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;1 e#+r+-e Reo$'-%on o November 23, 2050,?50@ -e

Co'r- &ono$%(+-e( AM No 504554"4SC .%- AM No 504

554!4SC Te Co'r- +$$ -re+- %n + e#+r+-e Reo$'-%on AM No 50455474SC

Me+n.%$e, v+r%o' )ro'#?55@ +$o en- -o -e C%e '-%&e

-e%r re#e&-%ve reo$'-%on +n( -+-emen- be+r%n) on -ee

m+--er

Te #r%n&%#+$ +&&'e( %n -e &+e, An(+$ Am#+-'+n, r

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-e )overnmen- or re(re o )r%ev+n&e, r%)- o ree +&&e -o

&o'r-, +n( ree(om o +o&%+-%on, su%)e*t -o re)'$+-%on -o be

%'e( b1 -e Co'r-

The Court artiall! "#ANTS pro hac vice etitioners

ra!er for a li$e %roadcast of the trial court

roceedings , subject to the guidelines .%& +$$ be

en'mer+-e( or-$1.

P'-- L+.?57@ -+-e -+- -e&no$o)1 % (om%n+-e( b1 -.o -1#e

o #eo#$e: -oe .o 'n(er-+n( .+- -e1 (o no- m+n+)e, +n(

-oe .o m+n+)e .+- -e1 (o no- 'n(er-+n( In(ee(,

member o -% Co'r- &+nno- -r%# -e%r *'(%&%+$ robe +n( (on

-e e#er- )o.n, o -o #e+/, %n + #re-ene -o oreee +n(

+-om +$$ er%o' #re*'(%&e or r%/ rom -e 'e o

-e&no$o)1 %n%(e -e &o'r-room

A (e&+(e +-er (strada +n( + &ore +-er A$uino, -e Co'r- %

on&e +)+%n +&e( .%- -e +me -+/ o -r%/%n) -+- (e$%&+-e

b+$+n&e be-.een eem%n)$1 &om#e-%n) 1e-

&er-+%n$1 *omplementary r%)-

Te %n(%&+-%on o er%o' r%/ #oe( b1 $%ve me(%+ &over+)e

-o -e +&&'e( r%)- -o ('e #ro&e, $e- 'ne#$+%ne( +n(

'ne#$ore( %n -e er+ ob-+%n%n) %n A$uino +n( (strada, + $e-

+ b$o. -o -e eer&%e o #re ree(om +n( -e r%)- -o #'b$%&

%norm+-%on

The rationale for an outright total rohi%ition &as

shrouded' as it is no&' inside the co(forta%le cocoon of a

feared seculation &hich no scientific stud! in the

)hiliine setting confir(s' and &hich fear' if an!' (a! %edealt &ith %! safeguards and safet! nets under e*isting

rules and e*acting regulations

In -% (+1 +n( +)e, %- % +bo'- -%me -o &r+- + &in-&in

situation -+- +$$ no- &om#rom%e r%)- %n -e &r%m%n+$

+(m%n%-r+-%on o *'-%&e, +&r%%&e #re ree(om +n( +$$%e(

r%)-, +n( %n-erere .%- -e %n-e)r%-1, (%)n%-1 +n( o$emn%-1 o

*'(%&%+$ #ro&ee(%n) Com#$%+n&e .%- re)'$+-%on, no-

&'r-+%$men- o + r%)-, #rov%(e + .or/+b$e o$'-%on -o -e

&on&ern r+%e( %n -ee +(m%n%-r+-%ve m+--er, .%$e, +- -e

+me -%me, m+%n-+%n%n) -e +me 'n(er$1%n) #r%n&%#$e '#e$(

%n -e -.o #rev%o' &+e

Te b+%& #r%n&%#$e '#e$( %n A$uino % %rm ?+@ -r%+$ o +n1

/%n( or %n +n1 &o'r- % + m+--er o er%o' %m#or-+n&e -o +$$

&on&erne( +n( o'$( no- be -re+-e( + + me+n o

en-er-+%nmen-?, +n( -@o o -re+- %- (e#r%ve -e &o'r- o -e

(%)n%-1 .%& #er-+%n -o %- +n( (e#+r- rom -e or(er$1 +n(

er%o' 'e- or -r'- or .%& o'r *'(%&%+$ #ro&ee(%n) +re

orm'$+-e( Te oberv+-%on -+- ?m@+%ve %n-r'%on o

re#reen-+-%ve o -e ne. me(%+ %n-o -e -r%+$ %-e$ &+n o

+$-er +n( (e-ro1 -e &on-%-'-%on+$$1 ne&e+r1 +-mo#ere +n(

(e&or'm -+n(

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/june2011/10-11-5-SC.htm#_ftn17http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/june2011/10-11-5-SC.htm#_ftn17http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2011/june2011/10-11-5-SC.htm#_ftn17

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Te Co'r- &on&$'(e( %n A$uino:

Con%(er%n) -e #re*'(%&e %- #oe -o -e (een(+n-r%)- -o ('e #ro&e + .e$$ + -o -e +%r +n( or(er$1

+(m%n%-r+-%on o *'-%&e, +n( &on%(er%n) 'r-er -+- -e

ree(om o -e #re +n( -e r%)- o -e #eo#$e -o%norm+-%on m+1 be erve( +n( +-%%e( b1 $e

(%-r+&-%n), (e)r+(%n) +n( #re*'(%&%+$ me+n, $%ve r+(%o+n( -e$ev%%on &over+)e o &o'r- #ro&ee(%n) +$$ no- be

+$$o.e( V%(eo oo-+)e o &o'r- e+r%n) or ne.

#'r#oe +$$ be re-r%&-e( +n( $%m%-e( -o o- o -e&o'r-room, -e *'(%&%+$ o%&er, -e #+r-%e +n( -e%r

&o'ne$ -+/en #r%or -o -e &ommen&emen- o o%&%+$ #ro&ee(%n) No v%(eo o- or #o-o)r+# +$$ be

#erm%--e( ('r%n) -e -r%+$ #ro#er

A&&or(%n)$1, %n or(er -o #ro-e&- -e #+r-%e r%)- -o ('e

#ro&e, -o #reven- -e (%-r+&-%on o -e #+r-%&%#+n- %n-e #ro&ee(%n) +n( %n -e $+- +n+$1%, -o +vo%(

m%&+rr%+)e o *'-%&e, -e Co'r- reo$ve( -o PROH$;IT$%ve r+(%o +n( -e$ev%%on &over+)e o &o'r- #ro&ee(%n)

V%(eo oo-+)e o &o'r- e+r%n) or ne. #'r#oe +$$

be $%m%-e( +n( re-r%&-e( + +bove %n(%&+-e(?5"@

Te Co'r- +( +no-er 'n%'e o##or-'n%-1 %n (strada -o rev%%-

-e 'e-%on o $%ve r+(%o +n( -e$ev%%on &over+)e o &o'r-

#ro&ee(%n) %n + &r%m%n+$ &+e I- e$( -+- ?-@e #ro#r%e-1 o

)r+n-%n) or (en1%n) -e %n-+n- #e-%-%on %nvo$ve?@ -e .e%)%n)

o'- o -e &on-%-'-%on+$ )'+r+n-ee o ree(om o -e #re +n(

-e r%)- -o #'b$%& %norm+-%on, on -e one +n(, +n( -e

'n(+men-+$ r%)- o -e +&&'e(, on -e o-er +n(, +$on)

.%- -e &on-%-'-%on+$ #o.er o + &o'r- -o &on-ro$ %- #ro&ee(%n) %n en'r%n) + +%r +n( %m#+r-%+$ -r%+$ Te Co'r-

(%#oe(:

Te Co'r- % no- +$$ -+- 'nm%n('$ o re&en-

-e&no$o)%&+$ +n( &%en-%%& +(v+n&e b'- -o &+n&e

or-.%- -e $%e or $%ber-1 o +n1 #eron %n + +-1 b%(-o 'e +n( +##$1 -em, even beore +m#$e +e-1 ne- +re

#rov%(e( +n( -e &on&ern ere-oore e#ree( +re +#-$1+((ree(, % + #r%&e -oo %) -o #+1

+,#O#, -e #e-%-%on % /N/

SO O#/#/.?59@

In reo$v%n) -e mo-%on or re&on%(er+-%on, -e Co'r-

%n (strada, b1 Reo$'-%on o Se#-ember 53, 2005, #rov%(e( +

)$%mmer o o#e .en %- or(ere( -e +'(%o4v%'+$ re&or(%n) o

-e -r%+$ or (o&'men-+r1 #'r#oe, 'n(er -e o$$o.%n)&on(%-%on:

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&on%-en- .%- -e (%)n%-1 +n( o$emn%-1 o -e #ro&ee(%n)

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%n$'en&e % no- -+n-+mo'n- -o +&-'+$ #re*'(%&e re'$-%n) %n -e

(e#r%v+-%on o -e r%)- -o + +%r -r%+$

Moreover, +n +))r%eve( #+r-1 + +m#$e $e)+$ reme(%e Hem+1 &+$$en)e -e v+$%(%-1 o +n +(vere *'()men- +r%%n) rom

+ #ro&ee(%n) -+- -r+n)ree( + &on-%-'-%on+$ r%)- A #o%n-e(

o'- b1 #e-%-%oner, +n +))r%eve( #+r-1 m+1 e+r$1 on move or +

&+n)e o ven'e, or &on-%n'+n&e 'n-%$ -e #re*'(%&e rom

#'b$%&%-1 % +b+-e(, or (%'+$%%&+-%on o -e *'()e, +n( or

&$o're o #or-%on o -e -r%+$ .en ne&e+r1 Te -r%+$ &o'r-

m+1 $%/e.%e eer&%e %- #o.er o &on-em#- +n( %'e )+)

or(er

One +##+ren- &%r&'m-+n&e -+- e- -e M+)'%n(+n+o

M++&re &+e +#+r- rom -e e+r$%er &+e % -e %m#o%b%$%-1

o +&&ommo(+-%n) even -e #+r-%e -o -e &+e -e #r%v+-e

&om#$+%n+n-+m%$%e o -e v%&-%m +n( o-er .%-nee %n%(e

-e &o'r-room On #'b$%& -r%+$, (strada b+%&+$$1 (%&'e:

An +&&'e( + + r%)- -o + #'b$%& -r%+$ b'- %- % +r%)- -+- be$on) -o %m, more -+n +n1one e$e,

.ere % $%e or $%ber-1 &+n be e$( &r%-%&+$$1 %n b+$+n&e A #'b$%& -r%+$ +%m -o en're -+- e %

+%r$1 (e+$- .%- +n( .o'$( no- be 'n*'-$1&on(emne( +n( -+- % r%)- +re no-

&om#rom%e( %n e&re-e &on&$+ve o $on) +)o A #'b$%& -r%+$ % no- 1non1mo' .%- #'b$%&%>e(

-r%+$ %- on$1 %m#$%e -+- -e &o'r- (oor m'- be

o#en -o -oe .o .% -o &ome, %- %n -e+v+%$+b$e e+-, &on('&- -eme$ve .%-

(e&or'm +n( oberve -e -r%+$ #ro&e In -e

&on-%-'-%on+$ ene, + &o'r-room o'$( +ve

eno') +&%$%-%e or + re+on+b$e n'mber o -e #'b$%& -o oberve -e #ro&ee(%n), no- -oo m+$$+ -o ren(er -e o#enne ne)$%)%b$e +n( no- -oo

$+r)e + -o (%-r+&- -e -r%+$ #+r-%&%#+n- rom-e%r #ro#er 'n&-%on, .o +$$ -en be -o-+$$1

ree -o re#or- .+- -e1 +ve oberve( ('r%n) -e

#ro&ee(%n)?27@

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eno') +- more % -e r%)- %-e$ &omm+n( -+- +

re+on+b$e n'mber o -e )ener+$ #'b$%& be +$$o.e( -o .%-ne

-e #ro&ee(%n) + %- -+/e #$+&e %n%(e -e

&o'r-room Te&no$o)1 -en( -o #rov%(e -e on$1 o$'-%on -o bre+/ -e %neren- $%m%-+-%on o -e &o'r-room, -o +-%1 -e

%m#er+-%ve o + -r+n#+ren-, o#en +n( #'b$%& -r%+$

In o +$$o.%n) pro ha* vi*e -e $%ve bro+(&+-%n) b1 r+(%o +n(

-e$ev%%on o -e M+)'%n(+n+o M++&re &+e, -e Co'r- $+1

(o.n -e o$$o.%n) guidelines -o.+r( +((re%n) -e &on&ern

men-%one( %n A$uino +n( (strada:

oom%n) +$$

be +$$o.e( -o +vo%( 'n('$1 %)$%)-%n) or (o.n#$+1%n) %n&%(en- %n -e #ro&ee(%n) Te

&+mer+ +n( -e ne&e+r1 e'%#men- +$$ be

o#er+-e( +n( &on-ro$$e( on$1 b1 + ('$1(e%)n+-e( o%&%+$ or em#$o1ee o -e S'#reme

Co'r- Te &+mer+ e'%#men- o'$( no- #ro('&e or be+m +n1 (%-r+&-%n) o'n( or $%)-

r+1 S%)n+$ $%)- or %)n o.%n) -ee'%#men- % o#er+-%n) o'$( no- be v%%b$e A$%m%-e( n'mber o m%&ro#one +n( -e $e+-

