw, kvXoenwKw

‘\Zo’ i_vZw (e.kw; ]mTw 4, ]pdw 76-˛77)

4. Inbm-cq-]-߃-˛-erSv: mhn-Imew (]-c-kvssa-]-Zn), eMv: qX-Imew (]-c-kvssa-

]-Zn) (e.kw; ]mTw 4, ]pdw 79)

5. Ahy-bw-˛-‡zm-¥w, ey_-¥w, Xpap-∂¥w (e.-kw. ]mTw 5, ]pdw 94-˛95);

Ipsd-°qSn DZm-l-c-W-߃ (]pdw 100)

bqWn‰v 2

1. kzc-k-‘n˛ (e.-kw, ]mTw 6, ]pdw 117-˛119)

2. hyRvP-\-k‘n (e.kw, ]mTw 7, ]pdw 130-˛131)

3. kam-kw-˛-A-hy-bo-`m-h-k-am-kw, XXv ]pcp-j≥, I¿Ω-[m-c-b≥, D]-anX

25

kamkw, cq]-I-k-am-kw, ZznKp, \RvX-Xv]p-cp-j≥ F∂-Xp-h-sc. (e.kw;

]mTw 8, ]pdw 146-˛152)

4. Zzµz- k-am-kw, _lp-holn kamkw (e.-kw, ]mTw 9, ]pdw 160-˛164)

5. k¿h-\m-a-߃ (e.-kw, ]mTw 9, ]pdw 168)

6. ]Im-cw˛‘temSv’ ˛`zmZn ]c-kvssa-]-Z-cq-]-߃ amXw (e.-kw) ]mTw 24, ]pdw

504-˛505)

bqWn‰v 3

Imhyw. Ipam-c-kw-`-hw-˛-Im-fn-Zm-k≥, (5-˛mw k¿§w 50-˛84 t«mI-߃)

bqWn‰v 4

\mSIw I¿Æ-`m-cw-˛-`m-k≥

bqWn‰v 5

kwkvIr-X-\m-S-I-ßfpw IqSn-bm-´hpw˛km-am-\y-]-cn-Nbw amXw. klm-b-I-

KŸw:î

IqSn-bm-´w-˛-A-`n-\-b-Øns‚ XpS¿®bpw hf¿®-bpw-˛-tUm.-sI.-Pn. ]utemkv

(C‚¿\m-j-W¬ sk‚¿ t^m¿ IqSn-bm-´w, Xr∏q-Wn-Øp-d)

(eLp-kw-kvIr-X-Ønse Hmtcm ]mTØn-s‚bpw HSp-hn¬ ImWp∂ A`ym-kw,

]co£ F∂nh HuNn-Xyw-t]mse A[ym-]-I\v hn´p-I-f-bp-Itbm D]-tbm-K-

s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm sNømw. Ch-bn¬\n∂v ]co-£bv°v tNmZy-߃ th≠. hn`‡n

cq]-߃, Inbm cq]-߃, k‘n, kam-kw, Ahybw F∂o hymI-cW kw]-

Xy-b-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ tNmZy-߃ ]mTy-K-Ÿ-ß-fmbn \n¿t±-in® Imhyw,

\mSIw F∂n-hsb Bkv]-Zn-®m-bn-cn-°-Ww.

IqSn-bm´w kw_-‘n®v ]co-£°v tNmZy-߃ Bh-iy-an-√. F∂m¬, Imfn-Zm-

k-I-hn-X, `mk-\m-S-I-߃, IqSn-bm´w F∂o-hn[w hnj-b-߃ ]pc-kvIcn®v

hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ ]_‘a--h-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ ¢mkv dqw N¿®m-tbm-K-߃ ]T-\-

Øns‚ `mK-am-t°-≠-Xm-Wv).

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃DWn-Øncn F≥.-hn.-]n, 2013, Imfn-Zm-k-Ir-Xn-Iƒ Hcp ]T\w, amXr-`qan

Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿, (hnh.) 1944, Ipam-c-kw-`hw, amcm¿ kmlnXy]Imiw

\mcm-b-W-]n-jm-cSn sI.-]n, 2000, Imfn-Zm-k-lr-Zbw tXSn tIc-f-km-lnXy

A°m-Zan

cmP-cm-P-h¿a hS-°pw-Iq¿, 1964, tIc-fob kwkvIr-X-km-ln-Xy-N-cnXw,

awK-tfm-Z-bw, Xriq¿.

ioam≥ \ºq-Xn-cn, 2010, kwkvIr-X-km-ln-Xym-h-tem-I\w, tIc-f-km-lnXy

A°m-Zan

26

c≠mw ska-ÿMU MLW 3206 IhnX˛\mSIw

MU MLW 3207 BJym-\-Ie

MU MLW 3208 sNdp-IY˛t\mh¬

MU MLW 3209 hnh¿Ø-\-]-T\w

MU MLW 3210 hymI-c-Ww

27

MU MLW 3206 IhnX ˛ \mSIw

BapJw

ae-bm-f-Øns‚ Imhy-Im-e-߃ kaK-ambn Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp ]T\ ]≤-Xn-

bmWv ChnsS Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv. GsX√mw ]mc-º-cy-߃ Dƒs°m-≠mWv ae-bm-

f-I-hn-X-bpsS k©mcw F∂v At\z-jn-®-dn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. hmsam-gn-°-hn-X-

bpsSbpw hc-sam-gn-°-hn-X-bp-sSbpw Ncn-Xhpw, Imhy-`m-j-I-fp-sSbpw hnhn[

Imhy-cq-]-ß-fp-sSbpw A\p-kyq-Xn-bpw ]cn-Wm-a-ß-fp-sa√mw Cu ]T-\-ta-J-e-

bn¬s∏Sp-∂p. ]T-\-ku-I-cy-Øn-\mbn cma-N-cnXw apX¬ Ct∂m-f-ap≈ GXm\pw

Imhy-]-h-W-X-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv Cu t]∏-dns‚ e£yw. \n¿tZ-

in-°p∂ Ihn-I-fp-sS cN-\-Isf kw_-‘n®v ]›m-Ø-e-⁄m-\hpw ]Xo-£n-

°p-∂p≠v.

hnZym¿∞n-I-f-psS Imhy-c-N-\m-Xm¬]-cysØ ]tNm-Zn-∏n-°p∂ hn[-Øn-emWv

IrXn-Iƒ ]Tn-∏n-t°-≠-Xv. ]ta-bw, BJym-\w, _nw_-I¬∏-\, Xm\w, Xmfw,

]Z-c-N\ Ch th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bm-hp∂ hn[-Øn¬ thWw Ihn-X-I-fpsS hni-I-

e\w. sshhn-[y-Øn\pw sshNn-Xy-Øn\pw Du∂¬ \¬IpI.

bqWn‰v 1

-am-Xr-Im]m-T-߃

cma-N-cnXw ˛ H∂mw ]Sew

IÆ--i-cm-am-bWw _me-Imfiw ˛ hym. ]pXp-t»cn cma-N-µ≥

IrjvW-Km-Y ˛ AIq-cm-Ka\w ˛ sNdp-t»cn

alm-`m-c-Xw ˛ Km‘m-co-hn-em]w ˛ Fgp-Ø—≥

⁄m\-∏m\ ˛ ]q¥m\w

\fN-cnXw B´-°Y ˛ H∂mw Znhkw

28

tLmj-bmX ˛ Ip©≥\ºym¿

hoW-]qhv ˛ Ipam-c-\m-im≥

A—\pw aIfpw ˛ h≈-tØmƒ

bqWn‰v 2

amXr-Im-]m-T-߃

Ifn-b-—≥ ˛ ]n.- Ip-™n-cm-a≥ \m-b¿

IpSn-sbm-gn-°¬ ˛ sshtem-∏n≈n io[-c-ta-t\m≥

l\p-a¬tkh Xp©≥]-d-ºn¬ ˛ CS-t»cn tKmhn-µ≥ \mb¿

Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚

CXn-lmkw ˛ A°nØw ANyp-X≥ \ºq-Xncn

I≈-ssZ-h-߃ ˛ F≥.-hn.- Ir-jvW-hm-cy¿

\ng-ep-Iƒ \ofp∂p ˛ Pn. -i-¶-c-°p-dp∏v

bqWn‰v 3

amXr-Im-]m-T-߃

PmXn-°pΩn ˛ sI.-]n.- I-dp-∏≥

arXyp-]qP ˛ Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿

hgn-sh-´p-∂-h-tcm-Sv ˛ F≥.-F≥.- I-°mSv

kwI-aWw ˛ B‰q¿ chn-h¿a

im¥ ˛ IS-Ω-\n´

hn°v ˛ k®n-Zm-\-µ≥

sIm®n-bnse hr£-߃ ˛ sI.-Pn.- i-¶-c--]n≈

sacp°-∏-´nI ˛ d^o°v Al-ΩZv

bqWn‰v 4

]uckvXy \mS-I-thZn

\mSIw: `mc-Xob k¶ev]w ˛ Zi-cq-]Iw, D]-cq-]-I-߃, cq]-I-ß-fpsS D¤-

hhpw hf¿®bpw ˛ C¥y≥ \mSI kmlnXyw ˛ Ncn-Xm-h-tem-I\w ˛ \mtSmSn

\mS-I-]m-T-߃ ˛ ¢mn-°¬ \mSI]mT-߃ ˛ tIc-f-Ønse \mSIßfpsS

D¤-hw, hf¿® ˛ \mS-I-]-ÿm-\-߃ ˛ GIm¶\mS-I-߃ ˛ Ip´n-I-fpsS

\mS-I-߃

amXrIm]mT-߃

Xt±-iob \mSI ]mc-ºcyw:îIm°m- -cn»n \mS-Iw-˛-cm-Pm-hm-cy¿

adn-bm-Ωm-\m-SIw ˛ sIm®o-∏≥ XcI≥

Ducp- wKw ˛ `mk≥ (]cn-`mj: h≈-tØmƒ \mcm-bWtat\m≥)

ka-Xz-hmZn ˛ ]pfn-am\ ]c-ta-iz-c≥ ]n≈

1128 ¬ ssIw 27 ˛ kn.-sP. tXmakv

29

]co£ ˛ Sn.-F≥. tKm]n-\m-Y≥ \mb¿

Ah-\-h≥ ISº ˛ Imhmew \mcm-b-W-∏-Wn-°¿

bqWn‰v 5

]m›mXy\mS-I-thZn

]m›m-Xy-\m-SIw ˛ kmam\y-[m-cW ˛ ]m›m-Xy-\m-SI kmln-Xy-Ønse ][m\

]h-W-X-Iƒ ˛ Acn-tÃm-´n-ens‚ \mSIk¶ev]w ˛ C_vk≥, _¿WmUv jm,

sKmt´m-hvkvIn, Ãm≥kn-emhvkvIn, kmap-h¬ s_s°‰v, s_lvXv, ]o‰¿

_q°v, eqbn ]ncm-s¥tem F∂n-h-cpsS kn≤m-¥-߃ ˛ kvXo \mS-I-thZn

amXrIm]mT-߃

B‚n-KWn ˛ tkmt^m-¢nkv

tKmtZm-sb-°mØv ˛ kmap-h¬ s_s°‰v (hn-h: IS-Ω-\n´ cma-Ir-jvW≥)

Im≠m-arKw ˛ bqPn≥ Ab-s\kvtIm

•mkv sa\m-Pdn ˛ bqPo≥ H\o¬

klmbIKŸßƒ

Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿, A¥--∂n-thiw.

Aø-∏∏-Wn-°¿ (F-Un.), tIc-f-I-hn-X-bpsS e°-߃.

Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿, Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°-cpsS teJ-\-߃.

Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿, 2000, Ipcp-t£-Xw, tIm´bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

CS-t»cn, CS-t»-cn-bpsS ]_-‘-߃ (am-Xr-`qan ]km-[-\w).

D≈q¿, tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cnXw.

F-gp-Ø-—≥, sI.-F≥.-, apØpw ]hn-ghpw.

I-°mSv, F≥.-F≥., Ihn-Xbpw ]mc-º-cyhpw.

Ihn-Xm-]-T-\-߃, 2013, ]n.-sI.- ]-c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ SÃv, cma-N-µ≥\mb¿,

]∑\, s]m^. (FUn.).

Ip-™n-cm-a≥\m-b¿, ]n., 2009, Ihn-bpsS Im¬∏m-Sp-Iƒ, tIm´bw: Un.-kn.

_pIvkv.

tIµ-km-lnXy A°m-Zan, F≥.-F≥. -I-°mSv.

tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v, Imhy-`m-jbnse ]iv\-߃ (F-Un.).

tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v, ]m´p-I-hn-X-I-fpsS kmaq-lnI ]k‡n.

Np-Ωm¿, Sn.-Fw.,- 1979, ]Zy-km-ln-Xy-N-cnXw, tIm´bw: \mj-W¬ _p°v Ãmƒ.

-tPm¿Pv, sI.-Fw. tUm. (FUn.)--, 1973, kmln-Xy-N-cnXw ]ÿm-\-ß-fn-eqsS,

tIm´bw: \mj-W¬ _p°v Ãmƒ.

Un.-kn.- _pIvkv, Ipcp-t£Xw 2000.

\m-cm-b-W]n≈, ]n.-sI.-, ]©m-\-\s‚ hna¿i-Xbw.

\m-cm-b-W-]n≈, sI.-F-kv.-, IhnX hgn-Øn-cn-hn¬.

]k-∂-cm-P≥, tIcf-I-hn-X-bnse Ienbpw Nncnbpw, tIm´bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

_-jo¿, Fw.-Fw., \ho-\-I-hnX.

cma-Ir-jvW≥, tZi-aw-Kew, Ihn-bpsS IemX-¥w.

30

eo-em-hXn, Fw., 2011, ae-bmfIhnXm kmln-Xy-N-cnXw, Xriq¿: tIc-f-km-lnXy

A°m-Z-an.

th-em-bp-[≥ ]n≈, ]n.-hn., aWn-]-hmf Ihn-X.

sshtem-∏n≈n, Imhy-tem-I-kva-c-W-Iƒ.

-i-¶-c-]n≈, sI.-Pn. (F-Un.), ka-Im-eo\ Ihn-X-bpsS e°ßƒ.

i-¶p-Æn-\m-b¿, Fw.-]n., Imhy-hyp¬∏Øn.

k®n-Zm-\-µ≥, 2014, ae-bmf Ihn-Xm-]-T-\-߃, tImgn-t°mSv: amXr-`qan _pIvkv.

\ncWw ]m´p-I-hn-Iƒ, Xriq¿ ]n.- i-¶-c≥ \ºym¿ ^ut≠j≥.

CXm Hcp Ihn, sIm®n: CS-t»cn ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.

Kw-Km-[-c≥ \mb¿, Pn., \mSIw KŸ-]-T-\hpw cwK-]m-Thpw.

Kw-Km-[-c≥ \mb¿.Pn., ae-bmf \mSIw \qdp-h¿jw.

Nµ-ti-J-c≥ \mb¿, ssh°w, ]mNo-\-\m-S-I-Øn-eqsS Hcp ]cy-S\w.

Nn¥ ]ªn-tjgvkv, `mc-Xob Imhy-imkvX-\n-L≠p.

tXm-akv, kn.-sP.-, 2010, Db-cp∂ bh-\nI, tIm´bw: \mj-W¬ _p°v Ãmƒ.

tXm-akv, ]n.-sP.-, C_vks‚ temI-Øn-eqsS.

\tc-µ-]-kmZv, Acßpw s]mcpfpw.

\-ºq-Xncn, F.-]n.-]n., \mS-I-Øn-te-s°mcp \S-∏mX.

\mS-I-°-fcn, Acßv 1968.

\m-cm-b-W-]n≈.sI.-F-kv., Zriy-thZn.

\mcm-b-W≥ Im´p-amSw, 1978, \mS-I-cq-]-N¿®, tIm´bw: kmln-Xy-]-h¿ØI

kl-I-cW kwLw.

\mcm-b-W≥ Im´p-amSw, ae-bmf \mS-I-ß-fn-eqsS

\mcm-b-W≥ Im´p-amSw, 1990, ae-bmf \mSI]ÿm\w, Xriq¿: tIcf kmlnXy

A°m-Z-an.

]-hn-X≥, Sn., \mS-I-i-_vZ-tImiw

]n≈, F≥.-F≥.-, 2012, \mS-I-Z¿∏Ww, tIm´bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

`mkn aS-hq¿, ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS IY

amØ≥ X-c-I≥ ]pØ≥Imhv, ]uc-kvXy-\m-S-I-Z¿i\w

Alex Preminger (Ed.), 1974, The New Princeton Encyclopedia of poetry and poet-

ics, Brogan.T.V.F., Frank, J. Warnke & O.B. Hardison, Jr and Earl Miner (Associate

Editors), Princeton University Press.

Cecil Day, Lewis, 2006, The poetic Image, Hesperides Press.

James Reeves, 1972, Understanding Poetry, Pan Books.

Krishna, Rayan, Prof., 1991, Sahitya: A Theory, Sterling Publications.

Meyer, Howard Abrams, 1971, The Mirror and the lamp: Romantic Theory and the

Critical Tradition, Oxford University Press.

Mohan Thampy, G.B., Response to Poetry.

Stephen, Spender, H., 1955, The making of a poem, Hamilton.

31

MU MLW 3207 BJym-\-Ie

Hcp kmln-Xy-c-N-\-bpsS apJy-tIµw BJym-\-am-Wv. Hcp k¿§m-fl-I-Ir-Xnsb

cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-sX√mw BJym-\-Øns‚ hnj-b-am-Wv. CXns‚ coXn-Iƒ

Fs¥√mw F∂v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv Cu t]∏-dns‚ e£yw.

bqWn-‰v- 1

BJym\w F∂m¬ F¥v-˛-B-Jym\w: Iebpw kmt¶-Xn-I-X-bpw-˛-B-Jym-\-kn-

≤m-¥-߃-˛-B-Jym-\-LSI߃. BJym-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-X-Øz-߃ ˛

h¿W-\, hnh-c-Ww, \mS-Io-bX ˛ ]ta-bhpw ho£-W-ÿm-\hpw ˛ A\p-`-

hhpw Ah-t_m-[hpw ˛ \nco-£-Whpw IYm-]m-X-\n¿Ωn-Xnbpw ˛ BJym-\-co-

Xn-Iƒ: ]m›m-Xyhpw ]uc-kvXyhpw ˛ k¿§m-flI cN\: [z\n-bpsS Ie ˛

BJym-\-tIm-Wp-Iƒ: DØ-a-]p-cp-j≥, ]Y-a-]p-cp-j≥, a[y-a-]p-cp-j≥ ˛ cq]-

]-c-amb sI´p-d∏pw CXn-hrØ LS-\bpw ˛ io¿j-I-Øns‚ km[y-X-Iƒ ˛

bqWn-‰v- 2

IYm-km-ln-Xy-Ønse BJym-\-L-S-I-߃-˛-]-ta-bw, CXn-hr-Øw˛ IYbpw CXn-

hr-Øhpw˛Im-cy-Im-c-W-_-‘w-˛-C-Xn-hr-Ø-hn-Im-kw-˛-ho-£-W-ÿm-\w-˛-Im-

gvN∏mSv/Z¿i-\w.

