Tema 1 mundo y ciencia

8/14/2019 Tema 1 mundo y ciencia

1/25

Co{udky``co lb ]ioplhcio{d @bpc`d/ Fui`cl

L}yo{ip }ud~cpcdolbip

ofib Uycw ]uiw Zlofib/uycwMyp`/ipX

[ihl


2/25

}blo{il yol d}dpc`co io b{chd {uhcod ul`cp{l io{ui bdp fucifdp !}yiebd lucd" l}{d

}lul ib kipluudbbd ncbdpnc`d# s bdp }yiebdp pihc{lp !gykdp///" ip`bl~dp ki `doì}`cdoip

h{c`lp#/

Io ib {ulpndokd ip{ yol `doì}`co ki hc{d |yi pi kipluudbbl io Iyud}l kib pcfbd

Q^CCC lb QQ7 alp{l ib pcfbd Q^CCC pi }dkl uiàlwlu bdp hc{dp kc`ciokd |yi iulo yo iuudu"

yol hio{cul" uibl{dp iofldpdp co~io{lkdp }lul io{ui{ioiu !lbfd |yi sl lncuh ]bl{o#

d pi }dklo ~lbdulu `dhd oluul`cdoip ki `do{iockd }udnyokd uilbcwlklp }du plecdp" |yi

pi }dkl kip`cnulu }du hikcd ki bl lbifdul/ ]iud bl lbifdul io{ul io ùcpcp io ib pcfbd

Q^CCC s ~lucdp ly{duip !^c`d" Aiukiu s pdeui {dkd Aisoi# `dopckiulo |yi ib hc{d pyufi

kib iuudu d ki yol chlfcol`co }uchc{c~l iqlb{lkl" }du|yi l}luiì io yol }d`lducfcolucl: ib hc{d piul }udky`{d ki yo ip{lkcd acp{uc`d io ib |yi bl ayhlocklk ip{lel

io yo ip{lkd ki conlo`cl hio{lb7 pi bbifl lp l yol d}dpc`co io{ui ib }ioplhcio{d

h{c`d !{ulkc`cdolb" lù{c`d# s ib ul`cdolb !ducfcolb" ù{c`d#/ Ki {dkdp hdkdp io bl

ncbdpdnl lbihlol {lheco pyufc yol boil |yi pi kikc` l ùc{c`lu ib bdfdp `do lsykl

kib hc{d" pdeui {dkd io ib `lpd ki Oci{wpài" |yi uikincoi l L}dbd s Kcdocpd }lul

ionuio{lubdp lb ul`cdolbcphd pdù{c d s lb |yi pcfyio @lppcuiu s Aickiffiu" |yi }cioplo|yi ib bdfdp !yoc~iuplb" colb{iulebi" }iuni`{d# {cioi kini`{dp s pbd pi }yiki higdulu

ui`yuuciokd lb hc{d/ Lp" al aleckd kdp boilp ionuio{lklp" bl ul`cdolbcp{l" |yi pbd

lkhc{i ib hc{d `dhd {ip{chdocd ki yo hyokd ki ckilp {ulkc`cdolb" }uchc{c~d" cofioyd s

~lbdul pbd bl ncbdpdnl `dhd nyio{i ki `dod`chcio{d" s bl cuul`cdolbcp{l" |yi pilbl |yi

ib hc{d {cioi py }ud}cl ul`cdolbcklk" |yi bl ncbdpdnl pyufi kio{ud s od io d}dpc`co lb

}ioplhcio{d h{c`d" s |yi bl ulwo od elp{l }lul iq}bc`lubd {dkd/ Ib bceud ki Kdkkp !Bdpfucifdp s bd cuul`cdolb# leuc yol ~l }lul `dh}uiokiu |yi io Fui`cl ulwo s hc{d ip{o

coiq{uc`lebihio{i yockdp" io {dkdp bdp }iucdkdp s io {dkdp bdp hec{dp/ L`{ylbhio{i pi

copcp{i hp io bl kcnc`yb{lk ki `dh}uiokiu iplp pd`ciklkip lo{cfylp kipki oyip{udp

}luhi{udp s }du ibbd pi eyp`l pc{ylu bl `yb{yul fucifl io py `do{iq{d" co{io{lokd od

}lu{cu ki `doì}`cdoip l }ucduc " |yi ùilo yol ckil nlbpl ki bd |yi nyi Fui`cl7 yol

`c~cbcwl`co `do yo }ioplhcio{d cocfylblkd s {lheco `do pyp `do{ulkc``cdoip ~c{lbip ski }ioplhcio{d" lkihp ki conbyckl }du d{ulp `yb{yulp" ip}i`clbhio{i blp ducio{lbip/ Ib

5


3/25

lobcpcp ki bl `cio`cl fucifl" }du igih}bd" hyip{ul |yi od py}blo{l l bl hlfcl" s ib

lobcpcp ki bl ncbdpdnl kihyip{ul |yi od kcd bl ip}lbkl lb hc{d" `dhd pi ~i io py ypd

kipki bdp }uipd`u{c`dp/

L`{ylbhio{i pi pilbl |yi bl d}dpc`co hc{d $ ulwo od pi io`yio{ul ki ai`ad io

Fui`cl s `ylokd pi kl yo }udfuipd ki bl ulwo p{i od ip io lepdby{d yoc{lucd7


4/25

ac}{ipcp `do{uluclp l bl co{yc`co }du hikcd ki bl lufyhio{l`co s py ch}bc`l`co io bl

co~ip{cfl`co ù{c`l/ ]lul ibbd }lu{io ki yo `doì}{d yoc~iuplb ki ol{yulbiwl !#"

|yi lelu`l lb hyokd npc`d s lb adheui" kdoki pdo nyoklhio{lbip bdp `doì}{dp ki

`lypl s }uco`c}cd !#/

Bl ncbdpdnl pyufi" }yip" od io d}dpc`co l yo {c}d ki }ioplhcio{d h{c`d" pcod

kio{ud ki ipl {ulkc`co" `ylokd lb klu yo }lpd lkiblo{i pi kipluudbbl bl ckil ki |yi {ulp

ib hyokd |yi l}luiì io {dkl py `dh}bigcklk als yo dukio" yo }uco`c}cd ki yocklk

!# |yi pi }yiki `dodìu/ Io uilbcklk ip{lelo klokd yo plb{d lb ~l`d" }yip `do

{dkdp bdp l}dsdp ul`cdolbip s ki depiu~l`co l py lb`loì pyp }blo{ilhcio{dp od

}lplelo ki piu ac}{ipcp hp d hiodp cofiocdplp7 ipi plb{d lb ~l`d ip bl ni io |yi {ulp ibhyokd ~cpcebi als yo dukio ul`cdolb |yi ip }dpcebi `dodìu" io ib |yi blp `lyplp ki bl

ol{yulbiwl alo ki eyp`lupi kio{ud ki pyp }ud}cdp bhc{ip" `do bl ulwo s bl depiu~l`co

ki bl uilbcklk `dhd cop{uyhio{dp ki co~ip{cfl`co nyoklhio{lb" }iud pco uioiflu ki bl

{ulkc`co aiuiklkl/

L py ~iw" bdp }uchiudp ncbpdndp od ip{o bceuip ki `doì}`cdoip |yi l odpd{udp

odp }luiìo }d`d ul`cdolbip s |yi bbifludo l piu lqcdhlp }lul bdp fucifdp" `dhd }duigih}bd |yi ib hd~chcio{d `cu`yblu ip ib hp }iuni {d" ckil |yi `dokc`cdo bl

lp{udodhl d``ckio{lb alp{l ib pcfbd Q^CC/ ]lu{lo ki `doì}`cdoip }ui~clp lb

ulwdolhcio{d" hyàlp ki ibblp uinbiglklp {lheco io ib hc{d: od }ui{iokio

`dop`cio{ihio{i d}doiupi l b !io {dkd `lpd uiàlwlo lbfyodp lp}i`{dp `doùi{dp |yi

bip }luiìo cohdulbip#" pcod |yi }lu{ciokd ki bl hio{lbcklk `dho fucifl eyp`lelo

l~lowlu }du hikcd ki bl co~ip{cfl`co" bd `ylb od ch}bc`l |yi od ip{y~ciulo bceuip ki`doì}`cdoip |yi od odp }luiìo l odpd{udp ucfyudplp/

L |yi pyufciul bl ncbdpdnl `do{uceysiudo lbfyodp nl`{duip `do{iq{ylbip" `dhd ib

aiàd `ciu{d ki |yi bdp }uchiudp ncbpdndp ~c~io io blp uifcdoip ki Fui`cl hp

kipluudbblklp !Gdocl" Pc`cbcl s Hlfol Fui`cl#" `do yo oc~ib ki ~ckl hp lb{d s `do hp

`do{l`{dp s `dhiu`cd `do d{ulp uifcdoip/ [lheco lsyklel bl bceiu{lk }db{c`l |yi

iqcp{l lbb" ib kipluudbbd kib oc~ib `yb{yulb fioiulb lyp}c`clkd }du ib ypd ki bl ipùc{yullbnle{c`l" bl `dkcnc`l co ki blp bisip s ib lhdu l bl ibd`yio`cl s l bl kcp`ypco/ Lkihp

;