%n-+$$+-%on o .%r%n), % no- .%re$e -e&no$o)1,m'- be 'nob-r'%ve$1 $o&+-e( %n #$+&e %n(%&+-e(

b1 -e -r%+$ &o'r-

Te P'b$%& Inorm+-%on O%&e +n( -e

O%&e o -e Co'r- A(m%n%-r+-or +$$&oor(%n+-e +n( +%- -e -r%+$ &o'r- on -e

#1%&+$ e-4'# o -e &+mer+ +n( e'%#men-

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Te +r(.+re or e-+b$%%n) +n%n-er&onne&-%on or $%n/ .%- -e &+mer+

e'%#men- mon%-or%n) -e #ro&ee(%n) +$$ be

or -e +&&o'n- o -e me(%+ en-%-%e, .%&

o'$( em#$o1 -e&no$o)1 -+- &+n

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+n( be 'b*e&- -o -e &on-em#- #o.er o -e&o'r-

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LEJANO V PEOPLE

ABA/' J :

Brief Bac3ground

On 'ne 30, 55 E-re$$%-+ V%>&on(e +n( er

(+')-er C+rme$+, n%ne-een 1e+r o$(, +n( enn%er,

even, .ere br'-+$$1 $+%n +- -e%r ome

%n P+r++'e C%-1Fo$$o.%n) +n %n-ene %nve-%)+-%on,

-e #o$%&e +rre-e( + )ro'# o '#e&-, ome o .om

)+ve (e-+%$e( &one%on ;'- -e -r%+$ &o'r- me$$e(

+ r+me4'# +n( even-'+$$1 or(ere( -em

(%&+r)e( T', -e %(en-%-%e o -e re+$ #er#e-r+-or

rem+%ne( + m1-er1 e#e&%+$$1 -o -e #'b$%& .oe

%n-ere- .ere +ro'e( b1 -e )r%##%n) (e-+%$ o .+-

ever1bo(1 reerre( -o + -e V%>&on(e m++&re

Fo'r 1e+r $+-er %n 5!, -e N+-%on+$ ;'re+' o Inve-%)+-%on or N;I +nno'n&e( -+- %- +( o$ve( -e

&r%me I- #reen-e( -+r4.%-ne e%&+ M A$+ro, one

o %- %normer, .o &$+%me( -+- e .%-nee( -e

&r%me Se #o%n-e( -o +&&'e( H'ber- ere1 P ebb,

An-on%o Ton1 ;o1 Le*+no, Ar-em%o Don) Ven-'r+,

M%&+e$ A G+-&+$%+n, Ho#%&%o P1/e Fern+n(e>,

Pe-er E-r+(+, M%)'e$ G%n) Ro(r%)'e>, +n( oe1 F%$+r-

+ -e &'$#r%- Se +$o -+))e( +&&'e( #o$%&e o%&er,Ger+r(o ;%on), + +n +&&eor1 +-er -e +&- Re$1%n)

#r%m+r%$1 on A$+ro -e-%mon1, on A')'- 50, 5!

-e #'b$%& #roe&'-or %$e( +n %norm+-%on or r+#e

.%- om%&%(e +)+%n- ebb, et al ?5@

Te Re)%on+$ Tr%+$ Co'r- o P+r++'e C%-1,

;r+n& 2"8, #re%(e( over b1 '()e Ame$%-+ G

To$en-%no, -r%e( on$1 even o -e +&&'e( %n&e

Ar-em%o Ven-'r+ +n( oe1 F%$+r- rem+%ne( +- $+r)e?2@ Te #roe&'-%on #reen-e( A$+ro + %- m+%n

.%-ne .%- -e o-er &orrobor+-%n) er

-e-%mon1 Tee %n&$'(e( -e me(%&o4$e)+$ o%&er

.o +'-o#%e( -e bo(%e o -e v%&-%m, -e e&'r%-1

)'+r( o P%-on) D++n S'b(%v%%on, -e ormer

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn1http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn2http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn1http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn2

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$+'n(r1.om+n o -e ebb o'eo$(, #o$%&e o%&er

;%on) ormer )%r$r%en(, +n( L+'ro G V%>&on(e,

E-re$$%-+ 'b+n(

For -e%r #+r-, ome o -e +&&'e( -e-%%e(,

(en1%n) +n1 #+r- %n -e &r%me +n( +1%n) -e1 .ere

e$e.ere .en %- -oo/ #$+&e ebb +$%b% +##e+re(

-e -ron)e- %n&e e &$+%me( -+- e .+ -en +&ro

-e o&e+n %n -e Un%-e( S-+-e o Amer%&+ He

#reen-e( -e -e-%mon%e o .%-nee + .e$$ +

(o&'men-+r1 +n( ob*e&- ev%(en&e -o #rove -% In

+((%-%on, -e (eene #reen-e( .%-nee -o o.A$+ro b+( re#'-+-%on or -r'- +n( -e %n&re(%b$e

n+-'re o er -e-%mon1

;'- %m#ree( b1 A$+ro (e-+%$e( n+rr+-%on o

-e &r%me +n( -e even- 'rro'n(%n) %-, -e -r%+$ &o'r-

o'n( + &re(%b$e .%-ne %n er I- no-e( er

&+-e)or%&+$, -r+%)-or.+r(, #on-+neo', +n( r+n/

-e-%mon1, 'n(+m+)e( b1 )r'e$%n) &ro4

e+m%n+-%on Te -r%+$ &o'r- rem+%ne( 'n+>e( b1

%)n%%&+n- (%&re#+n&%e be-.een A$+ro A#r%$ 29

+n( M+1 22, 5! +%(+v%-, +&&e#-%n) er

e#$+n+-%on -+- e +- %r- .+n-e( -o #ro-e&- er

ormer bo1r%en(, +&&'e( E-r+(+, +n( + re$+-%ve,

+&&'e( G+-&+$%+n -+- no $+.1er +%-e( er -+-

e (%( no- -r'- -e %nve-%)+-or .o e$#e( er

#re#+re er %r- +%(+v%- +n( -+- e e$- 'n're %

e .o'$( )e- -e '##or- +n( e&'r%-1 e nee(e(

on&e e (%&$oe( +$$ +bo'- -e V%>&on(e /%$$%n)

In &on-r+-, -e -r%+$ &o'r- -o')- $%--$e o -e

(en%+$ +n( +$%b% -+- ebb, Le*+no, Ro(r%)'e>, +n(

G+-&+$%+n e- '# or -e%r (eene Te1 #+$e(,

+&&or(%n) -o -e &o'r-, &om#+re( -o A$+ro -e-%mon1

-+- o-er .%-nee +n( -e #1%&+$ ev%(en&e

&orrobor+-e( T', on +n'+r1 8, 2000, +-er o'r

1e+r o +r('o' e+r%n), -e -r%+$ &o'r- ren(ere( *'()men-, %n(%n) +$$ -e +&&'e( )'%$-1 + &+r)e(

+n( %m#o%n) on ebb, Le*+no, G+-&+$%+n,

Fern+n(e>, E-r+(+, +n( Ro(r%)'e> -e #en+$-1 o

re&$'%on #er#e-'+ +n( on ;%on), +n %n(e-erm%n+-e

#r%on -erm o e$even 1e+r, o'r mon-, +n( one (+1

-o -.e$ve 1e+r Te -r%+$ &o'r- +$o +.+r(e( (+m+)e

-o L+'ro V%>&on(e?3@

On +##e+$, -e Co'r- o A##e+$ +%rme( -e

-r%+$ &o'r- (e&%%on, mo(%1%n) -e #en+$-1 %m#oe(

on ;%on) -o % 1e+r m%n%m'm +n( -.e$ve 1e+r

m+%m'm +n( %n&re+%n) -e +.+r( o (+m+)e -o

L+'ro V%>&on(e?8@ Te +##e$$+-e &o'r- (%( no- +)ree

-+- -e +&&'e( .ere -r%e( b1 #'b$%&%-1 or -+- -e


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-r%+$ *'()e .+ b%+e( I- o'n( '%&%en- ev%(en&e o

&on#%r+&1 -+- ren(ere( Ro(r%)'e>, G+-&+$%+n,

Fern+n(e>, +n( E-r+(+ e'+$$1 )'%$-1 .%- -oe .o

+( + #+r- %n r+#%n) +n( /%$$%n) C+rme$+ +n( %nee&'-%n) er mo-er +n( %-er

On mo-%on or re&on%(er+-%on b1 -e +&&'e(,

-e Co'r- o A##e+$ S#e&%+$ D%v%%on o %ve

member vo-e( -ree +)+%n- -.o -o (en1 -e mo-%on,?!@ en&e, -e #reen- +##e+$

On A#r%$ 20, 2050, + + re'$- o %- %n%-%+$(e$%ber+-%on %n -% &+e, -e Co'r- %'e( + Reo$'-%on

)r+n-%n) -e re'e- o ebb -o 'bm%- or DNA

+n+$1% -e emen #e&%men -+/en rom C+rme$+

&+(+ver, .%& #e&%men .+ -en be$%eve( -%$$ 'n(er

-e +e/ee#%n) o -e N;I Te Co'r- )r+n-e( -e

re'e- #'r'+n- -o e&-%on 8 o -e R'$e on DNA

Ev%(en&e?7@ -o )%ve -e +&&'e( +n( -e #roe&'-%on

+&&e -o &%en-%%& ev%(en&e -+- -e1 m%)- .+n- -o

+v+%$ -eme$ve o, $e+(%n) -o + &orre&- (e&%%on %n

-e &+e

Unor-'n+-e$1, on A#r%$ 2", 2050 -e N;I

%norme( -e Co'r- -+- %- no $on)er + &'-o(1 o -e

#e&%men, -e +me +v%n) been -'rne( over -o -e

-r%+$ &o'r-Te -r%+$ re&or( o., o.ever, -+- -e

#e&%men .+ no- +mon) -e ob*e&- ev%(en&e -+- -e

#roe&'-%on oere( %n ev%(en&e %n -e &+e

T% o'-&ome #rom#-e( +&&'e( ebb -o %$e

+n 'r)en- mo-%on -o +&'%- on -e )ro'n( -+- -e

)overnmen- +%$'re -o #reerve '& v%-+$ ev%(en&e

+ re'$-e( %n -e (en%+$ o % r%)- -o ('e #ro&e

ssues )resented

A&&'e( ebb mo-%on -o +&'%- #reen- +-reo$( %'e: .e-er or no- -e Co'r- o'$(

+&'%- %m o'-r%)-, )%ven -e )overnmen- +%$'re -o

#ro('&e -e emen #e&%men -+- -e N;I o'n( on

C+rme$+ &+(+ver, -' (e#r%v%n) %m o ev%(en&e -+-

.o'$( #rove % %nno&en&e

In -e m+%n, +$$ -e +&&'e( r+%e -e &en-r+$

%'e o .e-er or no- ebb, +&-%n) %n &on#%r+&1

.%- Le*+no, G+-&+$%+n, Fern+n(e>, E-r+(+,

Ro(r%)'e>, Ven-'r+, +n( F%$+r-, r+#e( +n( /%$$e(

C+rme$+ +n( #'- -o (e+- er mo-er +n( %-er ;'-,

'$-%m+-e$1, -e &on-ro$$%n) %'e +re:


8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti

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5 e-er or no- A$+ro -e-%mon1 +

e1e.%-ne, (e&r%b%n) -e &r%me +n( %(en-%1%n)

ebb, Le*+no, G+-&+$%+n, Fern+n(e>, E-r+(+,

Ro(r%)'e>, +n( -.o o-er + -e #eron .o&omm%--e( %-, % en-%-$e( -o be$%e +n(

2 e-er or no- ebb #reen-e( '%&%en-

ev%(en&e -o #rove % +$%b% +n( reb'- A$+ro

-e-%mon1 -+- e $e( -e o-er %n &omm%--%n) -e

&r%me

Te %'e re#e&-%n) +&&'e( ;%on) % .e-er or no- e +&-e( -o &over '# -e &r%me +-er %-

&omm%%on

The #ight to Ac4uittal

/ue to oss of /NA $idence

ebb &$+%m, &%-%n) -rady v. Maryland ,?"@ -+-

e % en-%-$e( -o o'-r%)- +&'%--+$ on -e )ro'n( o v%o$+-%on o % r%)- -o ('e #ro&e )%ven -e S-+-e

+%$'re -o #ro('&e on or(er o -e Co'r- e%-er b1

ne)$%)en&e or .%$$'$ '##re%on -e emen #e&%men

-+/en rom C+rme$+

Te me(%&+$ ev%(en&e &$e+r$1 e-+b$%e( -+-

C+rme$+ .+ r+#e( +n(, &on%-en- .%- -%, emen

#e&%men .+ o'n( %n er I- % -r'e -+- A$+ro

%(en-%%e( ebb %n er -e-%mon1 + C+rme$+ r+#%-+n( /%$$er b'- er%o' 'e-%on +( been r+%e( +bo'-

er &re(%b%$%-1 A- -e ver1 $e+-, -ere e%- +

#o%b%$%-1 -+- A$+ro +( $%e( On -e o-er +n(, -e

emen #e&%men -+/en rom C+rme$+ &+nno- #o%b$1

$%e I- &+nno- be &o+&e( or +$$'re( b1 + #rom%e o

re.+r( or %n+n&%+$ '##or-No -.o #eron +ve -e

+me DNA %n)er#r%n-, .%- -e e&e#-%on o %(en-%&+$

-.%n?9@ I, on e+m%n+-%on, -e DNA o -e 'b*e&-#e&%men (oe no- be$on) -o ebb, -en e (%( no-

r+#e C+rme$+ I- % -+- %m#$e T', -e Co'r- .o'$(

+ve been +b$e -o (e-erm%ne -+- A$+ro &omm%--e(

#er*'r1 %n +1%n) -+- e (%(

S-%$$, ebb % no- en-%-$e( -o +&'%--+$ or -e

+%$'re o -e S-+-e -o #ro('&e -e emen #e&%men +-

-% $+-e -+)e For one -%n), -e r'$%n) %n -rady v.