]©-k-‘n-Iƒ-˛-D-]-I-Y-Iƒ, kqN-\-Iƒ.

bqWn-‰v- 3

D≈-S°w tIµw- -kw- -hw, A\p- -hw, mhw, Ah-ÿ, Bi-bw, Z¿i-\w, ssien,

32

IYm-]m-Xw-˛-I-Y-bpsS kzXzw: ]W-bw, Ip‰-Ir-Xyw, Ncn-Xw, kmaq-ln-Iw,

Km¿ln-Iw, `am-flIw, `bm-flIw etc.˛hyXykvX kmln-Xy-cq-]-ß-fpsS CXn-

hrØ kz`mhw: t\mh¬, \mS-Iw, IY, IYm-Im-hyw,- Xn-c-°-Y.

bqWn-‰v- 4

I-Ym-aq-e-I-߃: IYm-]m-X-߃, ]›m-Ø-ew, t]mj-I-P-\-X, a‰v IYm-hm-l-

I-߃, ÿe-Im-e-߃˛]q¿h-kq-N-I-߃, `mhn kqN-I-߃-˛-I-Ym-cw--`w,

IYm-¥yw.

bqWn-‰v- 5

BJym-\-tIm - -B-Jym-Xm-hv- -]-e-Xcw BJym-Xm-°ƒ-- -c-N-\m-X-¥-߃- - m-jbpw

ssien-bpw-˛-[z-\ym-fl-I-X-˛-A¿∞m-¥-c-߃, AS-cp-Iƒ.

amXr-Im-]m-T-߃iotb-ip-hn-Pbw alm-Imhyw

H∂mw-k¿§w (BZy 25) ˛ I´-°-b-Øn¬ sNdn-bm≥ am∏nf

ca-W≥ ˛ Nß--ºpg

hoUntbm acWw ˛ Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿

AΩ ae-bmfw ˛ Ipco-∏pg ioIp-am¿

]qX-∏m´v ˛ CS-t»cn tKmhn-µ≥ \mb¿

Ac-\m-gn-I-t\cw ˛ ]md-∏p-dØv

Hcp a\p-jy≥ ˛ _jo¿

Ihn-bpsS Im¬∏m-Sp-Iƒ ˛ ]n. Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb¿

F ssa\kv _n ˛ tImhn-e≥

DÆn ˛ am[-hn-°p´n

Poh-—-h-߃ ˛ ]p\-Øn¬ Ip™-_vZp≈

]mfih]pcw ˛ tkXp

tX≥ ˛ k°-dnb

sImame ˛ kt¥mjv G®n-°m\w

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

Hm¿l≥ ]map-Iv, (hnh: B¿. at\mPv h¿a), 2013, t\mh-en-Ãns‚ Ie, tIm´bw:

Un.-kn. _pIvkv,

tPm¿÷v, sI.-Fw. tUm., B[p-\nI kmln-Xy-N-cnXw ]ÿm-\-ß-fn-eq-sS.

t]mƒ, Fw.-]n., 1991, t\mh¬km-ln-Xyw, tImgn-t°mSv: ]q¿W ]ªn-t°-j≥kv.

_me-Ir-jvW≥, ]n.-sI., t\mh¬ ˛ kn≤nbpw km[-\-bpw.

cmtP-µ≥, kn. tUm., 2006, kuµ-cy-im-kvXw, tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

entbm tSmƒtÃmbn, (hnh: kptcjv Fw.-Pn.), 2014, _meyw, F®v. B‚ v kn.

_pIvkv.

hmkp, C., 2015, hniz-km-lnXyw ˛ kuµ-cyhpw k¿§m-fl-I-X-bpw, tIcf

33

kmlnXy A°m-Z-an.

hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿, Fw.-Sn., 2014, ImYn-Is‚ Ie, IÆq¿: ssIcfn _pIvkv.

hmkp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿, Fw.-Sn., ImYn-Is‚ ]Wn-∏p-c, Xriq¿: Id‚ v _pIvkv.

hmkp-tZ-h-`-´-Xn-cn, kn.-hn., 2012, KZy-in-ev]w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f-`mjm

C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

hnP-b≥, H.-hn., 1998, CXn-lm-k-Øns‚ CXn-lm-kw, tIm´bw: Un-.kn. _pIvkv.

hnem-kn-\n, 2013, DXn¿a-Wn-Iƒ, tImgn-t°mSv: ]q¿W _pIvkv.

ioP≥, hn.-kn., 2004, t\mh¬ hmb-\-Iƒ, tIm´bw: Un.-kn.- _pIvkv.

jm_p Infn-Ø-´n¬, (F-Un.), 2013, k¿§-kr-jvSn-bnse cmk-hn-Zy-Iƒ, tIm´bw:

Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

kptc-µ≥, sI., t\mh¬kz-cq-]w, t\mh-en-Ãns‚ inev]-ime, tIm´bw: kmln-

Xy-]-h¿ØI kl-I-cW kwLw.

Colin Lyas, 1993, Aesthetics (Fundamentals of Philosophy), Mcgill-Queens Univer-

sity Press.

John Gardner, 1991, The Art of Fiction, Newyork: Vintage Books.

Martin McLaughlin, (Trans.), 1999,Why read classics?, London: Jonathan Cape.

Rob, Pope, 2005, Creativity-Theory, History, Practice, London: Routledge/Psychol-

ogy Press.

Steven, Earnshaw (Ed.), 2007, The Hand book of creative Writing, Edinburgh Uni-

versity Press.

34

MU MLW 3208 sNdp-IY ˛ t\mh¬

BapJw

t\mh¬ Ncn-X-Øn-sebpw IYm-I-Y-\-km-ln-Xy-Øn-sebpw Nne khn-tij KW-

ßfpw BJym\ -hy-Xn-cn-‡-X-Ifpw ]ÿm-\-ßsf ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p∂ cq]-

am-Xr-I-I-fp-amWv Cu t]∏dn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw ]mTy-

Øn¬ s]SmsX t]mb At\Iw IYm-Ir-Øp-°fpw t\mh-en-Ãp-I-fp-ap-≠v. ]mTy-

]-≤-Xn-bpsS khn-ti-j-kz-`m-h-sØbpw ]T-\-ku-I-cy-sØbpw ap≥\n¿Øn-

bmWv IY-Ifpw t\mh-ep-Ifpw ChnsS Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. ¢mkv apdn-I-

fn¬ A[y-b-\-th-f-I-fn¬ hn´p-t]mb kp]-[m\ IÆn-Iƒ ]qcn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-sa∂v

hnNm-cn-°p-∂p.

sNdp-IY t\mh-ens‚ LS-\-bn¬ \n∂p hyXy-kvX-am-Ip-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂p

t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ ]mI-Øn¬ sNdp-I-Ysb kao-]n-°p-I. ]ta-bw, IY,

CXn-hr-Øw, BJym-\w, Imew, ÿew, IYm-]mXw ˛ Cu Imcy-ß-fn-se√mw

sNdp-IY Fßs\ hyXy-kvX-am-Ip∂p F∂p hy‡-am-°p∂ hn[-Øn¬ IrXn-

Isf hni-I-e\w sNø-Ww.

]tabw, IY, CXn-hr-Øw, BJym-\w, Imew, ÿew, IYm-]mX NnXo-I-cWw

F∂n-h-bpsS sshhn[yw hy‡-am-°p∂ hn[-Øn-emWv khn-tij ]T-\-Øn-

\p≈ IrXn-Iƒ hni-I-e\w sNtø-≠-Xv.

bqWn-‰v- 1t\mh¬ ˛ BJym-\-X-e-Ønse hyXn-bm-\-߃

t\mh-ep-Ifpw kwkvImc cq]o-I-c-Whpw ˛ t\mh¬ C\-߃ ˛ \n¿h-N-\-

߃ ˛ hnhn[ cq]-am-Xr-I-Iƒ ˛ KW-߃ ˛ km£-c-Xbpw `mhp-I-Xz-]-cn-W-

35

Xnbpw ˛ Ncn-Xm-Jym-bnI ˛ A]-k¿∏Iw ˛ imkvXw ˛ Bfl-I-Ym-]cw ˛ Poh-

N-cnX t\mh¬ ˛ tZio-b-Xbpw t\mhepw ˛ t\mhepw ]mtZin-I-Xbpw ˛ P\-

]n-b-t\m-h¬ ˛ B[p-\nI/B[p-\n-Im-\¥c t\mh¬ ˛ ssk_¿t\m-h¬ ˛

B‚n-t\m-h¬ ˛ Km^nIv t\mh¬.

amXr-Im-]m-T-߃

cma-cm-P-_-l-Zq¿ ˛ kn.-hn. cma≥]n≈

DΩm®p ˛ Ddq_v

sNΩo≥ ˛ XIgn

]mØp-Ω-bpsS BSv ˛ ssh°w apl-ΩZv _jo¿

Jkm-°ns‚ CXn-lmkw ˛ H.-hn. hnP-b≥

c≠m-aqgw ˛ Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h≥\m-b¿]nXm-a-l≥ ˛ hn.-sI.-F≥

Xo°-S¬ IS™v Xncp-a-[p-cw ˛ kn. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥

Bem-l-bpsS s]¨a-°ƒ ˛ kmdm tPmk^v

bqWn-‰v- 2

t\mh¬ - hnhn-[-[m-c-Iƒ

ssk_¿ t\mh¬ ˛ Im¿´q¨ t\mh¬ ˛ B[p-\n-tIm-Ø-c-]-ta-b-߃ ˛ Ncn-

Xw, Hm¿a, h¿Ø-am\w, ]pXnb ]h-W-X-Iƒ

amXr-Im-]m-T-߃

\rØw ˛ Fw. apIp-µ≥

sNdnb temIhpw

henb a\p-jycpw ˛ Pn. Ac-hn-µ≥

hr≤-k-Z\w -˛ Sn.-hn.- sIm-®p-_mh

kpK‘n F∂ B≠mƒ tZh-\m-bIn ˛ Sn.-Un.- cm-a-Ir-jvW≥

bqWn‰v 3

sNdp-IY: cq]hpw ssienbpw

IY: ]mc-º-cyhpw B[p-\n-I-Xbpw ˛ C¥y≥ IYm-]m-c-ºcyw ˛ _rl-ZvIY ˛

IYm-k-cnXv kmKcw ˛ ]©-X¥w ˛ IYbpw \thm-∞m-\hpw ˛ IYbpw dnb-en-

khpw ˛ Im¬]-\nI dnb-enkw ˛ IYbpw B\p-Im-en-I-ßfpw ˛ B[p-\n-I-I-

Ym-I-Y\w ˛ IY-\-Ønepw in¬]-Ønepw h∂ cq]m-¥-c-߃.

amXr-Im-]m-T-߃

ZzmcI ˛ thß-bn¬ Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb-\m¿

]qh-ºgw ˛ Imcq¿ \oe-I-WvT-]-n≈

amWn-Iy≥ ˛ efn-Xmw-_nI A¥¿P\w

H´Iw ˛ Fkv.-sI.- s]m-s‰-°m´v

IS-b-\-√q-cnse Hcp kvXo ˛ Sn. ]Zva-\m-`≥

36

kwIm-¥n- AS ˛ Sn.-sI.-kn. hSp-Xe

lnPU ˛ Fw.-]n. \mcm-b-W-]n≈

Hcn-SØv ˛ k°-dnb

XncpØv ˛ F≥.-F-kv. am[-h≥

aq∂m--a-sXm-cmƒ ˛ ap≠q¿ IrjvW≥Ip´n

anTm-bn-s∏mXn ˛ kpaw-Ke

bqWn-‰v- 4

sNdp-I-Y-bnse mhp-I-Xz-]-cnWmaw

IY ˛ B[p-\n-I-X ˛ ]h-W-X-Iƒ ˛ ssieo-t`-Z-߃ ˛ D∑m-Zw, hnjm-Zw, ]em-

b\w ˛ hnhn-[-[m-c-Iƒ. B[p-\n-Im-\-¥-cX ˛ IYbpw ]mc-Unbpw ˛ BtKm-fo-

I-cWw ˛ \h-am-[ya kmt¶-Xn-IX ˛ IYm-¥-c-ß-fnse Zriy ˛ imhy am[ya

k∂n-th-iw. ]e-Xcw IY-Iƒ ˛ an\n-°-Y, \o≠-I-Y, ssk_¿I-Y, tªmKvI-

Y, IY-bv°p-]n-∂nse A\p-`-h-߃, IY-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ IY-Iƒ, hna-X-IY

a¥v ˛ hn.-]n.- in-h-Ip-am¿

Pmk-°ns\ sIm√-cpXv ˛ Sn.-B¿.

]mX-en\v Hcp IqWv ˛ taXn¬ cm[m-Ir-jvW≥

sdbv≥ Un-b¿ ˛ Nµ-aXn

IY ˛ ]n.-sI.- ]m-d-°-Shv

]dp-Zo-km-\jvSw ˛ kp`m-jvN-µ≥

taml-a™ ˛ sI.-B¿. -aoc

hm¿Ømfn ˛ Fw.- \-µ-Ip-am¿

bqWn-‰v- 5

t\mh¬/IY˛ A\p- -hw, FgpØv

Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ A\p-`-htemIw ˛ cN-\bv°p ]n∂nse t]c-W-Iƒ, ]tNm-Z-

\-߃, Imc-W-߃.

hntij-]-T\w]mØp-Ω-bpsS

BSns‚ apJ-hpc ˛ ssh°w apl-ΩZv _jo¿

t\mh¬kz-cq]w ˛ sI.- kp-tc-µ≥

ImYn-Is‚ ]Wn-∏pc ˛ Fw.-Sn.- hm-kp-tZ-h≥ \mb¿

CXn-lm-k-Øns‚

CXn-lmkw ˛ H.-hn.- hn-P-b≥

Ip-∏m-b-an-√mØ IYm-]m-X-߃ ˛ ]p\-Øn¬ Ip™-_vZp√

37

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

ANyp-X≥, Fw., 1981,sNdp-IY C∂se C∂v, tIm´bw: Fkv]n knFkv.

A-c-hnµ≥ (F-Un:), \c ˛ hm¿-≤-I-I-Y-Iƒ

A∏≥, sI.]n., 2000, amdp∂ ae-bm-f-t\m-h¬, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.

A∏≥, sI.]n., 1992, Iem]w, hn-hmZw, hn-e-bn-cp-ج.

A∏≥, sI.]n., 2005, IY BJym-\hpw A\p-`-h-k-Øbpw, tIm´bw: Un.kn.

_pIvkv.

A∏≥, sI.]n., D-Ø-cm-[p-\n-IX ˛ h¿-Ø-am-\hpw hw-im-h-enbpw, tIm´bw:

Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿, 2006, Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°-cpsS teJ-\-߃ mKw-- 3, tIm´bw: Un.kn.

_pIvkv.

IrjvW≥ \ºq-Xncn, 2009, t\mh¬ Iebpw Z¿i-\-hpw, Xriq¿: lcnXw.

Pb-Ir-jvW≥, F≥., 2011, CXn-lm-k-ß-fpsS Jkm°v, (FUn.), Xncp-h\-¥-

]pcw: tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

tPm¿Pv, Ccp-ºbw, 1982, ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠nse ae-bmf t\mh¬, tIm´bw,

Fkv]nknFkv.

tPm¿P,v Ccp-ºbw, 1985, BZy-Ime ae-bmf t\mh¬, tIm´bw: Fkv]nknFkv.

Xc-I≥, sI.Fw., 1998, ae-bmf t\mh¬ kmlnXy Ncn-Xw, Xriq¿: tIcf

kmlnXy A°m-Zan.

\tc-µ-]-kmZv,1986, `mhp-IXzw amdp∂p, tIm´bw, Un.kn. _pIvkv.

t]mƒ, Fw.]n., 2013, ku-µ-cy-\n-co£-Ww, _p°v aoUnb.

t]mƒ, Fw.]n., 1989, t\mh¬ kmlnXyw, tIm´bw, Fkv]nknFkv.

_jo¿, Fw.Fw., 2001, ae-bmf sNdp-I-Ym-km-ln-Xy-N-cnXw, c≠v hmeyw, Xriq¿:

tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan.

_me-Ir -jvW≥, ]n.sI., 1984, N¥p-ta -t\m≥ Hcp ]T\w, tIm´bw:

Fkv.]n.kn.Fkv.

_me-Ir-jvW≥, ]n.sI., 1986, t\mh¬ kn≤nbpw km[-\bpw, tIm´bw:

Fkv.]n.kn.Fkv.

chn-Ip-am¿, sI.-Fk.v, 1989, 100 h¿jw 100 IY (k-am-l-c-Ww, ]T-\w), tIm´bw:

Un.kn. _pIvkv.

chn-Ip-am¿, sI.-F-kv.,2011, IYbpw `mhp-I-Xz -]-cn -Wm-ahpw, tIm´bw:

Fkv]nknFkv.

cmP-tKm-]m¬, C.]n. (F-Un.), 2004, Cµp-teJ: hmb-\-bpsS Zni-Iƒ, Xriq¿:

tIc-f- km-lnXy A°mZan.

cmP-ti-J-c≥, ]n.sI., 1999, A‘-\mb ssZhw: ae-bm-f t\m-h-ens‚ 100 h¿j-

߃, tIm´bw, Unkn _pIvkv.

cmP-ti-J-c≥, ]n.sI., 2006, GIm-¥-\-K-c-߃, tIm´bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv,

cm-P-ti-Jc≥, ]n.sI., hm-°n-s‚ aq-∂mw-Ic, tIm´bw: Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

cmP-Ir-jvW≥, hn., 1997,sNdp-I-Y-bpsS Oµv, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.

cmP-Ir-jvW≥, hn., 1987,au\w tXSp∂ hm°v, tIm´bw: Fkv]nknFkv.

cmP-Ir-jvW≥, hn.,2006, adp-Xnc ImØp \n∂-t∏mƒ, tIm´bw: Un.kn. _pIvkv.

38

cmP-tKm-]m¬, C.]n., 2006,\n»-_vZ-Xbpw \n¿am-Whpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-

f- mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

cm-Po-hv-Ip-am¿, Fw., am[-hn-°p-´n, kv-t\-l-Øn-s‚ sIm-Sn-b-S-bm-fw.

cma-Ir-jvW≥, C.hn. (F-Un.), 2010, am[-hn-°p´n: ]T-\-ßfpw cN-\-Ifpw,

tIm´bw, Unkn _pIvkv.

cma -Ir -jvW≥, C.hn. , 2000, A£-chpw B[p-\n -I -Xbpw, tIm´bw:

Fkv]nknFkv.

eoem-h-Xn, Fw., 2000, A∏p-hns‚ At\z-jWw, tImgn-t°mSv: amXr-`qan.

hn-Pb≥, Fw.F≥., a-cp-`q-an-Iƒ ]q-°p-tºmƒ, Xriq¿: Id‚ v _pIvkv.

hnP-b≥, Fw. -F≥. (FUn:), 2000, IY-bpsS \q‰m≠v (hmeyw 1, 2),

(F-Un.), tIm´bw: Fkv]nknFkv.

ioP≥, hn.kn., 2004, t\mh¬ hmb-\-Iƒ, tIm´bw: Unkn _pIvkv.

jmPn tP°_v, 2013, t\mh¬ `mh-\-bpsS cmjvSobw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf

`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´.v

Ayyappa Paniker, 2003, Indian Narratology, New Delhi: Sterling Publishers.

Fingeroth, Danny, 2008, The Rough Guide to Graphic Novels, Rough Guides.