5/25

blp uibl`cdoip `do Ducio{i ]uqchd s Ifc}{d alelo }iuhc{ckd ib `do{l`{d `do bl {òc`l

l~lowlkl io fidhi{ul s lp{udodhl/

Nyoklhio{lb ip bl ncgl`co }du ipùc{d ki blp {idulp ncbdpnc`lp7 hp |yi d}dpc`co

io{ui hc{d s bdfdp pi }dkul aleblu ki d}dpc`co io{ui yol pd`ciklk dulb s {ulkc`cdolb s

d{ul bi{ulkl" d higdu io{ui bdp |yi }doio py aducwdo{i hio{lb io bl lì}{l`co ki bl

{ulkc`co s bdp |yi pdhi{io bl {ulkc`co l ù{c`l `do ib l}dsd ki bl ipùc{yul" |yi debcfl

l `blpcnc`lu" kincocu" bchc{lu" dukiolu" lbfd |yi }du d{ul }lu{i pi ih}ciwl l ~cpbyheulu io

bdp ipùc{duip lu`lc`dp lyo|yi od pilo ncbpdndp io pio{ckd ip{uc`{d" `dhd Aipdkd/

E/ @doì}`co kib hyokd io bl bc{iul{yul ki bl }d`l lu`lc`l

Kip{l`lo Adhiud s Aipdkd !lyo|yi pco db~cklu l bdp }di{lp buc`dp s d{udp#" |yi

uilbcwlo yol pyhhl pdeui ib ducfio kib hyokd" bdp kcdpip s bdp adheuip l }lu{cu ki

kl{dp {ulkc`cdolbip " pco l`ykcu l lufyhio{dp ki ulwo }lul `lheclubdp" bd `ylb od

|yciui ki`cu |yi od alsl yo ipnyiuwd co{ibi`{ylb }lul duflocwlubdp pifo yol bfc`l

hochl7 als kl{dp |yi pi }uipio{lo pco hp" d{udp pi uibl`cdolo `do bdp }dp{iucduip }duuifblp lpd`cl{c~lp !}lulbibcphdp" `do{ul}dpc`cdoip s {lheco chfioip s `dh}lul`cdoip

pcfocnc`l{c~lp#/

Io {dklp blp `dphdfdolp als yo coc`cd7 bdp ncbpdndp `lhecluo bl }iup}i`{c~l s

alebluo ki }uco`c}cd" " |yi od ip pbd coc`cd" pcod bd |yi iq}bc`l d ip{ io bl elpi ib

uip{d ki blp `dplp kib hyokd/ Bd oduhlb ip |yi kip}yp alsl yo }udìpd ki

kcniuio`cl`co epc`d !oduhlbhio{i {ciuul $ `cibd# s l `do{coyl`co pi kipluudbbio kdphdkibdp }dpcebip7 d ecdhunc`d !}luiglp ki kcniuio{ip piqdp |yi iofiokulo pyìpc~lp

fioiul`cdoip# d {iòdhunc`d !ùilkdu" aecb lu{iplod |yi kl byflu l oyi~dp piuip#/

Io bdp }dihlp adhuc`dp {ioihdp lbfyodp kl{dp pdeui py ~cpco kib hyokd7

Adhiud bd kipùcei `dhd kc~ckckd nyoklhio{lbhio{i io {ciuul s `cibd/ Ib `cibd ip

ch}ioi{ulebi" `dhd yo `lbkiud ki eudoì !" eudoòid" `do nduhl ki hikcl

ipniul#/ Bl {ciuul ip }blol s ip{ udkilkl }du ib ud D`lod" kib |yi pyufio blp kihplfylp !udp" nyio{ip" `duucio{ip pye{iuuoilp#/ ]du kielgd ip{ ib [u{lud" udkilkd }du bl

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6/25

odài" kdoki pdo io`luìblkdp bdp {c{loip/ [lheco ib hyokd ki bdp hyiu{dp pi pc{l

kielgd" l yol lb{yul co{iuhikcl io{ui bl [ciuul s ib [u{lud/ Ib ducfio kib hyokd pi

l{uceysi io yo }lplgi lcpblkd l bl yoco ki D`lod s [i{cp" bd |yi }yiki `dopckiulupi

`dhd yol iq}bc`l`co ki |yi {dkd pyufi l }lu{cu kib lfyl" }yip D`lod ip ib ud |yi

udkil ib hyokd s [i{cp ip yol kc~cocklk ki blp lfylp/

]iud kdoki `dodìhdp hp kl{dp pdeui bl ~cpco kib hyokd ki bdp adheuip

lu`lc`dp ip io bl [idfdol ki Aipdkd" kdoki pi duflocwl bl hl{iucl {ulkc`cdolb ki hdkd

`dh}bigd/ L fulokip ulpfdp pi }yiki uiplb{lu7

l# Kib ~l`d l bdp }uchiudp io{ip !~/


7/25

k# Kicklkip lp{ulbip !06#7 ki oyi~d ib ip|yihl ki pyìpco pi

ui}c{i" ladul `do bl ~c`{ducl kib kcdp gd~io !Wiyp# pdeui @udod/ Lo{ip ki Wiyp olìo

Aip{cl" Kih{iu" Aiul" Alkip s ]dpcko/ @udod pi {ulfl l pyp acgdp }du|yi Yulod s Fil

bi alo ui~iblkd |yi py kip{cod ip piu ~io`ckd }du yod ki ibbdp/ Uil bbi~l d`yb{lhio{i l

py acgd Wiyp alp{l @ui{l s kl yol }cikul io~yib{l io }llbip l @udod/ @ylokd Wiyp

ùiì" alì ~dhc{lu l @udod lb uip{d ki pyp aiuhlodp" ih}iwlokd }du bl }cikul" |yi

|yikl io Kibndp/Hp lkiblo{i pi alebl ki bl ~c`{ducl kincoc{c~l ki Wiyp pdeui bl fioiul`co

lo{iucdu ki bdp [c{loip s pdeui [cnid" yo hdop{uyd acgd ki bl [ciuul" `do bd |yi py

kdhcocd ip sl kincoc{c~d s ib hyokd |yikl duflocwlkd }lul pcih}ui/

Io Aipdkd als }yip yo ipnyiuwd yocnc`lkdu s io `ciu{l hikckl ul`cdolbcwlo{i"

}iud pdo i~ckio{ip blp conbyio`clp kib Ducio{i ]uqchd" ip}i`clbhio{i ac{c{lp !hc{d ki

pyìpco Yulod(@udod(Wiyp s ip{i `dhd kcdp ki blp {duhio{lp hp |yi kcdp ki bl byw# selecbdoclp !ch}du{lo`cl ki blp lfylp }uchdukclbip" `dhd io Adhiud pdeui D`lod s

[i{cp#/

Hyàdp ki ip{dp ibihio{dp bdp io`do{ulhdp {lheco io d{ulp {idfdolp fuciflp"

|yi dodìhdp hp nulfhio{luclhio{i s io uikl``cdoip hp {luklp7

Kib }di{l Lb`ho !l`h >


8/25

Niu`ckip ki Pcud !`do{ih}duoid ki [lbip# }blo{il yol {ulkl `dphdfoc`l

coc`clb s i{iuol7 " " / pi yoi l s }lplo l piu Wiyp" kcdp

py}uihd" s Fil" bl {ciuul ladul sl ni`yokl" s pdo }lkuip ki Dfiod" ib D`lod/

l`{l `dhd }uco`c}cd kihcufc`d s }lpl l piu " l bl ~iw fioiulkdu `do py }ud}cd

pihio kib ~cio{d" ib lfyl s ib nyifd !bdp `yl{ud ibihio{dp gyo{d `do bl {ciuul#/

I}chockip ki @ui{l !`yucdpl ncfyul7 àlho" lkc~cod s {lyhl{yufd# ip ly{du ki

yol `dbi``co ki du`ybdp kdoki kipluudbbl py `dphdfdol7 als yol }luigl }uchdukclb"

s " ib Lcui s bl Odài" |yi iofiokulo lb [u{lud/ Byifd l}luiìul yol oyi~l

}luigl" D`lod s Fil" |yi iofiokululo yo ayi~d" ducfio kib uip{d ki bl uilbcklk/

Hypid ip yo }iupdolgi bifioklucd lb |yi pi uibl`cdo `do Dunid/ @do py odheuipi `dopiu~l yol [idfdol `do yol }luigl ducfcolucl (" }lkuip ki /

Byifd ki d{ul }luigl ![ciuul(]dpcko# pyufi ib uip{d ki bl uilbcklk/

Blp {idfdolp unc`lp l{uceylo lb Dunid kib hc{d iopilowlp |yi celo kipki bl

iq}bc`l`co ki bdp dufioip kib hyokd l {idulp pdeui ib lbhl s ip}i`clbhio{i pdeui ib

hdkd ki lb`lowlu yol ~ckl eciol~io{yulkl io ib hp lbb" }du hikcd ki }u`{c`lp

lp`{c`lp s bl nui`yio{l`co ki yodp uc{dp ki coc`cl`co/ Ib }dihl unc`d hp ch}du{lo{iiul yol [idfdol" |yi pi al `dopiu~lkd io }lu{i io ib }l}cud ki Kiu~ioc" `dhio{lucd ki

ipl [idfdol |yi pi }yiki kl{lu io ib pcfbd ^ l/ @/ Hys }dp{iucduip pdo d{ulp [idfdolp

unc`lp s ~lucdp }dihlp !bdp Achodp " blp Ul}pdkclp s blp Lufdoy{c`lp unc`lp#/ Ib hc{d

ìo{ulb ip ib ducfio ki {dkd io bl Odài" s uibl`cdolkl `do ibbl ib uied s ib [u{lud: klo

byflu lb `cibd s bl {ciuul$hlu" byifd l bl fioiul`co ki @udod !bdp [c{loip# s }du nco l