Maryland ?@ -+- e &%-e + $on) be over-+/en b1 -e

(e&%%on %n Ari#ona v. oung%lood ,?50@ .ere -e US

S'#reme Co'r- e$( -+- ('e #ro&e (oe no- re'%re

-e S-+-e -o #reerve -e emen #e&%men +$-o') %-

m%)- be 'e'$ -o -e +&&'e( 'n$e -e $+--er % +b$e

-o o. b+( +%- on -e #+r- o -e #roe&'-%on or -e

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8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti

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#o$%&e Here, -e S-+-e #reen-e( + me(%&+$ e#er- .o

-e-%%e( on -e e%-en&e o -e #e&%men +n( ebb %n

+&- o')- -o +ve -e +me 'b*e&-e( -o DNA -e-

For, +no-er, .en ebb r+%e( -e DNA %'e,

-e r'$e )overn%n) DNA ev%(en&e (%( no- 1e- e%-,

-e &o'n-r1 (%( no- 1e- +ve -e -e&no$o)1 or

&on('&-%n) -e -e-, +n( no P%$%##%ne #re&e(en- +(

+ 1e- re&o)n%>e( %- +(m%%b%$%-1 +

ev%(en&e Cone'en-$1, -e %(e+ o /ee#%n) -e

#e&%men e&'re even +-er -e -r%+$ &o'r- re*e&-e( -e

mo-%on or DNA -e-%n) (%( no- &ome '# In(ee(,ne%-er ebb nor % &o4+&&'e( bro')- '# -e

m+--er o #reerv%n) -e #e&%men %n -e me+n-%me

P+ren-e-%&+$$1, +-er -e -r%+$ &o'r- (en%e(

ebb +##$%&+-%on or DNA -e-%n), e +$$o.e( -e

#ro&ee(%n) -o move on .en e +( on +- $e+- -.o

o&&+%on )one '# -o -e Co'r- o A##e+$ or -e

S'#reme Co'r- -o &+$$en)e +$$e)e( +rb%-r+r1 +&-%on

-+/en +)+%n- %m +n( -e o-er +&&'e(?55@ Te1

r+%e( -e DNA %'e beore -e Co'r- o A##e+$ b'-

mere$1 + +n error &omm%--e( b1 -e -r%+$ &o'r- %n

ren(er%n) %- (e&%%on %n -e &+e None o -e +&&'e(

%$e( + mo-%on .%- -e +##e+$ &o'r- -o +ve -e DNA

-e- (one #en(%n) +(*'(%&+-%on o -e%r +##e+$ T%,

even .en -e S'#reme Co'r- +( %n -e me+n-%me

#+e( -e r'$e +$$o.%n) '& -e- Con%(er%n) -e

+&&'e( $+&/ o %n-ere- %n +v%n) '& -e- (one, -e

S-+-e &+nno- be (eeme( #'- on re+on+b$e no-%&e -+-%- .o'$( be re'%re( -o #ro('&e -e emen #e&%men +-

ome '-'re -%me

No., -o -e mer%- o -e &+e

Alfaros Stor!

;+e( on -e #roe&'-%on ver%on, &'$$e( rom-e (e&%%on o -e -r%+$ &o'r- +n( -e Co'r- o

A##e+$, on 'ne 2, 55 +- +ro'n( 9:30 %n -e

even%n), e%&+ A$+ro (rove er M%-'b%% L+n&er,

.%- bo1r%en( Pe-er E-r+(+ + #+en)er, -o

-e A1+$+ A$+b+n) Commer&%+$ Cen-er #+r/%n) $o- -o

b'1 sha%u rom Ar-em%o

Don) Ven-'r+ Tere, Ven-'r+ %n-ro('&e( er -o %

r%en(: H'ber- ere1 P ebb, An-on%o Ton1 ;o1

Le*+no, M%)'e$ G%n) Ro(r%)'e>, Ho#%&%o P1/e

Fern+n(e>, M%&+e$ G+-&+$%+n, +n( oe1

F%$+r- A$+ro re&+$$e( re'en-$1 ee%n) -em +-

+ sha%u o'e %n P+r++'e %n +n'+r1 55,

e&e#- Ven-'r+ .om e +( /no.n e+r$%er %n

De&ember 50

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn11http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn11

8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti

15/83

A A$+ro mo/e( er +b', ebb +##ro+&e(

+n( re'e-e( er -o re$+1 + me+)e or %m -o + )%r$,

.om e $+-er %(en-%%e( + C+rme$+V%>&on(e A$+ro +)ree( A-er '%n) '# -e%r +b',

-e )ro'# (rove -o C+rme$+ o'e +- 90 V%n>on

S-ree-, P%-on) D++n S'b(%v%%on, ;F

Home, P+r++'e C%-1 R%(%n) %n er &+r, A$+ro +n(

E-r+(+ -r+%$e( F%$+r- +n( Ro(r%)'e> .o ro(e +

M+>(+ #%&/4'# +n( ebb, Le*+no, Ven-'r+,

Fern+n(e>, +n( G+-&+$%+n .o .ere on + N%+n

P+-ro$ &+r

On re+&%n) -e%r (e-%n+-%on, A$+ro #+r/e( er

&+r on V%n>on S-ree-, +$%)-e(, +n( +##ro+&e(

C+rme$+ o'e A$+ro #ree( -e b'>>er +n( +

.om+n &+me o'- A$+ro 'er%e( er +bo'-

C+rme$+ A$+ro +( me- C+rme$+ -.%&e beore %n

+n'+r1 55 en C+rme$+ &+me o'-, A$+ro )+ve

er ebb me+)e -+- e .+ *'- +ro'n( C+rme$+

re#$%e(, o.ever, -+- e &o'$( no- )o o'- 1e- %n&e

e +( *'- +rr%ve( ome Se -o$( A$+ro -o re-'rn

+-er -.en-1 m%n'-e A$+ro re$+1e( -% -o ebb .o

-en -o$( -e )ro'# -o (r%ve b+&/ -o

-e A1+$+ A$+b+n) Commer&%+$ Cen-er

Te )ro'# +( +no-er sha%u e%on +- -e

#+r/%n) $o- A-er ome-%me, -e1 (rove b+&/ b'- on$1

A$+ro #ro&ee(e( -o V%n>on S-ree- .ere C+rme$+

$%ve( Te N%+n P+-ro$ +n( -e M+>(+ #%&/4'#, .%--e%r #+en)er, #+r/e( ome.ere +$on) A)'%rre

Aven'e C+rme$+ .+ +- -e%r )+r(en Se +##ro+&e(

A$+ro on ee%n) er +n( -o$( -e $+--er -+- e

8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti

16/83

&om#+n%on, ebb moo( &+n)e( or -e re- o -e

even%n) &on(e o'e

+n( -e ne- %$e .+%-%n) or -e o-er -o +$%)-

rom -e%r &+r, Fern+n(e> +##ro+&e( A$+ro .%- +

'))e-%on -+- -e1 b$o. '# -e -r+normer ne+r -e

V%>&on(e re%(en&e -o &+'e + bro.no'- , Malaas

lang ang tama mo. en ebb, Le*+no,

+n( Ven-'r+ .ere +$re+(1 beore -e o'e, ebb -o$(

-e o-er +)+%n -+- -e1 .o'$( $%ne '# or C+rme$+

b'- e .o'$( be -e %r- Te o-er re#$%e(, / sige,

dito lang ami, mag%a%antay lang ami.

A$+ro .+ -e %r- -o #+ -ro') -e

#e(e-r%+n )+-e -+- +( been $e- o#en ebb, Le*+no,

+n( Ven-'r+ o$$o.e( er On en-er%n) -e

)+r+)e, Ven-'r+ '%n) + &+%r mo'n-e( -e oo( o -eV%>&on(e N%+n Sen-r+ +n( $ooene( -e e$e&-r%&

b'$b over %-

8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti

17/83

ro'-e Te %n-er%or o -e o'e .+ (+r/ b'- ome

$%)- %$-ere( %n rom o'-%(e In -e /%-&en, A$+ro

+. Ven-'r+ e+r&%n) + $+(1 b+) -+- $+1 on -e

(%n%n) -+b$e en e +/e( %m .+- e .+$oo/%n) or, e +%(: 3a1 na nga dito, maghanap a

ng susi. Se +/e( %m .+- /e1 e .+n-e( +n( e

re#$%e(: -asta maghanap a ng susi ng main door pati

na rin ng susi ng otse.en e o'n( + b'n& o

/e1 %n -e b+), e -r%e( -em on -e m+%n (oor b'-

none %--e( -e $o&/ Se +$o (%( no- %n( -e &+r /e1

Un+b$e -o o#en -e m+%n (oor, A$+ro re-'rne(-o -e /%-&en %$e e .+ +- + #o- $e+(%n) -o -e

(%n%n) +re+, e e+r( + -+-%& no%e

8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti

18/83

+n( -oe .o rem+%ne( o'-%(e -e V%>&on(e o'e

$e+rne( o .+- +##ene(Te %r- -o be /%$$e( .+

C+rme$+ mo-er, -en enn%er, +n( %n+$$1,

C+rme$$+ Ven-'r+ b$+me( ebb, -e$$%n) %m, -ait naman pati yung %ata2 ebb re#$%e( -+- -e )%r$

.o/e '# +n( on ee%n) %m mo$e-%n) C+rme$+, e

*'m#e( on %m, b%- % o'$(er, +n( #'$$e( %

+%r ebb )o- m+(, )r+bbe( -e )%r$, #'e( er -o

-e .+$$, +n( re#e+-e($1 -+bbe( er Le*+no e&'e(

%me$ +- -% #o%n- -o 'e -e -e$e#one %n -e

o'e Me+n.%$e, ebb &+$$e( '# omeone on %

&e$$'$+r #one

A- +ro'n( 2:00 %n -e morn%n), +&&'e(

Ger+r(o ;%on) +rr%ve( ebb or(ere( %m -o )o +n(

&$e+n '# -e V%>&on(e o'e +n( +%( -o %m, Pera

lang ang atapat nyan. ;%on) +n.ere(, /ay

lang. ebb #o/e -o % &om#+n%on +n( -o$( -em,

e (on- /no. e+& o-er e +ven- een e+&

o-er %aa maulit yan.A$+ro +n( E-r+(+ $e- +n( -e1

(rove -o er +-er o'e?52@

1. The 4ualit! of the &itness

+ A$+ro +n or(%n+r1 'b(%v%%on )%r$ .o

o.e( '# +- -e N;I +-er o'r 1e+r, bo-ere( b1 er

&on&%en&e or e))e( on b1 re$+-%ve or r%en( -o &ome

or.+r( +n( (o .+- .+ r%)-J No Se .+, +- -e

-%me e reve+$e( er -or1, .or/%n) or -e N;I + +n

+e-, + -oo$ #%)eon, one .o e+rne( er $%v%n) b1r+-ern%>%n) .%- &r%m%n+$ o e &o'$( 'e+$ on

-em -o er N;I +n($er Se +( -o $%ve + $%e o $%e

-o )e- re.+r( -+- .o'$( #+1 or er 'b%-en&e +n(

v%&e

A&&or(%n) -o A--1 Ar-em%o S+&+)'%n), ormer

e+( o -e N;I An-%4%(n+##%n), H%*+&/%n), +n(

Arme( Robber1 T+/ For&e

8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti

19/83

en A$+ro eeme( 'n#ro('&-%ve or

ome-%me, o.ever, -e1 -e+e( er +bo'- %- +n( e

.+ #%'e( One (+1, e 'ne#e&-e($1 -o$(

S+&+)'%n) -+- e /ne. omeone .o +( -e re+$-or1 be%n( -e V%>&on(e m++&re S+&+)'%n)

o.e( %n-ere- A$+ro #rom%e( -o br%n) -+-

omeone -o -e N;I -o -e$$ % -or1en -% (%( no-

+##en +n( S+&+)'%n) &on-%n'e( -o #re er, e -o$(

%m -+- e m%)- + .e$$ +'me -e ro$e o er

%norm+n- S+&+)'%n) -e-%%e( -':

ATT2. ON"O

. Att!. Sacaguing' ho& did 8essica Alfaro %eco(e a &itness in the 9i:conde (urdercase; +ill !ou tell the ,onora%le Court;* * * *

A. She told (e. 2our ,onor' that she 3ne& so(e%od! &ho related to her the

circu(stances' (ean' the details of the (assacre of the 9i:condefa(il!. Thats &hat she told (e' 2our ,onor.

ATT2. ON"O

. And &hat did !ou sa!;

* * * *

A. &as 4uite interested and tried to ersuade her to introduce to (e that (an

and she ro(ised that in due ti(e' she &ill %ring to (e the (an' and

together &ith her' &e &ill tr! to con$ince hi( to act as a state &itnessand hel us in the solution of the case.