Garrard, Greg, 2004, Ecocriticism, London: Psychology Press,

Scaggs, John, 2005, Crime Fiction, Routledge.

Watt, Ian. P, 2001, The Rise of the Novel: Studies in Defoe, Richardson and Fielding,

University of California Press.

39

MU MLW 3209 hnh¿Ø\]T\w

]T-\-]-≤Xn

temIsØ Adn-bp-∂-Xn-\p≈ hnti-tjm-]m-[n-I-fn-sem-∂mWv hnh¿Ø\w. BZm-

\-˛-]-Zm-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWv Hmtcm `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw ]pjvSn -]m-]n-°p-∂-

Xv. kmln-Xo-bhpw ssh⁄m-\n-I-hp-amb hnh¿Ø\ ]In-b-bn-eqsS kz`m-

j-bpsS \nk¿K-i-‡n-Ifpw Db¿∂p-h-cm-\p≈ km[y-X-I-fp-≠v. B km[y-X-

Iƒ tXSpI F∂ e£y-tØm-sS-bmWv Cßs\ Hcp t]∏¿ Ia-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-

≈-Xv.

bqWn‰v 1

hnh¿Ø\w ˛ ]tbm-KnI ]cn-io-e\w ˛ hmIy-߃, JWvUn-I-Iƒ, ]c-ky-

hm-N-I-߃, kmt¶-Xn-I-]-Zm-h-en, kmln-Xy-]-Zm-h-en, ssien-Iƒ, Ihn-Xm-`m-K-

߃, KZy-`m-K-߃ apX-em-b-h-bpsS hnh¿Ø\w (a-e-bm-f-Øn¬ \n∂v Cw•o-

jn-te°pw Xncn-®pw) ¢mkvap-dn-bn¬ ioen-∏n-°-Ww. AXn-\mbn Krl-]mTw sNøm-

\p≈ A`ym-k-`m-K-߃ A[ym-]-I¿ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p \¬I-Ww. hnZym¿∞n-

Iƒ hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX ]mT-`m-K-߃ N¿®m-hn-t[-b-am-°p-Ibpw thWw.

Cßs\ hnh¿Ø-\-tØmSv B`n-ap-Jy-ap-≠m-°n-b-Xn-\p-ti-j-ta kn≤m-¥-ß-fn-

te°p t]mtI-≠-Xp-≈q.

bqWn‰v 2

1. tkmX-`m-j ˛ e£y-`m-j -˛-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ Bh-iy-I-X -˛- hn-h¿Ø\

kw_-‘n-bmb a‰p kw⁄-Iƒ.

2. hnh¿Ø\w: imkvXw, Ie, ssIhn-cp-Xv, hymJym-\w, A¿∞m-tZiw (Trans-

ference), ]p\xkrjvSn (Transcreation)

40

3. hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ ]Im-c-߃ (Types of Translation) -˛ hnh¿Ø\ ]Inb,

hnh¿ØI\v th≠ KpW߃.

4. hnh¿Ø-\-]-T-\w kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-sa∂ \ne-bn¬.

hntij]-T\w

1. X¿PvPpa: kn≤m-¥hpw ]tbm-Khpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬, FUn. -kvI-dnbm k°-

dn-b, Pbm kpIpam-c≥ ˛ CXv ASn-ÿm-\-K-Ÿ-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°pI.

2. hnh¿Ø-\hpw kwkvIm-c-]-T-\hpw, km-lnXn ae-bmf hn`mKw Iq´mbva,

]ø-∂q¿ tIµw: ioi-¶-cm-Nmcy kwkvIrX k¿hI-em-ime.

(km-am\y]T\w)

Cu ]pkvX-I-Ønse Xmsg ]d-bp∂ teJ-\-߃ ][m\w:

hnh¿Ø\w kwkvImcw A[nImcw ˛ k®n-Zm\-µ≥

X¿P-a-]-T\w kwkvImc]T-\-am-Ip-tºmƒ ˛ tUm.- kvI-dnbm k°-dnb

bqWn‰v 3

kam-\-X-bpsS ]iv\-߃ (Problems of Equivalence) ]mT-k-a-aq-eyX (Textual

Equivalence) ˛ cq]-aq-ey-Xm-hn-h¿Ø\w (Formal Equivalent Translation) ˛ Ne-

\mflI XpeyXm hnh¿Ø\w (Dynamic Equivalent Translation) ˛ ssieo ka-

aq-eyX (Stylistic Equivalence) -˛ hnh¿Ø\ ka-aq-eyX (Translation Equivalence)

˛ ka-aq-ey-X-bpsS A`mhw (Nil Equivalence) ˛ hymI-cW ka-aq-eyX ˛ hnh¿Ø-

\o-b-X-bpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ ˛ ae-bm-f-Ønse hnh¿Ø-\-km-lnXyw Ah-tem-I\w

˛ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-se kmwkvIm-cnI ]iv\-߃ ˛ `mjbpw kmaq-lnI

kmwkvIm-cnI taJ-e-Ifpw ˛ aqe- mjm kwkvImcw ˛ e£y- mjm kwkvImcw.

ssh⁄m-\n-I-]m-T-ß-fpsS hnh¿Ø\w k¿KmflI ]mT-ß-fpsS hnh¿Ø\w

˛ Imhy-hn-h¿Ø-\-Ønse ]iv\-߃.

bqWn‰v 4

hnh¿Ø-\-N-cnXw ˛ C¥y≥`m-j-I-fnse hnh¿Ø-\-߃ ˛ hntZ-i-`m-j-I-fn¬

\n∂p≈ hnh¿Ø\߃.

bqWn‰v 5

Ihn-X, \mSIw, IY, t\mh¬ F∂o kmln-Xy-cq-]-ß-fn¬ s]Sp∂ IrXn-Iƒ

hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-tºm-gp-≠m-Ip∂ ]iv\-߃ Adn-bp-hm≥ hyXy-bm-flI

]T\w (Contrastive study) D]-I-cn°pw.

KoXmRvPen (Cw-•o-jv) ˛ c_o-µ-\mY SmtKm¿ (k-hn-ti-j-X-I-

fp≈ 5 Ihn-X-Iƒ FSp-°pI)

KoXm-RvPen ˛ hnh. -Pn.- i-¶-c-°pdp∏v (F-Sp-°p∂ 5

Ihn-X-I-fpsS ]cn-`m-j)

41

taLZqXv ˛ Imfn-Zm-k≥

taL-k-tµiw ˛ hnh.- Xn-cp-\-√q¿ Icp-Wm-I-c≥

‚p∏p-∏m-s°m-cm-t\-≠m¿∂v ˛ ssh°w apl-ΩZv _jo¿

cm∏m-Sn-tbmSv ˛ kpK-X-Ip-amcn

me grandad ‘ad an elephant - R.E. Asher

Ode to Nightingale - John Keats

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃B¿kp, hnh¿Ø\ hnNn-¥\w.

B-j¿, B¿.-C., -ae-bm-f-`m-jm-km-ln-Xy- ]-T-\-߃.

F-gp-Ø-—≥, sI.-F≥., Xncp-°p-dfpw Iq´p-Im-cp-w, kao£.

Im-c-t»cn, Fw.-F≥., ae-bm-fnbpw ]cn-`m-jbpw (B-tem-N-\).

tImin, sI.F., `mjbpw `mjm-¥-c-Whpw, Un.-kn.- _pIvk.v

Pbm kpIp-am-c≥, tUm.-, _wKmfn t\mh-ep-Iƒ ae-bm-f-Øn¬.

]-t_m-[-N-µ≥ \mb¿, hn.-B¿., hnh¿Ø-\-Øns‚ mjm-im-kvX-`q-anI, mjm

C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

cma-Ir-jvW≥, tZi-aw-Kew, Ihn-X-bpsS `qJ-fi-߃, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: Nn¥

]ªn-tjgv-kv.

hn-iz-\mY Aø¿, F≥.-C.-, hnh¿Ø\ hnNmcw.

k®n-Zm-\-µ≥, 2006, ]Sn-™m-d≥ Ihn-X-Iƒ, tImgn-t°mSv: amXr-`qan.

k®n-Zm-\-µ≥, 2012, aq∂mw temI IhnX, tImgn-t°mSv: amXr-`qan.

kmln-Xym-Zm\w, F≥.-sI. Zm-tam-Z-c≥ kvac-WnI.

tdmkn Xºn, ss__nƒ ]cn-`m-j-Iƒ.

Aø-∏∏-Wn-°-cpsS teJ-\-߃

(hn-h¿Ø-Is‚ a\ximkvXw F∂ teJ\w)

Nß-ºp-g, tIkcn _me-Ir-jvW-]n≈, \me-∏m´p \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m≥ apX-em-b-

h¿ hnhn[ hnh¿Ø-\-߃s°-gp-Xnb Bap-J-߃.

Bassnett, Susan, and Harish Trivedi, (Eds.) 2012, Postcolonial Translation: Theory

and Practice (Translation Studies), Routledge.

Bassnett, Susan,2002, Tanslation Studies, Taylor Francis Group.

Benjamin, Walter,1968, Illuminations : essays and reflections, Harcourt, Brace &

World.

Catford, J.C,1965, A Linguistic Theory of Translation, Oxford University Press.

Eugene, Albert Nida,1964, Toward a Science of Translating: With Special Refer-

ence to Principles and Proceedures Involved in Bible Translating, Brill Archive.

Eugene A. Nida, Charles R.Taber, 1982, The Theory and Practice of Translation, Brill

Archive, (First published for the United Bible Societies, 1969)

George Steiner, 1998, After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation, Oxford

Paperbacks.

James, S. Holmes, 1988, Translated !: Papers on Literary Translation and Transla-

tion Studies, amsterdam.

Lawrence, Venuti (Editor), 2004, The Translation Studies Reader, Routledge.

42

Lefevere, Andre (Edited by), 1992, Translation/ History /Culture: A Sourcebook,

Routledge.

Mukherjee, Sujit, 1981, Translation as Discovery: And Other Essays on Indian Litera-

ture in English Translation, Allied Publishers Private.

Peter, Newmark, 1988,Approaches to Translation (Language Teaching Method-

ology), Prentice Hall.

Richard W.Brislin, Bruce.R, Anderson.W, 1976, Translation : applications and Re-

search, New York, Gardner Press.

Tejaswini, Niranjana, 1992, Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism and the Co-

lonial Context, University of California Press.

Theodore, Horace Savory, 1957, The Art of Translation, Jonathan Cape.

Anthologies of Papers, Translating Power, Translating Gender, Translating Caste,

New Delhi, Katha.

43

MU MLW 3210 -hym-I-cWw

ae-bmf ]mc-º-cy- hym-I-c-W- k-ao]-\ßfpsS coXn-Ifpw kz`m-hhpw a\-n-

em-°p-I, `mjm-L-S-\-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ]mc-º-cy -hym-I-cWw F]-Im-c-

amWv \n¿h-Nn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂p Xncn-®-dn-bp-I, h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e- `m-j-bpsS

khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Cu \nco-£-W-ß-tfmSv FX-amXw IS-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂pw Fß-

s\-sb√mw amdn-\n¬°p-∂p-sh∂pw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I XpS-ßn-b-Im-cy-ß-fmWv

Cu tImgvkns‚ e£yw. GsX-¶nepw hymI-c-W-K-ŸsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n

]Tn-°pI F∂-Xn¬ \n∂p amdn ][m-\-s∏´ hymI-c-W-K-Ÿ-ß-sf-sb√mw klm-

b-K-Ÿ-ß-fmbn kzoI-cn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ ]T-\-amWv Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv. \nb-a-߃

Imcn-Im-cq-]-Øn¬ Hm¿Ωn-°Ww F∂v BK-l-ap-≈-h¿°v tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw

ASn-ÿm-\-]p-kvX-I-ambn kzoI-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ae-bmf hymI-cW khn-ti-

j-X-Iƒ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v a\-n-em-hp-I-bpw, AXn¬Øs∂ khn-tij N¿®

\S-∂n-´p≈ Imcy-ß-sf-°p-dn®v hni-Z-amb Adn-hp-≠m-hp-Ibpw sNø-Ww.

h¿Æw, ]Zw, hmIyw F∂o LS-\m-]-c-amb hyXym-ksØ ap≥\n¿Øn-bp≈

]mTy-hn-`-P-\-amWv \S-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂-Xv. ]Zw F∂ sNdnb GI-I-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-

Sp-ØmsX kam-k-sØbpw k‘n-sbbpw hmIy-X-e-Øn-¬ tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p.

H∂n¬°q-Sp-X¬ ]Z-ß-fpsS tNcp-h-bp-≈-Xn-\mepw Ahbv°v BImw-£-bp-

ambn Ipd-®p-IqSn t\cn´v _‘-ap-≈-Xn-\m-ep-amWv C]-Imcw sNbvX-Xv. ]T-\-

ku-I-cy-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bmWnXv.

bqWn‰v 1

h¿Æ-Xew

h¿Æw, A£-cw, en]n F∂nh hni-Z-am-°p-I. kz\w (Phone) F∂ `mjm

imkvX-]-cn-I-ev]\ ˛ kzc-߃, ae-bm-f-Ønse AIm-csØ kw_-‘n® N¿®-

Iƒ, DImcw: kwhrX hnhr-X-t`-Zw, kzc-am-e-bn¬ ÿm\w ]nSn-®n-´p≈ E, Aw,

44

Ax F∂n-h-bpsS kz`m-hw-˛-hy-RvP-\-߃, aIm-c-hpw, A\p-kzm-chpw XΩn-

ep≈ _‘w, h¿’y-h¿K-Øns‚ ÿm\w, kz`m-hw.

]Z-Xew

]Z-\n¿h-N-\w, cq]w (Morph), A\p-]-tbmKw F∂ `mjm-im-kvX -]-cn-I-ev]-\-

bp-am-bp≈ _‘w, \maw, Inb, t`Z-Iw, tZymXIw F∂n-h-bpsS ASn-ÿm\

kz`m-hw.

bqWn‰v 2

\maw, enwKw, hN-\w

n Zhy-\m-aw, Inbm-\m-aw,- Kp-W-\maw F∂n-h-bpsS LS-\m-]-chpw

A¿∞-]-c-hp-amb hyXym-k-߃, Zhy-\m-aØns‚ hn`-P\w, k¿h-

\m-a-Øns‚ ]ncn-hp-Iƒ˛cq]-t`-Z-߃-˛-\m-a-tØmSptNcp∂ ]Xyb

߃.

n ]p√nw-K-kvXo-enw-K-\-]pw-k-I-enw-K-]-Xy-b-߃, hn`n∂ kvXoenw-K-]-Xyb-

߃, Ah-bpsS cq]-]-cn-Wma Imc-W-߃, \]pwkIenwK-]-Xy-bsØ

kw_-‘n-®p-≠m-bn-´p≈ A`n-]mb hyXym-k-߃.

n GI-h-N-\w, _lp-h-N-\w, ]qP-I-_-lp--h-N\w F∂n-h-bpsS LS-\m-]-chpw

B¿∞n-I-hp-amb hyXym-k-߃, ]qP-ssI-Ih-N\w F∂-]-cn-I-ev]-\-

bpsS ]k-‡n, _lp-h-N-\-߃, \ma-]-Ir-Xn-tbmSp tNcp-tºm-fp-≠m-Ip∂

]cn-Wm-a-߃.

bqWn‰v 3

hn -‡n, X≤nXw

n hn`-‡n-kw-⁄-sb -kw-_-‘n® N¿®, \n¿h-N-\w, kw_-‘nI hn`-‡n-

bmtWm? hn`‡n ]Xy-b߃, ]Xy-b-߃°p-≠m-Ip∂ cq]-am-‰-߃,

]Xybw tN¿°msX hcp∂ hn`-‡n-cq-]-߃, Imc-I-߃, hn`-‡ym-`m-

kw.

n X≤nXw ˛ \n¿h-N-\w, hn`n∂ X≤n-X-cq-]-߃.

bqWn‰v 4

Inb

n Inb ]q¿Æw-˛-A-]q¿Æw, AI¿Ω-Iw-˛-k-I¿Ω-Iw, tIh-ew-˛-]-tbm-PIw

F∂o hn`-P-\-߃.

]q¿Æ-Inb ˛ Ime-]-Xy-b߃, hn`n∂ `qX-Im-e ]Xy-b߃, ]Ir-Xn-

bp-ambn Ime-]-Xy-b-߃ tNcp-tºm-gp-≠m-Ip∂ ]cn-Wm-a-߃, h¿Ø-

am-\-Im-e -]-Xy-b-Øns‚ D¬]-Ønsb kw_-‘n-®p-≠m-bn-´p≈ N¿®Iƒ.

45

]Imcw ˛ \n¿h-N-\w, hn`n∂ ]Im-c-߃, ]Xy-b-߃-˛-]-tbm-Kw-˛-`n∂

]tbm-K-߃, I¿ΩWn-]-tbm-K-Øns‚ ]k-‡n-˛-tI-hew˛]tbm-PIw

F∂ Inbm-hn-`-P-\w, I¿Ω-tbm-Kw, I¿Xr-P-I¿ΩIw F∂o ]cn-I-ev]-\-

Iƒ, ]tbm-P-I-]-Xy-b-߃.

A]q¿Æ-Inb ˛ t]sc-®w, hn\-sb-®w, ]Xy-b߃, hn`-P-\-߃, s]cp-

am-‰-co-Xn-Iƒ.

n t`Z-Iw-˛-\n¿h-N-\hpw hn`-P-\-hpw, tZymX-Iw-˛-\n-¿h-N-\w, \n]m-Xw, Ahy-

bw, KXn, LS-Iw, hymt£-]Iw XpS-ßnb hn`-P-\-߃.

bqWn‰v 5

hmIy-Xew

hmIyw Hcp GI-I-sa-∂-\n-e-bn¬, ]k‡n, \n¿h-N-\w, BImw£, hn`n∂

hmIy-߃, ae-bm-f-hm-Iy-Ønse ]Z-hn-\ym-k-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, s]mcp-

Øw, hn[n-\n-tj-[-hm-Iy-߃, \ntj-[-]-Xy-bw, kam-kw: \n¿h-N\w, hyXy-

kvX-k-am-k-߃, k‘n: \n¿h-N-\w, hn`-P-\w, ae-bm-f-`m-j-bn¬ hcp∂

kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb ]cn-Wm-a-߃, ]Z-X-e-Ønepw hmIy-X-e-Ønepw kw`-hn-

°p∂ ]cn-Wm-a-߃, ]pXnb kmwkvIm-cn-Im-hÿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ]Z-ßfpw

]Z-kw-bp-‡-ßfpw Is≠-Øp-I, Cw•o-jns‚ kzm[o-\-^-e-ambn ae-bm-f-Øn-

\p-≠m-Ip∂ ]cn-Wm-a-߃ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I. hyh-lm-c-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ `mj-

bv°p-≠m-Ip∂ F√m am‰-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ t_m[w hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p-≠m-

°pI.

klm-bIKŸ-߃

B‚Wn, kn.F¬.-, tIc-f-]m-Wn-\ob `mjyw.

Cfw-Ipfw, hymJym., eoem-Xn-eIw.

Kp≠¿´v, 2014, ae-bm-f-`m-jm-hym-I-cWw, tIm´bw: \mj-W¬ _p°v Ãmƒ.

tKm-Z-h¿Ω, sI. tUm., tIc-f-`m-jm- hn-⁄m-\obw.

tPm¿÷v am-Ø≥, ae-bm-◊-bpsS hymI-cWw.

