The Concept of the Regional Development Platform and Regional Development Platform Method (RDPM) as...

8/2/2019 The Concept of the Regional Development Platform and Regional Development Platform Method (RDPM) as a Tool

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Uhj @ba`jsu bd uhj Wjmibakl Ejtjlbsfjau Slkudbwf kae

Wjmibakl Ejtjlbsfjau Slkudbwf Fjuhbe (WESF) kp k Ubbl dbwWjmibakl Iaabtkuiba Sbli`y

Tjpk Hkwfkkobwsi, Pkuz SjookwiajaHjlpiaoi Zaitjwpiuy bd Uj`hablbmy

Lkhui @jaujw

tjpk!hkwfkkobwsiChzu!dipkuz!sjookwiajaChzu!di

Pkifkkaokuz ;;DIA&;:;53 Lkhui

ujl! /0:80:7:333dkx /0:80:7:373:

Kgpuwkù>

Wjmibakl ejtjlbsfjau puwkujmijp phbzle gj gkpje ba uhj pbzae kppjppfjau bd wjmibakl wjpbzw`jp,`kskgiliuijp, `bfsjuja`jp kae `bwj `bfsjuja`jp, kp }jll kp ba eyakfi` `kskgiliuijp kifiam ubejtjlbs uhj wjpbzw`j badimzwkuibap ia bwejw ub dbwf wjmibakl bfsjuiuitj ketkaukmj! Ia uhip puzey,uhj ba`jsu wjmibakl ejtjlbsfjau slkudbwf ip zpje kp k ubbl dbw kppjppiam uhj wjmibakl sbujauiklpba }hi`h pzpukiakglj, `bfsjuiuitj ketkaukmj `bzle gj gzilu! K wjmibakl ejtjlbsfjau slkudbwf ip k`ba`jsu zaejwpubbe kp k slkudbwf uhku ip bduja iaezpuwy& bw jxsjwuipj&gkpje kae swjpjaup uhjgzpiajpp sbujauikl bd uhj kùbwp }bwoiam dbw uhj slkudbwf! Uhj Wjmibakl Ejtjlbsfjau SlkudbwfFjuhbe (WESF) ip swjpjauje kp k ubbl dbw ejpimaiam kae fkakmiam wjmibakl iaabtkuiba pypujf! Iu`bapipup bd jimhu shkpjp, ia }hi`h uhj zaejwlyiam sbujauikl ia uhj wjmiba ip jxslbwje kae uhjjxslbiukuiba bd uhj sbujauikl bwmkaipje! Uhj jxsjwija`jp mkiaje dwbf ksslyiam uhj WjmibaklEjtjlbsfjau Slkudbwf Fjuhbe ia uhj Lkhui Wjmiba, Dialkae, kwj zpje ub illzpuwkuj uhj kwui`lj!

50we Kaazkl @badjwja`j bd Jzwbsjka Wjmibakl Pìja`j Kppbìkuiba7=&0; Kzmzpu 7330Nytpoyl, Dialkae


2/24

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; Iauwbezùiba

Wjmibakl ejtjlbsfjau puwkujmijp phbzle gj gkpje ba uhj pbzae kppjppfjau bd wjmibakl gzpiajppsbujauiklp kae ba bssbwuzaiuijp ub ejtjlbs uhj ejdiaje sbujauiklp ia bwejw ub dbwf `bfsjuiuitj

ketkaukmj btjw buhjw wjmibap! Uhj kppjppfjau bd uhj gzpiajpp sbujauiklp phbzle ia`lzej, dbwjxkfslj, ka kzeiu bd uhj wjmibakl iaezpuwikl kae iapuiuzuibakl puwzùzwj, }hi`h gzilep uhj gkpip dbw uhjwjmibakl iaabtkuiba pypujf! Jk`h wjmiba hkp iup b}a hipubwy, swjpjau sbujauikl kae dzuzwjbssbwuzaiuijp, }hi`h fkojp iu ifsbppiglj ub ifsljfjau `bffba puwkujmijp ia iaeitiezkl wjmibap!

@bfsjuiuitj ketkaukmj ip gkpje ia iup wjpbzw`j `badimzwkuibap, gzu uhjpj wjpbzw`j `badimzwkuibaphktj ub gj wjaj}je btjw uifj ia bwejw ub ojjs uhjf `bfsjuiuitj! Uhj dwkfj}bwo bd eyakfi``kskgiliuijp db`zpjp ba uhjpj swb`jppjp kifiam ub `bauiazbzply wjaj} uhj wjpbzw`j `badimzwkuibap!Uhj dwkfj}bwo hkp iup bwimia ia uhj wjpbzw`j&gkpje tij} bd puwkujmi` fkakmjfjau! K``bweiam ubuhj wjpbzw`j&gkpje tij}, pzpukiakglj `bfsjuiuitj ketkaukmj ip fkialy `kzpje gy tklzkglj, wkwj,iaifiukglj kae aba&pzgpuiuzukglj wjpbzw`jp! Iapiej uhj p`bsj bd uhip `zwwjau sksjw, }j db`zp ba ditjeyakfi` `kskgiliuijp `bapiejwje ub gj ifsbwukau ia k aju}bwoje wjmibakl iaabtkuiba jatiwbafjau> (i)iaabtkuitj `kskgiliuy, (ii) ljkwaiam `kskgiliuy, (iii) aju}bwoiam `kskgiliuy, (it) ljkejwphis `kskgiliuy kae

(t) dbwj`kpuiam kskgiliuy!

Ia uhip puzey wjmibakl ejtjlbsfjau slkudbwf ip zpje kp k `ba`jsu dbw kppjppiam uhj wjmibaklsbujauiklp ba }hi`h pzpukiakglj, `bfsjuiuitj ketkaukmj `bzle gj gzilu! K wjmibakl ejtjlbsfjauslkudbwf ip k `ba`jsu zaejwpubbe kp k slkudbwf uhku ip bduja iaezpuwy& bw jxsjwuipj&gkpje kaeswjpjaup uhj gzpiajpp sbujauikl bd uhj kùbwp }bwoiam dbw uhj slkudbwf! Uhj kùbwp bd k wjmibaklejtjlbsfjau slkudbwf kwj diwfp, uj`hablbmy `jauwjp, jxsjwuipj `jauwjp, wjpjkw`h `jauwjp,jez`kuibakl bwmkaipkuibap, ju`! `bauwigzuiam ub uhj ejdiaje ejtjlbsfjau slkudbwf! Uhj WjmibaklEjtjlbsfjau Slkudbwf Fjuhbe (WESF) ip ejtjlbsje kp k ubbl dbw ejpimaiam kae fkakmiam wjmibakliaabtkuiba pypujf! Iu `bapipup bd pjtjwkl shkpjp, ia }hi`h uhj zaejwlyiam sbujauikl ia uhj wjmiba ipjxslbwje! Uhj lkpu u}b shkpjp bd uhj fjuhbe `ba`jauwkuj ba gzileiam kae jahkaìam uhj pb&`kllje`bwj swb`jppjp bd uhj wjmibakl iaabtkuiba pypujf! Uhj `bwj swb`jppjp kif ub dbwf kae wza dzuzwj&bwijaukuje iaabtkuiba aju}bwop ia bwejw ub jxslbiu uhj jxipuiam wjmibakl sbujauikl kae ub swbfbuj

`blljùitj ljkwaiam ba uhj ejdiaje ejtjlbsfjau slkudbwfp!

Uhj `zwwjau kwui`lj kppjppjp uhj `ba`jsu bd uhj wjmibakl ejtjlbsfjau slkudbwf ia `bfskwipba }iuhbuhjw `lbpjly wjlkuje `ba`jsup, kae dzwuhjw ejtjlbsp uhj wjmibakl ejtjlbsfjau slkudbwf fjuhbe !Uhj kwui`lj klpb `bapiejwp uhj tklieiuy bd uhj Wjmibakl Ejtjlbsfjau Slkudbwf Fjuhbe kp k ubbl dbwwjmibakl ejtjlbsfjau! Uhj kwui`lj uwijp ub ukòlj uhj dbllb}iam swbgljfp>

& Ip uhj ba`jsu bd k wjmibakl ejtjlbsfjau slkudbwf wjkpbakglj bw fjwjly badzpiam2 Ip uhj wjmibakl ejtjlbsfjau slkudbwf fjuhbe k pbzae aju}bwo ljkejwphis ubbl dbw

wjmibakl ejtjlbsfjau2Uhj jxsjwija`jp mkiaje dwbf ksslyiam uhj Wjmibakl Ejtjlbsfjau Slkudbwf Fjuhbe ia uhj LkhuiWjmiba, Dialkae, kwj klpb zpje ub illzpuwkuj uhj kwui`lj!

7 @hkamiam Wjmibakl Iaabtkuiba Jatiwbafjau

Wjmibap kwj dkìam pjtjwj `hklljamjp ia ubekyp }bwle! Uhjy hktj ub fkiaukia kae ejtjlbs uhjiw}jllgjiam ia mlbgkl `bfsjuiuiba zaejw uhj wzljp bd kgpblzuj `bfsjuiuitjajpp (@kfkmai 7337)! Uhj`ba`jsu bd kgpblzuj `bfsjuiuitjajpp ip `lbpjly wjlkuje ub uhj `ba`jsu bd `bfsjuiuitj ketkaukmj(Sbwujw ;993)! Kgpblzuj `bfsjuiuitjajpp wjlijp, ia k sbpu&iaezpuwikl pbìjuy, ia`wjkpiamly ba uhj aba&


3/24

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swi`j dkùbwp bd uhj `bfsjuiuitjajpp! Uhjpj dkùbwp kwj bduja {ziuj kgpuwkù ia akuzwj kae `ka gjejjsly jfgjeeje ia uhj hipubwy, `zluzwj, kae iapuiuzuibap bd k wjmiba!

Iaabtkuibap kwj }iejly pjja kp uhj ewitiam dbw`j bd j`babfi` mwb}uh kae `bfsjuiuitjajpp! Uhjwj`jau eip`zppibap kgbzu ejtjlbsiam `bfsjuiuitjajpp kae iaabtkuiba `kskgiliuy hktj ejklu }iuhiaabtkuiba pypujfp! Ejsjaeiam ba uhjiw `baujxu, uhjy `ka gj `kllje akuibakl iaabtkuiba pypujfp(Dwjjfka, ;98=? Lzaetkll, ;997? Ajlpba ;990), wjmibakl iaabtkuiba pypujfp (@bboj ju kl! ;99=,

Fkpojll kae Fklfgjwm ;998, Eblbwjzx 7337) bw pjùbwkl iaabtkuiba pypujfp (Gwjp`hi kae Fkljwgk;99=, Fkljwgk 7337)! Pia`j uhj db`zp ia uhip sksjw ip ba uhj wjmibakl iaabtkuiba jatiwbafjau, uhj`ba`jsu bd k wjmibakl iaabtkuiba pypujf ip `lbpjpu ub uhj p`bsj bd uhj puzey! Hb}jtjw,zaejwpukaeiam uhj akuibakl kae pjùbwkl pypujfp bd iaabtkuiba ip j{zklly ifsbwukau ia ejtjlbsiam kwjmibakl iaabtkuiba jatiwbafjau! Jtja uhbzmh uhjwj ip k abukglj wjpzwmja`j bd wjmibakl j`babfijp(Pubwsjw ;99:), uhj iaabtkuiba kae uj`hablbmy sbliìjp kae wjlkuje wjpbzw`jp kwj ku, bw bduja ljkeub, uhj akuibakl ljtjl! Uhjwjdbwj, wjmibakl iaabtkuiba pypujfp kwj jfgjeeje jauiuijp ia akuibakliaabtkuiba pypujfp kae puwbamly iadlzja`je gy uhj akuibakl ljtjl! Pjùbwkl iaabtkuiba pypujfp slkyka ifsbwukau wblj ia ejtjlbsiam k wjmibakl iaabtkuiba jatiwbafjau, }hilj uhj pjùbwkl bw uhjfkuiìaabtkuiba aju}bwop jxipuiam ia k wjmibakl iaabtkuiba pypujf `ka kae bzmhu ub gj jfgjeeje ia uhjmlbgkl pjùbwkl iaabtkuiba pypujfp! K tjwy ifsbwukau ippzj ip ub ojjs uhj kùbwp bd wjmibakliaabtkuiba pypujf zs ub ekuj }iuh uhj ejtjlbsfjau ia eiddjwjau uj`hablbmi`kl uwknjùbwijp!

Uhj `ba`jsu bd wjmibakl iaabtkuiba pypujf swbtiejp k mbbe dwkfj}bwo dbw kppjppiam uhj uj`hablbmykae iaabtkuiba sbliìjp ia uhj aj} wjmibakl iaabtkuiba jatiwbafjau! Ku ljkpu uhwjj eiddjwjau p`hbblphktj `bauwigzuje k mwjku ejkl ub uhj kppjppfjau bd k wjmibakl iaabtkuiba jatiwbafjau> uhjFkwphkllika p`hbbl bd iaezpuwikl eipuwiùp (pjj Fkwphkll ;9;4, ;907, Gj``kuiai ;993, Syoj kaePjamjagjwmjw ;997, ju`), uhj p`hbbl bd aj} iaezpuwikl psk`jp ukoiam kp uhjiw pukwuiam sbiau uhj}bwop bd @bkpj kae ]illikfpba (pjj @bkpj ;90=, ]illikfpba ;9=9, Pubwsjw kae P`buu ;997, ju`),kae uhj fkialy Jzwbsjka MWJFI&p`hbbl jfshkpipiam uhj ifsbwuka`j bd uhj `ba`jsu bd kaiaabtkuitj filijz (pjj Kyeklbu kae Ojjglj ;988, @kfkmai ;99;, @wjtbipijw kae Fkillku ;99;, ju`)!

Uhj ksswbk`hjp fjauibaje kgbtj hktj pbfj eiddjwja`jp, gzu fkay `hkwkùjwipui`p kwj pifilkw!Je{tipu (;99=) ejdiajp aiaj djkuzwjp uhku `ka gj dbzae ia kll uhj ksswbk`hjp> (i) iaabtkuibap kaeljkwaiam kwj ku uhj `jauwj, (ii) kppjppfjaup kwj hblipui` kae iaujweipìsliakwy, (iii) k hipubwi`kl

sjwpsjùitj ip akuzwkl ia uhjf, (it) eiddjwja`jp gju}jja pypujfp kae aba&bsuifkliuy kwj swjpjau, (t)jfshkpip ip ba iaujwejsjaeja`j kae aba&liajkwiuy, (ti) ksswbk`hjp ja`bfskpp swbezù uj`hablbmykae bwmkaipkuibakl iaabtkuibap, (tii) iapuiuzuibap kwj `jauwkl, (tiii) ksswbk`hjp kwj `ba`jsuzkllyeiddzpj, (ix) ksswbk`hjp kwj `ba`jsuzkl dwkfj}bwop wkuhjw uhka dbwfkl uhjbwijp! Uhjpj `bffbadjkuzwjp swjpjauje gy Je{tipu mitj k mbbe btjwkll siùzwj bd uhj ksswbk`hjp ejp`wigiam k wjmibakljatiwbafjau }hjwj `bfsjuiuitj ketkaukmj ip `wjkuje ezwiam uhj swjpjau uj`hab&pbìb&j`babfi`skwkeimf! Fz`h jfshkpip ip slk`je ba uhj wblj bd iapuiuzuibap, iaujwkùitiuy kae aba&liajkwiuy bd uhjejtjlbsfjau swb`jppjp, blljùitj ljkwaiam kae eiddjwjau hkwkùjwipui`p bd iaabtkuiba swb`jppjp!

Swb`jppiam iaabtkuibap ejklp }iuh swbezìam aj} oab}ljemj bw `bfgiaiam oab}ljemj ia aj} }kypkae fkoiam iu iaub j`babfi`klly swbdiukgly swbezùp kae swb`jppjp! Iaabtkuibap hktj eiddjwjau`hkwkùjwp! Iaabtkuibap `ka gj `kllje, dbw jxkfslj, wkei`kl bw ia`wjfjaukl bw uhjy `ka gj uj`hai`kl,swb`jpp, pbìkl bw bwmkaipkuibakl! Uhj ujwfp kwj skwuly btjwlkssiam, gzu jk`h bd uhjf ejp`wigjp uhj

akuzwj bd uhj iaabtkuiba zaejwlyiam uhjf! Iaabtkuiba swb`jppjp `ka gj `kujmbwipje iaub u}b fkiauysjp> liajkw bw aba&liajkw ejsjaeiam ba uhj uysj bd iaujwkùiba ia uhjf! Wj`jau ejtjlbsfjau hkpjfshkpipje uhj ia`wjkpiam wblj bd aba&liajkw iaabtkuiba swb`jppjp kae ia`wjfjaukl iaabtkuibap ia`wjkuiam j`babfi` pz``jpp!