* * * *

. Att!. Sacaguing' &ere !ou a%le to inter$ie& this alleged &itness;

+TNSS SACA". The susicious details

;'- .+ %- #o%b$e or A$+ro -o $%e .%- '&+b'n(+n- (e-+%$ ome o .%& even -+$$%e( .%- -e

#1%&+$ ev%(en&e +- -e &ene o -e &r%meJ No (o'b-,

1e

F%r-$1, -e V%>&on(e m++&re +( been

re#or-e( %n -e me(%+ .%- (%>>1%n)

8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti

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(e-+%$ Ever1bo(1 .+ -+$/%n) +bo'- .+- -e #o$%&e

o'n( +- -e &r%me &ene +n( -ere .ere $o- o

#e&'$+-%on +bo'- -em

Se&on($1, -e #o$%&e +( +rre-e( ome +/1+-4

b++1 )ro'# %n P+r++'e +n( &+r)e( -em .%- -e

&r%me Te #o$%&e #re#+re( -e &one%on o -e men

-e1 +##reen(e( +n( %$$e( -ee '# .%- (e-+%$ -+-

-e ev%(en&e o -e &r%me &ene #rov%(e( A$+ro N;I

+n($er .o .ere (o%n) -e%r o.n %nve-%)+-%on

/ne. o -ee (e-+%$ + .e$$ S%n&e A$+ro +n)e( o'-

+- -e N;I o%&e +n( #r+&-%&+$$1 $%ve( -ere, %- .+no- -oo (%%&'$- or er -o e+r o -ee ev%(en-%+r1

(e-+%$ +n( )+%n +&&e -o -e (o&'men-

No- 'r#r%%n)$1, -e &one%on o ome

member o -e ;+rroo +/1+- b++1 )+n),

&on(emne( b1 -e M+/+-% RTC + +br%&+-e( b1 -e

#o$%&e -o #%n -e &r%me on -em, o. o. &r%me

%nve-%)+-or &o'$( m+/e + &one%on r%n) -r'e b1

m+-&%n) ome o %- (e-+%$ .%- -e #1%&+$

ev%(en&e +- -e &r%me &ene Con%(er -e o$$o.%n):

+ Te ;+rroo )+n) member +%( -+- -e1 )o-

%n-o C+rme$+ o'e b1 bre+/%n) -e )$+ #+ne$ o

-e ron- (oor '%n) + -one .r+##e( %n &$o- -o

(e+(en -e no%e A$+ro &o'$( no- 'e -% $%ne %n&e

-e &ore o er -or1 .+ -+- ebb .+ C+rme$+

bo1r%en( ebb +( no re+on -o m+ er ron-

(oor -o )e- -o ee er

Cone'en-$1, -o e#$+%n -e m+e( (oor,

A$+ro +( -o e--$e or &$+%m%n) -+-, on -e .+1 o'-

o -e o'e, ebb #%&/e( '# ome -one +n(, o'- o

-e b$'e, 'r$e( %- +- -e )$+4#+ne$e( ron- (oor o

-e V%>&on(e re%(en&e H% +&-%on re+$$1 m+(e no

ene From A$+ro n+rr+-%on, ebb +##e+re( r+-%on+$

%n % (e&%%onI- .+ #+- m%(n%)-, -e o'e .+(+r/, +n( -e1 .+n-e( -o )e- +.+1 '%&/$1 -o +vo%(

(e-e&-%on H'r$%n) + -one +- -+- )$+ (oor +n(

&+'%n) + -remen(o' no%e .+ b%>+rre, $%/e %nv%-%n)

-e ne%)bor -o &ome

b Te &r%me &ene o.e( -+- -e o'e +(

been r+n+&/e( Te re*e&-e( &one%on o -e

;+rroo +/1+-4b++1 )+n) member +%( -+- -e1

-r%e( -o rob -e o'e To e#$+%n -% #1%&+$

ev%(en&e, A$+ro &$+%me( -+- +- one

#o%n- Ven-'r+ .+ #'$$%n) + /%-&en (r+.er, +n( +-

+no-er #o%n-, )o%n) -ro') + +n(b+) on -e (%n%n)

-+b$e He +%( e .+ $oo/%n) or -e ron-4(oor /e1

+n( -e &+r /e1

8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti

21/83

A)+%n, -% #or-%on o A$+ro -or1 +##e+r

-or-'re( -o +&&ommo(+-e -e #1%&+$ ev%(en&e o -e

r+n+&/e( o'e Se never men-%one( Ven-'r+ +v%n) -+/en ome v+$'+b$e .%-

%m .en -e1 $e- C+rme$+ o'e An( .1

.o'$( Ven-'r+ r'mm+)e + b+) on -e -+b$e or -e

ron-4(oor /e1, #%$$%n) -e &on-en-, .en -e1 +(

+$re+(1 )o--en %n-o -e o'e I- % + -or1 m+(e -o %-

%n .%- -e &r%me &ene +$-o') robber1 .+

'##oe($1 no- -e re+on ebb +n( % &om#+n%on

en-ere( -+- o'e

& I- % -e +me -%n) .%- -e )+r+)e $%)- Te

#o$%&e %nve-%)+-or o'n( -+- -e b'$b +( been

$ooene( -o -'rn o -e $%)- Te &one%on o -e

;+rroo )+n) &$+%me( -+- one o -em &$%mbe( -e

#+r/e( &+r oo( -o re+& '# +n( (+r/en -+-

$%)- T% m+(e ene %n&e -e1 .ere )o%n) -o rob

-e #$+&e +n( -e1 nee(e( -%me -o .or/ %n -e (+r/

-r1%n) -o o#en -e ron- (oor Some #+erb1 m%)-

$oo/ %n +n( ee .+- -e1 .ere (o%n)

A$+ro +( -o +(*'- er -e-%mon1 -o -+/e %n-o

+&&o'n- -+- (+r/ene( )+r+)e $%)- So e &$+%me(

-+- Ven-'r+ &$%mbe( -e &+r oo(, '%n) + &+%r, -o

-'rn -e $%)- o ;'-, 'n$%/e -e ;+rroo +/1+-4b++1

)+n), ebb +n( % r%en( (%( no- +ve +n1-%n) -o

(o %n + (+r/ene( )+r+)e Te1 '##oe($1 /ne. %n

+(v+n&e -+- C+rme$+ $e- -e (oor -o -e /%-&eno#en or -em I- (%( no- m+/e ene or Ven-'r+ -o

r%/ -+n(%n) on -e &+r oo( +n( be een %n '& +n

+./.+r( #o%-%on %n-e+( o )o%n) -r+%)- %n-o -e

o'e

An(, -%r($1, A$+ro .+ -e N;I -+r .%-ne,

-e%r b+()e o e&e$$en- %nve-%)+-%ve .or/ A-er

&$+%m%n) -+- -e1 +( o$ve( -e &r%me o -e (e&+(e,

-e N;I #eo#$e +( + -+/e %n m+/%n) er o'n(&re(%b$e +n(, obv%o'$1, -e1 )+ve er +$$ -e

#re#+r+-%on e nee(e( or -e *ob o be&om%n) +

+%r$1 )oo( 'b-%-'-e .%-neSe .+ -e%r (+r$%n) o

+n +e- An( -% % no- #'re #e&'$+-%on A #o%n-e(

o'- +bove, S+&+)'%n) o -e N;I, + $+.1er +n( +

r+n/%n) o%&%+$, &on%rme( -% -o be + &o$( +&- 1

-e -r%+$ &o'r- +n( -e Co'r- o A##e+$ +%$e( -o ee

-% % m1-%1%n)

A- +n1 r+-e, (%( A$+ro +- $e+- +ve + %ne

memor1 or +&e -+- +( + -ron) ee&- on er,

)%ven -e &%r&'m-+n&eJ No- $%/e$1 Se n+me(

M%)'e$ G%n) Ro(r%)'e> + one o -e &'$#r%- %n -e

V%>&on(e /%$$%n) ;'- .en -e N;I o'n( + &er-+%n

8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti

22/83

M%&+e$ Ro(r%)'e>, + (r') (e#en(en- rom -e

;%&'-+n Re+b%$%-+-%on Cen-er, %n%-%+$$1 '#e&-e( -o

be A$+ro M%)'e$ Ro(r%)'e> +n( o.e( %m -o

A$+ro +- -e N;I o%&e, e r+n berer/, $+##%n) +n(/%&/%n) M%&+e$, e&$+%m%n): Ho. &+n I or)e- 1o'r

+&e e *'- +. e+& o-er %n + (%&o one mon- +)o

+n( 1o' -o$( me -en -+- 1o' .%$$ /%$$ me A %-

-'rne( o'-, e .+ no- M%)'e$ Ro(r%)'e>, -e +&&'e(

%n -% &+e?53@

T.o #o%b%$%-%e e%-: M%&+e$ .+ re+$$1 -e

one A$+ro .+n-e( -o %m#$%&+-e -o e--$e ome &ore.%- %m b'- %- .+ -oo $+-e -o &+n)e -e n+me e

+$re+(1 )+ve or e +( m1o#%& v%%on, -+))%n) -e

.ron) #eo#$e or .+- -e1 (%( no- (o

. The 4ualit! of the testi(on!

Tere % +no-er -%n) +bo'- + $1%n) .%-ne:

er -or1 $+&/ ene or 'er rom %neren-

%n&on%-en&%e An 'n(er-+n(%n) o -e n+-'re o

-%n) +n( -e &ommon be+v%or o #eo#$e .%$$ e$#

e#oe + $%e An( %- + +n +b'n(+n- #reen&e %n -%

&+e

One In er (e%re -o %m#$%&+-e G+-&+$%+n,

Fern+n(e>, E-r+(+, Ro(r%)'e>, +n( F%$+r-, .o .ere

'##oe( -o be ebb &o4#r%n&%#+$ %n -e &r%me,

A$+ro m+(e %- + #o%n- -o -e-%1 -+- ebb #ro#oe(-.%&e -o % r%en( -e )+n)4r+#e o C+rme$+ .o +(

'r- %m An( -.%&e, -e1 , E-r+(+, +n( Ro(r%)'e>'##oe($1 -+1e( +ro'n( A$+ro &+r, .%& .+

#+r/e( on -e -ree- be-.een C+rme$+ o'e +n( -e

ne-Some o -ee men +- on -o# o -e &+r $%(

.%$e o-er m%$$e( on -e %(e.+$/, v%%b$e 'n(er -e

-ree- $%)- -o +n1one .o &+re( -o .+-& -em,

#+r-%&'$+r$1 -o -e #eo#$e .o .ere +v%n) + (r%n/%n)

#+r-1 %n + ne+rb1 o'e Obv%o'$1, -e be+v%or o

ebb &om#+n%on o'- on -e -ree- (%( no- %)'re %n

+ #$+nne( )+n)4r+#e o C+rme$+

T.o Ven-'r+, A$+ro (o#e '##$%er, %n-ro('&e(

er or -e %r- -%me %n er $%e -o ebb +n( %

r%en( %n + #+r/%n) $o- b1 + m+$$ So .1 .o'$( e

+)ree -o +&- + ebb meen)er, '%n) er )+, -o

br%n) % me+)e -o C+rme$+ +- er ome More


8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti

23/83

%ne#$%&+b$1, .+- mo-%v+-e( A$+ro -o -%&/ %- o'- -e

.o$e n%)- .%- ebb +n( % r%en(J

Te1 .ere #r+&-%&+$$1 -r+n)er -o er +n( er bo1r%en( E-r+(+ en %- &+me -o + #o%n- -+- ebb

(e&%(e( .%- % r%en( -o )+n)4r+#e C+rme$+,

&$e+r$1, -ere .+ no-%n) %n %- or A$+ro Ke-, e

-'&/ %- o'- .%- -em, + + #o$%&e +e- .o'$(,

+n)%n) %n -ere 'n-%$ e +( + &r%me -o re#or-, on$1

e .+ no- 1e- +n +e- -en I, on -e o-er +n(,

A$+ro +( been -oo o+/e( %n (r') -o -%n/ &$e+r$1

+n( *'- o$$o.e( +$on) .ere -e )ro'# -oo/ er,o. &o'$( e remember o m'& (e-+%$ -+- on$1 +

(r')4ree m%n( &+nJ

Tree en A$+ro .en- -o ee C+rme$+ +- er

o'e or -e e&on( -%me, C+rme$$+ -o$( er -+- e

-%$$ +( -o )o o'- +n( -+- ebb +n( % r%en(

o'$( &ome b+&/ +ro'n( m%(n%)- A$+ro re-'rne( -o

er &+r +n( .+%-e( or C+rme$+ -o (r%ve o'- %n er o.n

&+r An( e -r+%$e( er '# -o A)'%rre Aven'e .ere

e '##oe($1 (ro##e( o + m+n .om e -o')-

.+ C+rme$+ bo1r%en( A$+ro -r+%$%n) C+rme$+ -o

#1 on er 'n+%-'$ne -o ebb (%( no- m+/e ene

%n&e e .+ on $%m%-e( err+n( ;'-, + + &r%-%&+$

.%-ne, A$+ro +( -o #rov%(e + re+on or ebb -o

re+/ o'- +n( (e&%(e -o &ome .%- % r%en( +n(

+rm C+rme$+

Fo'r A&&or(%n) -o A$+ro, .en -e1 re-'rne(-o C+rme$+ o'e -e -%r( -%me +ro'n( m%(n%)-, e