]`m-I-c-hm-cnb¿, -sI.-Fw. tUm., ae-bm-f- hym-I-c-W- k-ao£.

]`m-I-c-hm-cnb¿, sI.-Fw. tUm., 2007, ae-bmfw am‰hpw hf¿®bpw,

ipI-]pcw: h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw.

-]`p, tij-Kn-cn, hymI-c-W -anXw.

tacn, tUm., tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-]m-T-߃.

cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, G-.B¿., tIc-f-]m-Wn-\obw.

cma-N-µ≥, ]pXp-t»cn, 1986, tIc-f-]m-Wn-\o-b-hn-a¿iw, (tI-c-f-]m-Wn-\obw

H∂mw-]-Xn-∏v).

kpIp-am-c-]n≈, sI. tUm., ssIc-fo-i-_v-Zm-\p-im-k\w.

46

aq∂mw ska-ÿMU MLW 3311 kmln-Xyhna¿i\XØz߃

MU MLW 3312 -tIcfkwkvImcw

MU MLW 3313 Fgp-Ø-—\pw BJym-\-I-ebpw (Hm∏¨ C-e-IvSo-hv)

MU MLW 3314 kmln-Xy-P-\p-p-Iƒ (C-e-IvSo-hv 1)

MU MLW 3315 ItY-X-c-km-lnXyw (C-e-IvSo-hv 2)

47

MU MLW 3311 kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i\X-Øz-߃

bqWn‰v 1

kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-Øns‚ ]k‡n, krjvSn ˛ Bkzm-Z-\w ˛ hna¿i-\w. bh-

\-Im-hy-Nn¥ ˛ A\p-I-c-W-hmZw ˛ tπt‰m-bn¬ \n∂v Acn-tÃm´nen-eqsS \ntbm-

¢m-knIv hna¿i-I-cn-se-Øp-tºmƒ A\p-I-c-W- k-¶-ev]-Øn-\p- h-cp-∂- am‰w ˛

SmP-Un-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Acn-tÃm-´n-ens‚ ][m-\- \n-co-£-W-߃. temRvPn-\kv

DZm-Ø-X-sb-°p-dn-®p∂bn-°p-∂ -hm-Z-߃ ˛ Ah-bpsS Imev]-\n-I- kz-`mhw ˛

IhnX Bflm-hn-jvIm-c-am-sW-∂ -hmZw ˛ th¿Uvkvh¿Øv ˛ tImf-dnUvPv ˛

Imhy-`mj ˛ `mh\ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ D]-Z¿i-\-߃ ˛ tIms®-bp-sS- B-

hn-jvIm-c-hm-Z-Øns‚ Imev]-\n-I-kz-`mhw.

bqWn‰v 2

kmlnXy-sØbpw aqey-ß-sfbpw Ipdn-®p≈ amXyq A¿tWmƒUns‚bpw

tSmƒtÃm-bn-bp-sSbpw \nco-£-W-߃ ˛ \nItjm]e-kn-≤m¥w ˛ tIh-e-ku-

µ-cy-hmZw (I-e- I-e-bv°p -th-≠n).

kmlnXy hn-a¿i-\-Ønse \n¿hy‡n-KX hmZw ˛ sF.-F.-dn-s®Uvkv ˛ sskt\-

kvX-knkvv ˛ Sn. -F-kv. Fen-b´v ˛ a\-s-∂- cm-k-Xz-cIw ˛ hkvXp-kw-tbm-PIw

˛ tPm¨ tIm- dm≥kw ˛ \yq In-´n-knkw ˛ `mjm-\n-jvT-hn-a¿i-\-߃ ˛

kvSIvN-d-enkw ˛ UoI¨kvS-£≥.

bqWn‰v 3

t^mbn-Uv, bpM,v e°m≥ F∂n-h-cpsS a\-»mkvX kao-]\w ˛ DØ-cm-[p\nI

kn≤m-¥-߃ ˛ s^an-\nkw ˛ t]mÃv sImtfm-Wn-b-enkw ˛ kmwkvIm-cnI

hna¿i\w ˛ \h-N-cn-X-hmZw ˛ \ntbm-am¿Ivkn-b≥ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ (C-h-bpsS

hniZmw-i-߃ Hgn-hm°n ASn-ÿm\ Bi-b-߃ Kln-°p-I).

48

bqWn‰v 4

Zmhn-U-Im-hy-ao-amwk ˛ Xn-W-k-¶ev]w

Ihn-X-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ `mc-Xo-b-k-¶-ev]\w ˛ ImhytlXp°ƒ ˛ Imhy-]-tbm-

P-\w.

ckw, [z\n,- co-Xn, Ae-¶mcw, htIm‡n F∂o hna¿i-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ.

]k-‡-amb kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ `mc-Xo-bhpw ]m›m-Xy-hp-amb kn≤m-¥-ßsf Xmc-

X-ay-s∏-Sp-ØpI.

bqWn‰v 5

hrØhpw Ae-¶m-chpw - kmam-\y-]-T\w

Oµ-»m-kvX-Øn¬ Zmhn-U-hr-Ø-ßfpw kwkvIrX hrØ-ßfpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-

S-Ww. ImI-fo-tKmX hrØ-߃, Xp≈¬hr-Ø-߃ ˛ A\p-jvSp-∏v, kKv[c,

aµm-Im-¥, im¿±q-e-hn-Io-Un-Xw, Ipkp-a-a-RvP-cn, ZfiIw apX-emb kwkvIrX

hrØ-߃. Ae-¶m-c-im-kvX-Øn¬ ][m-\-ambn ]Tn-t°-≠Xv kmay-aq-e-Im-

e-¶m-c-߃.

hrØ-aRvPcn ˛ F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω

`mjm-`q-jWw ˛ F.-B¿. cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

-A-Nyp-X≥, Fw., ]m›mXy kmln-Xy-Z¿i\w.

ANyp-X-\pÆn, NmØ-\mØv, htIm-‡n-bpsS sshNn-X-߃.

ANyp-X-\pÆn, NmØ-\mØv, ck-[z\n hna¿imflI-k-ao-]\w.

ANyp-X-\pÆn, NmØ-\mØv, `mc-Xob kmln-Xy-Z¿i\w.

ANyp-X-\pÆn, NmØ-\mØv, kmln-Xy-ao-amwk : Xmc-Xay ]cn-t]£yw.

ANyp-X-\pÆn, NmØ-\mØv, Ae-¶mcimkvXw ae-bm-f-Øn¬.

Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿, C¥y≥ kmln-Xy-kn-≤m-¥-߃, XXzhpw ]k-‡nbpw.

DWn-Øncn, F≥.-hn.-]n. tUm., htIm‡n Imhy-Po-hnXw.

Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cmcv, 1991, kmln-Xy-`q-jWw, tImgn-t°mSv: amcm¿ kmln-Xy

-]-Imiw.

tIc-f-km-lnXy A°m-Zan, `c-X-ap-\n-bpsS \mSy-imkvXw.

IrjvW-ssN-X\y, kwkvIr-X-Ønse kmlnXyXØz-Nn¥.

IrjvW≥ \m-b¿, _n.-sI. tUm.-, ck-Iu-apZn.

Xc-I≥-, sI.-Fw. tUm., ]m›mXy kmlnXyXØz-imkvXw.

tXmakv amXyp, Fw., kmln-Xy-Z¿i\w.

\mcm-b-W-]n≈, ]n.-sI., ssIc-fo-[z\n.

\mcm-b-W-°p-dp∏v, ]n., ae-bm-f-hr-Ø-]-T\w.

amXyp, Sn.hn., hrØ-imkvXw.

apc-fo-[-c≥, s\√n-°¬ tUm., hniz-km-ln-Xy-Z¿i-\-߃.

ta-t\m≥, Fw.-F-kv.- (FUn.), ]uc-kvXy-km-ln-Xy-Z¿i\w.

cma-Ir-jvW≥, tZiawKew (FUn.), ]pXnb IrXn ]gbs]mcpƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-

49

]pcw: tIcf`mjm-C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

thZ-_‘p, `mc-Xob Imhy-im-kvX-kmcw.

thZ-_‘p, bh\ Imhy-X-Øz-߃.

Bhattacharya, S. & Balasubramanian, R.,1987, History of Sanskrit Poetics, Motilal

Banarsidass.

Robert Davis, Con (Author, Editor), Laurie Finke (Editor),1989, Literary Criticism and

Theory: The Greeks to the Present, UK, Longman Group.

Sankaran, Munshiram, A., 1973, Some aspects of literary criticism in Sanskrit: or,

The theories of rasa and dhvani, Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.

Scott James, R.A.1963, The Making of Literature Secker & Warburg.

Susil Kumar De, History of Sanskrit poetics.

Vincent B. Leitch, Cain, E., Laurie Finke, Barbara, E., Jhonson, 2001, The Norton

Anthology of theory and Criticism, w.w. Norton & Co.

Warren, Austin, Rene Wellek,1984, Theory of literature, Mariner Books.

50

MU MLW 3312 tIcf kwkvImcw

tIcfNcn-Xhpw tIc-f-kw-kvIm-chpw ]c-kv]c ]qc-I-amb hnj-b-ß-fm-Wv.

NcnX ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ kwkvIm-c-X-e-ßsf ]Tn-°pI F∂-XmWv ChnsS

Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv.

bqWn‰v 1

tIcf kwkvImc Ncn-X-c-N\ ˛ hnhn[ kao-]-\-߃ ˛ tIc-fw, ae-bmfw

kw⁄-Iƒ ˛ tIcfkwkvImcw ˛ NcnXmflIhnhcWw ˛ ]mcw`ëL´ßƒ

˛ alminemkwkvImcw ˛ ]mNo\ kwkvIrX Xangv kmlnXyßfnse

]cma¿i߃ ˛ ]mNo\ XpdapJ߃ ˛ hmWnPy]mXIƒ ˛ hntZ-in-I-fpsS

hnh-c -Whpw Ipdn -∏p -Ifpw ˛ aX߃ ˛ ZmhnUaXw, ssP\ _p≤

lnµpaX߃ ˛ BcyZmhnU k¶cw ˛ssIkvXh C…mw blqZ aX߃ ˛

hnhn[ aXßfpsS Bcm[\meb߃ ˛ BNmcm\pjvTm\ sshhn≤y߃

bqWn‰v 2

]mNo\ tIcfw ˛ imk\߃, enJnX߃, kvamcI߃ ˛ kwLIme

kaqlw sshPvRm\nI ]mcºcyw imeIƒ, IfcnIƒ, Kma hnZymeb߃

˛ tIcfob Zm¿i\nI¿ ˛ Bgvhm¿am¿, i¶c≥, N´ºn kzmanIƒ,

\mcmbWKpcp, _“m\µinhtbmKn, hmKv`Sm\µ≥ ˛ cmPhwi߃ ˛ Bbv

cmPhwiw ˛ IpetiJc≥am¿ ˛ sIm√h¿jw ˛ P≥an kºZmbw ˛

acpa°Ømbw ˛ `q]cnjvIcWw ˛

bqWn‰v 3

IeIƒ, D’h߃, BtLmj߃ ˛ t£Xin¬]߃ ˛ Zmcpin¬]߃

˛ InkvXy≥ ap…nw ]≈nIfnse NnXIe ˛ Nph¿ NnX߃ ˛ kwKoX

]mcºcyw ˛ kwKoXimkvX K\vY߃ ˛ kzmXnXncp\mfpw I¿WmSI

51

kwKoXhpw ˛ CcbnΩ≥ Xºn CXc kwKo-X-⁄cpw ˛ IqØv, IqSnbm´w,

]mTIw, kwL°fn, IY-I-fn, Xp≈¬, b£-Km-\w, apSn-tb-‰v, sXøw, Nhn-´p-

\m-S-Iw, IpΩm-´n, ssIsIm-´n-°-fn, tXm¬∏m-h-°qØv ˛ HmWw, hnjp, Xncp-

hm-Xn-c, ]qcw, amam¶w, h≈wIfn, ctYm’hw XpSßnbh.

bqWn‰v 4

tIcfob kmaqlnI PohnXhpw `n∂ aXhn`mKßfpw ˛ sk‚ v tXmakpw

tIcfhpw ˛ DZbw t]cq¿ kp∂ltZmkv ˛ Iq\≥ Ipcniv kXyw ˛

anjWdnamcpsS kw`mh\Iƒ ˛ ap…oßfpw tIcfobPohnXhpw.

bqWn‰v 5

kmaqlnI ]cnjvIcW ]ÿm\߃ ˛ io\mcmbW[¿a]cn]me\ kwLw,

\ºqXncntbmKt£ak`, \mb¿ k¿hokv skmssk‰n ˛ \thm-∞m-\hpw

CXc kmapZmbnI ]cnjvIcW ]ÿm\ßfpw AbntØm®mS\w ssh°w

˛ Kpcphmbq¿ ˛ ]menbw kXymKl߃ ˛ t£X]thi\ hnfw_cw ˛

tIcfob kaqlØns‚ B[p\nIoIcW ]InbIƒ ˛ P\m[n]Xy

tIcfØns‚ cq]oIcWw.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

ANyp-X-hm-cy¿, Fkv., 2012, tIcf kwkvIm-cw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f-`mjm

C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

APnXvIpam¿, F≥., 2004, tIcf kwkvIm-cw, Xr»q¿: tIcf kmlnXy

A°m-Z-an.

C.-Fw.-F-kv., 1981, tIcfw ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS amXr-`q-an, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf

KŸ-imem kwLw.

Ip™≥]n-≈, Cfw-Ipfw, 1955, Nne tIcf NcnX ]iv\-߃ ˛ H∂mw `mKw,

\mj-W¬ _pIvÃmƒ.

Ip™≥]n-≈, Cfw-Ipfw, 1983, tIcf Ncn-X-Ønse Ccp-f-S™ GSp-Iƒ,

tIm´bw: Fkv.-]n.-kn.-Fkv.

Ip™≥]n-≈, Cfw-Ipfw, 1971, A∂sØ tIcfw, tIm´bw: Fkv.-]n.-kn.Fkv.

IrjvW-ta-t\m≥, Sn.-sI., tIc-f-kw-kvIm-cw.

KtW-iv, sI.-F≥., 1990, tIc-f-Øns‚ C∂-se-Iƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: kmwkvIm-

cnI hIp-∏v.

KwKm-[-c≥, Fw., 2013, hmWn-Py-tI-c-fw, tIm´bw: Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv.

tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW-]n-≈, sI.-F≥., 1948, tIcf alm-N-cn-Xw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw:

tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq- v.

tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥, ]n.-sI., 1982, tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI Ncn-Xw, Xncp-h-

\-¥-]pcw: tIc-f-`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

tKmhn-µ-∏n-≈, ]n., 2013, tIcf \thm-∞m\w Hcp am¿IvknÃv ho£-Ww, Xncp-

h-\-¥-]pcw: Nn¥ ]ªn-tj-tg-kv.

52

Kucn-e-£van-`m-bn, Aiz-Xn-Xn-cp-\mƒ, (hnh: ioIp-amcn cma-N-µ≥), 2012, tIcf

kwkvImcw Hcp Xnc-t\m-´w, tImgn-t°mSv: amXr-`q-an.

Zmtam-Z-c≥, sI., 1979, tIcf Ncn-Xw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: ]`m-Xv.

]fl-\m-`-ta-t\m≥, sI.-]n., 1996 (1914), sIm®n cmPy-N-cn-Xw, tImgn-t°mSv:

amXr-`q-an.

t]m°¿, ]n.-sI., 2002, tIc-fo-b-X-bpsS h¿Ø-am-\w, ]m∏n-tbm¨.

_me-Ir-jvW≥, ]n.-sI., 1987, PmXn-hy-h-ÿn-Xnbpw tIc-f-N-cn-X-hpw, tIm´bw:

Fkv.-]n.-kn.-Fkv.

`mkvI-c-\p-Æn, ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠nse tIc-fw.

cmL-h≥, ]pXp-∏-≈n, 2001, tIcf ]X-]-h¿Ø\ Ncn-Xw, tIm´bw: Un.kn.-

_p-Ivkv.

cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿, Fw.-B¿., cmP≥ Kpcp-°ƒ, 1991, tIc-f-N-cn-Xw, (c≠v hmey-

߃) h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-]o-Tw.

cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿, Fw.-B¿., 1997, a[y-Ime tIcfw: kaqlw kºØv kwkvImcw,

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: Nn¥ ]ªn-tjgvkv.

cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿, Fw.-B¿., 2014, a[y-Ime tIcfw kzcq-]-\o-Xn-bpsS Ncn-X-]m-

T-߃, tIm´bw: Fkv.-]n.-kn.-Fkv.

cmL-h-hm-cn-b¿, Fw.-B¿., tIc-fo-bX NcnXam\-߃, h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-

]oTw.

cma-N-µ≥, ]pXp-t»cn, tIc-f-N-cn-X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ tcJ-Iƒ, Xncp-h-\-¥-

]pcw: `mjm-C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

temK≥ hneyw, (hnh: Sn. IrjvW≥), 1985, ae-_m¿ am\z¬, tImgn-t°mSv:

amXr-`q-an.

hk-¥≥, Fkv.-sI., 1982, tIcf NcnX\nL-≠p, tIm´bw: \mj-W¬

_pIvÃmƒ.

them-bp-[≥, ]Wn-°-t»-cn, 2001, k©m-cn-Iƒ I≠ tIc-fw, tIm´bw: Un.kn.-

_p-Ivkv.

iin-`q-j¨, Fw.-Pn., 2005, tIc-fo-b-cpsS tZh-Xm-k-¶¬]w, tIm´bw: Un.kn.-

_p-Ivkv.

i¶p Aø¿, Fkv., 1963, tIc-f-N-cn-X-Ønse A⁄mX `mK-߃, tIm´bw:

\mj-W¬ _p°vÃmƒ.

io[-c-ta-t\m≥, F., 2014, tIcf kwkvIm-cw, tIm´bw: Un.kn.-_p-Ivkv.

skbvXp-ap-l-Ω-Zv, ]n.-F., 1975, tIcfw \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p apºv, tIm´bw: Fkv.-

]n.-kn.-Fkv.

Kunjan Pillai, P.N., 1970, Studies in Kerala History, Kottayam.

Narayanan, M.G.S., Cultural Symbiosis in Kerala, Trivandrum: Kerala Historical

Society.

Narayanan, M.G.S., 2013, Perumals in Kerala, Thrissur, Cosmo Books.

Padmanabhamenon, K.P., 1998 (1924), History of Kerala Vol. 1, New Delhi: Asian

Education Service.

Sreedharamenon, A., 1984, A Survey of Kerala History, Madras.

William Logan, 2001, Malabar Manual, Asian Educational Services.

53

MU MLW 3313 Fgp-Ø-—\pw BJym-\-I-ebpw

(Hm∏¨ Ce-IvSo-hv)

`mc-X-Ønse `‡n-]-ÿm-\w, Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—s‚ Imew, Imhy-`m-j F∂n-

h-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ hkvXp-X-Iƒ [cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv Cu t]∏¿. Fgp-

Ø-—≥ hyh-lm-c-`m-j-bnepw Imhy-`m-j-bnepw sNep-Ønb kzm[o\w ka-K-

ambn ]Tn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Fgp-Ø-—s‚ IrXn-Iƒ GsXms°? ˛ AXn-s\-∏-‰n-

bp≈ At\z-j-Whpw ][m-\-am-Wv. tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-hy-h-lm-c-Øn¬ Fgp-

Ø-—s‚ ]s¶¥v F∂v At\z-jn-°m≥ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ _m[y-ÿ-cm-Wv.

bqWn‰v 1

Fgp-Ø-—≥ IrXn-Iƒ ˛ kmam-\ym-h-tem-I-\w.