Uhj uwkeiuibakl liajkw fbejl bd iaabtkuiba db`zpjp ba jxsliìu oab}ljemj ejtjlbsje ia uhj wjpjkw`hswb`jppjp! Jk`h ljtjl ia uhj liajkw fbejl swbez`jp bzuszup uhku kwj uwkapdjwwje ub uhj ajxu ljtjl kpiaszu (P`hijapubò kae Hfliaja 7337)! Uhj dlb} bd oab}ljemj ip zaieiwjùibakl, uhku ip, lkujwbzuszup eb abu swbtiej iaszup dbw jkwlijw pukmjp! Uhj liajkw fbejl bd iaabtkuiba ip bduja `baajùje}iuh wkei`kl iaabtkuiba swb`jppjp! Uhj swb`jppjp kwj bduja `kzpje gy pìja`j szph bw fkwoju szll


4/24

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jddjùp! Ia uhj aba&liajkw iaabtkuiba swb`jppjp, fzlui&eiwjùibakl iadbwfkuiba dlb}p kwj jfshkpipjeia `wjkuiam kae `bfgiaiam oab}ljemj! Ia uhj aba&liajkw ksswbk`h, iaabtkuiba ip k `bapj{zja`j bdfkay ljkwaiam swb`jppjp jfgjeeje ia tkwibzp bweiakwy j`babfi` kùitiuijp! Fkay eiddjwjau kùbwpkwj iatbltje ia iaabtkuiba swb`jppjp! Uhj aba&liajkw fbejl kppzfjp uhku iaabtkuiba `ka gjuwimmjwje gy tkwibzp `kzpjp! Iapujke bd zaejwpukaeiam iaabtkuiba kp k liajkw swb`jpp, uhj`bfsli`kuje djjegkò fj`hkaipfp kae iaujwkùitj wjlkuibaphisp iatbltiam pìja`j, uj`hablbmy,ljkwaiam, swbezùiba kae ejfkae fzpu gj ukoja iaub k``bzau (Je{zipu ;99=>;)!

Uhj wjmibakl iaabtkuiba pypujf `bapipup bd eiddjwjau iaabtkuiba aju}bwop (@bboj kae ]illp ;999)kifiam ku ia`wjkpiam uhj iaabtkuitjajpp bd uhj wjmibakl iaabtkuiba jatiwbafjau! Uhjpj aju}bwophktj fkay eiddjwjau dbwfp gjiam ejdiaje gy, dbw jxkfslj, uhj bwimia, pi~j, puwzùzwj kae bgnjùitj bduhj aju}bwop (Hkwfkkobwsi ju kl! 7330)! Hb}jtjw, pbfj uysi`kl `hkwkùjwipui`p `ka gj pukuje uhkufbpu wjmibakl iaabtkuiba aju}bwop dzldill! Wjmibakl iaabtkuiba aju}bwop kwj bduja dbwfje dwbf khjujwbmjajbzp mwbzs bd eiddjwjau kùbwp ia`lzeiam wjswjpjaukuitjp bd diwfp, zaitjwpiuijp, uj`hablbmy`jauwjp, kae ejtjlbsfjau bwmkaipkuibap! Zpzklly, uhj aju}bwop hktj gjja kglj ub `wjkuj k`bffba tipiba kae mbklp ub}kwep }hi`h uhjy kwj puwitiam! Ia `bfskwipba }iuh uhj iaabtkuibaaju}bwop ia piamlj `bfskaijp, uhjwj kwj `jwukia eiddjwja`jp ia wjmibaklly `bfsbpje iaabtkuibaaju}bwop! Wjmibakl iaabtkuiba aju}bwop kwj lbbpjw puwzùzwjp uhka uhj iaabtkuiba aju}bwo bd baj`bfskay bw jtja uhj iaabtkuiba aju}bwo dbwfje gy pjtjwkl `bfskay skwuajwp!

Ia uhj kppjppfjau bd wjmibakl aju}bwop kae `lzpujwp, uhj iaujwwjmibakl wjlkuibap kwj bduja ajmljùje!Hb}jtjw, wjmibakl iaabtkuiba aju}bwop kwj gy ab fjkap `lbpje pypujfp! Ia dkù, iu }bzle gjpuwbamly fipljkeiam jtja ub uhiao uhjy `bzle gj `lbpje pypujfp ezj ub uhj fzlui&kùbw `hkwkùjw bduhj aju}bwop! Uhj `bfskay fjfgjwp bd uhj aju}bwo kwj uysi`klly iatbltje ia mlbgkl `bfsjuiuiba kaeuhjy gjlbam ub pjùbwkl iaujwwjmibakl aju}bwop! Uhj wjpjkw`h iapuiuzuibap kwj abwfklly puwbamlyaju}bwoje }iuh pifilkw iapuiuzuibap mlbgklly! Wjmibakl iaabtkuiba aju}bwop hktj ub gj bsja dbw uhjjppjauikl mlbgkl iadbwfkuiba dlb}p! Ka ifsbwukau {zjpuiba ip hb} ub swb`jpp iadbwfkuiba gju}jja uhjiaabtkuiba aju}bwo kae uhj bzupiej }bwle! Iu }bzle gj bd `wzìkl ifsbwuka`j ub mju uhj jppjauikliadbwfkuiba dwbf uhj bzupiej }bwle ub jahka`j uhj `blljùitj ljkwaiam swb`jpp bd uhj aju}bwo! Ia uhip`baajùiba, uhj fkia ippzj ip ub kppjpp uhj kgpbwsuitj `kskìuy bd uhj iaabtkuiba aju}bwo (@bhjakae Ljtiauhkl ;993)!

Pia`j wjmibakl iaabtkuiba aju}bwop kwj ejdiaje kp lbbpj fzlui&kùbw aju}bwop `bfsbpje bd fkayeiddjwjau kùbwp, skwui`zlkw kuujauiba fzpu gj mitja ub uhj wjlkuibaphisp ia uhj aju}bwop! Ia uhip`baujxu, uhj `wiui`kl {zjpuiba ip hb} ip iu sbppiglj ub `wjkuj k uwzpuiam kufbpshjwj ia uhj aju}bwo, iabwejw ub k`hijtj sbpiuitj jxujwakliuijp ia uhj iaujwkùitj kae nbiau ljkwaiam swb`jppjp! Uhip ljkep ubhb} pbìkl `bhjpiba bw pbìkl `ksiukl `bzle gj swbfbuje ia uhj iaabtkuiba aju}bwop (pjj Uzwk kaeHkwfkkobwsi 7330)! Pia`j uhj iaabtkuiba swb`jppjp kwj himhly `b&bsjwkuitj, uhj kùbwp bd uhjiaabtkuiba aju}bwo ajje ub ejtjlbs k `bffba lkamzkmj kae fbejp bd iaujwswjukuiba kae, kgbtjkll, uwzpu ia bwejw ub btjw`bfj pbfj bd uhj za`jwukiauijp `hkwkùjwi~iam uhj iaabtkuiba swb`jpp(Lzaetkll kae Gbwwkp ;999)! Uhip sbiau bd tij} ukojp baj ajkw ub gzileiam k `bffba oab}ljemjfkakmjfjau pypujf dbw uhj iaabtkuiba aju}bwo kae pjup baj uhiaoiam kgbzu hb} kae }hku oiae bdiadbwfkuiba ub uwkapfiu ia uhj aju}bwo (Hkwfkkobwsi, Fjlokp kae Oitjl 7330)!

K``bweiam ub Szuakf (;99:), pbìkl `ksiukl wjdjwp ub djkuzwjp bd pbìkl bwmkaipkuiba, pz`h kp uwzpu,

abwfp kae aju}bwop uhku `ka ifswbtj uhj jddiìja`y bd pbìjuy gy dkìliukuiam `bbweiakuje kùibap!Uhzp, pbìkl `ksiukl keewjppjp uhj sbpiuitj jddjùp bd uhj jfgjeeiam bd sjbslj ia k wjlkuitjly pukglj,`bffzaiuy `wjkuiam pbìkl wjlkuibaphisp (Dwbfgblu&Jipjgiuh 7337)! Iajtiukgly, k `jwukia kfbzau bduwzpu kae `bffba tklzjp kwj ajjeje ia iaabtkuiba aju}bwop ub japzwj uhjiw wjkpbakglj dzaùibap!Hb}jtjw, Pbukwkzuk pjjp skwkebxjp kae eiddjwja`jp ia aju}bwop kp k ewitiam dbw`j bd uhjejtjlbsfjau swb`jpp! Hj swjpjaup k ujwf `wjkuitj ujapiba (Pbukwkzuk 7337) kp k `bzaujwgklka`jdbw pbìkl `ksiukl ia k aju}bwoje jatiwbafjau! @wjkuitj ujapiba ip ajjeje, gj`kzpj wjmibaklejtjlbsfjau ip fbtiam ub}kwe ka iapj`zwj kae zaoab}a dzuzwj ia k uzwgzljau }bwle! Kùzklly, pbìkl`ksiukl kae `wjkuitj ujapiba phbzle abu gj pjja kp `bfsjuiam dbw`jp ia wjmibakl iaabtkuiba pypujfp!


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Gbuh kwj ajjeje kae phbzle `bfsljfjau jk`h buhjw ia bwejw ojjs pzddiìjau pbìkl `bhjpiba kae`wjkuitj ewitj ia wjmibakl iaabtkuiba aju}bwop!

0 Wjpbzw`j&Gkpje Tij} ba Wjmibakl Ejtjlbsfjau Ub}kwep Wjmibakl

Eyakfi` @kskgiliuijp

Uhj `wzìkl {zjpuiba ia gzileiam wjmibakl ejtjlbsfjau puwkujmijp ip ub dbwf pzpukiakglj `bfsjuiuitjketkaukmj dbw k wjmiba! Hb}jtjw, uhj diwpu {zjpuiba ub `bapiejw ip }hjuhjw uhj wjmiba ip kwjkpbakglj zaiu ub kppjpp }iuh ujwfp lioj `bfsjuiuitjajpp! Owzmfka (;998) {zjpuibap uhj }hbljiejk bd ujwwiubwikl `bfsjuiuitjajpp kp gjiam }wbam kae jtja ekamjwbzply fipljkeiam! K``bweiam ubOwzmfka, kppjppiam `bfsjuiuitjajpp ku k ujwwiubwikl ljtjl ljkep ub uhj }wbam oiae bd iaujwtjauibap iauhj fkwojup kddjùiam uhj ejuwifjaukl kllb`kuiba bd wjpbzw`jp! Hb}jtjw, k mwjku ejkl hkp gjja}wiuuja ba hb} uhj wjmibakl ljtjl ip puwbamly ia`wjkpiam ia ifsbwuka`j kp k wjkpbakglj jauiuy iakppjppiam j`babfi` mwb}uh kae pbìb&iapuiuzuibakl kenzpufjau (pjj, dbw jxkfslj, Dlbwiek ;99:?Pubwsjw ;99=, P`buu 7333, @bboj ju kl!, Ajlpba kae Ajlpba 7337? @kfkmai 7337)! Uhjpj uhjbwipupjfshkpipj uhj fjkaiam bd uhj lb`kl gzpiajpp jatiwbafjau dbw uhj pz``jpp bd `bfskaijp!@bfskaijp, gjiam uhj wjkl `bfsjuiubwp ia uhj mlbgkl gzpiajpp dbwzfp, kwj puwbamly jfgjeeje (pjj

Mwkabtjuujw ;98:) ia uhj ujwwiubwikl pbìb&iapuiuzuibakl pju&zs, }hi`h kddjùp uhjf `wzìklly ia gzileiamuhjiw bfsjuiuitj ketkaukmj!

Sbwujw (;993) sbpjp uhj {zjpuiba kp dbllb}p }hy eb pbfj akuibap pz``jje gjuujw uhka buhjwp2 Kpejdiaje jkwlijw, pzg&akuibakl wjmibap kwj wjkpbakglj jauiuijp ub kppjpp dbllb}iam uhj pkfj {zjpuiba!Wjmibakl pz``jpp ip }iejly pjja ub gj gkpje ba ka kgpblzuj `bfsjuiuitj ketkaukmj wkuhjw uhka`bfskwkuitj `bfsjuiuitj ketkaukmj ia ubekyp }bwle (@kfkmai 7337)! Gzileiam kgpblzuj`bfsjuiuitjajpp ejklp }iuh aba&swi`j `bfsjuiuitjajpp wkuhjw uhka swi`j `bfsjuiuitjajpp! Aba&swi`j`bfsjuiuitjajpp hkp ub eb }iuh {zkliukuitj fkuujwp gbuh ia k `ba`wjuj wjmibakl wjpbzw`j gkpj kaezauwkeje iaujwejsjaejaìjp (Pubwsjw ;99=)! Uhjpj dkùbwp kwj bduja {ziuj kgpuwkù ia akuzwj kae`ka gj ejjsly jfgjeeje ia uhj hipubwy, `zluzwj kae iapuiuzuibap bd k wjmiba! Hb}jtjw, k``bweiam ubSbwujw (;998) uhj pzpukiakglj `bfsjuiuitj ketkaukmj ip diaklly k`hijtje gy swbezùitiuy kaeiaabtkuitjajpp!

Wjmibap kwj puwbamly ejsjaejau ba uhjiw hipubwy ia pjjoiam aj} uwknjùbwijp dbw dzuzwj swbpsjwiuy!Uhj `zwwjau sbpiuiba bd k wjmiba ip k wjpzlu bd uhj skuhp kae uwknjùbwijp iu hkp uwktjllje! Uhjwjdbwj,skuh ejsjaeja`y hkp ub gj `bapiejwje baj bd uhj gkpi` jljfjaup ia wjmibakl ejtjlbsfjau (Fkpojllkae Fklfgjwm ;998)! Uhip dbllb}p gj`kzpj ljkwaiam ujaep ub gj lb`kl! Uhku ip, bssbwuzaiuijp dbwljkwaiam }ill gj `lbpj ia ub swjtibzp kùitiuijp kae, uhzp, }ill gj uwkapkùiba kae swbezùiba psjìdi`(Ujj`j ;988)! Iu ip ifsbppiglj ub gzile kay oiae bd pzpukiakglj wjmibakl puwkujmijp }iuhbzu k uhbwbzmhkppjppfjau bd wjmibakl kppjup kae wjpbzw`j `badimzwkuibap (P`buu 7333, Hkwfkkobwsi kaeSjookwiaja 7330, Ujj`j ju! kl! ;99=)!

Uhzp, `bfsjuiuitj ketkaukmj ip gkpje ba wjpbzw`j `badimzwkuibap, gzu uhjpj wjpbzw`j`badimzwkuibap hktj ub gj wjaj}je btjw uifj ia bwejw ub ojjs uhjf `bfsjuiuitj! Uhj dwkfj}bwo bdeyakfi` `kskgiliuijp (pjj jm! Ujj`j ju kl! ;99=? Jipjahkweu kae Fkwuia 7333) db`zpjp ba uhjpjswb`jppjp kifiam ub wjaj} uhjpj wjpbzw`j `badimzwkuibap btjw uifj! Uhj dwkfj}bwo hkp iup bwimia iauhj wjpbzw`j&gkpje tij} bd puwkujmi` fkakmjfjau! K``bweiam ub uhj wjpbzw`j gkpje tij}, kpzpukiakglj `bfsjuiuitj ketkaukmj ip fkialy `kzpje gy tklzkglj, wkwj, iaifiukglj kae aba&pzgpuiuzukglj wjpbzw`jp! Ku uhj `bfskay ljtjl, eyakfi` `kskgiliuijp kwj ejdiaje kp uhj diwfpswb`jppjp uhku zpj wjpbzw`jp psjìklly uhj swb`jppjp uhku iaujmwkuj, wj`badimzwj, mkia kae wjljkpjwjpbzw`jp ub fku`h kae jtja `wjkuj fkwoju `hkamj! Eyakfi` `kskgiliuijp uhzp kwj uhjbwmkai~kuibakl kae puwkujmi` wbzuiajp gy }hi`h diwfp k`hijtj aj} wjpbzw`j `badimzwkuibap kpfkwojup jfjwmj, `blliej, psliu, jtbltj kae eij! (Jipjahkweu kae Fkwuia, 7333> ;;3=)!