Wiyp" |yi alì yo hyokd oyi~d {ulfokdpi ib lo{iucdu/ Wiyp ip }lkui ki Kcdocpd" ibkcdp }uco`c}lb ki bdp unc`dp/ Ki {dkdp hdkdp" ib duncphd od ip yol kd`{ucol yoc{lucl s

als hyàlp ~luclo{ip io blp `dphdfdolp7 }du igih}bd io lbfyolp als yo ayi~d

ducfcolucd kib |yi pyufi Iudp !kihcyufd#/ [lheco als{ulkc`cdoip unc`lp pdeui Wiyp

yockd l py hlkui" Uil(Kih{iu" ki `ysl yoco olì ]iupndoi" `do bl |yi pi yoi byifd

ib }ud}cd Wiyp7 Kcdocpd ip ib acgd" |yi piu kip}iklwlkd s ki~dulkd }du bdp {c{loip"

}lul piu byifd ~yib{d l bl ~ckl }du Wiyp/

1


9/25

@/ Bdp }uchiudp ncbpdndp7 bdp hcbipcdp" Gionloip s ib hd~chcio{d }c{lfuc`d/

Aiu`bc{d/ ]luhockip s py ip`yibl/

Bdp hcbipcdp ~io bl ol{yulbiwl `dhd uilbcklk yoc{lucl |yi lkihp ip co{ibcfcebi

}du bl ulwo" `do yo }uco`c}cd !# |yi iq}bc`l ib kipluudbbd ki {dkl bl uilbcklk

!#" |yi io py `dogyo{d ip{ kd{lkl ki ~ckl !s io ipi pio{ckd ip kc~col#" od }du|yi

{iofl yol co{ibcfio`cl ui`{dul iq{iucdu" pcod ki yo hdkd cohloio{i s hiòc`d: io py

~cpco od als {ibidbdfl7 bl uilbcklk iqcp{i kipki pcih}ui s pi kipluudbbl }du yo

}uco`c}cd co{iuod/ Bl }uifyo{l epc`l |yi pi alìo ip7 `yb ip ib `dop{c{ysio{i oc`d

ki {dkd bd |yi ~ihdp l oyip{ud lbuikikdu4/ ]lul ibbd }lu{io ki yol kcp{co`co

nyoklhio{lb io{ui bl }iuì}`co piopcebi s bl co{iu}ui{l`co ul`cdolb" io{ui bl l}lucio`clpiopcebi s bl uilbcklk ki ndokd/

[lbip ki Hcbi{d !`cu`l >59(99=#/ Pi bi uibl`cdolel }du nlhcbcl `do Nioc`cl s pi

ki`l |yi ~clg l Ifc}{d" kdoki aleul lk|ycuckd pyp `dod`chcio{dp hl{ih{c`dp s

lp{udohc`dp/ ]luiì |yi od ipùcec olkl7 lb hiodp io }d`l `bpc`l od pi `dopiu~lel

ocofyol deul pysl oc `c{lp kcui`{lp/ Alel hb{c}bip bisioklp pdeui py pleckyul" {lo{d`dhd }ud{d{c}d kib plecd ip}i`ybl{c~d !s kip}cp{lkd# `dhd kib adheui }u`{c`d |yi

de{y~d eioinc`cdp i`dohc`dp ki pyp `dod`chcio{dp ki hi{idudbdfl s lfuc`yb{yul s nyi

{cb }lul bl kiniopl ki py }lp }du bd |yi plel ki lp{udodhl !}uikcgd yo i`bc}pi# s ki

fidhi{ul !pi ki`l {lheco |yi nyi b |ycio co{udkygd blp hl{ih{c`lp io Fui`cl s pi

`dopckiulelo pysdp `co`d {iduihlp#7 }du {dkd ibbd nyi co`byckd io{ui bdp Pci{i Plecdp/

@io{ulb io py kd`{ucol ip `dopckiulu ib lfyl `dhd ducfio ki {dkd7 pysl }dkulaleiu pckd yol nulpi kib {c}d ' !{dkd ip$ }udìki kib lfyl#

Pifo Lucp{{ibip aleul bbiflkd l ibbd }du lufyhio{dp elplkdp io bl depiu~l`co ki bl

ol{yulbiwl s {lheco }du d{udp }udìkio{ip ki bl {ulkc`co h{c`l/ Ki `lu`{iu

iq}iuchio{lb pdo depiu~l`cdoip `dhd bl ch}du{lo`cl ki bl coyokl`co kib Ocbd io

Ifc}{d s ki bdp udp [cfucp s ynul{ip io Hipd}d{lhcl" d |yi ib lfyl pi depiu~l io

ip{lkd pbckd" b|yckd s flpidpd: {lheco }yiki piu yo hd{c~d depiu~lu bl ayhiklk kiblp pihcbblp" kib pihio s ki bdp lbchio{dp s ib aiàd ki |yi bdp `yiu}dp pi pi`lo `do bl

3


10/25

hyiu{i/ Hd{c~dp h{c`dp |yi lsyklulo pdo |yi ib lfyl l}luiì `dhd ib ibihio{d

ducfcolb io lbfyolp `dphdfdolp ducio{lbip !{lheco io Ifc}{d# s fuciflp/ ]luiì |yi

{dkdp ip{dp lufyhio{dp od pi iq`bylo io py }blo{ilhcio{d" }iud pi bi }yiki `dopckiulu

ib }uchiu ncbpdnd }du|yi ipi }uchiu }uco`c}cd od ip ckio{cnc`lkd `do yo piu hc{dbfc`d s

bd ip{ykcl ul`cdolbhio{i/

Ipl uilbcklk |yi pi iq}bc`l l }lu{cu kib lfyl ip{ ~c~l" bbiol ki kcdpip

!acbdwdphd8 hl{iucl ~c~l#/ ]luiì |yi bd iq}bc`lel }du yol depiu~l`co }u`{c`l" bl ki

bl l{ul``co ki bdp `yiu}dp }du ib cho s ib helu/ Io bl {ulkc`co pi bi bblh l{id"

}du|yi {dkd |yikl uiky`ckd lb hyokd s ip ib hyokd ib |yi pi kl pio{ckd l p hcphd

}du bl ~ckl kib lfyl" }iud {lheco pi bi }dkul `dopckiulu }lo{ip{l !{dkd ip kc~cod"{dkd ip{ ~c~d#/ Lkihp" od piul iq{uld |yi" `dhd io bdp }blo{ilhcio{dp ki blp

}uchiulp {idfdolp" bdp kcdpip nduhlulo }lu{i kib hyokd" lyo|yi od piulo bl `lypl ki

py kipluudbbd/

Io py `doì}`co kib hyokd bl {ciuul nbd{l pdeui ib lfyl" }uchiul iq}bc`l`co ki

yo }udebihl fioiulb io{ui bdp }uipdù{c`dp" ib ki ip{ykclu bl `donduhl`co kib yoc~iupd

s ki bl pc{yl`co ki bl {ciuul io b: }luiì |yi lncuhlel ipd l}dslkd io ib aiàd ki |yibl hlkiul nbd{l io ib lfyl s |yi ib lfyl ip ib }uco`c}cd ki {dkd/

Lolqchlokud !`cu`l >


11/25

ol{yulbiwl }du yol kcohc`l co{iuol !od }du l`{yl`cdoip iq{iuolp" `dhd d`yuul io bl

hc{dbdfl#7 ib bd `lul`{iucwl Lucp{{ibip `dhd bd cohdu{lb i ch}iuiìkiud" d

{lheco bd cbchc{lkd io pio{ckd ip}l`clb " lyo|yi lbfyodp ip{ykcdpdp }cioplo |yi

}yiki piu higdu bd |yi od {cioi bhc{ip co{iuodp " bd |yi pi albbl io yol hiw`bl

cokincockl ! #" `ylbc{l{c~l s `ylo{c{l{c~lhio{i/ [lheco lbfyodp l}yo{lo

l |yi }dkul io{iokiupi bd l }lu{cu ki (" bd |yi od pi }yiki l{ul~iplu"

bd cohiopd !lp bd ypl Adhiud `dhd i}{i{d uiniuckd lb hlu# s }cioplo |yi }ykd {dhlu

bl ckil ki bl kipùc}`co kib lecphd |yi io Aipdkd als io{ui bl [ciuul s ib [u{lud/

Bl lelu`l {dkd s ip py nyiuwl kcui`{dul !lbfd |yi pi }yiki uibl`cdolu `do ib

acbdwdphd ki [lbip# s }du ibbd pi }yiki `lbcnc`lu ki kc~col" pco ckio{cnc`lupi `do bdpibihio{dp `doùi{dp |yi io`do{ulhdp io ib hyokd: ip ib " |yi pi hyi~i

i{iuolhio{i" s kib |yi pyufcul yo }uco`c}cd ki bchc{l`co" bl d}dpc`co io{ui bd nud s

bd `lbcio{i" `doìo{uokdpi bd `lbcio{i !|ycw yol bblhl# io ib co{iucdu" s |yiklokd bd

nud udkilokd l bl bblhl" io nduhl ki ociebl d ud`d/ Byifd yol }lu{i ki bd `lbcio{i pi

ionul s pyufi bl {ciuul: l hikckl |yi pi ~l pi`lokd |yiklo uip{dp ki wdolp ahiklp"

bdp hluip/ Bl {iopco kib `dogyo{d alì |yi {dkd ip{lbbi s k byflu l |yi io {duod lbo`bid `lbcio{i l}luiw`lo ~luclp uyiklp lukcio{ip" io~yib{lp io ociebl d ud`d" bl uyikl

ki blp ip{uibblp ncglp hp ìu`l s hp bigdp bl ki bl byol s bl kib pdb: kipki bl {ciuul pi