]apJ Fgp-Ø-—≥ ]T-\-߃ ˛ D≈q¿, kmln-Xy-]-©m-\\≥, sI.-F-kv. Fgp-

Ø-—≥, sI.-F≥. Fgp-Ø-—≥, ]n.-sI. _me-Ir-jvW≥ F∂n-h-cpsS ]T-\-ß-

fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ ]pXp-\n-co-£-W-ß-fp-≠m-h-Ww.

bqWn‰v 2

hnti-j-]-T\w

Infn-∏m-´p-Iƒ ˛ A≤ym-fl-cm-am-bWw : InjvIn-‘m-Im-fiw.

alm-`m-cXw : auk-e-]¿hw

bqWn‰v 3

hnti-j-]-T\w

lcn-\m-a-Io¿Ø\w : Io¿Ø-\-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ Cu IrXn-bpsS sshinjvSyw;

lcn-\m-a-Io¿Ø-\-Ønse `mh-`mjm k¶-ev]-߃.

54

bqWn‰v 4

Fgp-Ø-—s‚ CX-c-Ir-Xn-Iƒ: Nn¥m-cXv\w apX-em-b-h ˛ Ch-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈

]fin-Xm-`n-]m-b-߃.

bqWn‰v 5

Fgp-Ø-—s‚ Imhy-`mj ˛ Fgp-Ø-—≥ ]tbm-Kn® hrØ-߃ ˛ Fgp-Ø-

—s‚ cN-\m-coXn ˛ kmay-aq-eI ]tbm-K-߃.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥, tNe-\m-´v, tUm., Fgp-Ø-—\pw Imehpw. (Ezhuthachan and

His Age) - hnh. eoem-hXn.

B‰q¿ chn-h¿Ω, `‡n-Imhyw.

D≈q¿, 1990, tIc-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-Xw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: bqWn-th-gvkn‰n Hm^v

tIc-f.

Fgp-Ø-—≥, sI.-F-kv., Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥.

Fgp-Ø-—≥, sI.-F≥., tUm., Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—s‚ A[ym-fl-cm-am-bWw ˛

Hcp ]T\w.

tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan hmfy-߃, Xp©≥ ]_-‘-߃.

tImgn-t°mSv k¿h-I-em-ime, "ae-bm-f-hn-a¿iw' e°w 9.

tPm¿Pv, sI.-Fw. tUm. (F-Un.), kmln-Xy-N-cnXw ]ÿm-\-ß-fn-eqsS.

]c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿, ]n.sI., B[p-\nI ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cnXw.

_me-Ir-jvW≥, ]n.-sI., 2008, F-gp-Ø-—s‚ IY ˛ Nne hymk `mc-X-]-T-\-

߃, tIm´-bw, Un.-kn. _p°vkv.

_me-Ir-jvW≥ \mb¿, Pn. (hym.), \mep ae-bmf ama-d-Iƒ: lcn-\m-a-Io¿Ø\w.

ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-ime, (]km.), Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ Pohn-X-tcJ.

i¶-c≥, sI.-]n., BNm-cy-k-∂n-[n-bn¬.

55

MU MLW 3314 kmln-Xy-P-\p-p-Iƒ Ce-IvSo-hv 1

hyXykvX kmln-Xy-P-\p-p-Iƒ, Ah-bpsS kmln-Xo-b-X, AXn-\m-[m-c-amb

LS-I-߃ F∂n-h-sb-∏‰n IrXy-amb [mcW D≠m-°p-I-bmWv Cu t]∏-dns‚

e£yw.

bqWn-‰v- 1kmln-Xo-b-Xbpw kmln-Xy-P-\p-pw-˛-km-ln-Xy-P-\p-p-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-L-S-

\-˛-km-ln-Xy-P-\ppw D≈-S-°hpw XΩn-ep≈ ]mc-kv]-cyw.

bq-Wn-‰v- 2CXn-lm-kw, ]pcm-W-߃, thZ-߃ XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS kz`m-hw- -A-h-bpsS kao-

]-\-߃-˛-]m-´v, aWn-]-hm-fw, alm-Im-hyw, Nºp-°ƒ, h©n-∏m-´v, ]g-s©m¬,

IS-¶-Y, \mS-Iw, Jfi-Im-hy-߃ XpS-ßnb ]mNo\ kmln-Xy-cq-]-߃.

bqWn-‰v- 3B[p-\nI kmln-Xy-P-\p-p-Iƒ-˛-K-Zy-km-lnXyw: t\mh¬, D]-hn-`m-K-߃, IY,

Bfl-I-Y, an\n-°-Y, BJym-bn-I.

bqWn-‰v- 4]Zy-km-lnXyw: Jfi-Im-hyw, ap‡-Iw, `mh-Im-hyw, hnem-]-Im-hyw, \mS-Io-b-

kz-K-Xm-Jym-\w, Io¿Ø-\-߃, IYm-Im-hyw.

bqWn-‰v- 5Zriy-km-ln-Xyw-˛-\m-S-Iw, B-´-°-Y, Xp≈¬, Xnc-°-Y.

56

d -d≥kv:cq]-a-RvP-cn-˛-tI-kcn

t\mh¬ kmln-Xyw-˛-Fw.-]n. t]mƒ

Jfi-I-Ym-]-ÿm-\w-˛-Fw.-]n. t]mƒ

BJym-bn-Im-\n¿Ωm-Ww-˛-Cu-iz-c-hm-cy¿

t\mh-ens‚ hn`m-K-߃-˛-s\-Sn-bw-ho-´n¬ _me-Ir-jvW-ta-t\m≥

57

MU MLW 3415 ItY-X-c-km-lnXyw (Ce-IvSo-hv 2)

ctaym-]-\ym-k-߃,- B-fl-I-Y,- Po-h-N-cn-Xw,- bm-Xm-hn-h-c-Ww, ssh⁄m-\n-

I-km-lnXyw XpS-ßn-bh ap≥\n¿Øn B[p-\nI KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øns‚

hf¿®sb \n¿≤m-cWw sNøp-I-bmWv Cu t]∏-dns‚ e£yw.

bqWn-‰v- 1

A®-Snbpw KZyhpw

ae-bm-f-KZyw A®-Sn-°p-apºv ˛ \ºym≥Xangv IrXn-Iƒ, sh≈-bpsS Ncn-Xw

apX-em-bh. A-®-Snbpw B\p-Im-en-I-ßfpw ˛ -]-›n-tam-Z-bw- ˛ -hn-Zym-hn-t\m-Zn-

\n- ˛- c-kn-I-c-RvPn-\n- ˛ ctaym-]-\ym-kw ˛ -ssh-⁄m-\nI D]-\ym-kw- ˛ s]m-Xp-

aWvUehpambn _‘-s∏´ kwhm-Z-߃ -˛- co-Xn-im-kvX-]-c-am-b- k-hn-ti-j-X-

Iƒ -˛- th-ß-bn¬ Ip™n-cm-a≥\mb-\m¿ -˛ -A-∏≥ Xºp-cm≥- ˛ -sI.-kp-Ip-am-

c≥- ˛ -C.-hn.-Ir-jvW-]n-≈- ˛- F≥.-hn. IrjvWhm-cn-b¿ ˛ G.-]n.- D-Z-b-`m\p XpS-

ßn-b-h-cpsS kw`m-h-\-Iƒ.

hntij]-T-\w

\ms´-gp-Ø-—≥am¿- ˛ -th-ß-bn¬ Ip™n-cm-a≥ \mb-\m¿

Nncnbpw Nn¥-bpw ˛ C.-hn.- Ir-jvW-]n-≈ (B-ZysØ c≠p-te-J-\w)-

Ihn-I-fpsS ISw ˛ kRvP-b≥

Iqhn-SmbvI Ipbn-te ˛ G.-]n.- D-Z-b-`m\p

bqWn-‰v- 2

bm-Xm-hn-h-c-W-߃ hntij-]-T-\-Øn\v_men-Zzo-]v ˛ F-kv.-sI.- s]m-s‰-°m-´v-

acp-`q-an-bpsS Bfl-I-Y ˛ ap-km-^¿ Al-a-Zv-

58

bqWn-‰v- 3

-Po-h-N-cnXw

BZy-Ime Poh-N-cn-X-߃-˛-kva-c-W-Iƒ-˛-]n.-sI.- ]-c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb-cpsS kw`m-

h-\-˛-Fw.-sI.- km-\p-˛-tdm-kn- tXm-akv XpS-ßn-b-h¿.

hntij]-T-\w

kn.-hn.- cm-a≥]n-≈ ˛- ]n.-sI.- ]-c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿

Nß-ºpg \£-X-ß-fpsS kvt\-l-`m-P-\w˛ Fw.-sI. km\p

Ch-s\s‚ ]nb kn.-sP. ˛ tdm-kn tXm-akv

bqWn-‰v- 4

-hy‡nbpw tZihpw

Bfl-I-Y-˛-Po-h-N-cn-Xw-˛-hy-‡n-N-cn-Xw-˛-tZ-i-N-cn-Xw˛ Bfl-I-Ybpw tIs´-

gpØpw˛B-fl-I-Y-Ifnse a‰v ]co-£-W-߃.

hntij]-T-\w

Pohn-X-∏m-X ˛- sN-dp-ImSv

I≠¬°m-Sp-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ Fs‚ Pohn-Xw - - I-t√≥ s]m°p-S≥

bqWn-‰v- 5

ssh⁄m-\nI kmlnXyw -

ae_m¿ kpIp-am-c≥ _n.-F, tUm. sI. `mkv°-c≥ \mb¿, F≥.-hn. IrjvW-

hmcnb¿ apX-em-b-h-cpsS kw`-mh-\-Iƒ kmam-\y-ambn t_m[y-s∏-SWw.

hntij]-T-\w

F≥.-hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-b-cpsS teJ-\-߃

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥, \Sp-h-´w-,1998, B-fl-I-Ym-km-lnXyw ae-bm-f-Øn¬,

Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

tPm¿Pv, sI.-Fw. (-F-Un.),1998, -B-[p-\nI ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cnXw ]ÿm-\-

ß-fn-eq-sS-, tIm´bw: Un.-kn.- _p-Ivkv.

tPm¿Pv, sI.-Fw.-, Po-h-N-cn-X-km-lnXyw.

cta-jvN-µ≥, hn., k©m-c-km-lnXyw ae-bm-f-Øn¬.

ioIp-am¿, G.Pn., A®-Sn-bnse tIc-fw, IÆq¿: ssIc-fn- _pIvkv.

kwkvIm-c-]-T\w NcnXw ˛ kn-≤m-¥w -˛ -]-tbm-Kw-, 2011, a-e-bm-f-]-T-\-kwLw.

59

Arnold, David & stuart Blackburn (Ed.), 2004,Telling Lives in India: Biography,

Autography and Life History, New Delhi: Permanant Black.

Cavarero, 2000, Relating Narratives: Story Telling and Selfhood, London:

Routledge.

Reed-Danahay, E. Deborah (Ed.), 1997, Auto/Ethnography Rewriting the Self and

the Social, Berg, Oxford.

60

\memw ska-ÿMU MLW 3416 kmln-Xyhpw kwkvIm-c-]-T-\hpw

MU MLW 3417 km-ln-Xy-Ncn-X-hn-⁄m-\obw

MU MLW 3418 Kth-jW ]_‘w/cN-\m-k-a¿∏Ww

MU MLW 3419 Iºyq-´¿ ae-bm-fhpw ]km-[-\-I-ebpw (C-e-IvSo-hv 3)

MU MLW 3420 am[yacN\ (C-e-IvSo-hv 4)

61

MU MLW 3416 kmln-Xyhpw kwkvIm-c-]-T-\hpw

-km-ln-Xy-]-T\ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°pw H∏w a‰v hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°pw FSp-°m-hp∂

Hm∏¨ Ce-IvSo-hmWv Cu t]∏¿. kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fnepw kwhm-Z-ß-fnepw

s]mXp-hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ°v XmXv]-cy-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xn-s\m∏w kwkvImc]T\w

ap≥\n¿Øn-bp≈ hnti-j-]-T-\-km-[y-XI-sfbpw t]∏¿ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p.

kwkvIm-c-]-T\Øns‚ ssk≤m-¥nI hi-ßfpw H∏w ]tbm-K-km-[y-X-Ifpw

t]∏¿ e£yw hbv°p∂p.

bqWn-‰v- 1

kwkvIm-c-]-T\w F∂ ]T-\-im-J

kw-kvImcw A¿∞-]-cn-Wm-a-߃- ˛ -]-Ir-Xnbpw kwkvIr-Xn-bpw-˛-kw-kvIm-c-

]-T\w F∂ ]T-\-im-J-˛- _n-´ojv I-t\-Un-b≥ amXr-I-Iƒ -˛- sd-bva≠v hneyw-

kn-s‚bpw C.-]n.- tXmw-k-Wn-s‚bpw kµ¿`w-˛- am¿Ivkn-b≥ hgn-Ifpw ]cn-

I¸-\-Ifpw.

bqWn-‰v 2

aq∂mw-temI hgn-Iƒ

kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-Øns‚ ap∂mw-temI hgn-Iƒ ˛ C-¥y≥ kw-kvIm-c-]-T\w ˛

]-I-c-W-\n-jvT-X -˛- t¢mZv A¬hm-co-kv ˛ Km-b-Xo-N-I-h¿Øo kv]ohm-°v- ˛-

`u-Xn-I-im-kvXhpw kwkvIm-c-]-T-\hpw.

bqWn-‰v 3

kmln-Xy-]-T-\hpw kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-hpw

kmln-Xy-]-T-\hpw kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-hpw- ˛- `m-j,- km-ln-Xyw,- kw-kvIm-cw,- k-

aqlw ]c-kv]c _‘-߃- ˛ókmw-kvIm-cn-tIm¬∏\w F∂ \ne-bn¬ kmln-

Xyw -˛- km-ln-Xy-cq-]-ß-fpsS kmwkvIm-cn-I-]-c-X ˛ P\-]n-b-km-ln-Xyw-.

62

bqWn-‰v- 4Nn”hn⁄m-\o-bhpw kwkvIm-c-]-T-\hpw

kw-kvIm-chpw A[n-Im-c-hpw˛L-S\mhmZhpw; LS-\m-hm-Zm-\-¥c Nn¥bpw ˛

Nn”-hn-⁄m-\o-bhpw kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-hpw.

bqWn-‰v- 5a-e-bm-f\ncq-]-Whpw kwkvIm-c-]-T-\hpw

kwkvIm-c-]-T\w ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ bqtdm-tI-µo-I-c-Ww- ˛ -cm-jvSo-bm-`n-ap-Jy-

߃- ˛ -]p-Xp-hnNmcamXr-I-Iƒ -˛ -a-e-bm-f-`m-j-tbbpw Xt±-iob kwkvIm-c-

sØbpw kw_-‘n® Btem-N-\-Iƒ ˛óae-bm-f-\n-cq-]-Whpw kwkvIm-c-]-T-

\hpw -˛- km-ln-Xy-N-cn-X-Øns‚ ]p\¿hn-`m-h-\w.

amXr-Im-hm-b-\bv°vCµp-te-J - - H.- N-¥p-ta-t\m≥

IpSp-° -˛ ]n.-Fw.- XmPv

\mem-asØ BWn- ˛- B-\µv

A\p-`q-Xn-I-fpsS Ncn-X-]-c-X- ˛- _n.- cm-Po-h≥

s]m-^-k¿ hnhn-[-K-a-\s‚ hnNn-Xm-\p-`-h-߃- ˛- sI.-Pn.- i-¶-c-∏n≈

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

-\-ºq-Xn-cn-∏m-Sv, C.-Fw.-F-kv., 1964, -tI-cfw ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS amXr-`q-an, Xr-iq¿:-

I-d‚ v _pIvkv.

a-e-bm-f-]-T-\-kwLw, 2011, kwkvIm-c-]-T-\w-, N-cnXw kn≤m¥w ]tbm-Kw-.

cho-µ≥ (FUn.), --1984, I-em-hn-a¿iw am¿InÃv am\-Z-WvUw, -Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]pcw:

Nn¥ ]ªn-tj-gvkv.

cho-µ≥, ]n.-]n., 2002, kw-kvIm-c-]-T\w Hcp BapJw, Un.-kn.- _p-Ivkv.

cmP-tKm-]m-e≥, C.-]n. (-F-Un)-, 2001, C-µp-teJ ˛ hmb-\-bpsS Zni-Iƒ, Xriq¿:

tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Z-an.

cmPo-h≥, _n.-, hm-°p-Ifpw hkvXp-°-fpw, Un.-kn.- _p-Ivkv.

kp\n¬, ]n.- C-f-bn-Sw, Z-an-Xw, -Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tI-cf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´.v

kp\n¬, ]n. - C-f-bn-Sw, A-⁄m-X-cp-am-bp≈ A`n-ap -J-߃-, tIm-´-bw:

F≥._n.Fkv.-

Adorno, T.W., 2002, Cultural Industry, London: Routledge.

Alvares, Claude, 1999, Decolonizing History, Goa: The Other India Press.

Barker, Chris, 2000, Cultural Studies : Theory and Practice, London, Sage.

Bennett, Tony (Ed.), 1981, Culture, Ideology and social Process: A Reader, London:

Batsford.

Bernal, J.D., Science in History, All India Peoples science Network.

Davis, loan, 1995, Cultural studies and Beyond Fragments of Empire, London,

Newyork: Routledge,

Eagleton, Terry, 1984, The Function of Criticism, London: Verso.

63

Eagleton, Terry, 2000, The Idea of Culture, Masschusetts: Blackwell Publishers.

Easthope, Anthony, 1996, Literary and Cultural Studies, London: Routledge.

Fanon, Frantz, 1966, The Wretched of the Earth, New York: Groves Press, Inc.

Fiske, John, 1989, Reading the Popular, London: Unwin Hyman.

Guiz, Raiford, Omayra Zarago Zacruz, 2005, Popular Culture: A Reader, London:

Sage Publishers.

Hosleet, Moyra, 2000, Marxist Literary & cultural Theories, London: Macmillan.

Jameson, Frederic, 1981, The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a socially symbolic

Act, London: Methuen.

Jameson, Frederic, 1993, On Cultural Studies, Social Text, 34.

Mc Gann, Jerome, J. (Eds), 1985, Historical Studies and Literary Criticism, Madison,

WI, University of Wisconsin press.

Said, Edward, 1978, Orientalism, Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Sinfield, Alan & Jonathan Dollimore, 1994, Political Shakespeare: Essays in Cultural

Materialism, Manchester University Press.

Spivak, Gayathri Chakravorty, 1999, A critique of Postcolonial Reason - Towards

a History of the Vanishing Present, Calcutta: Seagull.

Vinay Lal, 1996, South Asian cultural Studies - A Bibliography, New Delhi: Manoharlal

Williams, Raymond, 1958, Culture and Society, London: Chatto and Windus.

Williams, Raymond, 1986, Culture, London, Fontana.

Williams, Raymond, 1985, Marxism and Literature, London: Oxford.