6/24

4

Lbam&ujwf pzpukiakglj `bfsjuiuitjajpp ip pkie ub lij ba wjpbzw`j `badimzwkuibap wkuhjw uhka baeyakfi` `kskgiliuijp! Eyakfi` `kskgiliuijp kwj pjja abu ub gj ieibpya`wkui` ia uhjiw akuzwj kpwjpbzw`jp kwj kae, uhjwjdbwj, uhjwj kwj gjpu swkùi`jp ia eyakfi` `kskgiliuijp uhku `ka gj wjlkuitjlyjkpily ifiukuje! (Jipjahkweu kae Fkwuia 7333)! ]j pjj, hb}jtjw, uhku uhjwj kwj abukgly ieibpya`wkui`djkuzwjp ia eyakfi` `kskgiliuijp ku uhj wjmibakl ljtjl! Uhip `ba`lzpiba ip pzssbwuje gy uhj {ziujeiddjwjau pz``jpp uwknjùbwijp kfbam wjmibap }iuh pjjfiamly pifilkw wjpbzw`j gkpjp! Ku uhj wjmibaklljtjl, }j ejdiaj eyakfi` `kskgiliuijp kp uhj wjmiba-p kgiliuy ub mjajwkuj ia iaujwkùiba `bfsjuiuitjwjpbzw`j `badimzwkuibap ia k uzwgzljau jatiwbafjau! Eyakfi` `kskgiliuijp kif ub wjdbwf wjmibaklwjpbzw`jp, `kskgiliuijp, `bfsjuja`jp kae `bwj `bfsjuja`jp gkpje ba uhj hipubwy bd uhj wjmiba kaebssbwuzaiuijp jfjwmiam dwbf uhj uj`hab&pbìb&j`babfi` ejtjlbsfjau! Iapiej uhj p`bsj bd uhip`zwwjau sksjw, }j db`zp ba ditj eyakfi` `kskgiliuijp `bapiejwje ub gj ifsbwukau ia k aju}bwojewjmibakl iaabtkuiba jatiwbafjau> (i) iaabtkuitj `kskgiliuy, (ii) ljkwaiam `kskgiliuy, (iii) aju}bwoiam`kskgiliuy, (it) ljkejwphis `kskgiliuy kae (t) dbwj`kpuiam `kskgiliuy!

Uhj ujwf -iaabtkuitj `kskgiliuy- ip kppbìkuje }iuh uhj `kskgiliuy bd uhj bwmkaipkuiba ub pjapj uhj`hkamjp ukoiam slk`j bzupiej kae ub jxslbiu uhjiw jxipuiam wjpbzw`jp kae `bfsjujaìjp pb uhkuiaabtkuiba kùitiuijp `ka `wjkuj k `bfsjuiuitj jemj dbw uhj bwmkaipkuiba (Ujj`j $ Sipkab ;998)! Uhjiaabtkuiba `kskgiliuy ia`lzejp fkay dkùbwp, gzu uhj fbpu ifsbwukau baj ip ia`wjkpiam uhj iaajw kaejxujwibw iaujwkùiba bd uhj bwmkaipkuiba! Ia uhj wjmibakl `baujxu, ka ifsbwukau pz``jpp dkùbw ip uhjljtjl bd wjmibakl iaabtkuitj `kskgiliuy! Wjmibakl iaabtkuitj `kskgiliuy fjkap uhj nbiau iaabtkuiba`kskgiliuy bd uhj jaujwswipjp kae buhjw bwmkaipkuibap bd uhj wjmiba! Pb, iu ip fkej zs bd uhjiaabtkuiba `kskgiliuy bd abu baly iaeitiezkl kùbwp, gzu klpb bd uhj jauiwj iaabtkuiba aju}bwo, }hi`h kugjpu `ka gj fz`h fbwj uhka nzpu uhj pzf bd iup skwup! Uhj ujwf -wjmibakl iaabtkuitj `kskgiliuy- wjdjwpub uhj kgiliuy bd uhj wjmibakl iaabtkuiba aju}bwop ub (Okzubaja kae Pbukwkzuk ;999)> (i) sjw`jitj kaeswb`jpp uhj `hkamjp ia uhj bsjwkuibakl jatiwbafjau, (ii) uwjku uhj ktkilkglj wjpbzw`jp gkpje ba aj}iadbwfkuiba, (iii) k`{ziwj ubuklly aj} wjpbzw`jp, (it) `bfgiaj uhjpj wjpbzw`jp }iuh uhj `bfsjujaìjpkifiam ub ia`wjkpj `bfsjuiuitjajpp kae (t) uwkapfiu kae swb`jpp iadbwfkuiba kae oab}ljemj ialkwmj aju}bwop!

Iaujwkùitj kae `blljùitj ljkwaiam kwj jfshkpipje ia aba&liajkw iaabtkuiba swb`jppjp! @blljùitjljkwaiam ip k swb`jpp bd eyakfi` kae `zfzlkuitj oab}ljemj `wjkuiba, }hi`h hkp fkay pyajwmyketkaukmjp ezj ub iup iaujwkùitj `hkwkùjw (@kfkmai ;99:)! Pyajwmy ketkaukmjp jfjwmj gj`kzpj

bd oab}ljemj psillbtjwp kae ia`wjkpiam uwzpu ia uhj `blljùitj ljkwaiam swb`jpp! Uhj iaujapitjswb`jpp bd iaujwkùiba ip ia`lzeje ia uhj `wjkuiba bd aj} oab}ljemj (Abakok kae Ukojz`hi ;99:,Abakok ju kl7333)! Lzaetkll kae Gbwwkp ejdiaj uhj ljkwaiam j`babfy kp ka j`babfy, }hjwj uhjkgiliuy ub ljkwa ip ejìpitj dbw uhj j`babfi` pz``jpp bd iaeitiezklp, diwfp, wjmibap kae akuibap!Ljkwaiam, ia uhip `baujxu, ebjp abu nzpu wjdjw ub uhj k`{zipiuiba bd iadbwfkuiba bw k``jpp ub uhjpbzw`jp bd iadbwfkuiba, gzu ub uhj ejtjlbsfjau bd aj} kwjkp bd `bfsjuja`j kae aj} poillp(Lzaetkll kae Gbwwkp, ;99=> 79)! Ia uhj `ba`jsu bd k ljkwaiam j`babfy, ljkwaiam ip pju jtja kgbtjoab}ljemj ia `wjkuiam `bfsjuiuitjajpp pia`j }hku wjklly fkuujwp dbw j`babfi` sjwdbwfka`j ipuhj kgiliuy ub ljkwa (kae dbwmju) kae abu uhj pubò bd oab}ljemj (Lzaetkll kae Gbwwkp, ;999> 0:)!Uhjwjdbwj, ljkwaiam `kskgiliuy ip pjja kp `wzìkl ia pj`zwiam pzpukiakglj wjmibakl ejtjlbsfjau!

Ia k uzwgzljau }bwle, pbfj bd uhj ojy }bwep kwj dljxigiliuy kae psjìklipkuiba! Aju}bwoliojbwmkaipkuibap pjjf bduja ub gj fbwj jddjùitj uhka hijwkw`hi`kl bwmkaipkuibap! Gzileiam zs dljxigiliuy,

keksukuiba, kae uhj kgiliuy ub wjkù ub uhj `hkamjp, kae ku uhj pkfj uifj wjfkiaiam jddjùitj, hktjlje ub aju}bwo puwzùzwjp! Uhip swb`jpp hkp gjja iaejsjaejau bd uhj pjùbw bd lidj, fkoiam ejfkaepdbw wjmibakl aju}bwoiam `kskgiliuy! Uhj jppjauikl sbiaup kwj uhj `bauiazbzp `hkamj, psjje kae`bfsjuiuiba ia uhj pjùbw! Uhjwjdbwj, uhj aju}bwop kwj k shjabfjaba kddjùiam, diwpu kae dbwjfbpu,uhj pjùbwp gjiam iadlzja`je gy {ziò `hkamj (Bllzp ju kl! ;998)! Uhj aju}bwo bwmkaipkuiba `ka gjka iaujwaklly aju}bwoje bwmkaipkuiba lioj k ej`jauwkli~je bwmkaipkuiba, bw iu `ka gj dbwfje dwbfiaejsjaejau bwmkaipkuibap! Ia k aju}bwo bwmkaipkuiba, jk`h kùbw hkp iup b}a wblj kae dzaùibap! KpPbukwkzuk (;999> ;35&;3:) pzmmjpup, uhj kùbwp bd uhj aju}bwo `bzle hktj eiddjwjau fbuitjp dbw uhjiw`b&bsjwkuiba> uhj aju}bwo `bzle gj pjja kp k `hkaajl, k }ky ub fiaifipj jxsjapjp, bw kp kpuwkujmi` ubbl! Iaujwkùibap kwj pzssbpje ub gj wi`h, kae `b&bsjwkuiba `bzle gj `kwwije bzu ia kwjkp


7/24

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bd kifp, puwkujmy, swbezùp kae `zpubfjwp! Dbw uhj `bhjwja`j bd uhj aju}bwo, iu ip jppjauikl uhkueiddjwjau kùbwp phkwj `bffba tklzjp kae uhj eiddjwjau skwup iaujmwkuj kp k zaiu! K aju}bwo ipdbwfje gy uhj kùbwp hktiam phkwje mbklp! Jppjauikl djkuzwjp bd uhj aju}bwo kwj uhj eipuwigzuiba bdoab}ljemj kae `bauiazbzp ljkwaiam dwbf uhj buhjw kùbwp bd uhj aju}bwo! Uhj `bffzai`kuiba kae`bffzai`kuiba dlb}p kwj jppjauikl dbw uhip! Ia uhip jatiwbafjau, wjmibakl aju}bwoiam `kskgiliuy ip kajppjauikl pz``jpp dkùbw!

Zaejwpukaeiam uhj bssbwuzaiuijp mitja gy skuh ejsjaejaìjp ip baj piej bd uhj `bia, uhj buhjw ip ubuwy gwjko dwjj bd uhj ekfkmiam jddjùp skuh ejsjaeja`y hkp ia pjjoiam aj} sbujauikl uwknjùbwijp dbwwjmibakl ejtjlbsfjau! Skuh ejsjaeja`y `ka, akfjly, ljke ub lbò&iap swjtjauiam uhj ejtjlbsfjauswb`jppjp }iphje dbw! @bboj kae P`hijapubò (;994) hktj ejdiaje uhwjj eiddjwjau lbò&iap iawjmibakl `baujxu> (i) dzaùibakl lbò&iap , (ii) `bmaiuitj lbò&iap, (iii) sbliui`kl lbò&iap! Uhj wblj bdljkejwphis `kskgiliuy gj`bfjp ejìpitj }hja swjtjauiam lbò&iap kae uwyiam ub diae aj} skuhp bzu bdlbò&ia piuzkuibap! (Obuujw, ;988? Pbukwkzuk, ;999)! Ia uhj `kpj bd wjmibakl ejtjlbsfjau, uhj wblj bdljkejwphis ia k aju}bwoje jatiwbafjau ip skwui`zlkwly jppjauikl! Ljkejwphis ia k aju}bwoje wjmibaklejtjlbsfjau jatiwbafjau `ka gj ejdiaje kp kùibap pujjwiam uhj swb`jppjp kae wjpbzw`jp bd kwjmibakl ejtjlbsfjau aju}bwo ia uhj ejpiwje eiwjùiba! Iu `ka gj ejdiaje kp uhj kgiliuy ub zpjjxujwakl kae iaujwakl wjpbzw`jp! Aju}bwo ljkejwphis `ka, kp }jll, gj ejdiaje kp kùibap dbpujwiam uhjiaujwkùiba swb`jppjp bd uhj ejtjlbsfjau aju}bwo kae eiwjù kùitiuijp ub jxslbwj wjkpbakgljbgnjùitjp! Fbwjbtjw, aju}bwo ljkejwphis `bfgiajp kùibap kae kùbwp!

Uhj }bwle j`babfy fjjup phidup ia uhj uj`hab&j`babfi` skwkeimf ia `jwukia `y`ljp `kzpje gyljksp ia uj`hablbmi`kl ejtjlbsfjau kae jtja iapiej k `y`lj gzpiajpp jatiwbafjau iu `ka gjuzwgzljau! Uhip `zwwjau `y`lj ip bduja ejp`wigje kp uhj diduh Obaewkuijdd }ktj gkpje ba ejtjlbsfjauia uj`hablbmijp lioj fi`wbjljùwbai`p, eimiukl ujlj`bffzai`kuibap, gibuj`hablbmy, wbgbui`p kaeiadbwfkuiba pypujfp (Pbobl 7330)! Uhj pz``jpp bd j`babfi` kùbwp ip puwbamly wjlkuje ub uhjiwkeksukgiliuy ub uhj jfjwmiam uj`hab&j`babfi` jatiwbafjau! Uhj `bfsjuiuitjajpp bd uhjpj kùbwp ipgkpje ba uhjiw pbìb&j`babfi` pukwuiam sbiau kae uhjiw kenzpufjau `kskìuy ba uhj `hkamiam uj`hab&j`babfi` kae pbìb&iapuiuzuibakl skwkeimfp (Kgwkfbtiu~ ;99:? Lispjy ;99=? P`hijapubò kaeHfliaja 733;)! Hb}jtjw, pjuuiam pblie kae wimie mbklp ia uhj swjpjau uzwgzljau }bwle `bzle gjeiddi`zlu kae jtja ekamjwbzp! Uhj wjmibap kwj puwbamly ejsjaekau ba uhjiw skpu kae hktj ub fkoj`bauiazbzply aj} ejìpibap }hilpu iapj`zwj! Uhip iapj`zwiuy `ka gj wjez`je zpiam wjpbzw`j&gkpje

dzuzwjp wjpjkw`h kae dbwj`kpuiam kskgiliuy!Uhzp, uhj `bfsjuiuitj ketkaukmj bd k wjmiba mwjkuly ejsjaep ba iup iaabtkuiba, ljkwaiam, aju}bwoiamkae ljkejwphis swb`jppjp, phksje gy iup (psjìdi`) kppju sbpiuiba, kae uhj skuhp ktkilkglj ub iu (`d!Ujj`j ju kl! ;99=)! Uhj swb`jppjp phbzle ljke ub gzileiam wjmibakl `kskgiliuijp, `bfsjuja`jp kae`bwj `bfsjuja`jp gkpje ba wjmibakl wjpbzw`jp, ia bwejw ub jahka`j k pzpukiakglj `bfsjuiuitjketkaukmj (Swkhklke kae Hkfjl ;993, Nktieka ;998, Ujj`j ju kl! ;99=, Pbukwkzuk 7333) ljkeiam ubpzpukiakglj wjmibakl bfsjuiuitjajpp hkwkùjwipje gy himh swbezùitiuy kae iaabtkuitjajpp!

5 @ba`jsu bd Wjmibakl Ejtjlbsfjau Slkudbwf

Baj ifsbwukau kpsjù kddjùiam wjmibakl iaabtkuitj `kskgiliuy kae dbwfp bd wjmibakl iaabtkuiba

pypujfp ip kmmlbfjwkuiba j`babfijp! Klwjkey Fkwphkll (;9;4) jfshkpipje lb`kuiba j`babfijp kaeuhj ifsbwuka`j bd swbezùiba `lzpujwp gjhiae uhj shjabfjaba! Buhjw ifsbwukau pìjauipup`bauwigzuiam ub uhj uhjbwijp bd kmmlbfjwkuiba dwbf eiddjwjau sbiaup bd tij} kwj, dbw jxkfslj,@hwipuklljw (;900), Lp`h (;9:5), Oklebw (;9=3) kae Hjaejwpba (;98:)! Kekf Pfiuh ia hip uifj(;==4) wj`bmaipje uhj gjajdiup bd psjìklipkuiba! Dbllb}iam ba uhku Fkwphkll `bapiejwje uhj `ba`jsubd uhj iaezpuwikl kufbpshjwj ejp`wigiam uhj `hkwkùjwipui`p bd pskuikl iaezpuwikl kmmlbfjwkuibap! Hjdbzae wjmibap }hjwj uhip kufbpshjwj }kp tjwy gjajdiìkl dbw `jwukia iaezpuwijp! Ka ifsbwukaubgpjwtkuiba }kp uhku uhj kufbpshjwj hke gjja ejtjlbsje btjw k lbam sjwibe kae `bzle abu gjfbtje! Fkwphkll klpb pk} uhku uhj iaujwkùiba ia ka iaezpuwikl eipuwiù }kp abu nzpu gzyiam kae pjlliam!


8/24

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Hj `kllje uhj iaujwkùiba `bapuwzùitj `b&bsjwkuiba, ejp`wigiam uhj fzluidk`juje `hkwkùjwipui`p bd uhj`bffzai`kuiba swb`jpp! Ia uhj uhjbwy bd iaezpuwikl eipuwiùp, uhj `b&bsjwkuiba bd pfkll kae fjeizfpi~j jaujwswipjp kae uhj uwkapskwja`y bd uhj wjmibakl kùbwp kwj jfshkpipje, kp }jll kp gzileiam kwjkl pjwti`j aju}bwo dbw uhj jaujwswipjp! Pz`h dkfbzp uhjbwipup kp Sbwujw }iuh hip `lzpujw uhjbwy kaeeikfbae fbejl (Sbwujw ;993) kae Owzmfka }iuh hip wjpjkw`h iaub uhj kmmlbfjwkuiba bd gzpiajppkùitiuijp (Owzmfka ;99;) hktj gjja iadlzja`je gy Fkwphkllp uhjbwijp!