}yikio ~iu }du|yi |yiklo lbfyodp ducnc`cdp leciu{dp |yi }iuhc{io depiu~lu ib eucbbd kib

nyifd ki `lkl `yiu}d s |yi lb leucupi hp d hiodp iq}bc`lo niohiodp ìbip{ip `dhd

blp nlpip ki bl byol d bdp i`bc}pip/ Bl {ciuul {cioi nduhl ki `cbcokud !py lb{yul ip {uip ~iìp

py loàyul# s bl ~ckl ayhlol pi kipluudbbl io bl `lul ki luucel" ledhelkl: ip{pyp}iokckl io ib lcui" io i|ycbceucd }du|yi pi io`yio{ul io ib ìo{ud kib yoc~iupd" l yol

kcp{lo`cl cfylb kib uip{d ki bdp lp{udp" d |ycw {lheco }du ib i|ycbceucd uipyb{lkd ki yol

{iopco ki d}yip{dp/ @uil lp yo pcp{ihl ki iq}bc`l`co kib hyokd io ib |yi l ~iìp bl

ul`cdolbcklk py}iul bl iq}iucio`cl: }du igih}bd pc{l bl byol hp bigdp |yi blp ip{uibblp"

`ylokd bl depiu~l`co oduhlb bi cokc`lel bd `do{ulucd: co bypd co{io{ hikcu blp

kcp{lo`clp uibl{c~lp io{ui lp{udp" bd |yi cokc`l |yi py pcp{ihl iul yol {idul elplkl io}uipy}yip{dp hl{ih{c`dp/


12/25

Io ip{l `doì}`co ip nyoklhio{lb bl `dopckiul`co ki |yi io bl uilbcklk als

`do{ulucdp " `dplp s od `ylbcklkip" |yi hy{ylhio{i pi klo gyp{l ui{ucey`co ki py

cogyp{c`cl pifo ib dukio kib {cih}d/ Lp als i|ycbceucd io{ui ib lfyl s ib nyifd s yod

lbchio{l l d{ud !ib nyifd leypl kib lfyl s ~cì~iupl7 ib nyifd pi ionul s pi `do~ciu{i io

oyei" bl oyei io bby~cl s p{l ~yib~i l bl {ciuul#" bd hcphd |yi ib kl s bl odài" ib

co~ciuod s ib ~iulod/ Als lp yo l~loì s ui{udìpd lb{iuol{c~dp ki bd `lbcio{i s bd pi`d"

bd nud s bd ahikd" }iud {iol |yi iqcp{cu lbfd }ui~cd l {dkdp" }du|yi pc od od ayeciulo

pyufckd ipdp ibihio{dp }dp{iucduip/ Kcp`y{ckl {lheco ip bl `yip{co ki pc Lolqchlokud

lb aleblu ki cooyhiulebip hyokdp pi uiniul l pchyb{loicklk ip}l`clb ki kc~iupdp

`yiu}dp ìbip{ip d l bl pyìpco {ih}dulb ki hyokdp" }du yo }udìpd ki kip{uy``co sui`dh}dpc`co ki yodp io d{udp" io ib |yi bl {iopco io{ui d}yip{dp bbi~lul l hdhio{dp

}iuckc`dp ki ~yib{l ki {dkd lb s l oyi~dp }udìpdp ki kcniuio`cl`co" io yo

}udìpd `bc`d i{iuod/

Lolqhioip !`l/ 919(59#/ Pifo bl {ulkc`co ip pifyckdu ki Lolqchlokud s ly{du

ki yo Pdeui bl ol{yulbiwl/ Ib lcui ip }lul b bl 7 {dkd pyufi kib lcui s {dkd ~yib~i lb: {dkd ip lcui/ Ki{lbbl uip}i`{d l pyp }uikiìpduip io ib }udìpd kib `lhecd7 als |yi

`dh}uiokiu `hd ip }dpcebi |yi pyuglo blp `dplp l }lu{cu ki ipl : hcio{ulp |yi

Lolqchlokud aleblel ki yo }udìpd ki pi}lul`co }udfuipc~l l }lu{cu ki bl d}dpc`co

`lbcio{i$nud" b elpl py pcp{ihl io kdp }udìpdp npc`dp" ib ki uluinl``co s ib ki

`dokiopl`co" io uibl`co `do yo hd~chcio{d i{iuod |yi }udkyì ib `lbdu" ib nud s bl

ayhiklk7 `ylokd ib lcui pi kcp}iupl s pi alì hp py{cb }lpl l piu nyifd s `ylokd pi`dokiopl pyufio bdp ~cio{dp" |yi klo byflu l blp oyeip s byifd lb lfyl" bl {ciuul s }du

b{chd bl }cikul/ Bd `lbcio{i ip pi`d s bcfiud" hcio{ulp |yi bd nud ip ahikd s kiopd

!klel `dhd lufyhio{d ib lbcio{d" nud `do bdp blecdp io{uiìuulkdp s `lbcio{i `do bdp

blecdp leciu{dp#/ Bl {ciuul ip{ udkilkl ki lcui s bdp kihp `yiu}dp ìbip{ip }udìkio ki

bl {ciuul: l bl ~iw ib lcui ip bl hl{iucl kib lbhl ayhlol" `do bd |yi pi yocnc`l ib hyokd

npc`d s ib ip}cuc{ylb" bl ol{yulbiwl s ib adheui/


13/25

@dopckiul |yi bl {ciuul ip }blol s nbd{l io ib lcui bbi~lkl `dhd yol adgl }du ib

~cio{d: bdp lp{udp pdo ki nyifd s {lheco }blodp s pi hyi~io }du bdp ~cio{dp lbuikikdu

ki bl {ciuul/ Io bl elpi ki py }ioplhcio{d als ckilp h{c`lp" blp ki lbfyolp {idfdolp

!`dhd bl ki I}chockip# s bl ki bl ckil fioiulb ki |yi ib lbcio{d ip pilb ki ~ckl/

Gionloip/ Ki blufl ~ckl7 96=(;1=/ Ol`c io @dbdno !Gdocl# s ihcfu l @l{locl

!Pc`cbcl#: pi bi uibl`cdol {lheco `do Ibil" `dhd }uikiìpdu ki ]luhockip" lyo|yi }lul

d{udp od ip hp |yi yo }di{l ncbdpnc`d/ Io py {idul" {dkl bl uilbcklk ip {ciuul s lfyl !bl

{ciuul ip }lpc~l s ib lfyl l`{c~l#: blp oyeip pdo iqalbl`cdoip kib hlu s bdp `yiu}dp

ìbip{ip pdo oyeip lukcio{ip: {lheco ib adheui ip{ aiàd ki lfyl s ki {ciuul/ ]luiì|yi lncuhlel |yi io{ui bl {ciuul s ib lfyl als yo `do{coyd ui{udìpd s }udfuipd" lbfd

|yi kiky`cul ki bl depiu~l`co ki bdp npcbip s |ycw ki blp ip{lbl`{c{lp: }du ipi }udìpd

pi culo ùilokd s kip{uysiokd bdp hyokdp/

]c{fdulp !96=(;3=# ki Plhdp s `do{ih}duoid ki Lolqhioip" }luiì |yi ~clg

}du Ifc}{d s Elecbdocl/ Pi cop{lb io ib pyu ki C{lbcl" kdoki }lu{c`c} io bl ~ckl }ebc`l/Py }uip{cfcd iul cohiopd s ki b pi `do{lelo hyàdp }udkcfcdp" }du igih}bd |yi {iol

yol }ciuol ki dud s |yi py lbhl lelokdolel ib `yiu}d s ~clglel !piul yo àlho#/ Py

ip`yibl }iukyu kdp pcfbdp" `do pifyckduip ki~d{dp s {lheco lk~iuplucdp" io{ui bdp

}ioplkduip !Gionloip" Aiu`bc{d# s io{ui bl fio{i `dho7 pynuciudo }iupi`y`cdoip

kipki ib }uco`c}cd s l }iplu ki |yi lbfyodp ihcfuludo l Fui`cl !Nbcyo{i s [ielp#"

kipl}lui ciudo io ib pcfbd C^ !uil}luiìo 9== ldp kip}yp io ib oid}c{lfducphd#/]luiì |yi ]c{fdulp klel hyàl ch}du{lo`cl l bdp ohiudp" pdeui {dkd lb |yi

bblhlel {i{ul`{sp" yol ncfyul nduhlkl }du kciw }yo{dp io nduhl ki {ucofybd `do boilp

ki


14/25

nyi yo ncbpdnd pbd pi }yiki `do{ip{lu lncuhlokd |yi kig yo `yiu}d ki kd`{ucol

elplkd io py ly{ducklk !pyp hqchlp `dhiowlelo `do b lncuh///# s

lbfyolp ckilp hys conbysio{ip io d{udp ncbpdndp !Ih}kd`bip" ]bl{o#: io ib lp}i`{d