$e( ebb, Le*+no, +n( Ven-'r+ -ro') -e #e(e-r%+n

)+-e -+- C+rme$+ +( $e- o#en No., -% %

.e%r( ebb .+ -e )+n) $e+(er .o (e&%(e( .+-

-e1 .ere )o%n) -o (o He (e&%(e( +n( % r%en(

+)ree( .%- %m -o )o -o C+rme$+ o'e +n( )+n)4

r+#e er 1 .o'$( A$+ro, + .om+n, + -r+n)er -o

ebb beore -+- n%)-, +n( obv%o'$1 .%- no ro$e -o #$+1 %n -e )+n)4r+#e o C+rme$+, $e+( %m +n( -e

o-er %n-o er o'eJ I- m+(e no ene I- .o'$( on$1

m+/e ene % A$+ro .+n-e( -o e%)n be%n) + .%-ne

-o ome-%n) e (%( no- ee

F%ve A$+ro .en- o'- o -e o'e -o mo/e +-

-e )+r(en A-er +bo'- -.en-1 m%n'-e, + .om+n

e&$+%me(, 'ino yan2 On e+r%n) -%, A$+ro

%mme(%+-e$1 .+$/e( o'- o -e )+r(en +n( .en- -o er

&+r A##+ren-$1, e (%( -% be&+'e e /ne. -e1

&+me on + $1 Someone o-er -+n C+rme$+ be&+me

&on&%o' o -e #reen&e o ebb +n( o-er %n -e

o'e A$+ro .+$/e( +.+1 be&+'e, obv%o'$1, e

(%( no- .+n- -o )e- %nvo$ve( %n + #o-en-%+$

8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti

24/83

&onron-+-%on T% .+ '##oe($1 er r+me o

m%n(: e+r o )e--%n) %nvo$ve( %n .+- .+ no- er

b'%ne

;'- % -+- .ere -e &+e, o. &o'$( e -e-%1

b+e( on #eron+$ /no.$e()e o .+- .en- on %n -e

o'eJ A$+ro +( -o &+n)e -+- r+me o m%n( -o

one o bo$(ne +n( re&/$e &'r%o%-1 So -+- % .+-

e ne- &$+%me( Se .en- b+&/ %n-o -e o'e -o

.+-& + ebb r+#e( C+rme$+ on -e $oor o -e

m+-er be(roomHe +( +##+ren-$1 -+bbe( -o (e+-

C+rme$+ mom +n( er 1o'n) %-er .oe b$oo(%e( bo(%e .ere #r+.$e( on -e be( No., A$+ro

-e-%%e( -+- e )o- &+re( , E-r+(+, Ro(r%)'e>, +n( F%$+r-

.o +- on -e &+r or m%$$e( on -e %(e.+$/ Se (%(

no- #e+/ -o -em, even -o E-r+(+, er bo1r%en( Se

en-ere( er &+r +n( -'rne( on -e en)%ne b'- e

-e-%%e( -+- e (%( no- /no. .ere -o )o T%

.om+n .o + e. m%n'-e b+&/ $e( ebb, Le*+no,

+n( Ven-'r+ %n-o -e o'e, /no.%n) -+- -e1 .ere

(e&%(e( -o r+#e +n( +rm C+rme$+, .+ '((en$1 -oo

o&/e( -o /no. .ere -o )o T% emo-%on+$

#en('$'m .%n) %n(%&+-e + .%-ne .o .+

&on'e( .%- er o.n $%e

. The suosed corro%orations

In-en(%n) -o #rov%(e &orrobor+-%on -o A$+ro

-e-%mon1, -e #roe&'-%on #reen-e( % +((%-%on+$

.%-nee:

/r. )rosero A. Ca%ana!an' -e N;I Me(%&o4

Le)+$ O%&er .o +'-o#%e( -e bo(%e o -e v%&-%m,-e-%%e( on -e -+b .o'n( -e1 '-+%ne( ?58@ +n( -e

#reen&e o emen %n C+rme$+ )en%-+$%+, ?5!@ %n(%&+-%n)

-+- e +( been r+#e(

Nor(al . +hite' 8r., .+ -e e&'r%-1 )'+r(

on ('-1 +- P%-on) D++n S'b(%v%%on rom " #m o

'ne 2 -o " +m o 'ne 30, 55 He )o- + re#or- on

-e morn%n) o 'ne 30 -+- ome-%n) 'n-o.+r(

+##ene( +- -e V%>&on(e re%(en&e He .en- -ere

+n( +. -e (e+( bo(%e %n -e m+-er be(room, -e

b+) on -e (%n%n) -+b$e, + .e$$ + -e $o'( no%e

em+n+-%n) rom + -e$ev%%on e-?57@

%-e &$+%me( -+- e no-%&e( G+-&+$%+n +n(

% &om#+n%on, none o .om e &o'$( %(en-%1, )o

http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn14http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn15http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn16http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn14http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn15http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2010/december2010/176389.htm#_ftn16

8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti

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%n +n( o'- o P%-on) D++n S'b(%v%%on He +$o +.

-em +$on) V%n>on S-ree- L+-er, -e1 en-ere( P%-on)

D++n S'b(%v%%on %n + -ree4&+r &onvo1 %-e &o'$(

no-, o.ever, (e&r%be -e /%n( o ve%&$e -e1 'e(or re&+$$ -e -%me .en e +. -e )ro'# %n -oe -.o

%n-+n&e An( e (%( no- no-%&e +n1-%n) '#%&%o'

+bo'- -e%r &om%n) +n( )o%n)

;'- %-e -e-%mon1 &+nno- be re$%e( on H%

%n%-%+$ &$+%m -'rne( o'- -o be %n+&&'r+-e He +&-'+$$1

+. G+-&+$%+n +n( % )ro'# en-er -e P%-on) D++n

S'b(%v%%on on$1 on&e Te1 .ere no- )o%n) %n +n(o'- F'r-ermore, A$+ro -e-%%e( -+- .en -e

&onvo1 o &+r .en- b+&/ -e e&on( -%me %n -e

(%re&-%on o C+rme$+ o'e, e +$one en-ere( -e

'b(%v%%on +n( #+e( -e )'+r(o'e .%-o'-

-o##%n) Ke-, %-e .o '##oe($1 m+nne( -+-

)'+r(o'e (%( no- no-%&e er

S'r#r%%n)$1, %-e +%$e( -o no-e ;%on), +

#o$%&e o%&er, en-er%n) or e%-%n) -e 'b(%v%%on on

-e e+r$1 morn%n) o 'ne 30 .en e '##oe($1

&$e+ne( '# V%>&on(e re%(en&e on ebb

or(er +- % more, %-e (%( no- no-%&e C+rme$+

+rr%ve .%- er mom beore A$+ro %r- v%%- -+-

n%)- C+rme$+ '##oe($1 $e- .%- + m+$e

&om#+n%on %n er &+r +- +ro'n( 50:30 #m b'- %-e

(%( no- no-%&e %- He +$o (%( no- no-%&e C+rme$+

reen-er -e 'b(%v%%on %-e +&-'+$$1 (%&re(%-e(

A$+ro -e-%mon1 +bo'- -e movemen- o -e

#eron %nvo$ve(

F'r-er, .%$e A$+ro -e-%%e( -+- %- .+ -e

M+>(+ #%&/4'# (r%ven b1 F%$+r- -+- $e( -e -ree4

ve%&$e &onvo1,?5"@ %-e &$+%me( %- .+ -e N%+n

P+-ro$ .%- G+-&+$%+n on %- -+- $e( -e &onvo1 %n&e

e .o'$( no- +ve $e- -e &onvo1 %n .%-o'-

+&er-+%n%n) -+- G+-&+$%+n, + re%(en-, .+ %n

%- Se&'r%-1 )'+r( %-e (%( no-, -ereore, #rov%(e&orrobor+-%on -o A$+ro -e-%mon1

8usto Ca%anacan' -e e&'r%-1 '#erv%or +-

P%-on) D++n S'b(%v%%on -e-%%e( -+- e +. ebb

+ro'n( -e $+- .ee/ o M+1 or -e %r- .ee/ o 'ne

55 -o #rove % #reen&e %n -e P%$%##%ne .en e

&$+%me( -o be %n -e Un%-e( S-+-e He .+ m+nn%n)

-e )'+r( o'e +- -e en-r+n&e o -e 'b(%v%%on o

P%-on) D++n .en e $+))e( (o.n + &+r (r%ven b1

ebb ebb +%( -+- e .o'$( ee L%$e-

S1 C+b+n+&+n +/e( %m or +n ID b'- e #o%n-e( -o

% Un%-e( ;F Home -%&/er +n( +%( -+- e re%(e(


8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti

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-ere C+b+n+&+n re#$%e(, o.ever, -+- P%-on) D++n

+( + $o&+$ -%&/er

C+b+n+&+n -e-%%e( -+-, +- -% #o%n-, ebb%n-ro('&e( %me$ + -e on o Con)rem+n

ebb S-%$$, -e '#erv%or %n%-e( on ee%n) %

ID ebb )r'()%n)$1 )+ve %- +n( +-er ee%n) -e

#%&-'re +n( -e n+me on %-, C+b+n+&+n re-'rne( -e

+me +n( +$$o.e( ebb -o #+ .%-o'- be%n) $o))e(

%n + -e%r S-+n(+r( O#er+-%n) Pro&e('re re'%re(?59@

;'- C+b+n+&+n -e-%mon1 &o'$( no- be re$%e(on A$-o') %- .+ no- &ommon or + e&'r%-1 )'+r(

-o &+$$en)e + Con)rem+n on .%- '&

veemen&e, C+b+n+&+n (%( no- $o) -e %n&%(en- on -e

)'+r(o'e boo/ Nor (%( e, &on-r+r1 -o #re&r%be(

#ro&e('re, re&or( -e v%%-or en-r1 %n-o -e

'b(%v%%on I- (%( no- m+/e ene -+- C+b+n+&+n .+

-r%&- %n -e m+--er o ee%n) ebb ID b'- no- %n

re&or(%n) -e v%%-

Mila "a$iola 'e( -o .or/ + $+'n(r1 .om+n

or -e ebb +- -e%r o'e +-

;F Home Ee&'-%ve V%$$+)e Se -e-%%e( -+- e

+. ebb +- % #+ren- o'e on -e morn%n) o 'ne

30, 55 .en e )o- -e (%r-1 &$o-e rom -e room

-+- e +n( -.o bro-er o&&'#%e( +- +bo'- 8+m Se

+. %m +)+%n #+&%n) -e $oor +- +m A- +bo'- 5

#m, ebb $e- -e o'e %n -4%r- +n( or-, #+%n)

-ro') + e&re- (oor ne+r -e m+%( '+r-er on -e.+1 o'- F%n+$$1, e +. ebb +- 8 #m o -e +me

(+1?5@

On &ro4e+m%n+-%on, o.ever, G+v%o$+ &o'$(

no- +1 .+- (%-%n)'%e( 'ne 30, 55 rom -e

o-er (+1 e .+ on erv%&e +- -e ebb o'eo$(

+ -o en+b$e er -o (%-%n&-$1 remember, o'r 1e+r

$+-er, .+- one o -e ebb bo1 (%( +n( +- .+--%me Se &o'$( no- remember +n1 o -e (e-+%$ -+-

+##ene( %n -e o'eo$( on -e o-er (+1 Se

#rove( -o +ve + e$e&-%ve #o-o)r+#%& memor1 +n(

-% on$1 (+m+)e( er -e-%mon1

G+v%o$+ -r%e( -o &orrobor+-e A$+ro -e-%mon1

b1 &$+%m%n) -+- on 'ne 30, 55 e no-%&e(

b$oo(-+%n on ebb -4%r-?20@ Se (%( no- &+$$ -e+--en-%on o +n1bo(1 %n -e o'eo$( +bo'- %- .en %-

.o'$( +ve been + #o%n- o &on&ern -+- ebb m+1

+ve been 'r-, en&e -e b$oo(

;e%(e, V%&-or%+ Ven-oo, -e ebb

o'em+%( rom M+r& 59 -o M+1 52, +n( S)-


8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti

27/83

M%)'e$ M'o>, -e ebb e&'r%-1 +%(e %n 55,

-e-%%e( -+- G+v%o$+ .or/e( or -e ebb on$1 rom

+n'+r1 55 -o A#r%$ 55 Ven-oo 'r-er -e-%%e(

-+- %- .+ no- G+v%o$+ ('-1 -o &o$$e&- -e &$o-erom -e 2n( $oor be(room, -% be%n) -e .or/ o

-e o'em+%( &+r)e( .%- &$e+n%n) -e room

+- % more, %- .+ mo- 'n$%/e$1 or +

$+'n(r1.om+n .o +( been -ere or on$1 o'r

mon- -o &o$$e&-, + e &$+%me(, -e $+'n(r1 rom

-e room o er em#$o1er +n( -e%r )ro.n '#

&%$(ren +- o'r %n -e morn%n) .%$e -e1 .ere+$ee#

An( %- (%( no- m+/e ene, % A$+ro -e-%mon1

.ere -o be be$%eve( -+- ebb, .o .+ o &+re'$

+n( &$ever -+- e &+$$e( ;%on) -o )o -o -e V%>&on(e

re%(en&e +- 2 +m -o &$e+n '# -e ev%(en&e +)+%n-

%m +n( % )ro'#, .o'$( br%n) % b$oo(%e( %r-

ome +n( #'- %- %n -e +m#er or $+'n(r1.om+nG+v%o$+ -o &o$$e&- +n( .+ +- 8 +m + .+ er

'##oe( +b%-

olita /e Birrer .+ +&&'e( ;%on) )%r$r%en(

+ro'n( -e -%me -e V%>&on(e m++&re -oo/

#$+&e ;%rrer -e-%%e( -+- e .+ .%- ;%on) #$+1%n)

m+*on) rom -e even%n) o 'ne 2, 55 -o -e

e+r$1 morn%n) o 'ne 30, .en ;%on) )o- + &+$$ +-

+ro'n( 2 +m T% #rom#-e( %m, +&&or(%n) -o De

;%rrer, -o $e+ve +n( )o -o ;F Someone %--%n) +- -e

b+&/e+- o + -+% #%&/e( %m '# en ;%on)re-'rne( +- " +m e .+e( o .+- $oo/e( $%/e

(r%e( b$oo( rom % %n)ern+%$ An( e -re. +.+1 +

o'$4me$$%n) +n(/er&%e Se +$o +. ;%on) -+/e

o'- + /n%e .%- +$'m%n'm &over rom % (r+.er +n(

%( %- %n % -ee$ &+b%ne-?25@

Te e&'r%-1 )'+r( +- P%-on) D++n (%( no-

no-%&e +n1 #o$%&e %nve-%)+-or $+%n) + b+()e -o )e-%n-o -e v%$$+)e +$-o') ;%on) '##oe($1 &+me %n +-