Uhj ketkaukmjp bd kmmlbfjwkuiba kwj, dbw jxkfslj, (@kssjlia kae Pujiajw 7337, ìuiam Fkwphkll;9;4, @hiaiu~ ;94;, kae Sbwujw ;99:)> (i) k``jpp ub k fkxifzf dlb} bd iadbwfkuiba kae iejkp kaeuhj swbtipiba bd phkwje bw aba&uwkeje iaszup psjìdi` ub ka iaezpuwy, (ii) mwjkujw bssbwuzaiuijp dbw`bllkgbwkuiba, (iii) mwjkujw ktkilkgiliuy bd psjìklipu pzg`bauwkùbwp"pzsslijwp, (it) mwjkujw ktkilkgiliuykae jddiìja`y bd skwui`zlkw lb`kl pjwti`jp pz`h kp tjauzwj `ksiukl, psjìklipje swbsjwuy, jez`kuibaiapuiuzuibap, kiwsbwup, I@U kae buhjw szgli` mbbep kae iadwkpuwzùzwjp, (t) ejtjlbsfjau bd k lb`kl sbblbd psjìklipje lkgbzw wjlkuje ub uhj jxipuja`j bd psjìklipu uwkiaiam iapuiuzuibap, (ti) ljpp wipo dbw diwfpkae }bwojwp ub lb`kuj ia `lzpujwp uhka jlpj}hjwj, gj`kzpj uhjiw bsuibap kwj mwjkujw kae (tii) mwjkujw`zpubfjw hbi`j!

Uhjwj kwj pbfj `ba`jsuzkl ksswbk`hjp gkpje ba uhj sbpiuitj jxujwakliuijp k`hijtje gykmmlbfjwkuibap kae aju}bwoiam! Uhj shjabfjak `ka gj kppjppje ku ljkpu gy uhj dbllb}iamksswbk`hjp> (i) iaezpuwy ksswbk`h, (ii) `lzpujw ksswbk`h, (iii) uj`hablbmy wjmifj (bw uwknjùbwy)ksswbk`h kae (it) ejtjlbsfjau glbò ksswbk`h! Ia uhj dbllb}iam liajp, }j ukoj k gwijd lbbo ku uhj`ba`jsup fjauibaje kae iauwbez`j k aj} `ba`jsu ub uhip eip`zppiba> wjmibakl ejtjlbsfjauslkudbwf! ]j klpb uwy ub jxslkia }hy }j pjj uhj wjmibakl ejtjlbsfjau slkudbwf ksswbk`h, ku ljkpu iapbfj `kpjp, kp k pbzae }ky bd kppjppiam wjmibakl ejtjlbsfjau sbujauikl!

Uhj iaezpuwy ksswbk`h, ia psiuj bd iup lifiukuibap, ip puill fkygj uhj fbpu zpje ia swkùi`klejtjlbsfjau eip`bzwpj ezj uhj `lkwiuy bd uhj `ba`jsu! Iaezpuwijp `ka gj pjja kp mwbzsiamp bd diwfphktiam uhj pkfj sbpiuiba ia uhj swbezùiba `hkia! Buhjw `bfskaijp ia uhj iaezpuwy kwj pjja kpwitklp kae `b&bsjwkuiba kfbam `bfsjuiubwp ip wkwj! Uhj iaezpuwy ksswbk`h ajmljùp uhj ifsbwuka`jbd iaujwkùiba gju}jja iaezpuwijp kae gju}jja diwfp kae szgli` bwmkaipkuibap! @lzpujwp `ka gjejdiaje kp mjbmwkshi` `ba`jauwkuibap bd iaujw`baajùje `bfskaijp kae iapuiuzuibap ia k skwui`zlkwdijle! @lzpujwp ja`bfskpp liaoje iaezpuwijp kae buhjw jauiuijp ifsbwukau ub `bfsjuiuiba! Uhjy

ia`lzej, dbw jxkfslj pzsslijwp bd psjìklipje iaszup pz`h kp `bfsbajaup, fk`hiajwy kae pjwti`jp,kp }jll kp swbtiejwp bd psjìklipje iadwkpuwzùzwj! Fkay `lzpujwp ia`lzej mbtjwafjaukl iapuiuzuibapuhku swbtiej psjìklipje uwkiaiam, jez`kuiba, iadbwfkuiba, wjpjkw`h kae uj`hai`kl pzssbwu! (Sbwujw;998!) Uhj `lzpujw ksswbk`h jfshkpipjp uhj `bffba iaujwjpup bd k `lzpujw ia jahkaìamswbezùitiuy kae `bfsjuiuitjajpp! @lzpujwp kwj `bauiazbzply pjjoiam aj} pyajwmijp kae`bfgiakuibap!

Uhj uj`hablbmi`kl wjmifjp ksswbk`h, kmkia, ip gkpje ba uhj ifsbwuka`j bd skuh ejsjaeja`y iadiwfp ejtjlbsfjau uwknjùbwijp (pjj Ajlpba kae ]iaujw, ;987? Ebpi, ;988)! Skuh ejsjaeja`yslk`jp lifiukuibap ba uhj ktkilkglj dzuzwj uwknjùbwijp bd k diwf, }hilj ljkwaje wbzuiajp kwj bdujaejjsly jfgjeeje ia ka bwmkaipkuiba! Uhj iaabtkuiba kùitiuijp kwj {ziuj pifilkw kfbam uhj diwfp iauhj pkfj uj`hablbmi`kl pjùbw! Uhip iaei`kujp uhku uhj dkùbwp wjlkuje ub uj`hablbmi`kl uwknjùbwijpslky k abukglj wblj ia iaabtkuiba swb`jppjp (@kwlppba ;99:) kae, uhjwjdbwj, sbpiuitj jxujwakliuijp

`ka gj k`hijtje jkpijw ia uhj mwbzsiamp bd diwfp gjlbamiam ub uhj pkfj uj`hablbmi`kl wjmifj! Uhj`ba`jsu bd ejtjlbsfjau glbòp ip wjlkuje ub uhj `ba`jsu bd uj`hablbmi`kl uwknjùbwijp! Ejtjlbsfjauglbòp wjdjw ub pj{zja`j bd `bfsljfjaukwijp }hi`h gy }ky bd pjwijp bd puwzùzwkl ujapibap, i!j!eipj{ziligwik, fky wjpzlu ia k gklka`je piuzkuiba (Ekhfa ;988, :)!

Uhj wjmibakl ejtjlbsfjau slkudbwf ksswbk`h hkp pbfj}hku eiddjwjau `hkwkùjwipui`p dwbf uhjswjtibzp ksswbk`hjp! Iu hkp iup iaujlljùzkl wbbup ia uhj dwkfj}bwop bd wjmibakl iaabtkuiba pypujfpkae jtblzuibakwy j`babfi`p! Iu ip puwbamly gbzae ub uhj iapuiuzuibakl pju&zs bd k wjmiba! Wjmibaklejtjlbsfjau slkudbwfp `ka gj ejdiaje kp wjmibakl wjpbzw`j `badimzwkuibap gkpje ba uhj skpuejtjlbsfjau uwknjùbwijp gzu swjpjauiam uhj dzuzwj sbujauikl ub swbez`j k `bfsjuiuitj ketkaukmj


9/24

9

jxipuiam ia uhj ejdiaje wjpbzw`j `badimzwkuibap! Uhj sbppiglj `bfsjuiuitj ketkaukmj ip gkpje ba uhjgzpiajpp sbujauikl bd uhj kùbwp }bwoiam dbw uhj slkudbwf! Uhj kùbwp bd k wjmibakl ejtjlbsfjauslkudbwf kwj uhj diwfp, uj`hablbmy `jauwjp, jxsjwuipj `jauwjp, wjpjkw`h `jauwjp, jez`kuibabwmkaipkuibap, ju`! `bauwigzuiam ub uhj ejdiaje ejtjlbsfjau slkudbwf! K wjmibakl ejtjlbsfjauslkudbwf fzpu gj pjskwkujly ejdiaje jk`h uifj! K ejtjlbsfjau slkudbwf ip bduja gkpje ba kaiaezpuwy, ia`lzeiam uhj ejtjlbsfjau bwmkaipkuibap bd uhj wjmibakl iaabtkuiba pypujf pzssbwuiam uhjejtjlbsfjau bd uhj ejdiaje slkudbwf! K ejtjlbsfjau slkudbwf ip `baajùje }iuh uhj skpu

uwknjùbwijp, gzu uhj `ba`jsu ip fjwjly ejp`wigiam uhj dzuzwj sbujauikl bd uhj slkudbwf! Uj`hablbmi`klejtjlbsfjau fky `wjkuj ubuklly aj} slkudbwfp! Hb}jtjw, uhjy kwj zpzklly gkpje ba uhj }bwo ebajba uhj jxipuiam slkudbwfp!

: Wjmibakl Ejtjlbsfjau Slkudbwf Fjuhbe

]hja slkaaiam uhj pzawipj wjmibakl iaabtkuiba puwkujmijp kae sbliìjp, kae uhj ubblp hjlsiam uhjwjmibakl iaabtkuiba pypujf ub ifswbtj, uhj dbllb}iam kpsjùp phbzle gj jfshkpipje> (i)zaejwpukaeiam uhj shjabfjak bd wjmibakl skuh&ejsjaeja`y kae kmmlbfjwkuiba, (ii) ktbieiamwjmibakl lbò&iap, (iii) ejdiaiam `bfsjuiuitj wjmibakl wjpbzw`j `badimzwkuibap, (it) dbwfiam fzlui&kùbwiaabtkuiba aju}bwop ub jxslbiu uhj wjpbzw`j `badimzwkuibap, (t) jahkaìam uhj kgpbwsuitj `kskìuy bd

uhj iaabtkuiba aju}bwop, (ti) `wjkuiam pzddiìjauly pbìkl `ksiukl kae `wjkuitj ujapiba kae (ti)swbfbuiam wjmibakl eyakfi` `kskgiliuijp (dbw jxkfslj, iaabtkuitj, ljkwaiam, aju}bwoiam, ljkejwphiskae dbwj`kpuiam kskgiliuijp)

K!N! P`buu pjup uhj gkpip dbw wjmibakl ejtjlbsfjau kp dbllb}p> Ia uhj limhu bd uhj swjpjau kaklypip,kay wkuibakl ksswbk`h ub puwkujmi` wjmibakl j`babfi` slkaaiam phbzle ab ebzgu gjmia }iuh kajxhkzpuitj kzeiu bd lb`kl kppjup kae uhjiw ejtjlbsfjaukl sbppigiliuijp ia wjlkuiba ub uhj k`{ziwje`bfsjuiuitj ketkaukmjp bd buhjw wjmibap! Iu phbzle uhja db`zp iaujauly ba lb`kl iapuiuzuiba gzileiam,skyiam psjìkl kuujauiba ub uhj psjìdi` ukpop kae bgnjùitjp jazfjwkuje jkwlijw, kae }iuh k fkiajyj kl}kyp ba uhj pjkw`h dbw sbpiuitj kmmlbfjwkuiba j`babfijp kae ka ksswbswikuj pujjwiamfj`hkaipf! Hb}jtjw, pia`j jtjwy wjmibakl j`babfy ip ia swkùi`j ka ieibpya`wkui` fix bd swjpjauwjpbzw`jp kae dzuzwj bssbwuzaiuijp, uhjwj `ka gj liuulj ia uhj }ky bd wbzuiaj ksswbk`hjp ub kùzklifsljfjaukuiba swbmwkfp! Pz``jppdzl ejtjlbsfjau swbmwkfp fzpu iajtiukgly gj nzeiìbzp

`bfgiakuibap bd mjajwkl swiaìslj kae lb`kli~je `bfswbfipj, wjdljùiam uhj kùzkl mjbmwkshy kaehipubwy bd jk`h iaeitiezkl wjmiba (P`buu 7333> ;;4)!

Uhj dzuzwj iaabtkuiba kae uj`hablbmy puwkujmijp phbzle, uhzp, gj `wjkuje ba uhj wjmibakl puwjamuhpkae sbujauiklp! Ia uhip `zwwjau sksjw, uhj Wjmibakl Ejtjlbsfjau Slkudbwf Fjuhbe (WESF) ipswjpjauje kp ka bwmkaipkuibakl iaabtkuiba dbw k wjmibakl iaabtkuiba sbli`y! Uhj fjuhbe hjlsp ub lbbodbw wjmibakl gzpiajpp sbujauiklp ba }hi`h iu ip sbppiglj ub gzile uhj dzuzwj `bfsjuiuitj ketkaukmj bd kwjmiba! Uhj ebfiakuiam iejk bd ejtjlbsiam uhj WESF hkp gjja uhj ifsbwuka`j bd uhj iaeitiezklwjmibakl ejtjlbsfjau skuhp ia ejpimaiam ejtjlbsfjau puwkujmijp! Uhj puwkujmijp phbzle gj gkpjeba k uhbwbzmh kppjppfjau bd wjmibakl wjpbzw`jp, `kskgiliuijp kae `bfsjujaìjp, kae dzuzwjsbppigiliuijp ljkeiam ub gzpiajpp sbujauiklp kglj ub mitj k wjmiba k `bfsjuiuitj ketkaukmj! Kajppjauikl skwu bd uhj fjuhbe ip uhj pb&`kllje `bwj swb`jpp uhiaoiam, }hi`h ip ejpimaje ub dbwfiaabtkuiba aju}bwop kifiam ku jxslbiuiam uhj gzpiajpp sbujauiklp jxipuiam ia uhj wjmibakl

ejtjlbsfjau slkudbwfp! Fbwjbtjw, uhj WESF `ka gj pjja kp k aju}bwo ljkejwphis ubbl hjlsiam uhjwjmibakl kùbwp ub iaujwkù ezwiam uhj ejtjlbsfjau swb`jpp kae hjlsiam ub swbfbuj uhj eyakfi``kskgiliuijp ia k wjmiba!

Ia Dimzwj ;, uhj swiaìslj bd iaezpuwijp kae kwjkp bd jxsjwuipj dbwfiam uhj wjpbzw`j `badimzwkuibap iauhj Wjmibakl Ejtjlbsfjau Slkudbwf Fjuhbe ip swjpjauje! Kwjkp bd jxsjwuipj kwj dbwfje gy poillp,`kskgiliuijp kae `bfsjujaìjp pzssbpje ub gj ifsbwukau iaejsjaejau bd iaezpuwy! Iaezpuwijp kwjfkwoje ia uhj `blzfa kae uhj kwjkp bd jxsjwuipj `hbpja dbw jk`h iaeitiezkl puzey kwj fkwoje ia uhj


10/24

;3

wb}p! Uhj WESF kifp ub ejdiaj gzpiajpp sbujauiklp kglj ub mitj uhj wjmibakl `bfsjuiuitj ketkaukmjbd uhj iaezpuwijp, kwjkp bd jxsjwuipj kae jpsjìklly bd uhjiw `bfgiakuibap!

Dimzwj ;! Swiaìslj bd Iaezpuwijp kae Kwjkp bd Jxsjwuipj ia uhj Wjmibakl Ejtjlbsfjau Fjuhbe!