{c`d ùi yo pcp{ihl ki ~ckl ip}i`clb/

Ki bdp bblhlkdp }c{lfuc`dp ib hp ch}du{lo{i ip Ncbdbld !;6=(03=#" |yi ~c~c io

[ielp s nyi `do{ih}duoid ki Pùl{ip" lyo|yi {lheco kip{l`lo A}lpd s Lu|yc{lp

!`dod`c l ]bl{o#/ Io{ui bdp }c{lfuc dp alel kdp fuy}dp" bdp l`yph{c`dp " |yi

`do{coylelo }ul`{c`lokd s iopilokd blp kd`{ucolp dulbip ki ]c{fdulp !# s

bdp hl{ih{c`dp" pifyckduip ki A}lpd !pifyokl hc{lk kib pcfbd ^#" |yi pi pi}luludo

ki bdp kihp }lul }udnyokcwlu io ib }c{lfducphd" l}dsokdpi io bl hl{ih{c`l/Ncbdbld kiniokl |yi io ib hyokd io`do{ulhdp `dplp `do bhc{ip !nduhlp"

ip{uy`{yulp# s |yi hyip{ulo `hd bd cbchc{lkd io{ul io bdp hdbkip ki bl bchc{l`co"

}uco`c}lbhio{i fidh{uc`l/ [lo{d bd cbchc{lkd `dhd bd bchc{lkd pdo uilbcklkip i{iuolp"

`do bd |yi iq}bc`l higdu |yi bdp lo{iucduip ncbpdndp `hd ki bd cbchc{lkd pi }dkl }lplu

l blp `dplp `doùi{lp" l bl }byulbcklk/ Ib {iuìu }uco`c}cd ch}du{lo{i ip ib ohiud" |yi ip

bl aluhdol io{ui bd cbchc{lkd s bd bchc{lkd" `dhd pi ~i io bl ip`lbl hypc`lb7 ib `do{coyd|yi nduhlo blp `yiuklp !bd cbchc{lkd# pi bchc{l io ib }yo{d io ib |yi pi alì }uipco

}lul }udky cu hpc`l7 bl bchc{l`co |yi pi co{udkyì" kipùcecebi oyhuc lhio{i"

co{udkyì yol aluhdol !bl hpc`l# io{ui bd cbchc{lkd s bd bchc{lkd/ Ib ohiud od ip bl

ipio`cl ki blp `dplp" pcod bl `dokc`co |yi odp }iuhc{i `dodìublp/

Uip}i`{d lb yoc~iupd bdp }c{lfuc`dp pdo hys ducfcolbip7 bl {ciuul ip yo }bloi{l s

od pi albbl io ib ìo{ud7 als yo nyifd ìo{ulb" io {duod lb |yi fculo bl {ciuul" ib pdb" blbyol" bdp 9 }bloi{lp `dod`ckdp io{doìp s yol `do{ul{ciuul |yi pi }dp{ybl }lul pilo io

{d{lb


15/25

]iud ib bdfdp ip io `doùi{d yol luhdol ki bdp `do{ulucdp: ip{dp `donduhlo bl

uilbcklk s ib hyokd ip yol {iopco co{iuol" io bl |yi bdp `do{ulucdp pdo

co{iuki}iokcio{ip" lb hiodp kipki bl }iup}i`{c~l ayhlol" }yip io bl kc~cocklk pi kl

yol yocklk ipio`clb io ib {dkd/ Bl {idul pdeui bdp d}yip{dp bl kipluudbbl ip{ykcokdbl

}uchiud io uilbcklkip hiodp ch}du{lo{ip7 }yikio piu bdp ini`{dp `do{ulucdp ki blp

hcphlp `dplp !bdp ini`{dp kib lfyl ki hlu }lul bdp }iìp d bdp adheuip#" blp y{cbcklkip

kcniuio{ip ki yo degi{d |yi gyp{cnc`lo kipùc}`cdoip d}yip{lp !ib `yàcbbd }lul ib lpipcod

d }lul ib `cuyglod#" blp uilbcklkip |yi pbd pi `dodìo d pi ~lbdulo }du pyp d}yip{dp !bl

plbyk }du bl ioniuhiklk#" }iud {dklp iplp d}dpc`cdoip pdo pbd igih}bdp bchc{lkdp ki

uilbcklkip ioblwlklp ipio`clbhio{i" |yi pdo blp |yi lolbcwl hp l ndokd" `dopckiulokd|yi pdo blp |yi io p hcphlp nduhlo yol yocklk py}iucdu/ Nuio{i l bl `dop{l{l`co ki

bdp pio{ckdp" |yi depiu~lo bl kc~iupcklk s ib `lhecd" iqcp{i yol luhdol ki `do{ulucdp

io {iopco" |yi od ip }iuì}{cebi }du ib adheui" }iud p }du bl kc~cocklk" s |yi pi

hlo{cioi }du ib aiàd hcphd ki ipl hcphl {iopco" |yi io d{ud }lplgi ckio{cnc`l `do bl

fyiuul" yol nyiuwl kdhcolo{i s ùilkdul" ib ip{lkd }ud}cd ki bl uilbcklk/ Ib `lhecd ip

yo `dop{c{ysio{i ki bl uilbcklk !}/ ig/ io ib `lpd ki bdp udp# }iud elgd ipi `lhecd ip{ bluilbcklk |yi pi hlo{cioi/

@dhd }yiki `dopckiulupi ib nyifd" d kcàd ki d{ul hloiul" ib nyifd ip ib

lp}i`{d hl{iuclb kib / Bl ulwo kc~col ip nyifd" `lbcio{i s pi`l" s ib nyifd ip bl

nduhl hp ibi~lkl s }yul ki bl hl{iucl" bd hp bcfiud s }du ibbd bd hp ìu`lod l bd

co`du}uid/ L }lu{cu kib nyifd als yo }udìpd ki uluinl``co s `dokiopl`co io ib |yi

co{iu~cioio bdp }uco`c}cdp ki bd `lbcio{i s bd nud s bd pi`d s bd ahikd" ki bdp |yipyufio blp kihp `dplp" }iud ib nyifd }iuhloiì `dop{lo{i io bdp `lhecdp" }du piu bl

hikckl/ [lo{d bdp kcdpip cokc~ckylbip `dhd ib lbhl s bl co{ibcfio`cl pdo ki nyifd/ Ib

lbhl ip bl }du{lkdul ki bl ckio{cklk }iupdolb" ib `lu`{iu" s lkihp ib ìo{ud |yi

duflocwl bl co{ibcfio`cl s bl l``co/ Blp `ylbcklkip kib lbhl pi iq}bc`lo {lheco }du bl

l``co ki bdp }uco`c}cdp epc`dp ki bd ahikd s bd pi`d" bd nud s bd `lbcio{i/ Lp }du

igih}bd bl co{ibcfio`cl pyufi `do bd pi`d/


16/25

]luhockip/ Ol`i io {duod lb 9


17/25

Io ip{l pyhl ki }iuni``cdoip bblhl bl l{io`co ib |yi ib piu" }iuni`{d" pi kincol

}du {ioiu bhc{ip s yol nduhl ipnuc`l" }iud lhelp `dplp pdo pilbip ki }iuni``co

}du|yi bd cbchc{lkd io ib }ioplhcio{d fucifd pi ckio{cnc`l `do bd ch}iuni`{d s bl ipniul

ip io fidhi{ul ib `yiu}d |yi {cioi kcp{lo`clp cfylbip `do ib ìo{ud/ Ib piu ip lkihp yo

}bioyh `do{coyd" pco }lu{ip oc `dplp kcp{cofycebip/ Od pi {ul{l ki yo degi{d io yo

ip}l`cd" }du|yi od als ~l`d iq{iucdu" od als olkl nyiul7 {dkd ip piu/ @do ibbd uiàlwl

ib `doì}{d ki s bdp ki {cih}d" hd~chcio{d s hyb{c}bc`cklk / Od als fulkdp ki

piu" od {cioi }lu{ip s {cioi bhc{ip" }iud io p hcphd" od `do ib od piu" |yi od iqcp{i/ Ib

od piu od iqcp{i }du|yi {iokul |yi bbiflu l piu" s kib od piu od pi }yiki }lplu lb piu"

ip lbfd lepyukd" s }du bd {lo{d od pi }yiki `dodìu/Nuio{i l ip oiìpluclhio{i" ip{ ib hec{d ki bdp pio{ckdp7 ]luhockip ip ib

}uchiud |yi kcp{cofyi io{ui bd !co{ibcfcebi# s bd !piopcebi#/ Ib

ulwdolhcio{d alì ch}dpcebi |yi pil ~iuklkiud ib {ip{chdocd ki bdp pio{ckdp" bl

uilbcklk kib hyokd npc`d7 }du ibbd ib olìu" hducu" bl {ulopnduhl`co !`lhecd `ylbc{l{c~d

s `ylo{c{l{c~d# pdo iq}uipcdoip ~l`lp" }lbleulp" `do~io`cdoip pco `do{iockd: kcàd ki

d{ul hloiul7 {dkd }ioplhcio{d {cioi |yi {ioiu yo degi{d uilb" }du|yi od }yiki aleiuulwdolhcio{d pdeui bd |yi od ip/

Ulwdolkl sl py kd`{ucol pdeui ib piu }lpl l bl ~l nlbpl ki blp d}cocdoip ki bdp

hdu{lbip" |yi |yciui iq}bc`lu {lheco lyo|yi `dopckiui coniucdu py ~lbdu: }lul ibbd

}lu{i ki blp `dphdfdolp {ulkc`cdolbip s blp iq}bc`l`cdoip ki bdp ncbpdndp lo{iucduip/ Io

`ciu{l hloiul bl ~l ki bl ~iuklk ip `dhd bdp hdkibdp |yi }dp{ybl bl npc`l s bl ~l ki bl

d}coco ip bl depiu~l`co ki bdp pio{ckdp" }iud l|y ib hdkibd ip bd ly{o{c`lhio{i uilbs bd depiu~lebi }du bdp pio{ckdp ip bd nlbpd" lyo|yi hiuiw`l ip{ykcd/ Pifo b bdp

adheuip }doio kdp }uco`c}cdp" ib nyifd !ulud s bcfiud" }uco`c}cd l`{c~d#" s bl odài