64

MU MLW 3417 kmln-Xy-N-cn-X-hn-⁄m-\obw

]T-\-e£yw

kmln--Xy-N-cnX cN-\bpw hn⁄m-\hpw IqSmsX ]ÿm-\-߃, ]£-]m-X-

߃, \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS hnh-c-Whpw hni-I-e-\-ß-fpw.

bqWn‰v 1

kmln-Xyhpw Ncn-X-hn-⁄m\ (Historiography)hpw˛km-ln-Xy-N-cn-Xw-˛-]-T-\-ta-

J-e-Iƒ-˛-kn-≤m-¥hpw coXn-im-kvX-hpw -˛- B-Jym-\-Øns‚ khnti-j-X-Iƒ- ˛-

]-£-]m-X-ßfpw ]£-t`-Z-ß-fpw- ˛-- ]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- ˛ -]-Xy-b-im-kvXw -˛- k-aq-l-

Ncn-Xhpw tZio-b-Xbpw, kmln-Xy-N-cn-X-Øn¬.

bqWn‰v 2

kmln-Xy-N-cnX cN\: ssh-⁄m-\nI kao-]-\w-˛-tZ-io-b-Xbpw ]mtZ-io-b-Xbpw

˛ km-ln--Xy-I¿ØyXzw -˛ -Ir-Xn-I-fpsS Xnc-s™-Sp∏pw h¿§o-I-c-W-hpw -˛- Im-

t\m-\n-I-c-W-Øns‚ D≈-S-°hpw cmjvSo-bhpw ˛ tZ-i-`mj Ncn-X-߃- ˛

-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-X-Øn¬-˛-P-\p-p-I-fpsS Ah-X-c-Ww.

bqWn-‰v- 3

]-ÿm\ I¬-∏-\-Iƒ-˛km-ln-Xy-N-cn-Xhpw ]ÿm-\-h¬°-c-W-hpw-˛-tI-k-cn.-

F.-_m-e-Ir-jvW-]n-≈-bpsS ]ÿm-\-Nn-¥-Iƒ-˛-h¿§oI-c-W-߃-˛-CkßfpsS

hnh-c-Ww-- -X-an-gv- -kw-kvIr-X- -a-e-bmf˛km-lnXy ]ÿm-\-߃- -K-Zy- -]Zy ]ÿm-

\-߃.

65

bqWn-‰v- 4

L´hn--`-P-\-߃-˛-L-´-hn-`-P-\-Ønse ]iv\-߃-˛-]m-c-º-cyw-˛-]-Xy-b-imkvX

Xm¬]-cy-߃- --ku-µ-cy-˛--im-kvX-]-c-amb [mc-W-Iƒ-˛-F-gp-Ønse `mh-]--]-©w-

˛-k-am-\-X-Iƒ-˛-kw-kvImc ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS A[n-Imc cmjvSo-bw-˛-`mjmtIµo-

Ir-X-amb L´-hn-`-P-\w-˛-hy-‡n-˛-]-ÿm-\-˛-KW hn`-P-\-߃-˛-`mjm kmln-Xy-

ß-fpsS ]nXm-hv-˛-bp-K-kw-I-aW ]pcp-j≥ F∂o hnti-j-W-ß-fpsS HuNn-

Xyw-˛-]m-No-\w-˛-a-[yw-˛-\-ho\w F∂o bqtdm-]y≥ amXr-I-bpsS km[y-Xbpw ]cn-

an-Xn-bpw.

bqWn-‰v- 5

ae-bmf kmlnXy Ncn-X-߃-˛-km-am-\ym-h ---tem-I-\w-˛-tZ-iw-˛-`m-j-˛-Im-ew-˛-sF-

Xn-ly߃ F∂n-h-bpsS \n¿Wbw kmln-Xy-N-cn-X-ß-fn¬.

N-cnX cN-\-bnse Kth-j-Ww- -Xn-c-s™-Sp-∏v- -\n-cq-]-Ww- -ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-ج F∂n-

h-bpsS hna¿im-flI hni-I-e-\w-˛kvXo cN-\-Iƒ-˛-Z-enXv kmlnXyw F∂nh

kmln-Xy-N-cn-X-Øn¬-˛-]-cn-N-c-Whpw A`m-h-s∏-Sp-Ø-epw.

]mTyw: ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-X-߃ae-bmf `mjm Ncn-Xw - - k¿hm-[n-Im-cy-°m¿

]n. tKmhn-µ-]n≈

tIcf kmlnXy N-cn-Xw- ˛- D-≈q¿ ]c-ta-iz-c-ø¿

ssIc-fn-bpsS IY ˛ F≥. IrjvW-]n≈

a-e-bmf kmlnXy hna¿i-\w- ˛- kp-Ip-am¿ Ago-t°mSv

d -d≥kvcm-[m-Ir-jvW≥. ]n.-F-kv-˛-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-X-hn-⁄m-\obw

2 hmeyw (issue editor) ae-bmf dntk¿®v-˛-tP-W¬, hmeyw 9, e°w 1. P\p-h-cn,

G]n¬ 2016

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃Ir-jvW-]n-≈, F≥ (1958) 2010, ssIc-fn-bpsS IY, tIm´bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv

tKmhn-µ-∏n-≈, ]n (1881), 1956, ae-bmf `mjm-N-cn-Xw, tIm´-bw, Fkv.-]n.-F-kv.

]Wn-°¿,-sI.-F≥, 2002, kwkvIm-chpw tZiobXbpw, Xriq¿, Id‚ v _pIvkv.

]c-ta-iz-c]n-≈, Fcp-ta-en, 1991, Ah¿ Fßs\ Nn¥n-°p-∂p, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-

cw, tZim-`n-am\n

]c-ta-iz-c-ø¿, D≈q¿.-Fkv (1953-˛1957) 1990, tIcf kmln-Xy-N-cn-Xw, Xncp-h-\-

¥-]p-cw, tIcf k¿h-I-em-im-e.

cma-N-µ≥\m-b¿.-sI, ]n.-hn. them-bp-[≥]n≈ (k-ºm-:), 1976, Kth-j-W-Øns‚

]iv\-߃. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw: tIcf k¿h-I-em-im-e.

hc-Z-cm-P≥, ap. 200. Xangv kmln-Xy-N-cn-Xw. hnh. tae-ßØv \mcm-b-W≥Ip-

´n, aZm-kv, kmlnXy A°m-Zan.

66

A-P-b-Ip-am¿ F≥. 2014, A\p-`q-Xnbpw Ncn-Xhpw: ]Xn-s\´mw \q‰m-≠nse

\f-I--Y-Iƒ ap≥ \n¿Øn-bp≈ At\z-j-Ww, kmwkvIm-cnI hna¿ihpw ae-

bmf `mh-\-bpw, jmPn tP°_v (k-ºm-Z\w: ]T-\w), Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIcf

`mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq- v,

A∏≥.sI.-]n, 2000, C∂-se-I-fnse At\z-j-W-]-cn-tim-[-\-Iƒ, tIm´-bw, Un.-

kn. _pIvkv, .

......1988 amdp∂ ae-bmf t\mh¬, Be-∏p-g, KuXa _pIvkv.

Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿. 2005, Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°-cpsS teJ-\-߃, tIm´-bw, Un.-kn.

_pIvkv,

Cf-bn-Sw, kp\n¬.-]n, 2011, A⁄m-X-hp-am-bp≈ A`n-ap-J-߃, tIm´-bw, \mj-

W¬ _pIv Ãmƒ.

tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥.-Fw, (k-ºm.), 1993, kmln-Xy-]-©m-\s‚ IrXn-Iƒ (H∂pw

c≠pw `mK-߃), Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

Np--Ωm¿, Sn.-Fw, 1987, kph¿Æ-ssI-c-fn, tIm´-bw, \mj-W¬ _p°v Ãmƒ.

\mcm-b-W-∏n-≈, ]n.-sI, 1996, ]©m-\-\s‚ hna¿i-\-X-bw, Xriq¿, tIcf km-

-lnXy A°m-Z-an.

]mºn-cn-°p-∂v, ]Zo-]≥, 2007, ZenXv ]T\w: kzXzw kwkvIm-cw, kmln-Xyw,

Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v.

_me-Ir-jvW-]n-≈, F., 2011, tIk-cn-bpsS kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-߃, tIm´-bw,

\mj-W¬ _pIv Ãmƒ.

ap°¿Pn, kpPn-Xv, 1984, `mc-Xob kmln-Xy-N-cn-X-c-N-\, kmln-Xy-k-a-\z-bw,

tUm.-sI.-Fw. tPm¿Pv k]vXXn kvac-Wn-I, tIm´-bw, \mj-W¬ _p°v Ãmƒ.

cmL-h-hm-cy¿, Fw.-B¿, 2006, AΩ-h-gn-t°-c-fw, Xriq¿, tIcf kmlnXy A°m-

Z-an,

cmP-cm-P-h¿Ω, F.-B¿., 2012, kmln-Xy-km-lyw, tIm´-bw, \mj-W¬ _p°v

Ãmƒ,

cmPo-h≥, _n., 2011, hm°p-Ifpw hkvXp-°-fpw, tIm´bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

cma-Ir-jvW≥, C.-hn, 2012, A\p-`-h-ßsf B¿°mWp t]Sn?, tIm´-bw, Un.kn

_pIvkv.

........2001, tZio-b-Xbpw kmln-Xyhpw, tIm´-bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

k®n-Zm-\-µ≥, 1996, aplq¿Ø-߃, tIm´bw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv.

Blackburn, Stuart, Vasudha Dalmia, 2004, Indiaís Literary History: Essays on

19th Centurty, Delhi, Permanent Black.

Cunliffe, Marcus, 1954, Literature of United States, U.S.A, Penguin.

Devy, G..N, 1998, Off Many Heroes, An Indian Essay in Literary Historiography,

Orient Logman.

Eagleton, Terry. 1980. Literary Theory: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.

Green, Kieth, Jill Lebihan, 1996, Critical Theory and Practice, London:

Routledge.

Jauss, Hans Robert, 1990, Literary History as challenge to Literary Theory, Den-

nis Walker (ed.), Literature in the Modern World London, Oxford. P.67-75.

67

Kosambi, D.D. 2002, Combined Methods in Indology and other writings. New

Delhi, Oxford University Press.

Krishna Chaithanya, (1971), 1995, A History of Malayalam Literature, Bombay,

Orient Longman.

Mukherjee, Sujit, 1975, Some positions in Literary History of India. Mysore, Cen-

tral Institute of Indian Languages.

Perkins, David (1928), 1992, Is Literary History Possibles London, The John Hopkins

Univeristy.

Pollock, Sheldon, (ed,), 2003, Literary cultures in History Reconstructions from

South Asia, New Delhim O.U.P.

Sharma, Ira 2010, George Abraham Giriersonís Literary Hindustan Harder, Hans

(ed.), Literature and Nationalist Idealogy Writing Histores of Modern Indian

Langauges, New Delhi, Social Science Press, P. 176-208.

Spiller, Robert E. (ed.), Literary History of United States, New Delhi, Amerind

Publishing co,

Walder, Dennis (ed,), 1990, Literature in the Modern World Britian, O.U.P.

Yigal, Bronner, David Shulman, Garry Tubb, 2014, Innnovations and Turning

Points, Toward a History of Kavya Literature. New Delhi: Oxford.

A[n-I-hm-b-\°vCotton, Daniel, 1996, Ravishing Tradition, Cultural Forces and Literary History,

Cornell University.

Das, Sisir Kumar A History of Indian Literature, 500-1399, From the Courtly to the

Popular.

Devy, G.N, 1998, Of Many Heroes, An Indian Essay in Literary Historiography,

Orient Longman.

Harder, Hans (Ed.), 2010, Literature and the Nationalist Idoelogy, Writing Histo-

ries of Modern Languages, Social Science Press.

68

MU MLW 3418 Kth-j-W-]-_‘w/cN-\m-k-a¿∏Ww

Kth-jW ]_-‘-c-N-\-bpsS XØz-߃ Kln-°p-I, Ah HuNn-Xy-t_m-[-

tØmsS ]men-°pI apX-emb Imcy-ß-fmWv Cu t]∏¿sIm-≠p-t±-in-°p-∂Xv.

bqWn‰v 1

A\u-]-Nm-cnI Kth-jWw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ˛ Hu]-Nm-cnI Kth-j-W-Øns‚ Ncn-

Xw, coXn-im-kvX-Øns‚ A\n-hm-cy-X.

bqWn‰v 2

Kth-jWw ˛ \n¿h-N\w ˛ bp‡n-_-≤X ˛ imkvXo-bX ˛ hnjbw Is≠-ج

˛ ]mY-an-I-amb At\z-jWw ˛ sslt∏m-sØ-kn-kns‚ cq]-h-Xv°-cWw.

bqWn‰v 3

ZØ-Øns‚ BI-c-߃ ˛ Kth-j-W-hm-b\ ˛ Ipdn-∏p- Xøm-dm-°¬ ˛ hkvXp-

Xm-kw-`-cWw ˛hkvXp-X-I-fpsS A]-K-Y\w ˛ XymPy-Kmly hnth-N-\-tØm-Sp-

Iq-Sn Bi-b-ß-fpsS sXc-s™-Sp∏v DZvK-Y\w sslt∏m-sØ-kn-kns‚ Bi-

b-]-c-amb hnI-k-\hpw ]pjvSn-s∏-Sp-Øepw ˛ Xokn-kns‚ cq]-h-Xv°-c-Ww.

bqWn‰v 4

knt\m-]vknkv Xøm-dm-°¬ ˛ A≤ym-b-hn-`-P\w ˛ BapJw ˛ A≤ym-b-߃ ˛

D]-Z¿i-\w.

A≤ym-b-߃ XΩn-ep≈ ssPh-_‘w ˛ JWvUn-I-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ bp‡n-]-c-

amb _‘w ˛ `mjbpsS \njvIr-jvS-X.

bqWn‰v 5

]cm-a¿i kqN-I-߃ ˛ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ ˛ KŸ-kq-Nn.

Cu ASn-ÿm-\- X-Øz-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hyXn-N-en-°msX Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn\pw

A\p-tbm-Py-amb coXn-im-kvX-Øns‚ Is≠-ج.

69

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

ANyp-X-\pÆn, NmØ-\mØv, Kth-jW ]_-‘-c-N-\-bpsS XØz-߃.

tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW≥, \Sp-h´w, Kth-jW coXn-imkvXw.

]`m-I-c-hm-cnb¿, sI.Fw., Kth-j-W-]-≤Xn.

_©-an≥, Un. tUm.-, kmln-Xy-K-th-j-W-Øns‚ coXn-imkvXw.

hnP-b-∏≥, ]n.Fw., ]mT hna¿i\w.

hnjvWp-\-ºq-Xn-cn-, Fw.-hn., Kth-j-W-]-th-inI.

Altick, Richard Daniel, 1993, The Art of Literary Research, ww Norton & Co.

Bateson, F.W., 1972, The Scholar Critic: An Introduction to Literary Research,

London: Routledge.

James Thrope (Ed.),1970, The Aims and Methods of scholarship, Modern Language

Association.

Srivastava, Prakash, G.N., 1994, Advanced Research Methodology, Radha Publi-

cations.

cN\m ka¿∏Ww

\memw ska-Ã-dns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ cN-\-IfpsS ka¿∏Ww:

IY, t\mh¬, Ihn-X, \mS-Iw, kmln-Xy-hn-a¿iw.

cN-\m-k-a¿∏-W-Øn-\p≈ BZy t]Pp-I-fpsS amXrI tN¿°p∂p:

70

cN-\-bpsS t]cvcN-\-bpsS t]cvcN-\-bpsS t]cvcN-\-bpsS t]cvcN-\-bpsS t]cv

tImgvkv tImUv

cPn-ÿ \º¿

hnZym¿∞n-bpsS t]cv

Fw.-F. kmln-Xy-c-N\

kmln-Xy- m-°¬‰n

Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-imeA£cw Imºkv, hm°mSv ]n.-H., Xncq¿ ˛ 676 502

A≤y-b\ h¿jw

71

cN-\-bpsS t]cvcN-\-bpsS t]cvcN-\-bpsS t]cvcN-\-bpsS t]cvcN-\-bpsS t]cv

tImgvkv tImUv

Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ _ncp-Zm-\-¥c

_ncpZ tImgvkns‚ mK-ambn kmln-Xy- m-°¬‰n-bnse kmln-

Xy-c-N-\m-hn-`m-K-Øn¬ ka¿∏n-°p∂ k¿§m-fl-I-c-N\.

cPn-ÿ \º¿

hnZym¿∞n-bpsS t]cv

Fw.-F. kmln-Xy-c-N\

kmln-Xy- m-°¬‰n

Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-imeA£cw Imºkv, hm°mSv ]n.-H., Xncq¿ ˛ 676 502

A≤y-b\ h¿jw

72

kmln-Xy-c-N\mhn- mKw

kmln-Xy- m-°¬‰n

Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-ime

A£cw Imºkv, hm°mSv ]n.-H., Xncq¿ ˛ 676 502

]Xn⁄m]Xw

Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ \n∂v _ncp-Zm-\-¥-

c-_n-cpZ tImgvkns‚ mK-ambn ............................................................ (c-N-\-bpsS

t]cv) F∂ cN\ Rm≥ Xøm-dm°n ka¿∏n-°p-∂p.

Fs‚ Adn-hn¬ Cu cN-\-bnse Hcp- m-Khpw at‰-sX-¶nepw _ncp-Z-

Øn-\mbn CXn-\p-apºv Bcpw Hcp k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnepw ka¿∏n-®n- n-

√, ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n- p-an-√. CXv ..................................................................... (am¿§-

\n¿t±-i-Is‚ t]cv) s‚ ta¬t\m- -Øn¬ sNbvX k¿§m-flI IrXn-

bm-sW∂v Rm≥ ]Xn⁄ sNøp-∂p.

cPn-ÿ \º¿

hnZym¿∞n-bpsS t]cv

ÿew: Xncq¿

XnbXn: hnZym¿∞n-bpsS H∏v

73

am¿K-\n¿t±-i-Is‚ t]cv : ..............................................

HutZym-KnI ta¬hn-emkw : ..............................................

km£y]Xw

................................... F∂ c-N-\- Fs‚ ta¬t\m- -Øn¬ ...................................