Pbfj `jauwkl `wiujwik b``zw }hja kppjppiam eiddjwjau iaezpuwijp kp skwu bd k wjmibakl ejtjlbsfjauslkudbwf pypujf! Uhjy hjls ub jtklzkuj uhj iaezpuwijp sbujauikl dbw uhj wjmiba! Uhjpj `wiujwik kwj, dbwjxkfslj> uhj mwb}uh sbujauikl bd uhj iaezpuwy, uhj {zkauiuy, {zkliuy kae puwzùzwj bd uhj iaezpuwy,iaujwakuibaklipkuiba bd uhj iaezpuwy, uhj iaabtkuitj `kskgiliuy bd uhj iaezpuwy, uhj kgiliuy bd uhjfkakmjfjau ia uhj iaezpuwy, uhj {zkauiuy bd uhj wjpjkw`h `baezùje ia uhj wjmiba, uhj {zkauiuy kae{zkliuy bd uhj jez`kuiba mitja ia uhj wjmiba kae uhj kgiliuy bd uhj uj`hablbmy uwkapdjw bwmkaipkuibap iauhj wjmiba! Uhj dbllb}iam `wiujwik `ka gj zpje }hja kppjppiam uhj kwjkp bd jxsjwuipj ia uhj wjmiba>uhj {zkauiuy kae {zkliuy bd uhj oab}ljemj iaujapitj gzpiajpp pjwti`jp (OIGP), uhj iaabtkuitj

`kskgiliuy bd uhj jxsjwuipj, uhj iaujwwjmibakl aju}bwop bd uhj jxsjwuipj, uhj {zkauiuy kae {zkliuy bd uhjjez`kuiba mitja ia uhj wjmiba kae uhj kgiliuy bd uhj uj`hablbmy uwkapdjw bwmkaipkuibap ia uhj wjmiba!Uhj WESF `bapipup bd jimhu shkpjp> (i) gja`hfkwoiam uhwbzmh uhj kppjppfjau bd wjmibakliaabtkuiba pypujf uhjbwijp, (ii) gkòmwbzae puzey bd uhj iaezpuwijp kae kwjkp bd jxsjwuipj ia uhjwjmiba, (iii) jxsjwu skajlp, (it) kppjppfjau bd dzuzwj p`jakwibp, (t) kaklypip bd pukuipui`kl kaejfsiwi`kl iadbwfkuiba, (ti) `ba`jsuzklipkuiba bd uhj wjmibakl iaabtkuiba pypujf, (tii) pjkw`h bd `bwjswb`jppjp bd uhj wjmibakl iaabtkuiba pypujf kae (tiii) ejdiaiuiba bd oab}ljemj `wjkuiba kaefkakmjfjau pypujf!

Iu ip ifsbwukau ub ljkwa dwbf uhj skpu, `bfskwj }hku hkp gjja ebaj ia buhjw wjmibap, kae uwy ub ebpbfj gja`hfkwoiam! Jtja uhbzmh jk`h wjmiba ip iaeitiezkl, iu ip }bwuh uwyiam ub diae }hi`h swkùi`jpfimhu gjpu pziu baj-p b}a wjmiba! K puzey bd uhj fkiapuwjkf uhjbwijp bd uhj wjmibakl iaabtkuiba

pypujf mitjp k mbbe gkpip dbw dzuzwj ejtjlbsfjau! Uhj gkòmwbzae puzey bd uhj iaezpuwijp kaekwjkp bd jxsjwuipj mitjp ka iejk bd }hjwj uhj wjmiba `zwwjauly pukaep! Uhj fkia iadbwfkuiba pbzw`jip uhj ktkilkglj pukuipui`kl ekuk! Pzssljfjaukwy iadbwfkuiba `ka gj wj`jitje, dbw jxkfslj, dwbftkwibzp wjsbwup kae kaklypip! Iu ip ifsbwukau ub `bfskwj uhj iadbwfkuiba ba baj-p b}a wjmiba }iuhuhku bd buhjw wjmibap ub gj kglj ub mju ka iejk bd hb} uhj wjmiba ip ebiam ia `bfsjuiam }iuh buhjwwjmibap! Uhjwj ip bduja fz`h ukìu oab}ljemj kgbzu uhj ejtjlbsfjau slkudbwfp ia uhj wjmiba! Uhip`kaabu gj dbzae ia uhj pukuipui`p bw wjsbwup, dbw jxkfslj! Uhjwjdbwj, iu ip tklzkglj ub bwmkaipj jxsjwuskajlp ub bgukia uhj hieeja iadbwfkuiba! Uhip skajl `ka gj bwmkaipje gy iatiuiam mwbzsp }hi`h kwjpzssbpje hktj k gwbke btjwtij} bd uhj gzpiajpp lidj ia uhj wjmiba (pjj fbwj Hkwfkkobwsi kaeSjookwiaja 7337)!


11/24

;;

Uhj wksie uj`hablbmi`kl ejtjlbsfjau ia uhj iaabtkuiba&ewitja pbìjuy ip `bapukauly `hkamiam uhjwjmibakl gzpiajpp jatiwbafjau! Ble uj`hablbmijp kae fjuhbep kwj eyiam kae aj} bajp pswiamiamzs! Uhjwjdbwj, iu ip jppjauikl ub lbbo ku uhj dzuzwj! Pbfj tjwy sbujauikl ejtjlbsfjau slkudbwfp dbw uhjwjmiba, k``bweiam ub uhj pukuipui`kl iadbwfkuiba, `bzle gj ia mwjku eiddi`zluy zaejw uhj dzuzwjuj`hablbmi`kl uwknjùbwijp! Ba uhj buhjw hkae, pbfj pjjfiamly }jko slkudbwfp `bzle swbtiej k mbbegkpip dbw swbpsjwiuy ia uhj dzuzwj ukoiam iaub k``bzau uhj bssbwuzaiuijp bd pbfj aj} uj`hablbmijp!

Kfbam ejtjlbsfjau uwjaep uhku `bzle gj jxslbiuje ia uhj dzuzwj kwj, dbw iapuka`j> (i) `hkamj iafkujwikl uj`hablbmijp, (ii) zwgkaipkuiba, (iii) kmjiam bd uhj sbszlkuiba, (it) jatiwbafjaukl kuuiuzejp,(it) `hkamjp ia jajwmy swbezùiba, (t) ia`wjkpje zpj bd gibuj`hablbmy, (ti) `hkamj ia swbezùibapypujfp kae fjuhbep, (tii) tiwuzklipkuiba kae eimiuklipkuiba kae (tii) }iwjljpp ekuk uwkapdjw! Jk`h bduhjpj fjmkuwjaep phbzle gj wjdljùje ia uhj wjmibakl jauwjswjajzwikl kùitiuy kae uhj wjpbzw`j gkpjbd uhj wjmibakl iaabtkuiba pypujf ia bwejw ub `wjkuj aj} skuhp gwiamiam k wjmibakl `bfsjuiuitjketkaukmj!

Uhj diduh shkpj ip ub ejdiaj uhj sbujauikl ejtjlbsfjau slkudbwfp ia uhj wjmiba! Iu ip gkpje ba uhjpukuipui`kl kae jfsiwi`kl iadbwfkuiba ia`lzeiam uhj dzuzwjp wjpjkw`h wjpzlup! Uhj kaklypip ip`ba`jwaje }iuh `bfskwiam uhj pukuipui`kl ekuk }iuh uhj jfsiwi`kl ekuk mkuhjwje gy uhj jxsjwu skajlpub pjj id uhj pukuipui`klly swbfipiam iaezpuwijp klpb pjjf ub hktj sbujauikl dwbf uhj sbiau bd tij} bduhj jxsjwup! Uhj fbpu `hklljamiam skwu bd uhj swb`jpp ip ub diae swbfipiam `bfgiakuibap bd iaezpuwijpkae kwjkp bd jxsjwuipj }hilj ukoiam iaub k``bzau uhj sbppigiliuijp bddjwje gy uhj tipiglj uj`hablbmi`klejtjlbsfjau! Uhj kif ip ub diae uhj fbpu dwziudzl wjmibakl ejtjlbsfjau slkudbwfp }hjwj uhj p`kw`jwjpbzw`jp kwj szu ub mbbe zpj ia bwejw ub `wjkuj wjmibakl swbpsjwiuy! Bzw tij} ip, hb}jtjw, tjwySbwujwika ia uhj }ky uhku kll uhj sbppiglj ejtjlbsfjau slkudbwfp phbzle gj swbfbuje kae lju uhjfkwojup `hbbpj, }hi`h bajp pzwtitj kae swbpsjw (Sbwujw ;998)! Uhj p`kwìuy bd wjmibakl wjpbzw`jpslk`jp, ia swkùi`j, , puwbam lifiukuibap ba wjmibakl iaabtkuiba sbliìjp dbwìam uhjf ub swibwiuipj uhjejtjlbsfjau ia`jauitjp!

Uhj pixuh shkpj kifp ub `ba`jsuzklipj uhj wjmibakl iaabtkuiba pypujf! Uhip shkpj ip ifsbwukau iagzileiam k `jwukia ljtjl bd phkwje zaejwpukaeiam bd uhj jatiwbafjau }hjwj iaabtkuiba sbliìjp kwj`baezùje! K phkwje tipiba ip ifsbwukau ezj uhj kùzkl swbmwkffj kae swb`jpp&gkpjeejtjlbsfjau jatiwbafjau, }hjwj fkaidble puwkujmijp kae swbmwkffjp kwj pifzlukajbzply kddjùiam

uhj wjmibakl ejtjlbsfjau jatiwbafjau! Uhj wbljp bd uhj slkyjwp, puwkujmijp kae swbmwkffjp phbzlegj ejdiaje ku ljkpu ku uhj mjajwkl ljtjl! Uhip shkpj `bzle gj `kllje uhj iapuiuzuibakl wjpbzw`j`badimzwkuiba! Uhj `wjkuje dwkfj}bwo ip ifsbwukau ia gbuh iauwk&wjmibakl kae iaujw&wjmibakl`bffzai`kuiba!

Uhj pjtjauh shkpj bd uhj WESF ip uhj ejdiaiuiba bd uhj `bwj swb`jppjp! Uhj `bwj swb`jppjp bd uhjwjmibakl iaabtkuiba pypujf kwj ejdiaje kp swb`jppjp kifiam ku jxslbiuiam uhj sbujauikl jxipuiam iauhj ejdiaje ejtjlbsfjau slkudbwfp kae jahkaìam eyakfi` `kskgiliuijp ia k wjmiba!Uhj kif ip ub`wjkuj kae ejtjlbs wjmibakl `bwj `bfsjujaìjp gwiamiam k pzpukiakglj, `bfsjuiuitj ketkaukmj dbw kwjmiba! Uhj `bwj swb`jppjp kwj gkpje ba uhj iejauidije sbujauikl ejtjlbsfjau slkudbwfp ia k wjmiba!Uhjy `ka klpb ia`lzej pbfj shjabfjaba bw dzuzwj fjmkuwjae pjjfiam ub gwiam gzpiajppbssbwuzaiuijp dbw uhj `bfskaijp ia uhj wjmiba! Uhjy fzpu gj ejdiaje gy uhj fkia kùbwp bd uhjwjmiba, kae uhj kùbwp fzpu klpb gj }illiam ub iatjpu wjpbzw`jp ub ejtjlbs uhj `bwj swb`jpp! Uhj

`bwj swb`jppjp kwj kùzklly uhjfkui` bw pjùbwkl wjmibakl iaabtkuiba aju}bwop }hjwj uhj `jauwklbgnjùitj ip `blljùitj ljkwaiam!

Uhj `bwj swb`jppjp fzpu dzldil `jwukia `baeiuibap> (i) ifsbwukau wjmibakl jaujwswipjp fzpu gj kfbamuhj jxslbiujwp bd `bwj swb`jppjp, (ii) uhj `bwj swb`jpp fzpu gj kglj ub `wjkuj aj} gzpiajpp kùitiuy,(iii) uhjwj fzpu gj puwbam jabzmh kùbwp dbw jk`h pjùbw bd uhj `bwj swb`jpp, (it) iu fzpu gj sbppigljub akfj wjpsbapiglj bwmkaipkuibap kae sjbslj dbw jk`h pjùbw bd uhj `bwj swb`jpp, (t) uhj kùbwp bduhj `bwj swb`jpp phbzle gj kglj ub kmwjj ba `bffba mbklp kae k `bzwpj bd kùiba, (ti) uhj kùbwp bduhj `bwj swb`jpp phbzle gj kglj ub akfj k `wjeiglj b}ajw dbw uhj swb`jpp!


12/24

;7

Ia Dimzwj 7, k swiaìslj bd k `bwj swb`jpp dbwfje gy k `bfgiakuiba bd iaezpuwijp, kwjkp bd jxsjwuipj,kae dzuzwj fjmkuwjaep ip ejp`wigje!

Dimzwj 7! Swiaìslj Ejp`wisuiba bd k @bwj Swb`jpp

@lzpujwiam kae aju}bwoiam kwj ifsbwukau dkùbwp ia `wjkuiam k wjmibakl `bfsjuiuitj ketkaukmj!Hb}jtjw, gbuh `ba`jsup, `lzpujwp kae aju}bwop, ejp`wigj ifsbwukau bwmkaipkuibakl kpsjùp uhku

kwj `lbpjw ub uhj ippzj bd iadwkpuwzùzwj uhka ub uhj ippzj bd iaabtkuiba! Uhj swbxifiuy bd tkwibzp`bfskaijp ebjp abu iupjld yijle iaabtkuitj wjpzlup! @bffzai`kuiba dwj{zja`y gju}jja `bfskaijp`baukiaje ia tkpu aju}bwop ebjp abu mzkwkaujj iaabtkuiba, jiuhjw! Gbuh `ba`jsup lkò uhj pbzaedbzaekuiba bd uhj zaejwlyiam wjpbzw`j> oab}ljemj (Abakok kae Wjiaflljw, ;998> 53=)! Uhzp,ljkwaiam kae oab}ljemj kwj uhj ewitiam dbw`jp bd iaabtkuibap ljkeiam ub uhj `bfsjuiuitj ketkaukmjbd wjmibap! Ljkwaiam kae oab}ljemj `wjkuiba kwj, hb}jtjw, ubb ifsbwukau {zjpuibap ub gj ljdu ubb``zw psbaukajbzply! K``bweiam ub Abakok kae Wjiaflljw (;998), ia bwejw ub ejpima oab}ljemj&`wjkuiam kwjkp, kll uhj swb`jppjp, gy }hi`h oab}ljemj ip `batjwuje, ajje ub gj pzssbwuje }iuhiauhj wjmiba! Uhjwjdbwj, psjìkl kuujauiba phbzle gj eiwjùje ku oab}ljemj fkakmjfjau ku uhjwjmibakl ljtjl! Uhku ukpo ip dzldillje ia uhj lkpu shkpj bd uhj WESF!

4 Jxsjwija`jp bd Zpiam uhj Wjmibakl Ejtjlbsfjau Slkudbwf Fjuhbe Iauhj Lkhui Wjmiba, Dialkae

Uhj Lkhui Wjmiba

Uhj Lkhui Wjmiba, klpb `kllje uhj Wjmiba bd Sinu&Hfj, ip piuzkuje ia Pbzuhjwa Dialkae, kgbzu;33 of dwbf uhj `ksiukl ìuy bd Hjlpiaoi! Iu hkp kgbzu 733,333 iahkgiukaup, wjswjpjauiam kgbzu dbzwsjw`jau bd uhj ubukl Diaaiph sbszlkuiba! Uhj mjbmwkshi`kl kae dzaùibakl `jauwj bd uhj Lkhui Wjmibaip uhj ìuy bd Lkhui }iuh kgbzu 98,333 iahkgiukaup, fkoiam iu uhj pjtjauh lkwmjpu ìuy ia Dialkae! Uhjwjmiba `bfswipjp u}jltj fzaiìskliuijp! Uhj eiddjwja`jp ia uhj fzaiìskliuijp ia uhj Lkhui Wjmiba kwj


13/24

;0

`bapiejwkglj }iuh wjmkwe ub, dbw jxkfslj, pzwdk`j kwjk, sbszlkuiba ejapiuy kae iaezpuwikl puwzùzwj!Ia uhj Lkhui Wjmiba, uhj sbszlkuiba kae iaezpuwijp, jpsjìklly fkazdkùzwiam, kwj `ba`jauwkujekwbzae uhj ìuijp bd Lkhui kae Hjiablk! Uhj wjpu bd uhj wjmiba ip `hkwkùjwipui`klly wzwkl kae pskwpjlysbszlkuje!Gy uhj jae bd uhj ;993p, iu hke gj`bfj {ziuj `ljkw ia uhj Lkhui Wjmiba uhku uhj wjmiba }kp hktiameiddi`zluy uwkapdbwfiam iupjld dwbf uhj iaezpuwikl jwk ub uhj iadbwfkuiba jwk! Dbllb}iam uhj `bllkspj bd

uhj akuibakl j`babfy ku uhj gjmiaaiam bd uhj ;993p, uhj zajfslbyfjau wkuj, ia skwui`zlkw, hkpwjfkiaje tjwy himh! Ajiuhjw hkp uhj iaezpuwikl fbejwaipkuiba gjja pzddiìjauly pz``jppdzl!Iwwjpsjùitj bd uhj dkù uhku Lkhui ip piuzkuje baly ;33 of dwbf Hjlpiaoi, }hi`h ip baj bd uhj fbpueyakfi` j`babfi` `jauwjp ia Jzwbsj, Lkhui hkp abu gjja kglj ub `wjkuj jabzmh jfslbyfjau iauhj oab}ljemj&iaujapitj pjùbwp ia uhj kwjk!