!kiopl s }iplkl" }lpc~l#/ L }lu{cu ki ibbdp pyufio bdp degi{dp ìbip{ip" bl ~ckl s alp{l blp

}lu{ip onchlp ki bdp lochlbip/ ]luiì |yi iq}dol {lheco yol {idfdol s hio`cdolel

lep{ul``cdoip kicnc`lklp/ Lp" l }lu{cu kib nyifd s bl odài pyufculo Iudp s Lnudkc{l s l

}lu{cu ki ibbdp bdp kcdpip/ Bl [ciuul ip ipnuc`l s io ib ìo{ud kib yoc~iupd als yo nyifd/


18/25

Ib lbhl ip ki nyifd s ib adheui ip ki {ciuul" bl ulwo ip ki nyifd s ib `dod`chcio{d pi

uibl`cdol do bd lbcio{i/

Bl uibl`co io{ui bl ~l ki bl ~iuklk s bl ki bl d}coco ip bd |yi hp àd`l ki py

pcp{ihl7 |ycw bl iq}dpc`co pdeui bl ~l ki bl d}coco pcu~l }lul iq}bc`lu }du |y bd |yi

l}luiì l bdp pio{ckdp io uilbcklk od ip" `dhd yo hikcd ki kipiofllu l pyp

`do{ih}duoidp/

@do ]luhockip pi uibl`cdol l Wioo s Hibcpd" |yi pi kikc`ludo l kiniokiu py

pcp{ihl ncbdpnc`d/ Wioo ip ib }lkui ki bl kclb {c`l s pi acwd nlhdpd }du py

lufyhio{l`co io `do{ul kib hd~chcio{d" ib `lhecd s bl }byulbcklk" }du hikcd kil}dulp" ulwdolhcio{dp bbi~lkdp lk lepyukyh" `dhd ib ki L|ycbip s bl {du{yfl7 L|ycbip"

ib ki bdp }cip bcfiudp" od bl lb`lowlu oyo`l pc bi kigl yol ~io{lgl coc`clb" }du|yi

`ylokd bbifyi kdoki ip{ bl {du{yfl p{l pcih}ui ip{lu hp lkiblo{lkl: d{ud ip ib ki bl

kc`d{dhl7 }lul bbiflu l yo }yo{d als |yi bbiflu }uchiud l bl hc{lk" bd |yi alì |yi

oyo`l pi bbifyi lb ncolb }du|yi io ib `lhcod pcih}ui als hc{lkip }ui~clp |yi ui`duuiu:

{dkd pi elpl io ib }blo{ilhcio{d ki |yi yol ui`{l ip kc~cpcebi io concoc{dp }yo{dp/ Ip{l

l}dul bl uipdb~c Lucp{{ibip pilblokd |yi als |yi kcp{cofycu io{ui concoc{d io

iq{iopco i concoc{d }du kc~cpco7 yol kcp{lo`cl concoc{l pi ui`duui io yo {cih}d concoc{d"

}iud yol kcp{lo`cl bchc{lkl" lyo|yi bl }ykculhdp nulfhio{lu io concoc{lp hc{lkip" pi

ui`duui io yo {cih}d bchc{lkd" d kcàd ki d{ud hdkd7 }du hikcd ki nul``cdoip }lul

bbiflu l < }uchiud als |yi bbiflu l


19/25

s io `dopi`yio`cl adhdfoid s pco `lhecdp/ Lkihp ib piu ip kc~cod/ @dhd

]luhockip" uiàlwl ib {ip{chdocd ki bdp pio{ckdp l nl~du ki bl lufyhio{l`co ul`cdolb/

K/ Ib }byulbcphd7 Ih}kd`bip/ Lolqfdulp/ Biy`c}d s Kihùc{d/

Ih}kd`bip !;30 Lfucfio{d" Pc`cbcl ;05#/ Alp{l ladul pi lì}{lel ib kl{d ki bl

{ulkc`co ki |yi iul ly{du ki kdp }dihlp7 Pdeui bl ol{yulbiwl !ki yodp 9=== ~iupdp# s

]yucnc`l`cdoip " s pi }ioplel |yi ib }uchiud iul ki `do{iockd ncbdpnc`d ip{uc`{d s ib

pifyokd ki `lu`{iu uibcfcdpd" }iud `do ib kip`yeuchcio{d kib }l}cud ki Ip{ulpeyufd

!kib C k/ @/" `d}cl kib bceud Pdeui bl ol{yulbiwl kib |yi pi `dopiu~l yodp 6; ~iupdp" ki ibbdp

9= oyi~dp |yi als |yi pyhlu l bdp ;9= `dod`ckdp# pi al depiu~lkd |yi py kd`{ucol ip

yoc{lucl7 io ibbdp pi `dh}uyiel |yi nulfhio{dp |yi pi l{uceylo lb bceud ki blp

]yucnc`l`cdoip `duuip}dokio io uilbcklk lb ki Pdeui bl ol{yulbiwl s |yi bl {idul npc`l

ip{ uibl`cdolkl co{uopi`lhio{i `do bl {idul wddfoc`l s kihoc`l/ Lp |yikl hp

`blul bl yocklk kib }ioplhcio{d ki Ih}kd`bip" `do yol fulo ibledul`co {lo{d io bdp

lp}i`{dp hp ìu`lodp l bl npc l d bl lp{udodhl `dhd io bdp |yi odpd{udp

`dopckiululhdp hiodp ncbdpnc`dp !bl kihdodbdfl s blp }uipùc}`cdoip uibcfcdplp pdeuiplùcnc`cdp s kci{l#/ Od als kdp Ih}kd`bip pcod yod pbd" }iupdolgi pcofyblu io bl boil

ki bl {ulkc`co ncbdpnc`l }iud `do ch}du{lo{ip conbyio`clp }c{lfuc`lp s pco kykl ki bl

{ulkc`co ducio{lb/

@dhd ]luhockip" uilncuhl bl ch}dpcecbcklk kib olìu s ib }iuiìu" io `ylo{d

|yi od ip }dpcebi }lplu ki bl olkl lb piu s ~cì~iupl7 od iqcp{io ib ol`chcio{d s bl

hyiu{i" s bd |yi bdp adheuip bblhlo lp pdo io uilbcklk hiw`blp s kcpdby`cdoip"i{iuolhio{i cfylbip i cokip{uy`{cebip/ Io ib hec{d npc`d {dkd pi }yiki uiky`cu l bd |yi

bblhl ulìp7 ib lfyl" ib lcui" bl {ciuul s ib nyifd" bdp `yl{ud ibihio{dp |yi kiodhcol

`do odheuip ki kcdpip7 Wiyp !nyifd#" Oip{cp !kcdpl pc`cbclol" lfyl#" Lckdoid !8 Alkip"

{ciuul# s Aiul !lcui#/ Bdp `yl{ud ibihio{dp d blp `yl{ud `ylbcklkip nyoklhio{lbip sl

iulo yplkdp io bl ncbdpdnl }ui~cl" }iud b bdp `do~ciu{i io bdp ibihio{dp }uchlucdp s

oc`dp ki bd uilb" lkihp ki piu cohy{lebip i cokip{uy`{cebip/ @ylokd pi yoio s pipi}lulo io{ui p !}du|yi {cioio }lu{ip# nduhlo ib `dogyo{d ki blp `dplp" pco kiglu ki piu


20/25

bd |yi pdo !}du igih}bd ib ayipd {cioi kdp }lu{ip ki {ciuul" `yl{ud ki nyifd s kdp ki

lfyl#/ Olì lp yol {idul }byulbcp{l" |yi }ui{ioki uip}dokiu l ]luhockip klokd

ulwo ki bl ~luciklk ki bd uilb/

Bl uilbcklk ip{ hd~ckl }du kdp }uco`c}cdp fioiulbip7 bl Lhcp{lk !# d

Lnudkc{l s ib Dkcd !# d Kcp`dukcl/ Blp }lu{ip ki bdp ibihio{dp `ylokd pi gyo{lo

klo byflu l blp nduhlp s `dbduip" |yi pdo ip}i`cnc`l`cdoip |yi depiu~lhdp }du bdp

pio{ckdp pco |yi bdp `dh}doio{ip kigio ki piu bd |yi pdo: l }lu{cu ki la iq}bc`l bl

l}luc`co ki bdp lochlbip" bdp adheuip" i{`/ Bl uibl`co io{ui blp }lu{ip ki bdp ibihio{dp

ip }dpcebi }du|yi p{lp {cioio }dudp !}lpdp#" |yi nl cbc{lo bl co{iu`dhyoc`l`co:

{lheco ipd iq}bc`l |yi }du hikcd ki bdp }dudp bdp inby~cdp ki bdp ibihio{dp bbifyio lbdp pio{ckdp s pil }dpcebi ib `dod`chcio{d/