...................................... (hn-Zym¿∞nbpsS t]cpw cPn-ÿ \º-dpw) \n¿h-

ln® k¿§m-flI IrXn-bm-sW∂v km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

ÿew: Xncq¿

XnbXn: H∏v

hIp-∏-≤y-£s‚ H∏v

74

MU MLW 3419 C-e-IvSohv 3 ˛ Iºyq- ¿ ae-bmfhpw

]km-[-\Iebpw

bqWn‰v 1

Iºyq- ¿ kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS hnImk NcnXw

A©p-X-e-apd Iºyq-´-dp-Iƒ ˛ Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃ-߃ kmam-\y-]-cn-Nbw ˛

IymcIvS¿ F≥tImUnw-Kp-Iƒ ˛ ae-bm-f-Ønse BkvIn bp\n-tImUv F≥tIm-

Unw-Kp-Iƒ, `mjm-km-t¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS L´ hn`-P\w ˛ BkvIn Ime-L´w ˛

bp\n-tImUv Ime-L´w ˛ kzX-¥-a-e-bmfw Iºyp-´nw-Kns‚ kw`m-h-\-Iƒ ˛

bp\n-tImUv t^m≠p-Iƒ ˛ I¨h¿´¿ D]-I-c-W-߃ ˛ en]y-¥-cWw ˛

lm‚ vssd-‰nwKv C≥]p´v ˛ thmbnkv C≥]p´v ˛ sSIvÃv Sp kv]o®v XpS-ßnb

hnIm-k߃ ˛ BZy-Ime sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ

bqWn‰v 2

ssk_¿ kmlnXyw

tªmKp-Iƒ ˛ hnImk NcnXw ˛ tªmKv \n¿ΩmWw ˛ kmam-\ym-h-tem-I\w ˛

hn°n-]o-Unb ˛ hn°n KŸ-ime ˛ hn°n ]mT-ime ˛ hn°n \nL≠p ˛ hn°n-

sNm-√p-Iƒ ˛ NcnXw ˛ ae-bmfw hn°n-]o-Unb ˛ teJ-\-ß-fpsS kz`mhw.

bqWn‰v 3

\h-am-[y-a-߃ tkmjy¬ s\‰vh¿°nwKv ssk‰p-Iƒ Szn‰¿, s^bvkv_p°v,

en¶vSv C≥, KqKnƒ πkv, bqSyq-_v ˛ C˛-tP¿W-ep-Iƒ ˛ amkn-I-Iƒ ˛ ssl∏¿

en¶p-Iƒ ˛ D≈-S°w ˛ apJy-[m-cm am-[y-a-ß-fp-am-bp≈ kzm[o\w

75

bqWn‰v 4

b¥-hn-h¿Ø\w

C˛-a-e-bmfw ˛ NcnXw ˛ kao-]-\-߃ ˛ `mj ASn-ÿm-\-am°n ˛ \nL≠p

ASn-ÿm-\-am°n ˛ ][m-\-]-iv\-߃ ˛ Nn”`mj-bpsS ]cn-`mj ˛ tIm∏n

ssd‰v ˛ ae-bm-f-Ønse b¥ hnh¿Ø\ km[y-X-Iƒ ˛ tkm^v‰vthb¿ ˛

t^m≠v ˛ en]n-hn-\ymkw ˛ en]y-¥-cWw ˛ C˛-temIw ˛ C˛-hm-b\ ˛ C˛-`m-jm-

imkvXw ˛ C˛-]p-kvX-I-߃ ˛ C˛-_p°v doU-dp-Iƒ

bqWn‰v 5

]km-[\w : ]mtbm-KnIw

ssS∏nwKv ˛ ssS∏v sk‰nßv ˛ t^m≠p-Iƒ ˛ t]Pvta-°¿ ˛ ssS∏v C‰v ˛ bpWn-

tImUv I¨h¿´nwKv ˛ cq]-I¬∏\ ˛ t]Pv sk‰nwKv ˛ _p°v ta°nwKv ˛ ]ocn-

tbm-Un-°¬ Ih¿ Unssk-\nwKv NcnXw ]cn-Wm-a-߃: i¶-c-≥Ip´n apX¬

ssk\p¬ B_nZv hsc ˛ ]pd-¥mƒ Ipdn∏v ˛ hne \n¿Wbw ˛ A®Sn ˛ ]km-

[\w ˛ hnX-cWw ˛ ]apJ ]km-[-I¿ ˛ coXn-Iƒ ][m\ ]pkvX-I-߃.

Ct‚¨jn-∏ns‚ `mK-ambn ]mtbm-KnI ]km-[\w Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

klm-bI KŸ-߃

ANypXv i¶¿ Fk.v \mb¿, tUm., C≥^¿ta-j≥ sSIvt\m-fPn, (tI-cf`mjm

C≥Ãn-‰yq-´v).

CJv_m¬, _n. tUm., -c-ho-µ≥, sI., C‚¿s\‰pw C≥^¿ta-j≥ hnπ-hhpw,

tIm´-bw: Un.-kn.-_pIvkv.

tPmkv. sI. am\p-h¬, \h-am-[y-a-߃.

kp\n-X, Sn.hn. (FUn-.), 2009, ssk_¿ ae-bmfw, Xr»q¿: I-d‚ v _pIvkv.

Marshall Lee, 2014, Book Making : Editing, Design, Production, w.w. Norton & Co.

Micheal Benedict (In Cyber Culture Reader, Editor: David Bell), 2000, Cyber Space:

First Steps (Article), London: Routedge.

http://ml.wikipedia.org

http://ml.wikisource.org

http://ml.wikibooks.org

http://ml.quote.org

The Impact of Electronic Publishing.

76

MU MLW 3420 am[y-a-c-N\

hyXy-kvX-Xcw am[y-a-ß-fp-≠v. k¿§-c-N\ Bh-iy-ambn hcp∂ hnim-e-amb

Hcp taJ-e-bmWv AXv. GtXXv am[y-a-ß-fn¬ GtXXv Xe-ß-fn¬ k¿§m-fl-

I-c-N\ Bh-iy-am-sW∂v a\-n-em-°p-I-bmWv Cu t]∏-dns‚ Dt±-iyw.

bqWn-‰v- 1am[yaw F∂m-se¥v-˛]-e-Xcw _lp-P-\-am-[y-a-߃: ]Xw, tdUn-tbm, sSen-hn-

j≥, Iºyq-´¿ A[n-jvTn-X-am-[y-a-߃, \ham[y-a-߃.

bqWn-‰v- 2k¿§-c-N\ ]X-Øn¬-˛-]-X-Ønse Intb-‰ohv ssd‰nw-Kv-˛-\yqkv tÃmdn F∂

k¶-ev]w- -hm¿Ø-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xnse k¿§-X-e-߃- -hm¿Ø-bnse BJym-

\m-fl-I-X-˛-dn-t∏m¿´nw-Kv, hm¿Øm \n¿ΩmWw-˛-tIm-f-sa-gp-Øv.

bqWn-‰v- 3sSen-hn-j≥ F∂ am[y-aw˛sSen-^n-enw, sSen-ko-cn-b¬-˛-C-Xc sSen-hn-j≥ ]cn-

]m-Sn-Iƒ-˛-A-h-bv°p-th-≠n-bp≈ Fgp-Øp-Iƒ-˛-]-c-ky-c-N-\.

bqWn-‰v- 4tdUn-tbm-˛-]-`m-jWw, tdUntbm \mS-Iw, ^o®-dp-Iƒ-˛-I-Ym-fl-I-amb Ah-X-c-

W-߃.

bqWn-‰v- 5kn\n-a-˛-kn-\n-abpw k¿§m-fl-I-c-N-\-bpw-˛-Xn-c-°--Ym-c-N-\-bpsS hnhn[ L-´-߃,

coXn-Iƒ.

77

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-߃

Hcp kwLw teJ-I¿, ]X-`mj, ]kv A°m-Zan.

ta-t\m≥, Fw.-sI., kz.te, -Fkv]nknFkv.

cm-tP-µ-_m_p, tUm.-, (FUn), \mS-Ihpw kn\n-abpw, ipI-]p-cw: h≈-tØmƒ

hnZym-]o-Tw.

cm-[m-Ir-jvW≥, F., F.-sI.- ]n≈, BZ¿i-ß-fpsS c‡-km£n, sIm®n: tIcf

]kv A°m-Zan.

hmkp-tZ-h≥]n≈ hbem, kqX-[mcm CXnte, CXnte, ipI-]p-cw: h≈-tØmƒ

hnZym-]o-Tw.

hn-P-b≥, sI.-]n.-, ]X-߃ hnNn-X-߃, 1975, Fkv.]n.kn.Fkv.

th-Wp-tKm-]m-e≥, Sn., tXmakv tP°_v, \m´phn-tijw, sIm®n: tIcf ]kv

A°mZan.

th-Wp-tKm-]m¬, Sn.-, cmPy-kvt\-ln-bmb cmP-tZmln, sIm®n: tIcf ]kv

A°mZan.

th-em-bp-[≥]n≈, ]n.-hn.- (F-Un), F≥.- Ir-jvW-]n-≈bpw `mc-Xob \mS-I-th-

Znbpw

i-¶-c-]n≈, Pn.-, kwhn-[m-b-I-kwLw

i-¶-c-]n≈, Pn.-, \mS-IZ¿i\w

i-¶-c-]n≈, Pn.-, ae-bmf \mSI kmlnXy NcnXw

i-¶-c-]n≈, Pn.-, C_vks‚ \mSI k¶¬∏w

k-Xy-h-X≥, F≥.-F≥.-, hm¿Ø-bpsS in¬∏-ime, sIm®n: tIcf ]kv

A°mZan.

k-Xy-h-X≥, F≥.-F≥.-, hm¿Ø hcp∂ hgn, sIm®n: tIcf ]kv A°m-Zan.

kp-Ip-am-c≥, Sn.-]n., \mSIw IÆns‚ Ie-.

kpss_¿, hn.-]n.-, ]X-`m-j-sb-°p-dn-®p-≈ ]tXy-I- ]-_‘w, sIm®n: tIcf

]kv A°m-Zan.

kztZ-im- n-am\n, 1984, hrØm-¥-]-X-]-h¿Ø\w, sIm®n: tIcf ]kv A°mZan.

l-cn-i¿a, F.Un., i¿a, B¿.-kn.-, \mSI ]th-inI

tdm_n≥P-^n, C¥y-bnse `mjm-]Xhnπhw, `mjm C≥Ãn-‰yq´v.

Alan Powers, 2001, Front Cover: Great Book Jacket and Cover Design, Mitchell

Beazley.

Bertolt, Brecht, 1964, Brecht On Theatre: The Development of an Aesthetic, Farrar,

Straus & Giroux.

Claire Kehrwald, Cook, 1985, Line by Line: How to Edit your Own Writing, Modern

Language Association of America.

David J. Brown, Richard Boulderstone, 2008, The Impact of Electronic Publishing:

The Future for Publishers and Librarians,K.G. Saur Verlag.

Davies, Gill, 2004, Book Commissioning and Acquisition, Routledge.

Kitto.H.D.F., 1956, Form and meaning in Drama, Routledge.

Marshall, Lee, 2004, Book making: Editing, Design,Production, W.W. Norton & Co.

Martin, Esslin, 1961, The Theatre of the Absurd, Bloomsbury Academic.

Maurice, Maeterlinck, 2010, The Modern Drama, Kessinger Publishing.

78

Michael N. Ross, 2006, Publishing Without Boundaries: How to Think, Work and win

the Global Marketplace, Association of Educational Publishers.

Simon Eliot, Jonathan Rose, 2009, A companion to the history of the Book, Wiley -

Blackwell.

Styan.J.L., 1975, The Dramatic Experience: A Guide to the reading of Plays, read-

ing, Cambridge University Press.

Williams, Robin, 1995, The Non-Designer’s Design Book: Design and Typographic

Principles for the Visual Novice, Pearson Education.

Screenplay writing

Dara Marks, 2007, Inside story, Three Mountain Press.

James Ryan, 2000, Screenwriting from the Heart,Billboard Books.

Lajos, Egri, 2009, The Art of Dramatic writing: Its Basis in the Creative Interpretation

of Human Motives, BN Publishing.

Michael Straczynski.J, 1996, The Complete Book of Scriptwriting, Writers Digest

Books.

Robin U. Russin, William Missouri, Downs, 2003, Screenplay: Writing the Picture, Silman

- James Press.

Syd Field, 2005, Screenplay: The Foundations of Screenwriting - A Step by step

guide from concept to finished script, RHUS.

William M. Akers, 2008, Your Screenplay Sucks!:100 ways to Make it Great, Michael

Wiese Productions.

Yves Lavandier, 2005, Writing Drama; A Comprehensive Guide for Playwrights

and Scriptwriters, Le Clown & I’enfant.

Journalism

Arnold S. de Beer, (Ed.), 2008, Global Journalism: Topical Issues & Media

Systems,Pearson.

Edward Jay, Friedlander, John D. Lee, 2010, Feature Writing: The Pursuit of Excel-

lence, Pearson.

James Glen, Stovall, 2005, Journalism: Who, What, Where, Why and How, allyn &

Bacon Publishers.

Kalra, Richa Jain, The ABC of News Anchoring: A Guide for Aspiring Anchors,

Pearson Education India.

Manoj Rajan, 2011, Media in Modern India, Deep & Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd.

Nihal Singh.S, 2011, Ink in my Veins: A Life in Journalism, Hay House.

Padagaonkar Latika & Shubha Singh, 2012, Making News, Breaking News, Her own

way, Westland Books.

Per, Stahlberg, 2013, Writing Society through Media: Ethnography of a Hindi Daily,

Rawat Publications.

Sharma.K.C., Pathak.A.S., 2011, Reporting and Editing in Journalism, Deep & Deep

Publications Pvt. Ltd.

Vivian, John, 2012, The Media of Mass Communication, Pearson Education.

79

]co£ ˛ ASn-ÿm\ hnh-c-߃; hyh-ÿ-Iƒ

A[y-b\ am[y-ahpw ]co-£-bpw

Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ \S-Øp∂ GXp tImgvkn-

s‚bpw A[y-b\ am[yaw ae-bm-f-`m-j-bm-bn-cn-°pw. ]co-£bpw aebmfØn-

em-bn-cn-°pw.

]_-‘w, t]mP-Œv, ^o¬Uvh¿°v dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ F∂nh Xøm-dm-°p-∂Xpw

ae-bm-fØn-em-bn-cn-°pw.

]co£ hyhÿ

Xp©-sØ-gp-Ø-—≥ ae-bm-f-k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnse F√m ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-Ifpw ska-

ÿ hyh-ÿ-bn¬ Iao-I-cn®v \nc-¥-c- B`y-¥-c-aq-ey-\n¿W-bw \SØn,

tNmbvkv t_bvkvUv sIUn‰v B‚ v ska-ÿ (CBCS) hyhÿbmWv ]n≥Xp-

Scp∂Xv.

aqey\n¿Wbw

B`y-¥c aqey-\n¿Wbw 20%

a[yska-ÿ ]co£ 20%

ska-Ã-d¥y ]co£ 60%

B`y-¥c aqey-\n¿Wbw

]T-\-an-Ihv ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂Xpw aqey-\n¿Wbw \S-Øp-∂Xpw c≠p-X-c-Øn-emWv.

XpS¿]-cn-tim-[-\-I-fn-eqsSbp≈ A`y-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-Øepw ska-ÿ Ah-km\

]co-£m-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-ep-w. Hcp tImgvkvImem-h-[n-°p-≈n¬ \nc-¥-c-ambn Hcp

hnZym¿∞nsb hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\v 40 am¿°m-Wv. tImgvkv \S-Øp∂ A[ym-

]-I¿ XmsgImWn-°p∂ Xe-ßfn-emWv A`y-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-ج \S-tØ-≠-Xv.

lmP¿ ˛ 5 am¿°v

a[y-sk-a-ÿ ]co£ ˛ 20 am¿°v

Ass≥sa‚ v ˛ 10 am¿°v

skan-\m¿ ˛ 5 am¿°v

BsI -˛ 40 am¿°v

lmP¿

lmP¿ 75% Øn¬ Ipd-hmsW-¶n¬ ska-ÿ A¥y-]-co-£- Fgp-Xm≥ A\p-

h-Zn-°p-∂-X-√.

80

Hmtcm hnj-bhpw ]Tn-∏n°p∂ A[ym-]-I¿ lmP¿ kq£n°p∂Xm-Wv.

lmP¿ 75% Øn¬ Ipd-™-h-cpsS t]cv t\m´okv t_m¿Un¬ ]Z¿in-∏n-°p-w.

lmP¿ \ne 65% apI-fnepw 75% Xmsg-bp≈ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v saUn-°¬

k¿´n-^n-°-‰ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]co£ Fgp-Xm≥ Cfhv A\p-h-Zn-°pw.

lmP¿ 65% Øn¬ Ipd-hp-≈-h¿°v Hcp Imc-W-h-imepw ]co-£- Fgp-Xm≥

A-\p-hmZw sImSp-°p∂X√.-

a[y-sk-a-ÿ ]co£

ska-ÿ ]Ip-Xn-bm-Ip-tºmƒ Hcp B`y-¥c ]co£ \S-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Ass≥sa‚ v

a[y -sk-a -ÿ ]co -£bv°v apºmbn hnZym¿∞nIƒ Ass≥sa-‚ v

ka¿∏n®ncn-°-Ww.

skan-\m¿

F√m ska-Ã-dnepw F√m- hn-j-b-Ønepw hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS skan-\m¿ \n¿_-

‘-amWv.

AXXp hn-jbw ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ A≤ym-]-I¿ tNmZy-ap-≠m-°m\pw ]co£m ]cn-

tim-[-I-cm-Im\pw A¿l-cm-Wv.

hIp-∏-≤y-£≥, AXXv hnj-bw ]-Tn-∏n-°p∂ A≤ym-]-I≥, Uo≥ ip]m¿i

sNøp∂ ]pd-ta-\n-∂p≈ Hc-≤ym-]-I≥ F∂n-h-c-S-ßp∂ ]m\en\mWv sshhm,

]mŒn-°¬ F∂o ]co-£-I-fpsS \S-Øn∏v Npa-X-e.

tNmZy°S-em-kns‚ LS\

Hmtcm hnj-b-Ønepw Xøm-dm-°p∂ tNmZy-°-S-em-kn¬ hnhn[ mK-߃ D≠m-

bn-cn-°pw. H∂mw `mK-Øn¬ Hcp am¿°v hoX-ap≈ 10 tNmZy-߃.

c≠mw mK-Øn¬ A©p-am¿°p-ho-X-ap≈ 8 tNmZy-ßfn¬ \n∂v Bsd-Æ-Øn\v

DØcw Fgp-X-Ww.

aq∂mw `mK-Øn¬ 10 am¿°v hoX-ap≈ aq∂p tNmZy-ß-fn¬ \n∂v cs≠-Æ-Øn-

\p-Ø-c-sa-gp-X-W-sa∂mWv \n_-‘-\-.

]co£m kabw ˛ 60 am¿°n-\p-≈ ]co-£m-k-abw aq∂p aWn-°q-dmbn \nP-

s∏-Sp-Ønbn-cn°p-∂p.

a[yska-ÿ ]co-£bv°v samØw kne-_kns‚ 50% ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-

bp≈XmWv tNmZy-t]-∏-¿. A[n-I-hm-b-\bv°v t]cn-∏n-°p-∂-hn-[-Øn-em-bn-cn-

°pw tNmZy-t]-∏¿.

ska-Ãd¥y ]-co-£-bv°p≈ tNmZym-h-en-bn¬ kne-_kv apgp-h≥ Dƒs∏-Spw.

81

kne-_-knse F√m bqWn-‰p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw tNmZy-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cn-°pw.

F√m ska-Ã-dnepw B`y-¥-c-aq-ey-\n¿Æ-bhpw _mly-aq-ey-\n¿Æ-bhpw

\n¿_-‘-am-Wv. Ah-km\ ska-ÿ ]co-£-bpsS tNmZym-hen ]q¿Æ-ambpw

]pd-Øp-\n-∂p≈ A≤ym-]-I-cmIpw Xøm-dm-°pI.

]mIvSn-°¬ hnj-b-߃, t]mPIv‰v dnt∏m¿´v, ]_‘w XpS-ßn-b-hbpw B`y-

¥c _mly-aq-ey-\n¿W-b-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°pw.

`n∂-tijn hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ°p≈ ]co£m klm-bw

aq∂p aWn-°q-dp≈ ]co-£-bn¬ Ac-a-Wn-°q¿ kabw A[n-I-ambn ImgvN-˛-

ihW ]cn-an-Xn-bp≈ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v e`n-°pw.