Kfbam uhj fkia swbgljfp ia uhj Lkhui Wjmiba kwj uhj lb} azfgjw bd himhly jez`kuje sjbslj kaeuhj jx`jsuibaklly lb} wjpjkw`h kae ejtjlbsfjau psjaeiam ia uhj wjmiba! Ujwuikwy jawblfjau iajez`kuiba ia uhj wjmiba }kp 08 sjw `jau bd uhj kmj mwbzs ia 7333! Uhj ktjwkmj ia Dialkae }kp 44sjw `jau! Ia uhj Lkhui Wjmiba, uhj wjpjkw`h kae ejtjlbsfjau jxsjaeiuzwj }kp ljpp uhka baj sjw`jau bd uhj Diaaiph ubukl }hja uhj Lkhui Wjmiba-p sbszlkuiba }kp kgbzu dbzw sjw `jau bd uhj ubuklakuibakl sbszlkuiba! Ia 7333, uhj wjpjkw`h kae ejtjlbsfjau psjaeiam ia uhj Lkhui Wjmiba }kpkgbzu 783 jzwbp sjw sjwpba, }hilj Dialkae-p ktjwkmj }kp kgbzu 893 jzwbp sjw sjwpba!Dzwuhjwfbwj, uhj mks gju}jja uhj eiddjwjau wjmibap ia uhj `bzauwy ip mwb}iam `bapukauly! Uhjkfbzau bd uhj Akuibakl Uj`hablbmy Kmja`y (Ujojp) dzaeiam ia uhj Lkhui Wjmiba mwj} 53 sjw `jauezwiam 7333 & 7337 }hilj uhj `bwwjpsbaeiam ktjwkmj mwb}uh ia Dialkae }kp 43 sjw `jau! Uhj lb}`bauwigzuiba ub jez`kuiba kae wjpjkw`h wjukwep gzpiajpp ejtjlbsfjau ia uhj Lkhui Wjmiba!

Jxslbwiam uhj Wjpbzw`j @badimzwkuibap dbw Wjmibakl @bfsjuiuitj Ketkaukmj

Uhj diwpu pix shkpjp bd uhj Wjmibakl Ejtjlbsfjau Slkudbwf Fjuhbe (WESF) }jwj ifsljfjauje iauhj Lkhui Wjmiba ia }iaujw 733;&7337! (Pjj fbwj Hkwfkkobwsi kae Sjookwiaja 7337)! K uhjbwjui`klkppjppfjau bd wjmibakl iaabtkuiba pypujf uhjbwijp }kp fkej, kae uhja kll uhj sbppiglj pukuipui`klkae {zkliukuitj iadbwfkuiba `ba`jwaiam uhj iaezpuwijp kae kwjkp bd jxsjwuipj ia uhj Lkhui Wjmiba }kp

mkuhjwje!Ia uhj uhiwe shkpj, uhwjj jxsjwu skajlp }jwj bwmkaipje }iuh k ubukl bd 03 skwuiìskaup! Uhj iejk }kpub kppjpp uhj `zwwjau piuzkuiba bd uhj iaezpuwijp, kp }jll kp uhj kwjkp bd jxsjwuipj kae uhj `baeiuibapuhjy }bzle bddjw dbw wjmibakl ejtjlbsfjau! Uhj skajlp }jwj mitja dbzw ukgljp, jk`h }iuh u}beifjapibap! Diwpuly, uhj skajllipup }jwj kpoje ub mwkej jk`h iaezpuwy kae kwjk bd jxsjwuipj dwbf ;&;3 k``bweiam ub jk`h `wiujwiba> (i) kfbzau bd jauwjswjajzwikl kùitiuy kae jfslbyfjau `kskìuy, (ii)mwb}uh sbujauikl, (iii) gklka`j bd uhj jauwjswjajzwikl puwzùzwj, (it) iaujwakuibakliuy bd jauwjswjajzwiklkùitiuy, (t) iaabtkuitjajpp bd jauwjswjajzwikl kùitiuy, (ti) tklzj keeje " oab}&hb} iaujapiuy bdjauwjswjajzwikl kùitiuy, (tii) `kskgiliuy bd uhj ljkejwphis bd uhj ubs jaujwswipjp, (tiii) wjmibaklkej{zk`y bd jez`kuibakl bssbwuzaiuijp, (ix) wjmibakl wjpjkw`h iaszu kae (x) wjmibakl uj`hablbmyuwkapdjw kùitiuijp!

Ba uhj gkpip bd uhj sbiau ktjwkmjp dbw eiddjwjau `wiujwik mitja gy uhj skajllipup, uhj slkpui`p iaezpuwy(=!=7) kae uhj fk`hiaj kae fjukl swbezùp iaezpuwy (=!77) swbtje ub gj kfbam uhj fbpu ifsbwukauiaezpuwijp, dbllb}je gy uhj jatiwbafjaukl iaezpuwy kae uhj dzwaiuzwj iaezpuwy! Uhj ktjwkmj p`bwjpmitja dbw jk`h iaezpuwy kwj ejsiùje ia Dimzwj 0


14/24

;5

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Dimzwj 0! Sbiaup ktjwkmjp dbw uhj tkwibzp iaezpuwijp ia uja eiddjwjau `kujmbwijp!Pj`baely, uhj eiddjwjau kwjkp bd jxsjwuipj }jwj kppjppje! Jxsjwuipj ia uhip puzey ip ejdiaje kpjxsjwuipj iaejsjaejau bd uhj eiddjwjau iaezpuwijp, }hi`h ip aj`jppkwy bw jppjauikl dbw fkayiaezpuwijp! Uhj `wiujwik dbw kppjppiam uhj kwjkp bd jxsjwuipj }jwj> (i) {zkauiuy kae {zkliuy bdjauwjswjajzwikl kùitiuy (Oab}ljemj Iaujapitj Gzpiajpp Pjwti`jp OIGP), (ii) wjmibakl sibajjwiam{zkliuy " iaabtkuitjajpp ia uhj kwjk bd jxsjwuipj, (iii) wjmibakl kae iaujwwjmibakl aju}bwoiam ia uhjkwjk bd jxsjwuipj, (it) wjmibakl kej{zk`y bd jez`kuibakl bssbwuzaiuijp, (t) wjmibakl uj`hablbmyuwkapdjw kùitiuijp!

Kfbam uhj kwjkp bd jxsjwuipj, uhj ubs p`bwjp }jwj wj`jitje gy ejpima (ktjwkmj =!53) kaejatiwbafjaukl uj`hablbmy kae j`blbmy (=!3=)! Uhj kwjkp bd jxsjwuipj bd {zkliuy kae fj`hkuwbai`p}jwj klfbpu 4!: sbiaup, }iuh uhj wjmibakl kej{zk`y bd uhj jez`kuibakl bssbwuzaiuijp kmkia gjiam`bapiejwje uhj fbpu ifsbwukau puwjamuh! Uhj ktjwkmj p`bwjp mitja dbw jk`h kwjk bd jxsjwuipj kwjejsiùje ia Dimzwj 5!

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Dimzwj 5! Ktjwkmjp bd ditj `wiujwik sbiaup mitja gy uhj skajllipup ub uhj kwjkp bd jxsjwuipj!


15/24

;:

Uhiwely, kdujw uhj iaezpuwijp kae kwjkp bd jxsjwuipj hke gjja kppjppje ba uhj gkpip bd eiddjwjau`wiujwik, uhj skajllipup jtklzkuje uhj ifsbwuka`j bd uhj iaezpuwijp kae kwjkp bd jxsjwuipj ub jk`hbuhjw! Dbzwuhly, uhj skajllipup `bfskwje uhj eiddjwjau iaezpuwijp }iuh jk`h buhjw jtklzkuiam uhjfzuzkl pimaidi`ka`j bd uhj wjmibakl iaezpuwijp (pjj fbwj Hkwfkkobwsi kae Sjookwiaja 7337)!

Kaklypip bd pukuipui`kl kae jfsiwi`kl iadbwfkuiba }kp `ba`jwaje }iuh `bfskwiam uhj pukuipui`kl ekuk

}iuh uhj jfsiwi`kl ekuk mkuhjwje ku uhj jxsjwu skajlp! Uhj wjmibakl pukuipui`kl ekuk bd jtjwy iaezpuwy}kp `bfskwje }iuh uhj akuibakl ekuk! Uhj ktkilkglj pukuipui`kl ekuk `bapipuje bd uhj azfgjw bdiaezpuwikl zaiup kae sjwpbaajl kae uhj tklzjp bd swbezùiba kae jxsbwu ia jk`h iaezpuwy ia uhj LkhuiWjmiba kae akuiba}iej! Ia Dimzwj :, uhj dijle }iuh u}b slzp pimap phb}p uhj iaezpuwijp ia uhj LkhuiWjmiba }hi`h gbuh pukuipui`klly, kae, dwbf uhj sbiau bd tij} bd uhj skajllipup, kwj kgbtj uhj fjeikabd kll uhj iaezpuwijp! Uhj dijle }iuh /& ejp`wigjp uhj iaezpuwijp uhku pukuipui`klly pjjf ub gj kgbtj uhjakuibakl ljtjl, gzu }hi`h, dwbf uhj sbiau bd tij} bd uhj wjmibakl skajllipup, hktj abu jabzmh`wjeigiliuy! Ia uhip puzey, ab iaezpuwy `bzle `ljkwly gj ejdiaje ia uhip dijle! Uhj dijle }iuh u}b fiazppimap ip gjlb} uhj fjeika gbuh pukuipui`klly kae dwbf uhj sbiau bd tij} bd uhj skajllipup, }hjwjkp uhjiaezpuwijp }iuh &/ kwj pukuipui`klly gjlb} uhj fjeika, gzu }hi`h uhj wjmibakl skajllipup, hb}jtjw, pjuhimhjw!

Ba uhj gkpip bd uhj kgbtj, uhj sbpiuibap bd uhj iaezpuwijp ia uhj dbzw ukgljp kwj kp ejsiùje ia Dimzwj:>

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Dimzwj :! Uhj kaklypip bd uhj pukuipui`kl kae jfsiwi`kl iadbwfkuiba!Uhj puzey iaei`kujp uhku k``bweiam ub gbuh uhj pukuipui`kl kae jfsiwi`kl iadbwfkuiba, uhj iaezpuwijp bdslkpui`p, dzwaiuzwj kae fj`hkai`kl }bbe swbezùp kwj kgbtj uhj fjeika! Ujxuiljp kae `lbuhiam kwj

pukuipui`klly kgbtj uhj fjeika kae jfsiwi`klly ba uhj fjeika ljtjl! Gibuj`hablbmy, ubzwipf kae`zluzwj, lbmipui`p kae `bffjw`j kwj, dwbf uhj sbiau bd tij} bd uhj skajllipup, gjlb} uhj fjeika, gzukp uhjwj }kp iapzddiìjau pukuipui`kl ekuk ba uhjpj iaezpuwijp, uhjy }jwj jx`lzeje dwbf uhj dbzwukgljp! @bapuwzùiba, jljùwbai`p, kp }jll kp dbbe swbezùp kae gjtjwkmjp, kwj gbuh pukuipui`klly kaejfsiwi`klly gjlb} uhj fjeika! Ia uhj fjeik iaezpuwy, iu ip iaujwjpuiam ub pjj uhku pukuipui`klly iu ipgjlb} uhj fjeika gzu uhj skajllipup tklzje iu kgbtj uhj fjeika! Fk`hiaj kae fjukl swbezùp kwjpukuipui`klly ba uhj pkfj ljtjl kp uhj fjeika, kae kgbtj uhj fjeika k``bweiam ub uhj skajllipup! Iu ipsjwhksp plimhuly pzwswipiam uhku uhj dbbe swbezùp kae gjtjwkmjp iaezpuwy ip gbuh pukuipui`klly kaejfsiwi`klly gjlb} uhj fjeika, kp uhjwj kwj abukglj `bfskaijp ia uhip iaezpuwy ia uhj Lkhui Wjmiba!


16/24

;4

Uhj kaklypip bd pukuipui`kl kae jfsiwi`kl iadbwfkuiba phjep limhu ba uhj pukuzp bd uhj iaezpuwijp kaekwjkp bd jxsjwuipj kae ba uhjiw fzuzkl pimaidi`ka`j ia uhj Lkhui Wjmiba! Pìjauidi` iaabtkuibap kaeaj} iaujwakuibakl fkwojup, hb}jtjw, }ill `hkamj uhj uwkeiuibap bd swbezùiba ia uhj wjmiba! Uhjpìjauidi` kae uj`hablbmi`kl ejtjlbsfjau, jxjwuiam ka iadlzja`j ba uhj swbezùiba bd mbbep kaepjwti`jp, ip pifzlukajbzply ketkaìam ba u}b ljtjlp! Diwpuly, uhj fbpu swbfiajau wjpjkw`h dijlep kwj>k) iadbwfkuiba kae `bffzai`kuiba uj`hablbmy, g) gibuj`hablbmy, `) fkujwiklp kae akabuj`hablbmykae e) jajwmy uj`hablbmy! Pj`baely, uhjpj wjpjkw`h dijlep kwj iaujmwkuiam }iuh jk`h buhjw ia fkay

}kyp ia `ba`wjuj swbezùp kae uhj fkwojup! Uhzp, uhj wjpzlup kae jxsjwuipj bd eiddjwjau pìjauidi`dijlep kwj `bfgiaje! Dbw jxkfslj, fbpu pìjauidi` dijlep zpj iadbwfkuiba uj`hablbmy, kae iu ipia`wjkpiamly ksslije ia pbìjuy! Ia uhj pkfj fkaajw, ia uhj fkujwiklp uj`hablbmy, uhj fkujwiklp gjiamslkaaje wj{ziwj k `bfgiakuiba bd jxsjwuipj ia `hjfipuwy, shypi`p kae giblbmy!

Dbllb}iam uhj wjmibakl ejtjlbsfjau kaklypip, uhj wjmibakl iaabtkuiba pypujf }kp `ba`jsuzklipje!Uhj `wjkuje `ba`jsuzklipkuiba bd wjmibakl iaabtkuiba pypujf ip ejsiùje ia Dimzwj 4!

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Dimzwj 4> Uhj `ba`jsuzklipkuiba bd Lkhui wjmibakl iaabtkuiba pypujf!

Ejdiaiam kae Pukwuiam uhj @bwj Swb`jppjp! @kpj> Uhj Kmj Gzpiajpp @bwj Swb`jpp

Kdujw jxslbwiam uhj sbujauikl ejtjlbsfjau slkudbwfp, uhj `bwj swb`jppjp ub jxslbiu uhj sbujauikl iauhj slkudbwfp }kp ejdiaje! Ia uhj Lkhui Wjmiba, k ubukl bd ;0 `bwj swb`jppjp }jwj dbzaeje (pjjHkwfkkobwsi ju kl! 7330)! Ia uhip puzey, uhj ejdiaiuiba swb`jpp bd uhj pb&`kllje kmj gzpiajpp `bwjswb`jpp ip zpje kp k `kpj jxkfslj!


17/24

;=

K``bweiam ub uhj `baezùje puzeijp (Hkwfkkobwsi kae Sjookwiaja 7330), uhj kmj gzpiajpp `bwjswb`jpp pjjfp lioj k sbujauikl `bwj swb`jpp ia uhj Lkhui Wjmiba! Uhip ip pzssbwuje jpsjìklly gyukoiam uhj }jllgjiam iaezpuwy kp uhj `bwj bd uhj Wjmibakl Ejtjlbsfjau @jauwj Swbmwkffj ia uhjwjmiba! Uhip `wjkujp uhj gkpip dbw gbuh iaujlljùzkl kae diakaìkl wjpbzwìam bd uhj `bwj swb`jpp!Iaejje, iu ip {ziuj k akuzwkl pblzuiba uhku uhj Wjmibakl Ejtjlbsfjau @jauwj Swbmwkffj, kae, iaswkùi`j, iup eiwjùbw, gj uhj b}ajw bd uhj kmj `bwj swb`jpp! Uhj lb`kuiba bd uhj WjmibaklEjtjlbsfjau @jauwj Swbmwkffj ku uhj Ajbsbli By @bwsbwkuiba dzwuhjw pzssbwup uhip pblzuiba?

Ajbsbli By ip, akfjly, ia `hkwmj bd `bbweiakuiam uhj Lkhui Wjmiba pìja`j skwo!

Uhj ukpo bd uhj b}ajw bd uhj `bwj swb`jpp ip ub ojjs iup kùitiuy ia fbuiba kae ejtjlbs iu dzwuhjw!Kùbwp }hbpj kùitiuijp kae iaujwjpup fky gj {ziuj eiddjwjau `ka skwuiìskuj ia uhj swb`jpp! Uhipfzpu gj kllb}je! Uhj b}ajw bd uhj `bwj swb`jpp, hb}jtjw, fzpu ukoj `kwj hj"phj ip kglj ub mkuhjwkwbzae hif"hjw k puwbam jabzmh `bwj mwbzs uhku ojjsp uhj swb`jpp tikglj! K puwbam `bauwigzuiba ubuhj kùitiuy bd uhj mwbzs fzpu gj wj`jitje ku ljkpu dwbf uhj bwmkaipkuibap bd himhjw ljkwaiam kaepìjauidi` skwo `bffzaiuijp!