Ib kipluudbbd ki bl uilbcklk ip yo }udìpd ``bc`d `do kdp nlpip kincocklp }du ib

}uikdhcocd kib Lhdu s ib kib Dkcd/ Ib }udìpd uifckd }du ib Lhdu !hyokd L# ip yo

}udìpd ki yocnc`l`co ùi`cio{i" `do yol iq}lopco ìo{unyfl kib Lhdu io ib |yi ib

Dkcd ip io~clkd l bl }iucniucl" kdoki l}luiìo hyàlp nduhlp ki ~ckl7 lbfyolp

}lu{`yblp kib Lhdu !bdp khdoip# |yi alo pckd iq}ybplklp }du ipi hd~chcio{dìo{unyfd pi io`luolo io iplp nduhlp ki ~ckl s klo byflu l piuip ~c~dp/ Ib hyokd L

bbifl l l py }bioc{yk `do bl `ybhcol`co io !ipniul#" }iud l bl ~iw kl }lpd lb

hyokd E" }uipckckd }du ib Dkcd" io yo }udìpd }udfuipc~d ki pi}lul`co ki blp `yl{ud

fulokip hlplp ibihio{lbip io `yl{ud ù`ybdp `doò{uc`dp ki {ciuul" lfyl" lcui s nyifd/

Io ib hdhio{d ki pi}lul`co hqchl ip{o io hd~chcio{d hys u}ckd !|ycw bd

bblhlel " uihdbcod#" `do ib Lhdu ui`byckd io ib ìo{ud" }iud ipi hd~chcio{d`cu`yblu ~iu{cfcodpd bceiul l blp }lu{`yblp ki Lhdu" bdp khdoip" ki py pygi`co l

`yiu}dp s bip }iuhc{i uiyocnc`lupi `do ib Lhdu" `do bd |yi ip{i ui`y}iul {dkd py }dkiu

s }yiki ~db~iu l {dhlu bl coc`cl{c~l io ib oyi~d `c`bd }uipckckd }du b/ Lp" ib {cih}d ip

``bc`d s `dopcp{i io yol pyìpco ki kdp hyokdp" ib kib Lhdu |yi bbi~l l bl ipniul" lb

|yi pcfyi ib kib Dkcd" |yi `ybhcol io ib uihdbcod s |yi }iuhc{i bl ~yib{l d{ul ~iw lb

coc`cd kib }udìpd `bc`d/

5=


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Io `lkl hyokd als kdp }udìpdp wddfoc`dp7 io ib hyokd L !ib kib Lhdu# als

yol }uchiul i{l}l wddfoc`l io bl |yi l}luiìo hciheudp pyib{dp !`leiwlp" eulwdp#: io

bl pifyo{l i{l}l pi yoio" klokd byflu l piuip hdop{uydpdp s l d{udp hp duflocwlkdp"

|yi pdo bdp |yi pdeui~c~io" }iud {dkd l`lel io bl ipniul: `ylokd p{l pi udh}i }du yol

`yb}l kieckl l lbfyolp }lu{`yblp ki Lhdu !bdp khdoip" |yi pdo `dokiolkdp l

}lu{c`c}lu io bl `lkiol ki bl ~ckl#" pi }lpl lb hyokd E" kdoki }uikdhcol ib Dkcd/ Pco

ihelufd ib Lhdu {dkl~l {cioi }dkiu ki yoco s kl byflu io bl {iuìul i{l}l wddfoc`l

l piuip colu{c`yblkdp" ki yol }ciwl" ki nduhlp uykchio{luclp |yi ib nyifd ih}ygl l bl

py}iunc`ci ki bl {ciuul/ Ib Lhdu pcfyi kiecbc{okdpi s |yiklo pbd piuip lu{c`yblkdp s

piqylkdp/ Ip p{i ib hdhio{d io |yi ~c~chdp odpd{udp" pifo Ih}kd`bip7 pdhdp

khdoip |yi aihdp io{ulkd io yol `lkiol ki io`luol`cdoip alp{l bbiflu l oyip{ul

pc{yl`co l {ylb ki piuip `du}uidp s piqylkdp/ Bl pdby`co }lul ip`l}lu l blloc|ycbl`co ncolb io ib uihdbcod ip }lflu }du bl `yb}l `dhi{ckl io ib ip{lkd ki ipniul

`do yol ~ckl io bl |yi od pi ui}c{l ib ùchio" i~c{lokd bdp plùcnc`cdp plofucio{dp s ib

`dopyhd ki `luoi" }du|yi io bdp lochlbip ip{o io`luolkdp khdoip/

Lolqfdulp/ !@blwhiolp 9==(;51#" uipckc hyàdp ldp io L{iolp s nyi hlip{ud

ki }db{c`dp `dhd ]iuc`bip s bc{iul{dp `dhd Iyu}ckip/ Ip ib }uchiud io alìu ki L{iolpbl `l}c{lb ki bl ncbdpdnl s {lheco ib }uchiu ncbpdnd l`yplkd ki ch}ciklk" }du lncuhlu

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|yi ib pdb iul yol hlpl ki hi{lb co`lokipìo{i s od yol kc~cocklk/ Ip ly{du ki yo

{ul{lkd Pdeui bl ol{yulbiwl io }udpl/

@dhd Ih}kd`bip" pcfyi l ]luhockip io oiflu bl }dpcecbcklk kib od piu s io

`dopckiulu bl fioiul`co s bl `duuy}`co `dhd }udìpdp pi`yoklucdp" l }lu{cu ki yol

uilbcklk |yi pcih}ui ip bl hcphl7 olkl olì oc hyiui s bl uilbcklk pi {ulopnduhl }du

}udìpdp ki dh}dpc`co s pi}lul`co/

L~lowl uip}i`{d l Ih}kd`bip io `dopckiulu od `yl{ud ibihio{dp `dhd bl elpi

ki bl uilbcklk !lyo|yi gyifl `do bdp hcphdp lp}i`{dp7 `lbcio{i" nud" pi`d" ahikd" byw"

dp`yucklk# pcod concoc{lp pihcbblp !#" |yi }dpiio nduhlp" `dbduip s fyp{dp

ki {dklp blp `blpip/ Pdo bd ducfcolucd s {lheco bl uilbcklk |yi odp io`do{ulhdp7 od pi{ulopnduhlo io d{ulp `dplp" pcod |yi pch}bihio{i pi `dhecolo s pi}lulo" }yip od pbd

pdo concoc{lp io ohiud " pcod {lheco io {lhld !od {cioio bhc{i io py ~dbyhio#"

}yip pi }yikio kc~ckcu alp{l ib concoc{d" pco |yi ipl kc~cpco bbifyi l yo bhc{i" l bl

olkl" }du|yi bl olkl od iqcp{i7 }du }dkiupi kc~ckcu io }lu{ip pcih}ui cfylbip pdo

bblhlklp adhidhiulp !8 |yi {cioio }lu{ip cfylbip#/

Lb }uco`c}cd nduhlelo yol hlpl hiw`blkl !ip yo oyi~d `doì}{d ki @ldp `dhdhiw`bl cokcniuio`clkl#" }iud ib Odyp !# }udkygd yo hd~chcio{d ud{l{ducd |yi

uilbcw ib dukio io bl hiw`bl7 blp kcniuio`clp io{ui bdp piuip io bl uilbcklk pi kieio lb

}uikdhcocd ki blp `ylbcklkip kib `dh}doio{i hlsdu" lyo|yi io {dklp ip{ {dkd" bd |yi

iq}bc`l Lolqfdulp `do ib igih}bd ki bdp lbchio{dp |yi pi `do~ciu{io io |ycio bdp `dhi

io plofui" ayipdp" i{`/ Bl iq}bc`l`co ki bdp ibihio{dp kib hyokd pcfyi bl boil ki

Lolqhioip" lyo|yi b }lu{i kib }uikdhcocd ki yo {c}d ki pihcbblp pdeui d{ud }luliq}bc`lu ib lfyl" bl {ciuul" i{`/" }iud ki aiàd {cioi yol pi`yio`cl l }lu{cu ki bl d}dpc`co

{iu $ lcui |yi bbi~l l |yi pyuglo oyeip" s ki ibblp lfyl" byifd {ciuul s }du nco }cikul/

L}bc`lokd ip{d l bl `dphdbdfl" ib hd~chcio{d ud{l{ducd kib Odyp acwd |yi bd }iplkd s

ahikd |yiklul io ib ìo{ud s bl byw s bd pi`d nyiulo bbi~lkdp l bdp iq{uihdp: lbfyodp

`yiu}dp }iplkdp nyiudo luulp{ulkdp }du ib hd~chcio{d `cu`yblu s bbifludo l ioìokiupi

}du bl nuc``co !bdp `yiu}dp ìbip{ip#/ Ip{i hd~chcio{d bbi~l l yol iq}lopco i{iuol kibyoc~iupd" pco c`bdp/