-e 'no$1 o'r o -.o %n -e morn%n) H% (e#+r-'re

beore " +m +$o rem+%ne( 'nno-%&e( b1 -e

'b(%v%%on )'+r( ;e%(e, % e +( &$e+ne( '# -e

&r%me &ene or-$1 +-er m%(n%)-, .+- .+ -e #o%n-

o % re-'rn%n) -ere on -e o$$o.%n) morn%n) -o

(%#oe o ome o -e ev%(en&e %n -e #reen&e o

o-er #o$%&e %nve-%)+-or +n( on4$oo/erJ In +&-, .1.o'$( e -e+$ v+$'+b$e %-em rom -e V%>&on(e

re%(en&e on % re-'rn -ere o'r $+-er % e +( -e

o##or-'n%-1 -o (o %- e+r$%erJ

A- mo-, ;%rrer -e-%mon1 on$1 e-+b$%e(

;%on) -e- o &er-+%n %-em rom -e V%>&on(e

re%(en&e +n( )ro ne)$e&- or +%$%n) -o m+%n-+%n -e


8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti

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+n&-%-1 o -e &r%me &ene b1 mov%n) +ro'n( +n(

+$-er%n) -e ee&- o -e &r%me ;%rrer -e-%mon1

+%$e( -o &onne&- ;%on) +&- -o ebb +n( -e o-er

+&&'e(

auro 9i:conde -e-%%e( +bo'- o. (ee#$1 e

.+ +e&-e( b1 -e $o o er .%e +n( -.o

(+')-er C+rme$$+ #o/e -o %m o + re*e&-e( '%-or

e &+$$e( ;+)1o, be&+'e e .+ + P+r++'e

#o$%-%&%+n on Unor-'n+-e$1, L+'ro (%( no- +##e+r

&'r%o' eno') -o %n%- on %n(%n) o'- .o -e

re*e&-e( e$$o. .+ ;e%(e, % -e-%mon1&on-r+(%&- -+- o A$+ro .o -e-%%e( -+- C+rme$+

+n( ebb +( +n on4)o%n) re$+-%on In(ee(, % A$+ro

.ere -o be be$%eve(, C+rme$+ .+n-e( ebb -o &ome -o

er o'e +ro'n( m%(n%)- Se even $e- -e /%-&en

(oor o#en o e &o'$( en-er -e o'e

5. The (issing corro%oration

Tere % ome-%n) -r'$1 rem+r/+b$e +bo'- -%

&+e: -e #roe&'-%on &ore -eor1 -+- C+rme$+ +n(

ebb +( been .ee-e+r-, -+- e +( been

'n+%-'$ -o %m, +n( -+- %- .+ or -% re+on -+-

ebb bro')- % r%en( -o er o'e -o )+n)4r+#e

er % -o-+$$1 'n&orrobor+-e(

For %n-+n&e, norm+$$1, % ebb, +

Con)rem+n on, &o'r-e( -e 1o'n) C+rme$+, -+-

.o'$( be ne. +mon) er &%r&$e o r%en( % no-+ro'n( -o.n ;'-, ere, none o er r%en( or even

-oe .o /ne. e%-er o -em &+me or.+r( -o

+%rm -% An( % ebb +n)e( +ro'n( .%- er,

-r1%n) -o .%n er +vor, e .o'$( 're$1 be een .%-

er An( -% .o'$( +$$ -e more be o % -e1 +(

be&ome .ee-e+r-, + re$+-%on -+- A$+ro -r%e( -o

#ro*e&- .%- er -e-%mon1

;'-, e&e#- or A$+ro, -e N;I +e-, no one

+mon) C+rme$+ r%en( or er r%en( r%en( .o'$(

-e-%1 ever e+r%n) o '& re$+-%on%# or ever ee%n)

-em -o)e-er %n ome #o#'$+r +n)o'- %n P+r++'e

or M+/+-% A$+ro &$+%m o + %ve4o'r (r+m+ % $%/e

+n +$%en #+)e, r'(e$1 +n( 'n&onne&-e($1 %ner-e( %n-o

ebb +n( C+rme$+ $%e -or%e or $%/e + #%e&e o

*%)+. #'>>$e -r%mme( -o %- %n-o -e +#e on -e bo+r( b'- (oe no- be$on) be&+'e %- &$+e .%- -e

'rro'n(%n) #%e&e I- + ne%-er +n-e&e(en- nor

&on&om%-+n- '##or- %n -e ver%%+b$e +&- o -e%r

#eron+$ %-or%e I- % '%-e 'nre+$

8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti

29/83

+- % more, A$+ro -e-%%e( -+- e +.

C+rme$+ (r%ve o'- o er o'e .%- + m+$e #+en)er,

Mr , .om A$+ro -o')- -e .+1 %- $oo/e( .+

+$o C+rme$+ $over T% .+ -e +$$4%m#or-+n- re+onebb '##oe($1 +( or .+n-%n) -o +rm er A)+%n,

none o C+rme$+ re$+-%ve, r%en(, or #eo#$e .o

/ne. er ever -e-%%e( +bo'- -e e%-en&e o Mr %n

er $%e Nobo(1 + &ome or.+r( -o -e-%1 +v%n)

ever een %m .%- C+rme$+ An( (e#%-e -e

)r'eome ne. +bo'- er (e+- +n( o. Mr +(

#$+1e( + ro$e %n %-, e never #reen-e( %me$ $%/e

+n1one .o +( $o- + #e&%+$ r%en( norm+$$1.o'$( Obv%o'$1, Mr (%( no- e%-, + mere )o-

o -e %m+)%n+-%on o A$+ro, -e .om+n .o m+(e +

$%v%n) %norm%n) on &r%m%n+$

+e%%s

8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti

30/83

Imm%)r+-%on boo- +- -e +%r#or- -o +ve % #+#or-

&$e+re( +n( -+m#e( Imm%)r+-%on O%&er, Fer(%n+n(

S+m#o$ &e&/e( ebb v%+, -+m#e(, +n( %n%-%+$e(

% #+#or-, +n( $e- %m #+ -ro')

?27@

He .+$%-e( on -e Un%-e( A%r$%ne F$%)- P+en)er

M+n%e-?2"@

On +rr%v+$ +- S+n Fr+n&%&o, ebb .en- -ro')

-e US Imm%)r+-%on .ere % en-r1 %n-o -+- &o'n-r1

.+ re&or(e( T', -e US Imm%)r+-%on

N+-'r+$%>+-%on Serv%&e, &e&/%n) .%- %- Non4

%mm%)r+n- Inorm+-%on S1-em, &on%rme( ebben-r1 %n-o -e US on M+r& , 55 ebb #reen-e(

+- -e -r%+$ -e INS Cer-%%&+-%on %'e( b1 -e US

Imm%)r+-%on +n( N+-'r+$%>+-%on Serv%&e,?29@ -e

&om#'-er4)ener+-e( #r%n-4o'- o -e US4INS

%n(%&+-%n) ebb en-r1 on M+r& , 55,?2@ +n( -e

US4INS Cer-%%&+-%on (+-e( A')'- 35, 5!,

+'-en-%&+-e( b1 -e P%$%##%ne De#+r-men- o Fore%)n

A+%r, &orre&-%n) +n e+r$%er A')'- 50, 5!Cer-%%&+-%on?30@

c. /etails of

8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti

31/83

'ne 2, ebb, %n -e &om#+n1 o % +-er +n(

Ar+)on .en- -o R%ver%(e, C+$%orn%+, -o $oo/ or +

&+r Te1 bo')- +n MR2 To1o-+ &+r?85@ L+-er -+- (+1,

+ v%%-or +- -e ;ro--m+n, Lo'% %--+&/er, +.

ebb $oo/%n) +- -e #$+-e o % ne. &+r ?82@ To #rove

-e #'r&+e, ebb #reen-e( -e P'b$%& Re&or( o

C+$%orn%+ De#+r-men- o Mo-or Ve%&$e?83@ +n( + &+r

#$+-e LE E;;?88@ In '%n) -e &+r %n -e US,

ebb even re&e%ve( -r+%& &%-+-%on?8!@

On 'ne 30, 55 ebb, +)+%n +&&om#+n%e( b1

% +-er +n( Ar+)on,?87@

bo')- + b%&1&$e+- Or+n)e C1&$e Cen-er ?8"@ Te Cen-er %'e( ebb +

re&e%#- (+-e( 'ne 30, 55?89@ On '$1 8, 55,

In(e#en(en&e D+1, -e ebb, -e ;ro--m+n, +n( -e

V+&+ +m%$1 +( + $+/e%(e #%&n%&?8@

ebb -+1e( .%- -e ;ro--m+n 'n-%$ m%( '$1

+n( ren-e( + #$+&e or $e -+n + mon- On A')'- 8,

55 e $e- or Lon).oo(, F$or%(+, -o -+1 .%- -e#o'e +&/ +n( Son*+ Ro(r%)'e>?!0@ Tere, e me-

Arm+n(o Ro(r%)'e> .%- .om e #en- -%me,

#$+1%n) b+/e-b+$$ on .ee/en(, .+-&%n) mov%e,

+n( #$+1%n) b%$$%+r(?!5@ In November 55, ebb me-

#erorm%n) +r-%- G+r1 V+$en&%+no, + r%en( o +&/

Ro(r%)'e>, .o .+ %nv%-e( or + (%nner +- -e

Ro(r%)'e> o'e?!2@He $e- -e Ro(r%)'e> ome %n

A')'- 52, re-'rne( -o An+e%m +n( -+1e( .%-

% +'n- Ime$(+ P+)+#+ He -+1e( -ere 'n-%$ e $e-

or -e P%$%##%ne on O&-ober 27, 52

d. The second i((igration chec3s

A .%- % -r%# )o%n) -o -e US, ebb +$o

.en- -ro') bo- -e US +n( P%$%##%ne

%mm%)r+-%on on % re-'rn -r%# T', % (e#+r-'re

rom -e US .+ &on%rme( b1 -e +me

&er-%%&+-%on -+- &on%rme( % en-r1?!3@

F'r-ermore,+ D%#$om+-%& No-e o -e US De#+r-men- o S-+-e

.%- en&$oe( $e--er rom A&-%n) D%re&-or Debor+ A

F+rmer o -e Re&or( O#er+-%on, O%&e o Re&or(

o -e US4INS -+-e( -+- -e Cer-%%&+-%on (+-e(

A')'- 35, 5! % + -r'e +n( +&&'r+-e -+-emen- An(

.en e bo+r(e( % #$+ne, -e P+en)er M+n%e- o

P%$%##%ne A%r$%ne F$%)- No 503,?!8@ &er-%%e( b1

A)ne T+b'en+?!!@ &on%rme( % re-'rn -r%#

en e +rr%ve( %n M+n%$+, ebb +)+%n .en-

-ro') -e P%$%##%ne Imm%)r+-%on In +&-, -e +rr%v+$

-+m# +n( %n%-%+$ on % #+#or- %n(%&+-e( % re-'rn

-oM+n%$+ on O&-ober 2", 52 T% .+ +'-en-%&+-e(

b1 C+rme$%-+ A$%#%o, -e %mm%)r+-%on o%&er .o

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8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti

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#ro&ee( ebb reen-r1?!7@ U#on % re-'rn, %n

O&-ober 52, P+o$o S+n-o, oe$%-o Eron(+%n

E&ob+r, +n( R++e$ oe on&e +)+%n +. ebb

#$+1%n) b+/e-b+$$ +- -e ;F P+e III b+/e-b+$$

&o'r-

e. Ali%i $ersus ositi$e identification

Te -r%+$ &o'r- +n( -e Co'r- o A##e+$ +re one

%n re*e&-%n) + .e+/ ebb +$%b% Te%r re+on %

'n%orm: ebb +$%b% &+nno- -+n( +)+%n- A$+ro

#o%-%ve %(en-%%&+-%on o %m + -e r+#%- +n( /%$$er o C+rme$+ +n(, +##+ren-$1, -e /%$$er + .e$$ o er

mo-er +n( 1o'n)er %-er ;e&+'e o -%, -o -e

$o.er &o'r-, ebb (en%+$ +n( +$%b% .ere +br%&+-e(

;'- no- +$$ (en%+$ +n( +$%b% o'$( be re)+r(e(

+ +br%&+-e( In(ee(, % -e +&&'e( % -r'$1 %nno&en-,

e &+n +ve no o-er (eene b'- (en%+$ +n( +$%b% So

o. &+n '& +&&'e( #ene-r+-e + m%n( -+- + beenm+(e &1n%&+$ b1 -e r'$e (r%$$e( %n-o % e+( -+- +

(eene o +$%b% % + +n)m+n nooe %n -e +&e o +

.%-ne #o%-%ve$1 .e+r%n), I +. %m (o %-J Mo-

*'()e be$%eve -+- '& +er-%on +'-om+-%&+$$1

(oom +n +$%b% .%& % o e+1 -o +br%&+-e T%

'%&/ -ereo-1#e -%n/%n), o.ever, % (%-re%n) For

o. e$e &+n -e -r'- -+- -e +&&'e( % re+$$1

%nno&en- +ve +n1 &+n&e o #rev+%$%n) over '& +

-one4&+- -ene-J

Tere % on$1 one .+1 A *'()e m'- /ee# +n

o#en m%n( He m'- )'+r( +)+%n- $%##%n) %n-o +-1

&on&$'%on, o-en +r%%n) rom + (e%re -o '%&/$1

%n% -e *ob o (e&%(%n) + &+e A #o%-%ve

(e&$+r+-%on rom + .%-ne -+- e +. -e +&&'e(

&omm%- -e &r%me o'$( no- +'-om+-%&+$$1 &+n&e$ o'-

-e +&&'e( &$+%m -+- e (%( no- (o %- A $1%n)