Uhj `bwj swb`jpp ip `bauiazbzp kae fzpu `wjkuj aj} gzpiajpp kp k mwbzs kùiba jxslbiuiam uhjkmjiam swb`jpp bd uhj sbszlkuiba! @wjkuiba bd gzpiajpp ukojp slk`j, dbw iapuka`j, kp k wjpzlu bd uhjswbezù ejtjlbsfjau swbnjùp jfjwmiam dwbf uhj swb`jpp! Ia uhj swbnjùp, uhjwj `ka gj jxsjwup dwbfeiddjwjau iaezpuwijp ebiam ejtjlbsfjau }bwo ubmjuhjw dbw k aj} swbezù bw pjwti`j! Uhjwj `ka gj, dbwjxkfslj, k ejtjlbsfjau swbnjù }hjwj k pbìkl }bwojw, uj`hablbmy jxsjwu kae fkwojuiam jxsjwu kwjejpimaiam k aj} swbezù pziukglj dbw jlejwly sjbslj! Psjìkl kuujauiba klpb hkp ub gj skie ub uhjjahka`jfjau bd eyakfi` `kskgiliuijp ia uhj `bwj swb`jpp!

Uhj `jauwkl kùbwp bd uhj kmj gzpiajpp `bwj swb`jpp kwj swjpjauje ia Dimzwj =!

Dimzwj =! Uhj `jauwkl kùbwp bd uhj kmj gzpiajpp `bwj swb`jpp!

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18/24

;8

Uhj Oab}ljemj Fkakmjfjau Pypujf bd uhj Kmj Gzpiajpp @bwj Swb`jpp

Uhj kùbwp bd uhj kmj gzpiajpp `bwj swb`jpp kwj `bauiazbzply swbezìam iadbwfkuiba ajjeje ubswbfbuj uhj kmj gzpiajpp ia uhj Lkhui Wjmiba! Szgli` wjpjkw`h kae jez`kuibakl bwmkaipkuibapswbez`j tkwibzp wjsbwup `baukiaiam tklzkglj oab}ljemj kgbzu kmjiam kp k shjabfjaba kae iup`bapj{zja`jp, kp }jll kp bwmkaipj jez`kuiba ub eippjfiakuj uhj oab}ljemj k`hijtje uhwbzmh uhjwjpjkw`h! Uhj szgli` pjùbw kae switkuj pjùbw kùbwp }iuhia uhj kmjiam pjùbw mkuhjw jxsjwija`jp

fbpuly gy fjuhbep bd ljkwaiam&gy&ebiam kae ljkwaiam&gy&jxslbwiam, }iuh uhj kif bd jahkaìam uhjiwpjwti`jp kae swbezùp!

Zadbwuzakujly, uhj fkaidble oab}ljemj kae iadbwfkuiba zaejwlyiam uhj kmj gzpiajpp `bwj swb`jppip dwkmfjauje kae ebjp abu wjk`h uhj fjfgjwp bd uhj iaabtkuiba aju}bwo ia uhj wimhu kfbzau, kuuhj wimhu fbfjau kae ia uhj wimhu dbwf ub jahka`j `blljùitj ljkwaiam pzddiìjauly! Uhj fkia kùbwpbd uhj `bwj swb`jpp hktj `ljkwly pjja uhj ajje ub swbfbuj uhj `blljùitj ljkwaiam `wjkuiba kaefkakmjfjau ub wjk`h uhj bgnjùitjp pju dbw uhj swb`jpp! Uhjwjdbwj, ezwiam uhj pukwuiam shkpj bduhj `bwj swb`jpp, k oab}ljemj fkakmjfjau pypujf hkp gjja ejpimaje ub kie oab}ljemj `wjkuibaia uhj iaabtkuiba aju}bwo! Uhj oab}ljemj `wjkuiba kae fkakmjfjau ksswbk`h zpje ip gkpje bauhj PJ@I kae gk fbejlp bd Abakok, Ukojz`hi kae Obaab (pjj Abakok kae Ukojz`hi ;99:?Abakok kae Obaab ;998? Obpuikiaja 7337) kae iup `bapuwzùiba kae djkuzwjp kwj ejp`wigje iaejukil jlpj}hjwj (pjj Hkwfkkobwsi, Fjlokp kae Oitjl 7330)! Hb}jtjw, uhj `wjkuje fbejlia`lzejp uhj ljkwaiam psiwkl }iuh ukìu"jxsliìu oab}ljemj `batjwpibap (pbìklipkuiba, jxujwaklipkuiba,`bfgiakuiba kae iaujwaklipkuiba) kae gkp}hjwj uhj oab}ljemj `batjwpibap ukoj slk`j! Uhj fbejlklpb ia`lzejp pjld&uwkap`jaeiam (pjj P`hkwfjw 733;) oab}ljemj kp k wjmibakl kppju, }hi`hwj{ziwjp uhku }j ukoj iaub k``bzau u}b keeiuibakl shkpjp> (i) uhj `batjwpiba bd pjld&uwkap`jaeiamoab}ljemj ub ukìu oab}ljemj (jfgbeifjau) tipzklipkuiba, kae (ii) ti`j tjwpk, uhj `batjwpiba bdukìu oab}ljemj ub pjld&uwkap`jaeiam oab}ljemj sbujauiklipkuiba! Jpsjìkl kuujauiba }kp klpbmitja ub uhj fkuujwp `ba`jwaiam iadbwfkuiba {zkliuy ia wjmibakl oab}ljemj fkakmjfjau! Uhj`wjkuje fbejl ip ejsiùje ia Dimzwj 8!

Pb` iklipkuiba " B wimiakuiam gk Jxujwaklipkuiba " Iaujwkùiam gk

Iaujwaklip kuiba " Jxjwìp iam gk @bf giakuiba " @ygjw gk

Iap siwkuiba dbwjp u

& }jjojae pjfiakwp

& pkzak jtj aiamp

& jxsj wija`j uwisp

& wblj mkfjp

& bzuebbw psbwup j tjaup

/ Tipz kli~kuiba

Uhjfkui` ubs ljt jl p jfiakwp

& Swbdjpp ibakl Dbwzf

Iapsiwkuiba f jj uiamp

& iaps iwkuiba `ja uwj

& tiwuzkl iap siwkuiba `jauwj

& Kmj Gzpiajpp Eyakfb

Kmj gzpiajpp `hku

Uhjfkui jez `kuiba

& jfs hkp ip ba s wkùi kl uwkiaiam

& fja ubwiam gy j xsjwija`je skwui iskaupJxsjwu jx`hkamj

& gju}jj a bwmkaipkuibap

& gju}jj a jxsjwuipj `jauwjp

& iaujwakuibaklly

/ Sbujauikli~kuiba

Kmj gzp iajp p j xuwkaju

& swbnj` u slkap kae fiazujp bd fjjuiamp

& hkaajl dwbf uhj bzupiej& k`hijtjfjau gkao

& wjp jkw`h sksjwp kae wjsbwup

& liao lipup

& gjp u swkùi jp

Dimzwj 8! Uhj sbujauikl gk }iuhia uhj kmj gzpiajpp `bwj swb`jpp (Hkwfkkobwsi, Fjlokp, Oitjl7330)


19/24

;9

Mjajwkl Bgpjwtkuibap kgbzu uhj Swb`jpp

Ia uhj Lkhui Wjmiba, uhj pukwu&zs pjfiakw dbw uhj kmj gzpiajpp `bwj swb`jpp }kp bwmkaipje iaKzmzpu 7337! Uhjwj }jwj 44 skwuiìskaup dwbf eiddjwjau kùbw mwbzsp! Ia uhj pjfiakw, uhj `bwjswb`jpp uhiaoiam }kp swjpjauje kae uhj bssbwuzaiuijp bddjwje gy uhj kmj gzpiajpp ub uhj LkhuiWjmiba }jwj eip`zppje! Uhj skwuiìskaup `bapiejwje uhj dzuzwj bd uhj kmj gzpiajpp ub gj swbfipiam

kae kmwjje ub szu uhj kmj gzpiajpp `bwj swb`jpp iaub swkùi`j ia uhj Lkhui Wjmiba! Uhj skwuiìskaup}jwj klpb kpoje ub dill ia k {zjpuibaakiwj uhku pzwtjyje uhjiw bsiaibap kgbzu `bwj swb`jpp uhiaoiamkae uhj ejtjlbsfjau bd uhj kmj gzpiajpp `bwj swb`jpp! 07 {zjpuibaakiwjp }jwj wjuzwaje!

Uhj skwuiìskaup }jwj kpoje, dbw jxkfslj, ub jtklzkuj ba k p`klj bd ;&: hb} }jll uhj `bwj swb`jppuhiaoiam }bwop ia `wjkuiam uhj kmj gzpiajpp aju}bwo! Uhj ktjwkmj tklzj bd uhj kap}jwp }kp 5!7!Uhjy }jwj klpb kpoje, zpiam uhj pkfj p`klj, ub jtklzkuj uhj bssbwuzaiuijp bd uhj kmj gzpiajpp iauhj Lkhui Wjmiba! Uhj ktjwkmj bd uhj kap}jwp ub uhip {zjpuiba }kp 5!0! Gkpje ba uhip, `bwjswb`jpp uhiaoiam kae uhj kmj gzpiajpp `bwj swb`jpp mbu ka jxuwjfjly dktbzwkglj wj`jsuiba kfbamuhj kùbwp! Kll uhj wjpsbaejaup }jwj }illiam ub kùitjly skwuiìskuj ia uhj ejtjlbsfjau bd uhj kmjgzpiajpp `bwj swb`jpp bw ku ljkpu ub dbllb} uhj ejtjlbsfjau bd uhj swb`jpp! Uhj skwuiìskaup }jwjkpoje klpb ub jtklzkuj, hb} pziukglj uhj pjljùje `wiujwik dbw jtklzkuiba bd iaezpuwijp kae kwjkp bdjxsjwuipj }jwj! Uhj ktjwkmj bd uhj kap}jwp ub gbuh {zjpuibap }kp 0!: iaei`kuiam uhj aj`jppiuy ubejtjlbs uhj `wiujwik dzwuhjw!

Uhj WESF hkp gjja `bapuwzùje pifzlukajbzply }iuh swkùi`kl wjmibakl ejtjlbsfjau swb`jppjp iauhj Lkhui Wjmiba ezwiam uhj lkpu uhwjj yjkwp! Pia`j uhj uifj sjwpsjùitj ip puill tjwy phbwu, iu ip hkweub jtklzkuj uhj pbzaeajpp bd uhj fjuhbe! Hb}jtjw, iu hkp gjja }jll wj`jitje ia uhj wjmiba! Dbwjxkfslj, uhj wjmibakl himhjw jez`kuiba kae wjpjkw`h puwkujmy }wiuuja dbw uhj Diaaiph Fiaipuwy bdJez`kuiba kae uhj wjmibakl pìja`j skwo puwkujmy kwj gkpje ba ejtjlbsfjau slkudbwfp kae `bwjswb`jppjp! Uhj Lkhui Wjmiba gjlbamp ub uhj Jzwbsjka Zaiba bgnjùitj 7 wjmibap! Uhjwjdbwj, iupejtjlbsfjau iaiuikuitjp kwj lkwmjly wjpbzw`je gy Jzwbsjka puwzùzwkl dzaep! Uhj pb&`klljejxsjwuipj swbmwkf fj kmwjjfjau, pimaje gy uhj wjmibakl ejtjlbsfjau kùbwp, pujjwiam uhjbgnjùitj 7 dzaeiam zauil 7334 ip gkpje ba wjmibakl ejtjlbsfjau slkudbwfp kae `bwj swb`jppjp, kp}jll! Uhjwjdbwj, uhj WESF hkp abukgly iadlzja`je uhj ejtjlbsfjau ia uhj Lkhui Wjmiba! Hb}jtjw,

uhj diakl wjpzlup bd uhj swb`jpp puill wjfkia ub gj pjja!

= @ba`lzpibap

Uhip sksjw jfshkpipjp uhj `wzìkl ifsbwuka`j bd uhj iaeitiezkl kppjppfjau bd jk`h wjmiba iagzileiam wjmibakl iaabtkuiba sbliìjp kae puwkujmijp! Ab skujau wjìsjp bw zaeipszuje gjpu swkùi`jpdbw wjmibap `ka gj mitja ezj uhjiw puwbam skuh ejsjaeja`y! Wjmibap hktj ub gzile uhjiw `bfsjuiuitjketkaukmj gkpje ba kgpblzuj `bfsjuiuitjajpp wkuhjw uhka `bfskwkuitj ketkaukmj! Kgpblzuj`bfsjuiuitj ketkaukmj ip abukgly aba&swi`j `bfsjuiuitjajpp ia`lzeiam fjwjly tjwy kgpuwkù dkùbwpgjiam ejjsly jfgjeeje ia uhj `zluzwj, hipubwy kae iapuiuzuibap bd k wjmiba!

Wjmibakl `bfsjuiuitj ketkaukmj ip gkpje ba tklzkglj, wkwj, iaifiukglj kae aba&pzgpuiuzukglj

wjpbzw`j `badimzwkuibap, gzu uhjpj wjpbzw`j `badimzwkuibap hktj ub gj wjaj}je btjw uifj ia bwejwub ojjs uhjf `bfsjuiuitj! Uhj dwkfj}bwo bd eyakfi` `kskgiliuijp db`zpjp ba uhjpj swb`jppjpkifiam ku wjaj}iam wjpbzw`j `badimzwkuibap btjw uifj! Ku uhj wjmibakl ljtjl, }j ejdiaj eyakfi``kskgiliuijp kp uhj wjmiba-p kgiliuy ub mjajwkuj iaujwkùiba `bfsjuiuitj wjpbzw`j `badimzwkuibap ia kuzwgzljau jatiwbafjau! Eyakfi` `kskgiliuijp kif ub wjdbwf wjmibakl wjpbzw`jp, `kskgiliuijp,`bfsjuja`jp kae `bwj `bfsjuja`jp gkpje ba uhj hipubwy bd uhj wjmiba kae bssbwuzaiuijpjfjwmiam dwbf uhj uj`hab&pbìb&j`babfi` ejtjlbsfjau! Iapiej uhj p`bsj bd uhip `zwwjau sksjw, }jdb`zpje ba ditj eyakfi` `kskgiliuijp `bapiejwje ub gj ifsbwukau ia k aju}bwoje wjmibakl iaabtkuiba


20/24

73

jatiwbafjau> (i) iaabtkuitj `kskgiliuy, (ii) ljkwaiam `kskgiliuy, (iii) aju}bwoiam `kskgiliuy, (it)ljkejwphis kskgiliuy kae (t) dbwj`kpuiam kskgiliuy!