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Ip nyoklhio{lb io py }ioplhcio{d bl od`co ki " bl Co{ibcfio`cl" }uco`c}cd

|yi ip yol uilbcklk concoc{l pi}lulkl ki bd kihp s |yi ip py }uco`c}cd dukiolkdu s bl

iq}bc`l`co }lul Lolqfdulp kib hd~chcio{d" |yi kigl ki piu lbfd co{uopi`d l bl

uilbcklk npc`l }lul }doiupi nyiul" io yol co{ibcfio`cl |yi lelu`l {dkl bl uilbcklk s

nduhl }lu{i ki ibbl" }iud }yiki kcp{cofycupi" `dhd ib Lhdu s ib Dkcd io Ih}kd`bip

uip}i`{d l bdp `yl{ud ibihio{dp/ Ipl kcp{co`co io{ui bl uilbcklk s ib }uco`c}cd ki

dukiol`co ip bl |yi kcp{cofyi l Ih}kd`bip s Lolqfdulp ki bdp hcbipcdp" |yi pi

uiniulo l yo hd~chcio{d co{uopi`d ki bl / Ip{d nyi `bl~i }lul ncbpdndp `dhd

Pùl{ip" ]bl{o s Lucp{{ibip" |yi bbifludo l }blo{ilhcio{dp oyi~dp l }lu{cu ki bl ~l

leciu{l }du Ih}kd`bip s Lolqfdulp io bl kcp{co`co io{ui Uilbcklk s ]ioplhcio{d"lyo|yi ùc{c`ludo |yi pbd pi pcu~ciul ki ibbl }lul ib }udìpd coc`clb" iq}bc`lokd bdp

kihp }udìpdp ki hdkd hiòc`d" pco l`lelu ki kcniuio`clu `blulhio{i yol uilbcklk

npc`l ki yo }uco`c}cd co{ibcfcebi kcniuio`clkd/

Biy`c}d s Kihùc{d/ Ki blp ckilp ki Biy`c}d }d`d pleihdp" }du|yi blp nyio{ip

bd `c{lo pcih}ui gyo{d l Kihùc{d !;>=(03=#" kcp`}ybd pysd io bl ip`yibl ki Lekiul"

ly{du ki oyhiudpdp bceudp s nlhdpd {lo{d }du pyp {idulp l{dhcp{lp `dhd }du pyp

ipùc{dp pdeui {ihlp {c`dp/

Bip yoi l Ih}kd`bip s Lolqfdulp ib }dp{yblu degi{dp }uchlucdp pco `lhecdp"

}iud nuio{i l Lolqfdulp `lheclo bl `doì}`co ki bdp ibihio{dp concoc{dp ki bl

uilbcklk7 od pdo kc~cpcebip concoc{lhio{i" pcod |yi bbifl yo hdhio{d io |yi odp

io`do{ulhdp `do }lu{ yblp cokc~cpcebip !(#" |yi od pdo depiu~lebip

kcui`{lhio{i s pdo concoc{lhio{i }i|yilp: pdo ibblp" i{iuolp i cokip{uy`{cebip" blp |yi

iq}bc`lo bl uilbcklk/ Lp" ip{o io bl ~l |yi leuc Lolqfdulp" }iud lkihp ki oiflu bl

kc~cpcecbcklk concoc{l lncuhlo |yi ipdp {dhdp od {cioio kcniuio`clp `ylbc{l{c~lp/ Pyp

kcniuio`clp ip{o io bl nduhl fidh{uc`l !ncfyul" dukio s }dpc`co#7 bd |yi bip

`lul`{iucwl ip piu nduhlp cokc~cpcebip i cfylbip io io{cklk !bbiolp ki piu#/ L bl ~iw

iqcp{i ib ~l`d" |yi }iuhc{i bl kcp{co`co ki bdp {dhdp s ib hd~chcio{d !io d}dpc`co l

]luhockip#" lyo|yi py {idul l{hc`l }ui{ioki pifycu py boil7 yo piu i{iuod" }iuni`{d"

}iud nduhlkd }du concoc{dp {dhdp/

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Ib hd~chcio{d ki bdp {dhdp io ducfio iul `l{c`d" }iud kl byflu l d{ud {c}d ki

hd~chcio{d io ib |yi bdp {dhdp `dbcpcdolo io{ui p s pi ~lo lfuiflokd d kcp}iuplokd

ki l`yiukd `do pyp `lul`{iup{c`lp }lu{c`ybluip" `do bd |yi pyufi ib hyokd/ @dhd pdo

concoc{dp bdp {dhdp lp piuo concoc{dp bdp hyokdp/ Ib hd~chcio{d od pi kiei l yol

co{ibcfio`cl ui`{dul" pcod lb lwlu" |yi ip bd |yi fdeciuol {dkd/ Ib lbhl s bl co{ibcfio`cl

pdo `dogyo`cdoip ki {dhdp ipnuc`dp" ki ol{yulbiwl foil s hp bcfiul" i co`bypd bd

kc~cod }yiki {ioiu ib hcphd `lu`{iu/ Ib `dod`chcio{d pyufi ki bdp inby~cdp ki bdp

{dhdp !#" |yi {ulophc{io conduhl`co l bdp pio{ckdp" }iud ib `dod`chcio{d

hp ncuhi ip ib ki bl ulwo" |yi ncb{ul ib `dod`chcio{d piopcebi/ Ib yoc~iupd" bl uilbcklk"

od {cioi ncolbcklk" pcod |yi {dkd ip }udky`{d ki bl oiìpcklk" kib àd|yi s lfuifl`coki {dhdp/

I/ Bl `cio`cl io }d`l `bpc`l

Io bdp coc`cdp ki bl ncbdpdnl fucifl bl }uid`y}l`co `cio{nc`l ip copi}lulebi ki bl

ip}i`ybl`co ncbdpnc`l7 io uilbcklk" }du ncbdpdnl pi io{iokl ib ip{ykcd ki {dkl bl

uilbcklk" {lo{d npc l `dhd bl uiniuckl lb hec{d ki ip{ykcd pdeui ib adheui

!lo{ud}dbdfl" {c`l" }db{c`l# s bl kc~cocklk/ Bl ncbdpdnl iul" }yip" ib lhdu l bl

pleckyul io fioiulb" {lheco }du|yi {dkl~l od pi alel nulfhio{lkd io `cio`clp

`doùi{lp/

Bl }uchiul ulhl |yi ih}ciwl l coki}iokcwlupi ip bl hikc`col" |yi iul yol

}u`{c`l {ulkc`cdolb hiw`bl ki `cio`cl" `yulokiucphd s hlfcl: ib l~loì ki bl ncbdpdnl

}uipdù{c`l" `do yol co`c}cio{i depiu~l`co ih}uc`l" }iuhc{c ib kipluudbbd ki {idulp

|yi }dpcecbc{ludo yo `lhecd ki }iup}i`{c~l7 pi al depiu~lkd |yi io bdp }uchiudp

ipùc{dp hkc`dp als conbyio`clp ki blp {idulp ncbdpnc`lp }uipdù{c`lp" io bl kcp{co`co

ki blp `yl{ud `ylbcklkip epc`lp !`lbcio{i $ nud" pi`d $ ahikd# |yi pi hlocncip{lo io bdp

ayhduip !ecbcp lhlucbbl" ecbcp oiful" nbihl s plofui#" io bl ch}du{lo`cl |yi pi kl l bd

`lbcio{i s bl `dopckiul`co kib nyifd `dhd pyp{lo`cl }du{lkdul ki ip}uc{y s ~ckl" lp

`dhd io d{ulp uinbiqcdoip hp }lu{c`ybluip |yi aleulo pckd ip{ykclklp }du bdp

}uipdù{c`dp" `dhd }du igih}bd bl nduhl`co kib ni{d d bl ch}du{lo`cl kib ìuieud io ib

`yiu}d/ Kip{l`l l|y bl bblhlkl ip`yibl ac}dù{c`l" l bl |yi pi l{uceysi yo `dogyo{d ki

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deulp `dod`cklp `dhd @du}yp Ac}}dùl{c`yh" }yip{lp elgd bl ly{ducklk ki Ac}ùl{ip

!`l/ ;>= lb 01= l/ @/#" hkc`d |yi aleul nyoklkd yol ip`yibl io bl cpbl ki @dp/

Ip{l ip`yibl kip{l`l }du py co{iup io depiu~lu `do ki{lbbi bdp pcfodp !# ki

blp ioniuhiklkip" l nco ki de{ioiu }uyielp degi{c~lp !# s uilbcwlu yo

}udop{c`d !ip l|y nyoklhio{lb bl od`co ki {iokio`cl s }udelecbcklk" `do bl |yi pi

i~c{l `liu io bl `lpyp{c`l s pi }yiki cu lncolokd ib }udop{c`d#" |yi bbi~lu `dopcfd yolp

}uipùc}`cdoip io{ui blp |yi {cioio yo }uchiu byflu blp kci{{c`lp !#/ Ip

nyoklhio{lb {lheco io ibbdp ib `doì}{d ki ol{yulbiwl !#" yoc~iuplb" dukiolkl"

luhoc`l" |yi `duuip}doki lb ip{lkd ki plbyk/ Bl ioniuhiklk pi ~i `dhd yo kipdukio

io bdp ayhduip kib `yiu}d/ Bdp hkc`dp ac}dù{c`dp pi uinciuio l bl hikc`col `dhd yol" yo lu{i" io bl hikckl io |yi pi elpl io bl iq}iucio`cl s bbifl alec{ylbhio{i l

}udop{c`dp `do yo fulkd ki ìu{iwl od pcih}ui kincoc{c~d" lyo|yi {lheco lncuhlo pyp

`dod`chcio{dp dhd pleiu !# i co`bypd dhd cio`cl !#/

Ch}du{lo{ip `dopi`yio`clp ncbdpnc`lp {cioi ib kipluudbbd kib `doì}{d ki `lypl

!#" |yi pyufi ki bl ckil ki |yi io bl uilbcklk {dkd ip pypì}{cebi ki yol

iq}bc`l`co ul`cdolb/ Io bl ncbdpdnl }uipdù{c`l hp |yi ki `lyplbcklk pi aleblel io{uhcodp hdulbip s `do yo biofylgi hi{lnuc`d !gykc`clb ki `yb}l s `lp{cfd io

Lolqchlokud d }uco`c}cdp }iupdolbip `dhd ib Lhdu s ib Dkcd io Ih}kd`bip#/ Io bl

hikc`col pi lncol ib `doì}{d ki `lypl io lep{ul`{d" pco ui`yuucu l hi{ndulp/

Tema 1 mundo y ciencia

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