.%-ne &+n m+/e + #o%-%ve +n %(en-%%&+-%on + +-r'-'$ .%-ne &+n Te $1%n) .%-ne &+n +$o +1 +

or-r%)-$1 +n( 'ne'%vo&+$$1, He (%( %- .%-o'-

b$%n/%n) +n e1e

R+-er, -o be +&&e#-+b$e, -e #o%-%ve

%(en-%%&+-%on m'- mee- +- $e+- -.o &r%-er%+:

F%r-, -e #o%-%ve %(en-%%&+-%on o -e oen(er m'- &ome rom + &re(%b$e .%-ne Se % &re(%b$e

.o &+n be -r'-e( -o -e$$ -e -r'-, ''+$$1 b+e( on

#+- e#er%en&e .%- er Her .or( +, -o one .o

/no. er, %- .e%)- %n )o$(

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8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti

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An( e&on(, -e .%-ne -or1 o .+- e

#eron+$$1 +. m'- be be$%ev+b$e, no- %neren-$1

&on-r%ve( A .%-ne .o -e-%%e +bo'- ome-%n)

e never +. r'n %n-o %n&on%-en&%e +n( m+/e

be.%$(er%n) &$+%m

Here, + +$re+(1 '$$1 (%&'e( +bove, A$+ro

+n( er -e-%mon1 +%$ -o mee- -e +bove &r%-er%+

Se (%( no- o. '# +- -e N;I + +

#on-+neo' .%-ne bo-ere( b1 er &on&%en&e Se

+( been +n)%n) +ro'n( -+- +)en&1 or ome-%me ++ -oo$ #%)eon, one #+%( or m%%n) '# .%- &r%m%n+$

+n( 'e+$%n) on -em Po$%&e +e- +re o-en

&r%m%n+$ -eme$ve Se .+ -e #roe&'-%on .or-

#o%b$e &o%&e or + .%-ne In(ee(, er '#er%or

-e-%%e( -+- e vo$'n-eere( -o #$+1 -e ro$e o +

.%-ne %n -e V%>&on(e /%$$%n) .en e &o'$( no-

#ro('&e + m+n e #rom%e( -o -e N;I

An(, +$-o') er -e-%mon1 %n&$'(e( (e-+%$,

A$+ro +( #r%or +&&e -o -e (e-+%$ -+- -e

%nve-%)+-or /ne. o -e &+e Se -oo/ +(v+n-+)e o

er +m%$%+r%-1 .%- -ee (e-+%$ -o %n&$'(e %n er

-e-%mon1 -e &$e+r$1 %n&om#+-%b$e +&- o ebb

'r$%n) + -one +- -e ron- (oor )$+ r+me even

.en -e1 .ere -r1%n) -o $%# +.+1 '%e-$1*'- o e

&+n +&&ommo(+-e -% &r%me &ene e+-'re Se +$o

+( Ven-'r+ r'mm+)%n) + b+) on -e (%n%n) -+b$e or

+ ron- (oor /e1 -+- nobo(1 nee(e( *'- -o e#$+%n

-e #1%&+$ ev%(en&e o -+- b+) +n( %- &+--ere(

&on-en- An( e +( Ven-'r+ &$%mb%n) -e &+r oo(,

r%/%n) be%n) een %n '& +n +./.+r( #o%-%on, .en

-e1 (%( no- nee( -o (+r/en -e )+r+)e -o or&e o#en

-e ron- (oor*'- o -o e#$+%n -e (+r/ene( $%)- +n(

oo- #r%n- on -e &+r oo(

F'r-er, er -e-%mon1 .+ %neren-$1%n&re(%b$e Her -or1 -+- G+-&+$%+n, Fern+n(e>,

E-r+(+, Ro(r%)'e>, +n( F%$+r- +)ree( -o -+/e -e%r

-'rn r+#%n) C+rme$+ % %n&on)r'en- .%- -e%r

%n(%eren&e, eem#$%%e( b1 rem+%n%n) o'-%(e -e

o'e, m%$$%n) 'n(er + -ree- $%)-, v%%b$e -o ne%)bor

+n( #+erb1, +n( o.%n) no %n-ere- %n -e

(eve$o#men- %n%(e -e o'e, $%/e % %- .+ -e%r -'rn

-o r+#e C+rme$+ A$+ro -or1 -+- e +)ree( -o erve+ ebb meen)er -o C+rme$+, '%n) '# er )+,

+n( -+1%n) .%- %m -%$$ -e b%>+rre en( .en -e1

.ere #r+&-%&+$$1 -r+n)er, +$o -+e %n&re('$%-1

To #rov%(e b+% or ebb o'-r+)e, A$+ro +%(

-+- e o$$o.e( C+rme$+ -o -e m+%n ro+( -o .+-&

8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti

34/83

er $e- o + $over on A)'%rre Aven'e An(,

%ne#$%&+b$1, +$-o') A$+ro +( on$1 #$+1e( -e ro$e

o meen)er, e &$+%me( $e+(%n) ebb, Le*+no,

+n( Ven-'r+ %n-o -e o'e -o )+n)4r+#e C+rme$$+, +

% A$+ro .+ e-+b$%%n) + re+on or $+-er on

-e-%1%n) on #eron+$ /no.$e()e Her .%n) rom +n

emo-%on o e+r .en + .om+n .o/e '# -o -e%r

#reen&e %n -e o'e +n( o +bo$'-e &o'r+)e .en

e none-e$e re-'rne( -o be&ome -e $one .%-ne

-o + )r%m &ene % +$o '%-e %ne#$%&+b$e

U$-%m+-e$1, A$+ro '+$%-1 + + .%-ne +n( er %n&on%-en-, % no- %neren-$1 'nbe$%ev+b$e, -e-%mon1

&+nno- be -e #o%-%ve %(en-%%&+-%on -+- *'r%#r'(en&e

+&/no.$e()e + '%&%en- -o *e--%on + (en%+$ +n( +n

+$%b%

f. A docu(ented ali%i

To e-+b$% +$%b%, -e +&&'e( m'- #rove b1 #o%-%ve, &$e+r, +n( +-%+&-or1 ev%(en&e?!"@ -+-

8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti

35/83

Imm%)r+-%on re&or( 1-em -oe -.o (+-e %n %-

re&or( o % -r+ve$ + .e$$ + -e (+-e .en e

'##oe($1 (e#+r-e( %n e&re- rom -e US -o &omm%-

-e &r%me %n -e P%$%##%ne +n( -en re-'rn -ereJ No

one + &ome '# .%- + $o)%&+$ +n( #$+'%b$e +n.er

-o -ee 'e-%on

Te Co'r- o A##e+$ re*e&-e( -e ev%(en&e o

ebb #+#or- %n&e e (%( no- $e+ve -e or%)%n+$ -o

be +--+&e( -o -e re&or( ;'-, .%$e -e be- ev%(en&e

o + (o&'men- % -e or%)%n+$, -% me+n -+- -e +me

% e%b%-e( %n &o'r- or -e +(vere #+r-1 -o e+m%ne+n( or -e *'()e -o ee A Co'r- o A##e+$ '-%&e

T+)$e +%( %n % (%en-,?!@ -e #r+&-%&e .en + #+r-1

(oe no- .+n- -o $e+ve +n %m#or-+n- (o&'men- .%-

-e -r%+$ &o'r- % -o +ve + #o-o&o#1 o %- m+r/e( +

e%b%- +n( -%#'$+-e( +mon) -e #+r-%e + + +%-'$

re#ro('&-%on o -e or%)%n+$ S-%#'$+-%on %n -e &o're

o -r%+$ +re b%n(%n) on -e #+r-%e +n( on -e &o'r-

Te US Imm%)r+-%on &er-%%&+-%on +n( -e

&om#'-er #r%n-4o'- o ebb +rr%v+$ %n +n( (e#+r-'re

rom -+- &o'n-r1 .ere +'-en-%&+-e( b1 no $e -+n

-e O%&e o -e US A--orne1 Gener+$ +n( -e S-+-e

De#+r-men- S-%$$ -e Co'r- o A##e+$ re'e( -o

+&&e#- -ee (o&'men- or -e re+on -+- ebb

+%$e( -o #reen- %n &o'r- -e %mm%)r+-%on o%&%+$ .o

#re#+re( -e +me ;'- -% .+ 'nne&e+r1 ebb

#+#or- % + (o&'men- %'e( b1 -e P%$%##%ne

)overnmen-, .%& 'n(er %n-ern+-%on+$ #r+&-%&e, % -e

o%&%+$ re&or( o -r+ve$ o -e &%-%>en -o .om %- %

%'e( Te en-r%e %n -+- #+#or- +re #re'me( -r'e?70@

Te US Imm%)r+-%on &er-%%&+-%on +n(

&om#'-er #r%n-4o'-, -e o%&%+$ &er-%%&+-%on o .%&

+ve been +'-en-%&+-e( b1 -e P%$%##%ne De#+r-men-

o Fore%)n A+%r, mere$1 v+$%(+-e( -e +rr%v+$ +n((e#+r-'re -+m# o -e US Imm%)r+-%on o%&e on

ebb #+#or- Te1 +ve -e +me ev%(en-%+r1

v+$'e Te o%&er .o %'e( -ee &er-%%&+-%on

nee( no- be #reen-e( %n &o'r- -o -e-%1 on

-em Te%r -r'-.or-%ne +r%e rom -e ene o

o%&%+$ ('-1 +n( -e #en+$-1 +--+&e( -o + bre+&e(

('-1, %n -e ro'-%ne +n( (%%n-ere-e( or%)%n o '&

-+-emen- +n( %n -e #'b$%&%-1 o -e re&or(?75@

Te Co'r- o A##e+$ o &o're m+/e &+#%-+$

o -e +&- -+- +n e+r$%er &er-%%&+-%on rom -e US

Imm%)r+-%on o%&e +%( -+- %- +( no re&or( o ebb

en-er%n) -e US ;'- -+- erroneo' %r- &er-%%&+-%on

.+ +m#$1 e#$+%ne( b1 -e US Governmen- +n(


8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti

36/83

Co'r- o A##e+$ '-%&e T+)$e -+-e( %- %n %

(%en-%n) o#%n%on, -':

+hile it is true that an earlier

Certification &as issued %! the

8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti

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(ome-%& +n( ore%)n re&or( o (e#+r-'re +n(

+rr%v+$ rom +%r#or- Te1 &$+%m -+- %- .o'$( no-

+ve been %m#o%b$e or ebb -o e&re-$1 re-'rn -o

-e P%$%##%ne +-er e '##oe($1 $e- %- on M+r& ,

55, &omm%- -e &r%me, )o b+&/ -o -e US, +n(

o#en$1 re-'rn -o -e P%$%##%ne +)+%n on O&-ober 27,

52 Tr+ve$ be-.een -e US +n( -eP%$%##%ne,

+%( -e $o.er &o'r- -oo/ on$1 +bo'- -.e$ve -o

o'r-een o'r

I -e Co'r- .ere -o 'b&r%be -o -% e-reme$1

/e#-%&+$ v%e., %- m%)- + .e$$ -e+r -e r'$e o ev%(en&e o'- o -e $+. boo/ +n( re)+r( '#%&%on,

'rm%e, or #e&'$+-%on + re+on or %m#e+&%n)

ev%(en&e I- % no- -+- o%&%+$ re&or(, .%& &+rr1

-e #re'm#-%on o -r'- o .+- -e1 -+-e, +re

%mm'ne -o +--+&/ Te1 +re no- T+- #re'm#-%on &+n

be over&ome b1 ev%(en&e Here, o.ever, -e

#roe&'-%on (%( nobo-er -o #reen- ev%(en&e -o

%m#e+& -e en-r%e %n ebb #+#or- +n( -e&er-%%&+-%on o -e P%$%##%ne +n( US %mm%)r+-%on

erv%&e re)+r(%n) % -r+ve$ -o -e US +n( b+&/ Te

#roe&'-%on reb'--+$ ev%(en&e % -e e+r o -e

'n/no.n -+- %- #$+n-e( %n -e $o.er &o'r- m%n(

7. ffect of +e%%s ali%i to others

ebb (o&'men-e( +$%b% +$-o)e-er %m#e+&e

A$+ro -e-%mon1, no- on$1 .%- re#e&- -o %m, b'-

+$o .%- re#e&- -o Le*+no, E-r+(+, Fern+n(e>,

G+-&+$%+n, Ro(r%)'e>, +n( ;%on) For, % -e Co'r-

+&&e#- -e #ro#o%-%on -+- ebb .+ %n

-e US .en -e &r%me -oo/ #$+&e, A$+ro -e-%mon1

.%$$ no- o$( -o)e-er ebb #+r-%&%#+-%on % -e

+n&or o A$+ro -or1 %-o'- %-, -e ev%(en&e

+)+%n- -e o-er m'- ne&e+r%$1 +$$

CONC

8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti

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ro$e o -e .%-ne -o -e V%>&on(e m++&re -+- e

&o'$( no- #ro('&eJ

+,#O#, -e Co'r- #9#SS +n( STS

AS/ -e De&%%on (+-e( De&ember 5!, 200! +n(

Reo$'-%on (+-e( +n'+r1 27, 200" o -e Co'r- o

A##e+$ %n CA4GR CR4HC 00337

+n( AC, M%)'e$ Ro(r%)'e>, Pe-er E-r+(+

+n( Ger+r(o ;%on) o -e &r%me o .%& -e1 .ere

&+r)e( or +%$'re o -e #roe&'-%on -o #rove -e%r )'%$- be1on( re+on+b$e (o'b- Te1 +re or(ere(

%mme(%+-e$1 #AS/ rom (e-en-%on 'n$e -e1

+re &on%ne( or +no-er $+.'$ &+'e

Le- + &o#1 o -% De&%%on be 'rn%e( -e

D%re&-or, ;'re+' o Corre&-%on, M'n-%n$'#+ C%-1 or

%mme(%+-e %m#$emen-+-%on Te D%re&-or o -e

;'re+' o Corre&-%on % /#CT/ -o re#or- -e+&-%on e + -+/en -o -% Co'r- .%-%n %ve (+1 rom

re&e%#- o -% De&%%on

SO O#/#/.