]mm-Im≥ th≠ 40% am¿°v GsX-¶nepw kml-N-cy-Øn¬ e`n-°msX h∂m¬

Cu hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ°v G.O. (Ms.)No:13/2013/H.Edn. Dated 16.01.2013 ]Imcw

samØw am¿°ns‚ 25% tamU-td-j≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-XmWv.

k¿°m¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p∂ a‰v B\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw bYm-k-abw ]co£m hyh-

ÿ-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øpw.

tKUv \n›-bn-°¬

B`y-¥c -˛- _mly aqey\n¿W-b-Øn-\p-tijw AXXv hn`m-K-ß-fnse A≤ym-

]-I-k-an-Xnbpw ]pd-Øp-\n-s∂-Øp∂ ]cn-tim-[-Icpw tN¿∂ kan-Xn-bmWv Hmtcm

tImgvkn-s‚bpw icm-i-cn-am¿°v \nP-s∏-SpØn tKUv \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xv. O, A+, A,

B+, B, C+, C, F, AB F∂n-ßs\ hyXykvX tKUp-I-fp≠v. F tXm¬hnsb kqNn-

∏n-°p-∂p. C bpw AXn-\p-ap-I-fn-ep≈ tKUp-Ifpw hnP-bsØ kqNn-∏n-°p-

∂p. XpS-¿∂p≈ aqey-\n¿W-bhpw ska-ÿ Ah-km\ ]co-£m-^-ehpw kwbp-

‡-ambn IW-°n-se-Sp-ØmWv tKUv Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xv. H∏w Xs∂, Hcp hnj-

b-Øn¬ Pbn® Ip´n-I-fpsS am¿°ns‚ icm-i-cn-bpw IW-°n-se-Sp-°pw.

tKUv tKUv t]mbn‚ v % am¿°v

O 10 100 %

A+ 9 90 - 99.9 %

A 8 80 - 89.9 %

B+ 7 70 - 79.9 %

B 6 60 - 69.9 %

C+ 5 50 - 59.9 %

C 4 40 - 49.9 %

F 0 Less than 40

AB 0 Absent

tKUv t]mbn‚pw, sIUn‰v t]mbn‚pw Xmsg-Im-Wn°pw ]Imcw IW-°n-se-Sp-°-Ww.

82

Hcp ska-Ã-dn¬ icm-icn tKUv Xocp-am-\n-°p∂ coXn

Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn\pw/tImgvkn\pw t\Sp∂ tKUns\ AXXv hnj-b-Øns‚sIUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆwsIm≠v KpWn-®p-In-´p∂ ^eamWv B hnj-b-Øns‚sIUn-‰v t]mbn‚ v. F√m hnj-b-ß-fn-ep-ambn e`n-°p∂ sIUn‰v t]mbn‚ vsamØw t\Snb sIUn-‰p-sIm≠v lcn-®p-In-´p-∂-XmWv SGPA.

SGPA (Semester Grade Point Average)

Hcp ska-Ã-dnse icm-icn tKUv t]mbn‚ v (SGPA) IW-°m-°p-∂Xv Xmsg-]-dbpw ]Im-camWv.

Hmtcm hnj-b-Øn\pw t\Sp∂ sIUn‰v t]mbn‚ v Iq´n In´p∂ ^esØ Bska-Ã-dn¬ t\Sp∂ samØw sIUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆw-sIm≠v lcn-®p-In-´p∂^e-amWv SGPA.

SGPA (Si) = S (Ci x Gi) / SCi

Ci - Hmtcm tImgvknsebpw sIUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆw.

Gi - Hmtcm tImgvknepw t\Sp∂ tKUv.

Thus, SGPA = 120/20= 6

CGPA (Cumulative Grade Point Average)

Hmtcm ska-Ã-dnepw Hmtcm hnj-b-Ønepw t\Sp∂ sIUn‰v t]mbn‚ns\ B

ska-Ã-dn¬ t\Snb SGPA AXp-hsc t\Snb samØw sIUn-‰p-I-fpsS

FÆwsIm≠v lcn-®p-In- p∂ ^e-amWv CGPA.

CGPA =S(Ci x Si)/SCi

Si - tImgvkns‚ SGPA

Ci - ska-Ã-dnse samØw sIUn-‰p-I-fpsS FÆw

CGPA 10, 9 -t\Sp∂ hnZym¿-∞n-Iƒ°v UnÃn-wKvj-t\m-Sp-IqSnb ^Ãv¢mkpw,

Course Credit Grade letter Grade point Credit Point

(Credit x Grade)

Course 1 4 A 8 4 x 8 = 32

Course 2 4 B+ 7 4 x 7 = 28

Course 3 4 B 6 4 x 6 = 24

Course 4 4 C+ 5 4 x 5 = 20

Course 5 4 C 4 4 x 4 = 16

20 120

Semester - 1 Semester - 2 Semester - 3 Semester - 4

Credit : 20 Credit : 20 Credit : 20 Credit : 20

SGPA : 6.9 SGPA : 7.8 SGPA : 5.6 SGPA : 6.0

83

9¬ Xmsg 6.5 hsc ^Ãv¢mkpw 5 apX¬ 6.5 hsc hcp -∂-h¿°v

sk°‚ v¢mkpw, 4 apX¬ 5 hsc-bp-≈-h¿°v tX¿Uv ¢mkp-amWv e`n-°p-I.

]co-£m- e]Jym-]\w

]co-£-I-gn™v km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ c≠m-gvN-°p-≈n¬ hIp-∏-≤y-£≥ ]co-

£m-^ew ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-pw. ew]kn-≤o-I-cn-®v, aq∂p ]hr-Øn-Zn-h-k-߃°p-

≈n¬ ]cm-Xn-bp≈ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ hIp-∏-≤y-£s\ tcJm-aqew ]cmXn Adn-bn-

t°-≠-Xm-Wv. hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kz¥w DØ-c-°-S-emkv ImWm-\p≈ Ah-k-c-

ap-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. ]cm-Xn- D∂-bn® hnZym¿∞nsb A≤ym-]I kan-Xn-bpsS ap∂n¬

hnfn-®p-h-cpØn ]cmXn t\cn¬tI´v hIp-∏-≤y-£≥ DNn-X-amb ]cn-lmcw

ImWpw. XpS¿∂pw hnZym¿∞n°v ]cm-Xn-bp-s≠-¶n¬, CBCS sk√n¬ ]cmXn

\¬Imw. CBCS Ub-d-IvS¿/]co-£m-I¨tSm-f-dpsS \S-]Sn A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.

am¿°v jo‰v/tKUv Im¿Uv

k¿h-I-em-imebpsS kotem-Sp-Iq-Snb AwKo-IrX am¿°v jo‰v/tKUv Im¿Uv

F√m ska-Ã-dn-s‚bpw dnk¬‰mbn hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v \¬Ipw. am¿°v jo‰n¬/

tKUv Im¿Un¬ Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ hnh-c-߃ c≠p-`m-j-bn¬ (ae-bm-f-Øn-epw,

Cw•o-jn-epw) tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°-pw.

s]mtam-j≥

a[y- sk-a-ÿ ]co-£, skan-\m¿, Assk≥sa‚ v F∂o am\-Z-fi-߃

]q¿Øn-bm-°m-Ø-h¿ tImgvkv ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-b-Xmbn Icp-Xp-I-bn-√. Ahsc

A¥y ]co£ Fgp-Xm-\-\p-h-Zn-°-p-Ibn√. AØcw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ ]p\x-]-

th-i\w t\S-Ww. ASpØ ska-Ã-dn¬ B tImgvkp-s≠-¶n¬ AXn¬ tNcmw,

As√-¶n¬ ]pXnb tImgvkn¬ tNtc-≠n-hcpw.

e`n-°p∂ tKUv sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ Ah-k-cw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°n√.

tImgvkv Pbn-°p-hm≥ 40% am¿°v e`n-t°≠-Xm-Wv. tXm‰ hnj-b-ß-fpsS tKUv,

tKUv Im¿Un¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xm-Wv.

]p\x]-cn-tim-[\

DØ-c-°-S-emkv ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[\ Bh-iy-am-b-h¿ ]co-£m-^ew ]kn-≤o-I-

cn®v Hcm-gvN-bv°p-≈n¬ \n›nX ^ok-S®v cko-Xn-s\m∏w I¨tSm-f¿°v

At]£ \¬IWw. B ]cn-tim-[-\m-^ew A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.

]co£m Xnb-Xn-Iƒ

F√m -]-co-£-I-fp-sSbpw Xnb-Xn-Iƒ A°m-Z-anIv Ie-≠-dn¬ t\ctØ ]Jym-

]n-°pw. Hcn-°¬ Ie-≠-dn¬ ]Jym-]n® ]co-£m- Xn-b-Xn-Iƒ am‰p-∂-X-√.

84

]co£m Ia-t°-Sp-Iƒ

Xmsg ]d-bp-∂ Imcy-߃ ]co£mIa-t°-Sp-I-fmbn IW-°m-°p∂Xm-Wv.

1. A°m-Z-anIv Ie-≠-dn¬ ]Jym-]n® ]co-£m- Xn-b-Xnbpw, ]co£m

kabhpw \n¿_-‘-amtbm kzm[o\w sNep-Øntbm am‰m≥ ian-°p-I.

2. ]co£m tPmen-bn-te¿s∏- n-cn-°p∂ A≤ym-]-I-sctbm A\-≤ym-]-I-sctbm

`oj-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øp-I, \n¿t±-i-߃ A\p-k-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.

3. ]co£m kq]-≠ns\ [n°-cn-°pI, A\p-k-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°pI.

4. ]co£m kq]-≠n-s\-tbm, ]co£m tPmen-bn-te¿s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ A≤ym-]-

I-sc-tbm, A\-≤ym-]-I-sctbm kzm[o-\n-°pI.

5. kpK-a-amb ]co£m \S-Øn-∏n\v hnLm-Xw kr„n-°pI.

6. ]co-£-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]T-\-km-a-Kn-Iƒ, samss_¬ t^m¨, a‰v Ce-

IvtSm-WnIv D]I-cW-߃ F∂nh A\p-hm-Z-an-√msX ]co£m apdn-bn¬

sIm≠p-h-cn-I.

7. ]I¿Øn Fgp-Xp-I, Is≠-gp-Xp-I, DØ-c-°-S-emkv At\ym\yw ssIam-

dpI, ssIam-dm≥ ian-°p-I, ]co-£-sb-gp-Øn¬ a‰p-≈-hsc klm-bn-°p-

I, \n›nX ka-b-Øn\p ap≥]v ]co£m apdn-bn¬ ]th-in®v tai-bnepw

Nph-cnepw Ccn-∏n-S-Ønepw Ipdn-∏p-I-sf-gp-Xp-I, ]co£m thf-bn¬ N¿®-

sN-øpI, Bƒam-dm´w, \n¿±njvS ÿm\-Øp-\n∂pw A\p-hm-Z-an-√msX amdn-

bn-cn-°pI, ]co£ _ln-jvI-cn-°pI hgn ]co-£bpsS kpK-a-amb \S-

Øn-∏n\v hnLm-X-ap-≠m-hp-∂ as‰-s¥-¶nepw ]hrØn-Iƒ F∂nh

A®S°ewL-\-ambn IW-°m°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

]co£m Ia-t°-Sp-ambn _‘s∏´ F√m hnj-b-ßfpw ]co-£m A®-S°

kan-XnbmWv ssIImcyw sNøp-I. ]co£m tIµ-Øn¬ GsX-¶nepw kml-N-

cy-Øn¬, kºq¿W Iat°Sv \S-∂p-sh∂v t_m[y-s∏-´m¬, B ]co£ Akm-

[p-hm-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw sshkv Nm≥k-e¿°p≠v. ]p\x-]-co£ \n¿t±-in-

°m\pw Ia-t°-Sn-\p-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Iƒs°-Xnsc A®-S-°-\-S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°m\pw

sshkv Nm≥k-e¿°v A[n-Im-c-ap≠v.

]co£m Ia-t°-Sp-I-fpsS XohXb\p-kcn®v in£m-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-

cn-°p∂XmWv

1. taen¬ CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Ia-t°-Sp-Iƒ \S-Øn-√m-sb-∂p-d-∏p-\¬Ip∂

km£y-]Xw hnZym¿∞n-sb-s°m≠v H∏n-Sp-hn®v hm-ßp-∂Xm-Wv.

2. Ia-t°Sv \S-Ønb hnj-b-Ønse am¿°pw, tKUpw Akm-[p-hm-°p-I.

3. B ska-Ã-dnse apgp-h≥ ]co-£-I-fnepw am¿°pw tKUpw Ipd-hp hcp-

ØpI.

85

4. Ia-t°Sv \S-Øn-b hnj-b-Øn¬ G‰hpw Ipd™ tKUv \¬Ip-I.

5. B ska-Ã-dnse F√m ]co-£-I-fnepw Ipd™ tKUv \¬IpI.

6. B ska-Ã-dnse XpS¿∂p≈ ]co-£-I-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p∂sXm-gn-hm-°pI.

7. AUvan-j≥ Akm-[p-hm-°pI.

8. \n›nX Ime-tØ°v as‰mcp ÿeØpw ]T-\-]-th-i\w A\p-h-Zn-°mØ

Xc-Øn¬ k¿h-I-em-im-e-bn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øm-°pI.

9. ÿnc-ambn Hcn-SØpw ]th-i\w e`n-°m-Ø-X-c-Øn¬ k¿h-I-em-ime

hnZym-`ymkw \ntj-[n-°p-I.

hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p≈ am¿K-tcJ

1. ska-ÿ Ah-km-\-]-co£ Fgp-Xm≥ 75% lmP¿ \n¿_-‘-am-Wv, Hmtcm

hnj-b-Øn\pw Hmtcm ska-Ã-dnepw 75% lmP¿ Cs√-¶n¬ ]co£ Fgp-

Xm-\p≈ tbmKyX D≠m-hn-√. ]pXnb ska-ÿ ^ok-S®v ska-ÿ

Bh¿Øn-°ms\ C°q-´¿°v A\p-hm-Z-ap-≈q. G-sX-¶nepw hnj-b-Øn\v

75% lmP-dn¬ Ipd-hp-s≠-¶n¬ B hnjbØn¬ ]T\w ho≠pw Bh¿Øn-

t°-≠n-hcpw.

2. Hcp ska-Ã-dn¬ Ipd-™Xv 16 sIUn‰v ]q¿Øn-bm-°m-Ø-hsc ASpØ

ska-Ã-dn-te-°p≈ ÿm\-°-b‰w A\p-h-Zn-°n-√.

3. apJy tImgvkp-I-fn-epw, sF—n-I-hn-j-b-ß-fnepw ska-ÿ Ah-km\ ]co-

£-bn¬ tXm¬°p∂ hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v kπn-sa‚dn ]co£ A\p-h-

Zn°pw.

4. kπn-sa‚dn ]co£bnepw tXm‰m¬ tImgvkm-h¿Øn-°ms\ A\p-h-Zn-°p-

I-bp-≈q. AXm-b-Xv, ho≠pw B`y-¥c -hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-en\v hnt[-b-am-tI-

≠-Xp-≠v. B tImgvkv Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v ]ns∂ \S-Øp-tºmƒ B hnZym¿∞n

tN¿∂v ]Tn-°-Ww. sF—nI hnj-b-Øn-em-sW-¶n¬ ]gb tImgvkv hn´v

]pXnb tImgvkv sXc-s™-Sp-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°pw.

5. tImgvkv ]q¿Øn-bm-°m-Ø-hcpw tImgvkv tXm‰-hcpw tImgvkv Bh¿Øn-

°p-∂-Xn-te-°mbn At]-£n-°-Ww. k¿h-I-em-ime \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°v

hnt[-b-amtb tImgvkv Bh¿Øn-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bp-≈q. hIp-∏-≤y-£-

\mWv C°m-cy-Øn¬ Xocp-am\w ssIs°m≈pI.

6. Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm-\m-hmØ kml-N-cy-߃ ]cn-K-Wn®v Fw.F. tImgvkv ]q¿Øn-

bm-°m-\mbn 8 ska-ÿ hsc amXsa \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-ambn

A\p-h-Zn-°p-bp-≈q. k¿h-I-em-im-ebv°v t_m[yw-h-cp∂ Imc-W-ß-f-Sn-

ÿm-\-am°n Bbn-cn°pw A\p-aXn \¬IpI. Sn.kn. hmßn Ign-™n-´p-

s≠-¶n¬ Cu Cfhv A°q-´¿°v _m[-I-ambn-cn-°n-√.

7. sF—n-I-hn-j-b-߃ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xv A°m-Z-anI D]-tZ-i-I-cp-sS \n¿t±-

i-]-Im-c-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.

86

8. Hcp ska-Ãdn¬ 20 sIUn-‰n¬ IqSp-X¬ apJy-hn-j-b-߃ ]Tn-°m-\-\p-

h-Zn-°n-√. Hcp ska-Ãdn¬ 8 sIUn-‰p-Iƒ°p≈ sF—n-I-hn-j-b-߃

amXta Xnc-s™-Sp-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°q.

9. ]_-‘-apƒs∏sS apJy-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ 60 sIUn-‰p-Iƒ°p≈ hnj-b-߃

\n¿_-‘-ambpw ]Tn-®n-cn-°-Ww. sF—n-I-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ 12 sIUn-‰p-

Iƒ°p≈ hnj-b-߃ ]Tn-t°-≠Xv \n¿_-‘-am-Wv. samØw 72 (60+12)

sIUn‰v t\SWw. ]T-\-an-Ihv ]pe¿Øp-∂-h¿°v 80 sIUn-‰p-hsc A\p-

h-Zn-°pw.

10. B`y-¥c/_mly ^e-sØ-kw-_-‘n-®p≈ ]cm-Xn-Iƒ ^ew ]kn-≤o-I-

cn®v aq∂p Znh-k-Øn-\p-≈n¬ tcJm-aqew hIp-∏-≤y-£s\ Adn-bn-°-Ww.

11. B`y-¥c e-sØ-°p-dn®v A[ym-]-I-tbm-K-Øn-\p-tijw hIp-∏-≤y£s‚

Xocp-am-\-ap-≠m-Ipw. AXv A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.

12. _mly^esØ kw_-‘n-®p≈ ]cm-Xn-I-fn-t∑-ep≈ hIp-∏-≤y-£s‚

Xocp-am-\-Øn¬ AXr-]vXn-bp-≈-h¿°v ta¬\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ°mbn ]cmXn CBCS

Ub-d-IvS¿/]co£m I¨tSm-f¿°v \¬Imw. Ub-d-IvS¿/]co£m I¨tSm-

fdpsS Xocp-am\w C°m-cy-Øn¬ A¥n-a-am-bn-cn-°pw.

13. ska-ÿ Imem-h[n Xocp-∂-Xn-\pap≥]v A≤ym-]-Isc hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v

aqey-\n¿Wbw \S-Øm-≥ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-Ipw. hIp-∏-≤y-£≥- \n›n-X- mdw

hnX-cWw sNøpw.

14. \n›nX hnj--b-ß-sf-°p-dnt®m ]mTy-]-≤Xn-sb-°pdn-t®m hnZym¿∞n-

Iƒ°p≈ A`n-]mbw/\n¿t±iw hIp-∏-≤y-£s\ Adn-bn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.