#",T TO CO

8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti

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Is this the case ready for trial(

Fiscal&

I am ready, your honor

'ourt& ) to the accused

* do you have an attorney or are you going to plead guilty( ) A

I have no lawyer and I will plead guilty

'ourt&

Arraign the accused

+ote&

Interpreter read the information to the accused in the local

dialect after which he was asked this uestion

* -hat do you plead( ) A I plead guilty, but I was instructed by

one .r !campo

* -ho is that .r !campo, what is his complete name( ) A .r

+umeriano !campo

/he provincial fiscal is hereby ordered to investigate that

man

Fiscal&

I have investigated this case and found out that this !campo

has nothing to do with the case and I found no evidence against

this !campo

'ourt&

0entenced reserved

/wo days later, or on .ay #1, #$%, the trial court rendered the

following judgment&

2'riminal 'ase +o 34##5

/H6 76!786 !F /H6 7HI8I77I+60, plaintiff4appellee, vs

FRI0'! H!89A:! defendant4appellant

08I9H/ I8869A8 :6/6+/I!+

06+/6+'6

/he accused, Frisco Holgado, stands charged with the crime ofkidnapping and serious illegal detention in the following

I+F!R.A/I!+

/hat on or about :ecember ##, #$%;, in the municipality of

'oncepcion, 7rovince of Romblon, 7hilippines and within the

jurisdiction of this Honorable 'ourt, the said accused being a

private individual, did then and there wilfully, unlawfully and

feloniously, and without justifiable motive, kidnap and detain one

Artemia Fabreag in the house of Antero Holgado for about

hours thereby depriving said Artemia Fabreag of her personalliberty

'ontrary to law

/his case is called for trial on .ay , #$%

8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti

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/he offense committed by the accused is kidnapping and serious

illegal detention as defined by article =>; of the Revised 7enal

'ode as amended by section = of Republic Act +o # and

punished by reclusion temporal in it minimum period to death

Applying indeterminate sentence law the penalty shall be prision

mayor in its ma?imum degree to reclusion temporal in themedium degree as minimum, or ten years @#1 and one @# day

of prision mayor to twenty @=1 years, with the accessory

penalties provided for by law, with costs /he accused is entitled

to one4half of his preventive imprisonment

It must be noticed that in the caption of the case as it appears in

the judgment above uoted, the offense charged is named

08I9H/ I8869A8 :6/6+/I!+ while in the body of the judgment

if is said that the accused "stands charged with the crime of

kidnapping and serious illegal detention" In the formation filed by

the provincial fiscal it is said that he "accuses Frisco Holgado ofthe crime of slight illegal detention" /he facts alleged in said

information are not clear as to whether the offense is named

therein or capital offense of "kidnapping and serious illegal

detention" as found by the trial judge in his judgment 0ince the

accused4appellant pleaded guilty and no evidence appears to

have been presented by either party, the trial judge must have

deduced the capital offense from the facts pleaded in the

information

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!ne of the great principles of justice guaranteed by our

'onstitution is that "no person shall be held to answer for a

criminal offense without due process of law", and that all accused

"shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel" In

criminal cases there can be no fair hearing unless the accused be

given the opportunity to be heard by counsel /he right to beheard would be of little avail if it does not include the right to be

heard by counsel 6ven the most intelligent or educated man may

have no skill in the science of the law, particularly in the rules of

procedure, and, without counsel, he may be convicted not

because he is guilty but because he does not know how to

establish his innocence And this can happen more easily to

persons who are ignorant or uneducated It is for this reason that

the right to be assisted by counsel is deemed so important that it

has become a constitutional right and it is so implemented that

under our rules of procedure it is not enough for the 'ourt to

apprise an accused of his right to have an attorney, it is notenough to ask him whether he desires the aid of an attorney, but

it is essential that the court should assign one de oficio if he so

desires and he is poor grant him a reasonable time to procure an

attorney of his own

It must be added, in the instant case, that the accused who was

unaided by counsel pleaded guilty but with the following

ualification& "but I was instructed by one .r !campo" /he trial

court failed to inuire as to the true import of this ualification the

record does not show whether the supposed instructions was realand whether it had reference to the commission of the offense or

to the making of the plea guilty +o investigation was opened by

the court on this matter in the presence of the accused and there

is now no way of determining whether the supposed instruction is

a good defense or may vitiate the voluntariness of the confession

Apparently the court became satisfied with the fiscalDs information

that he had investigated .r !campo and found that the same

had nothing to do with this case 0uch attitude of the court was

wrong for the simple reason that a mere statement of the fiscal

was not sufficient to overcome a ualified plea of the accused

Eut above all, the court should have seen to it that the accused

be assisted by counsel specially because of the ualified plea

given by him and the seriousness of the offense found to be

capital by the court

/he judgment appealed from is reversed and the case is

remanded to the 'ourt below for a new arraignment and a new

trial after the accused is apprised of his right to have and to be

assisted by counsel 0o ordered

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)O) 9 A"BA2AN

+ine years and four months ago this 'ourt declared&

Rape is a nauseating crime that deserves thecondemnation of all decent person who recognie

that a womans cherished chastity is hers alone to

surrender of her own free will-hoever violates

that will descends to the level of the odious

beast /he act becomes doubly repulsive where

the outrage is perpetrated on ones own flesh and

blood for the culprit is reduced to lower than the

lowly animal /he latter yields only to biological

impulses and is unfettered by social inhibitions

when it mates with its own kin, but the man who

rapes his own daughter violates not only her purity

and her trust but also the mores of his society

which he has scornfully defied Ey inflicting his

animal greed on her in a disgusting coercion of

incestuous lust, he forfeits all respect as a human

being and is justly spurned by all, not least of all by

the fruit of his own loins whose progeny he hasforever stained with his shameful and shameless

lechery2#5

At the end of the day, after resolving this case of #%4

year4old 6den Agbayani who charged her own father with

rape committed in the sanctity of their rented room on #$

Guly #$$%, this 'ourt finds itself repeating this

declaration2=5

Eefore this 'ourt on automatic review is the

decision2B5 of the Regional /rial 'ourt of *ueon 'ity,

Eranch #1>, in view of the death penalty imposed by it for

the crime of rape, defined and penalied under Article

BB of the Revised 7enal 'ode, as amended by RA

;>$2%5

!n #= 0eptember #$$%, the 0tation Investigation and

Intelligence :ivision of the +ational 'apital Region

'ommand, 7hilippine +ational 7olice @7+7, endorsed to

the !ffice of the 'ity 7rosecutor of *ueon 'ity the

complaint of 6den Agbayani @hereafter 6:6+ for rapeagainst her father, herein accused4appellant 6duardo

Agbayani y .endoa25

After appropriate preliminary investigation, a

complaint2>5 for rape signed by 6:6+, assisted by her

sister Fedelina Agbayani, and subscribed and sworn to

before Asst 'ity 7rosecutor 'harito E 9onales, was

filed against appellant with the Regional /rial 'ourt of

*ueon 'ity on =; !ctober, #$$% /he case wasdocketed as 'riminal 'ase +o *4$%4$#%$, then set for

arraignment, pre4trial and trial on == :ecember #$$% 2;5

At his arraignment on == :ecember #$$%, appellant,

assisted by Attys 0amuel Ealdado and 6dwin dela 'ru

as counsel de oficio, entered a plea of not guilty25

8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti

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followed, with the prosecution presenting the first

witness, :r Florante Ealtaar, a .edico48egal !fficer of

the 7+7 'rime 8aboratory,2$5 who cross4e?amined by Atty

Ealdado2#15 !n the succeeding dates of trial, the

prosecution presented 6:6+2##5 and 07!# 0alvador

Euenviaje2#=5 :uring these hearings, however, appellant

was represented by Atty Arturo /emanil of the 7ublic

Attorneys !ffice2#B5

!n this part, the defense presented appellant,

Adoracion . 'ru, Fedelina Agbayani, as well as 6+

who identified her and Fedelinas affidavit of desistance,2#%5 which was subscribed and sworn to before notary

public 6ranio 'edillo on > February #$$ 0aid affidavit

reads as follows&

-e, 6den Agbayani, #% years old, complainant and

Fedelina Agbayani, #$ years old, sister of 6den

Agbayani, and presently residing at +o, 7hase #,

8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti

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and claimed that she had signed it under coercion by her

mother and elder sister

/he trial courts summary of the evidence for the

prosecution, with the references to the pages of the

stenographic notes and e?hibits deleted, is as follows&

/he evidence adduced on the record shows that

sometime in 0eptember of #$$B in .alolos,

Eulacan, the accused was charged by his two

daughters, F6:68I+A and :!:I.A A9EAJA+I,

2with5 the crime of rape which case was raffled to

the sala of Gudge :anilo .analastas fo Eranch ;,

Regional /rial 'ourt, Eulacan /he case was,however, provisionally dismissed by said Gudge

after the complainants desisted from pursuing the

same in .ay #$$% 6duardo Agbayani was thus

conseuently released from jail on Guly #B,

#$$% /hree @B days thereafter, he began living

with four @% of his si? @> daughters, Fedelina,

6den, :iana, and 6dina, in a rented room at B14A

.akabayan 0t, Egy !brero, *ueon 'ity

/he evidence of the prosecution, in part consisting

of the testimonies of 'omplainant 6den Agbayani,

.edico48egal !fficer, :r Florante Ealtaar and

07!# 0alvador Euenviaje, shows that the above

mentioned address, the complainant, 6den

Agbayani, on the evening of Guly #$, #$$%, was

sleeping on the floor of the room with her father,

the accused 6duardo Agbayani was awakened

from her sleep by hands caressing her breast and

vagina 0he turned to discover that it was her

father who was then molesting her Frightened,she asked, /ay bakit niyo po ginagawa sa akin ito,

gayong kalalabas mo lang sa kulungan( and

threatened to kill her 2sic5 /he accused then

proceeded to undress her /hereafter he

undressed himself and succeeded in having carnal

knowledge with the complainant who could only

cry helplessly /he complainant thereafter felt

blood dripping from her vagina and felt pain

/he ne?t day, or on Guly =1, #$$%, the complainant

informed her elder sister, Fedelina, of what had

been done to her by her father 0he was told not to

worry as they would go to Eulacan to report the

incident to Fiscal 'araeg of Eulacan, who had, the

year before, handled the rape case filed by

Fedelina and :odima 0everal attempts were

made by her sisters, Fedelina and 6den to reach

the said fiscal but it was only on 0eptember $,

#$$%, that they were able to meet with him Fiscal

'araeg of Eulacan reported the complaint to Gudge

:anilo .analastas who reopened the previous

provisionally dismissed case and issued a warrant

of arrest against the herein accused

8/18/2019 Sec 14- 16 Consti

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-ith the assistance of police officers from 0tation

#1 of the 0II: in *ueon 'ity, the accused was

arrested on the same day at his residence at B14A

.akabayan 0t, Egy !brero, *ueon 'ity and was

later brought to .alolos, Eulacan where he iscurrently detained After the accuseds arrest, 6den

and Fedelina returned to 0tation #1 where they

made individual statements before 07!# 0alvador

Euenviaje narrating the events leading to and

occurring after the incident of Guly #$, #$$%

/he ne?t morning, 6den was e?amined by .edico4

8egal !fficer and 'hief of the 7+7 'rime8aboratory, :r Florante Ealtaar, a colonel, who,

accordingly, prepared the corresponding .edico4

8egal Report2#;5

Appellant put up the defense of denial and

alibi According to him, he could not have raped his

daughter 6:6+, because on #$ Guly #$$%, he was in

Earangay 3ictoria in 0ual, 7angasinan, visiting his eldest

daughter2#5 He declared that 6:6+ charged him with

rape because he had hit her with a belt after he caught

her lying about her whereabouts on night /hen on =%

Guly #$$%, she left their rented apartment and did not

return anymore2#$5

Adoracion 'ru corroborated appellants alibi 0he

declared that on #; Guly #$$%, appellant reuested her to

take care of his children because he was going to

7angasinan to visit his sick father, returning home only

on =# Guly #$$%2=15

/he trial court gave full credence to the testimony of

6:6+, who appeared, during her entire testimonies on

Ganuary =1 and .ay %, #$$, coherent, candid and

responsiveC futher, it commended her for her courage and

her unwavering strength in the midst of the emotional and

psychological strain and humiliation, not to mention the

pressure and lack of moral support of her family, brought

on by the filing of this case It also ruled that 6:6+ did

not voluntarily e?ecute the affidavit of desistance, as it

was procured at the behest of her mother and sister for

whom the sanctity of the family and the familys goodname were more important than demanding punishment

Sec 14- 16 Consti

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Transcript of Sec 14- 16 Consti