Uhip puzey jfshkpipjp uhj iaujwkùitj akuzwj bd uhj iaabtkuiba swb`jpp! Iaabtkuiba ip bduja k`bapj{zja`j bd fkay oiaep bd ljkwaiam swb`jppjp jfgjeeje ia tkwibzp bweiakwy j`babfi` kaepbìkl kùitiuijp kae, uhjwjdbwj, iaujwkùiba pjjfp ub gj `wzìkl ub swbfbuj iaabtkuibap! Dzuzwjiaabtkuiba sbliìjp phbzle slk`j fbwj jfshkpip ba uhj akuzwj bd uhjpj iaujwkùiba swb`jppjp uhka

uhj ble pìja`j kae uj`hablbmy sbliìjp hktj ebaj wjlyiam fbwj ba dbpujwiam pìjauidi` kùitiuijp kaegzileiam iadwkpuwzùzwj! Uhj pzawipj iaabtkuiba puwkujmijp phbzle ia`lzej> (i) zaejwpukaeiam uhjshjabfjak bd wjmibakl skuh&ejsjaeja`y kae kmmlbfjwkuiba, (ii) ktbieiam wjmibakl lbò&iap, (iii)ejdiaiam `bfsjuiuitj wjmibakl wjpbzw`j `badimzwkuibap, (it) dbwfiam fzlui&kùbw iaabtkuiba aju}bwop ubjxslbiu uhj wjpbzw`j `badimzwkuibap, (t) jahkaìam uhj kgpbwsuitj `kskìuy bd uhj iaabtkuibaaju}bwop, (ti) `wjkuiam pzddiìjau pbìkl `ksiukl kae `wjkuitj ujapiba kae (tii) swbfbuiam wjmibakleyakfi` `kskgiliuijp (dbw jxkfslj, iaabtkuitj, ljkwaiam, aju}bwoiam, ljkejwphis kae dbwj`kpuiam`kskgiliuijp)

Uhj `ba`jsu bd k wjmibakl ejtjlbsfjau slkudbwf ip ejpimaje kp k ubbl dbw kppjppiam uhj wjmibaklejtjlbsfjau sbujauikl! Wjmibakl ejtjlbsfjau slkudbwfp }jwj ejdiaje ub gj wjmibakl wjpbzw`j`badimzwkuibap gkpje ba uhj skpu ejtjlbsfjau uwknjùbwijp, gzu swjpjauiam uhj dzuzwj sbujauikl ubswbez`j `bfsjuiuitj ketkaukmj jxipuiam ia uhj ejdiaje wjpbzw`j `badimzwkuibap! Uhjwjdbwj, uhj`ba`jsu mitjp k aj}, wjmibakl sjwpsjùitj ba gzileiam kmmlbfjwkuiba j`babfijp! Uhj WjmibaklEjtjlbsfjau Slkudbwf Fjuhbe (WESF) ip swjpjauje kp ka bwmkaipkuibakl iaabtkuiba dbw k wjmibakliaabtkuiba sbli`y! Uhj fjuhbe hjlsp ub lbbo dbw wjmibakl gzpiajpp sbujauiklp ba }hi`h iu ip sbppigljub gzile uhj dzuzwj `bfsjuiuitj ketkaukmj bd k wjmiba! Uhj ebfiakuiam iejk bd ejtjlbsiam uhj WESFhkp gjja uhj ifsbwuka`j bd uhj iaeitiezkl wjmibakl ejtjlbsfjau skuhp ia ejpimaiam ejtjlbsfjaupuwkujmijp kae ukòliam uhj kgbtj&fjauibaje `hklljamjp dbw wjmibakl iaabtkuiba sbliìjp! Kajppjauikl skwu bd uhj fjuhbe ip uhj pb&`kllje `bwj swb`jpp uhiaoiam, }hi`h ip ejpimaje ub dbwfiaabtkuiba aju}bwop kifiam ku jxslbiuiam uhj gzpiajpp sbujauiklp jxipuiam ia uhj wjmibaklejtjlbsfjau slkudbwfp kae swbfbuj wjmibakl eyakfi` `kskgiliuijp! Ia uhj lkpu shkpj bd uhj WESF,psjìkl kuujauiba ip eiwjùje ub wjmibakl oab}ljemj `wjkuiba kae fkakmjfjau! Uhj WESF hkpgjja silbuje ia uhj Lkhui Wjmiba ia Dialkae ezwiam uhj lkpu uhwjj yjkwp kae uhj jxsjwija`jp bd uhjswb`jpp hktj gjja ja`bzwkmiam!


21/24

7;

WJDJWJA@JP

Kyeklbu S! kae Ojjglj E! (jep)! (;988)! Himh Uj`hablbmy, Iaezpuwy kae Iaabtkuiba Jatiwbafjaup>uhj Jzwbsjka Jxsjwija`j! Lbaeba!

Gj``kuiai M! (;993)! Uhj Fkwphkllika iaezpuwikl eipuwiù kp k pbìb j`babfi` abuiba! Ia Syoj D!,Gj``kuiai M! kae Pjamjagjwmjw ]! (jep)! Iaezpuwikl Eipuwiùp kae Iaujw&Diwf @bbsjwkuiba ia Iukly>

Mjajtk

Gwjp`hi P! kae Fkljwgk D! (;99=)! Pjùbwkl Iaabtkuiba Pypujfp> Uj`hablbmi`kl Wjmifjp,P`hzfsjujwika Eyakfi`p, kae Pskuikl Gbzaekwijp! Ia Je{tipu @! (je!) Pypujfp bd Iaabtkuiba>Uj`hablbmijp, Iapuiuzuibap kae bwmkai~kuibap> ;03&;:0! Siaujw, Lbaeba!

@kfkmai W! (;99;)! Lb`kl filijz, za`jwukiauy kae iaabtkuiba aju}bwop> ub}kwep k aj} eyakfiùhjbwy bd j`babfi` psk`j! Ia @kfkmai W! (je)! Iaabtkuiba aju}bwop> pskuikl sjwpsjùitjp! Lbaeba!

Mkfkmai W! (;99:)! Mlbgkl Aju}bwo kae Lb`kl Filijz> Ub}kwep k Uhjbwy bd J`babfi` Psk`j! Ia@baui P!, Fkljòi J! kae Biakp S! (jep )! Uhj Iaezpuwikl Jaujwswipj kae Iup Jatiwbafjau> PskuiklSjwpsjùitjp! Ktjgzwy, Klejwphbu!

@kfkmai W! (7337)! Ba uhj `ba`jsu bd ujwwiubwikl `bfsjuiuitjajpp> pbzae bw fipljkeiam2@badjwja`j Wjsbwu! 57ae @bamwjpp bd uhj Jzwbsjka Wjmibakl Pìja`j Kppbìkuiba (JWPK)!Ebwufzae Mjwfkay, 7=&0; Kzmzpu 7337!

@kssjlia W! kae Pujiajw F! (7337)! Jalkwmiam uhj P`klj bd Oab}ljemj ia Iaabtkuiba Aju}bwop>Uhjbwjui`kl Sjwpsjùitj kae Sbli`y Ippzjp! @badjwja`j Wjsbwu! 57ae @bamwjpp bd uhj JzwbsjkaWjmibakl Pìja`j Kppbìkuiba (JWPK)! Ebwufzae Mjwfkay, 7=&0; Kzmzpu 7337!

@kwlppba, G! (je!) (;99:)! Uj`hablbmi`kl Pypujfp kae J`babfi` Sjwdbwfka`j> Uhj @kpj bdDkùbwy Kzubfkuiba! Olz}jw K`kejfi` Szgliphjwp, Ebwewj`hu!

@kpujllp F! (;994)! Uhj Wipj bd uhj Aju}bwo Pbìjuy Uhj Iadbwfkuiba Kmj> J`babfy, Pbìjuy kae

@zluzwj! Glkò}jll Szgliphjwp!@hiaiu~ G! (;94;)! @bauwkpup ia Kmmlbfjwkuiba> Aj} Ybwo kae Siuupgzwmh! Kfjwi`ka J`babfi`Wjtij}, :;> 7=9&789!

@hwipuklljw ]! (;900)! Eij jauwklja Bwuj ia Pzeejzup`hlkae! Mzpukt Dip`hjw Tjwlkm, Njak!

@bkpj W! H! (;90=)! Uhj Akuzwj bd uhj Diwf! J`babfi`k5> 08453:!

@bhja ]!, kae Ljtiauhkl L! (;993)! Kgpbwsuitj @kskìuy> K Aj} Sjwpsjùitj ba Ljkwaiam kaeIaabtkuiba!Kefiaipuwkuitj Pìja`j [zkwujwly0:> ;78&;:7!

@bboj S! kae P`hijapubò M! (;994)! Puwzùzwkl @bfsjuiuitjajpp kae Ljkwaiam Wjmibap! Sksjw

swjskwje dbw uhj JFBU Uhjfj I @hkamiam Dbwfp bd Bwmkaipkuiba! Dbzwuh }bwophbs! J`babfi`Sjwdbwfka`j Bzu`bfjp ia Jzwbsj> Uhj Wblj bd Akuibakl Iapuiuzuibap kae Dbwfp bd J`babfi`Bwmkaipkuiba! Gjwlia, 03 Nkazkwy &; Djgwzkwy ;994!

@bboj S! kae ]illp E! (;999)! Pfkll Diwfp, Pbìkl @ksiukl kae Jahka`jfjau bd GzpiajppSjwdbwfka`j Uhwbzmh Iaabtkuiba Swbmwkffjp! Pfkll Gzpiajpp J`babfi`p ;0> 7;9&705! Olz}jwK`kejfi` Szgliphjwp, Ajuhjwlkaep!

@bboj S!, Zwkamk F! kae Juxjgkwwik M! (;99=)! Wjmibakl Iaabtkuiba Pypujfp> Iapuiuzuibakl kaeBwmkaipkuibakl Eifjapibap! Wjpjkw`h Sbli`y, tbl! 74, ss! 5=:&59;!


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77

@wjtbipijw B! kae Fkillku E! (;99;)! Filijz, iaezpuwikl bwmkaipkuibap kae ujwwiubwikl swbezùibapypujf> Ub}kwep k aj} uhjbwy bd pskuikl ejtjlbsfjau! Ia @kfkmai W! (je)! Iaabtkuiba aju}bwop>pskuikl sjwpsjùitjp, Lbaeba!

Ekhfa J! (;998)! Ejtjlbsfjau Glbòp ia Iaezpuwikl J`babfi`p! P`kaeiaktika J`babfi` HipubwyWjtij}, XXXTI> 0&;5!

Eblbwjzx E! (7337)! ]hku phbzle }j oab} kgbzu wjmibakl pypujfp bd iaabtkuiba! Uj`hablbmy iaPbìjuy 75> 750&740!

Ebpi M! (;988)! Pbzw`jp, swb`jezwjp kae fi`wbj`babfi` jddjùp bd iaabtkuiba! Nbzwakl bdJ`babfi` liujwkuzwj 74> ;;74&;;=;!

Je{tipu @! (;99=)! Pypujfp bd Iaabtkuiba Ksswbk`hjp Uhjiw Jfjwmja`j kae @hkwkùjwipui`p, iaJe{tipu @! (je)! Pypujfp bd Iaabtkuiba> Uj`hablbmijp, Iapuiuzuibap kae Bwmkai~kuibap, @hksujw Baj!Siaujw Szgliphjwp, Lbaeba kae ]kphiamuba!

Jipjahkweu O! F! kae Fkwuia N! K! (7333)! Eyakfi` @kskgiliuijp> ]hku Kwj Uhjy2 Puwkujmi`Fkakmjfjau Nbzwakl 7;> ;;3:&;;7;!

Dwjjfka @! (;98=)! Uj`hablbmy kae J`babfi` Sjwdbwfka`j> Ljppbap dwbf Nkska! SwiaujwSzgliphjwp! Lbaeba!

Dwippja S! H !K! (;999)! Sbliui`p, Mbtjwaka`j kae Uj`hablbmy! K Sbpufbejwa Akwwkuitj ba uhjTiwuzkl Pukuj! Je}kwe Jlmkw Szgliphiam Lifiuje!

Hkwfkkobwsi T, Fjlokp H, kae Oitjl W! (7330)! Oab}ljemj Fkakmjfjau kae Iadbwfkuiba [zkliuyia ka Iaabtkuiba Aju}bwo bd k Wjmibakl Iaabtkuiba Pypujf! Sksjw swjpjauje ku uhj @badjwja`j bdWjmibakl Puzeijp Kppbìkuiba, Sipk Iukly, ;7&;: Kswil 7337!

Hkwfkkobwsi T, Aizookaja H, Okzwkaja I, kae Hkiobaja K! (7330)! Aju}bwo Ljkejwphis ia

Wjmibakl Ejtjlbsfjau Aju}bwop! @kpj> Ejtjlbsiam uhj Jxsjwuipj @ba`jsu dbw uhj Lkhui Wjmiba iaDialkae! Sksjw swjpjauje ku uhj @badjwja`j bd Wjmibakl Puzeijp Kppbìkuiba, Sipk Iukly, ;7&;: Kswil7337!

Hkwfkkobwsi T! kae Sjookwiaja P! (7337)! Wjmibakl Ejtjlbsfjau Slkudbwf Kaklypip kp k Ubbl dbwWjmibakl Iaabtkuiba Sbli`y! @badjwja`j Wjsbwu! 57ae @bamwjpp bd uhj Jzwbsjka Wjmibakl Pìja`jKppbìkuiba (JWPK)! Ebwufzae Mjwfkay, 7=&0; Kzmzpu 7337!

Hkwfkkobwsi T! kae Sjookwiaja P! (7330) Ejdiaiam k @bwj Swb`jpp ia k Wjmibakl IaabtkuibaPypujf & @kpj> Lkhui Kmj Gzpiajpp @bwj Swb`jpp! Sksjw swjpjauje ku uhj @badjwja`j bd WjmibaklPuzeijp Kppbìkuiba ;7uh ;:uh Kswil, Sipk! Iukly!

Hjaejwpba N! (;98:)! J`babfi` Uhjbwy kae uhj @iuijp! K`kejfi` Swjpp, Bwlkaeb!

Nktkeka F! (;998)! @bwj @bfsjuja`j> ]hku Ebjp iu Fjka ia Swkùi`j2 Lbam Wkamj Slkaaiam,Tblzfj azfgjw 0;, Ab ;> 43&=;!

Oklebw H! (;9=3)! Uhj `kpj bd wjmibakl sbliìjp! P`buuiph Nbzwakl bd Sbliui`kl J`babfy, Tblzfjazfgjw ;=!

Okzubaja F! kae Pbukwkzuk F! (;999)! Ji ylibsipubokzszaoi nk klzjjlliaja iaabtkkuibnwnjpujlf Aojfyopi Pjianbja iaabtkkuiboytyooyyejpu! Ia Pbukwkzuk F! (je)! Okzszaoipjzuznjaoilskilzoyoy nk nbhukfiaja uijubyhujipozaakppk! Pzbfja Ozaukliiuub, Hjlpiaoi!


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Obpuikiaja, N! (7337)! Zwgka J`babfi` Ejtjlbsfjau Sbli`y ia uhj Aju}bwo Pbìjuy! Ujoaiiokakokujjfipuja liiuub! Ukfsjwj!

Obuujw N! S! (;988)! Uhj Ljkejwphis Dkùbw! Dwjj Swjpp! Aj} Ybwo! ZPK!

Owzmfka S! (;99;)! Mjbmwkshy kae Uwkej! Uhj FIU Swjpp, Mkfgwiemj, Fkppk`hzpjuup!

Lzaetkll G&! (je!) (;997)! Akuibakl Pypujfp bd Iaabtkuiba> Ub}kwep k Uhjbwy bd Iaabtkuiba kaeIaujwkùitj Ljkwaiam! Siaujw Szgliphjwp, Lbaeba!

Lzaetkll G&! kae Gbwwkp F! (;999)! Uhj mlbgklipiam ljkwaiam j`babfy> Ifsli`kuibap dbw iaabtkuibasbli`y! Bddi`j dbw Bddiìkl Szgli`kuibap bd uhj Jzwbsjka @bffzaiuijp, Lzxjfgbzwm!

Lp`h K! (;9:5)! Uhj J`babfi`p bd Lb`kuiba! Yklj Zaitjwpiuy Swjpp, Aj} Hktja!

Fkljwgk D! (7337)! Pjùbwkl pypujfp bd iaabtkuiba kae swbezùiba! Wjpjkw`h Sbli`y, 0;> 75=&745!

Fkwphkll K! (;9;4)! Uhj Swiaìsljp bd J`babfi`p! Fk`fillka! Lbaeba!

Fkwphkll K! (;907)! Iaezpuwy kae Uwkej! Fk`fillka! Lbaeba!

Fkpojll S! kae Fklfgjwm K (;999)! Lb`kli~je ljkwaiam kae iaezpuwikl `bfsjuiuitjajpp! @kfgwiemjNbzwakl bd J`babfi`p Tblzfj azfgjw 70, Ab 7> ;4=&;84!

Ajlpba W! W! (je!) (;990)! Akuibakl Iaabtkuiba Pypujfp! K @bfskwkuitj Kaklypip! Bxdbwe ZaitjwpiuySwjpp, Aj} Ybwo!

Ajlpba W! W! kae ]iaujw P! M! (;987)! Ka Jtblzuibakwy Uhjbwy bd J`babfi` @hkamj! GjloaksSwjpp, @kfgwiemj, Fkppk`hzpjuup!

Abakok I! kae Ukojz`hi H! (;99:)! Uhj Oab}ljemj @wjkuiam @bfskay! Bxdbwe Zaitjwpiuy Swjpp!

Abakok I, Ubykfk W, Akmkuk K! (7333)! K Diwf kp k Oab}ljemj&@wjkuiam Jauiuy> Aj} Sjwpsjùitjba uhj Uhjbwy bd k Diwf! Iaezpuwikl kae @bwsbwkuj @hkamj! Tblzfj azfgjw 9> ;&73!

Bllzp F!, Wkauk N!, kae Yl&Kauuilk S!(;998)! Ywiuyptjwobpubu oilskilzk uijebllk, absjzejllk nknbzpuktzzejllk! Piuwk 737! Uklbzpuijub By!

Sbwujw F! J! (;993)! Uhj @bfsjuiuitj Ketkaukmj bd Akuibap! Dwjj Swjpp, Aj} Ybwo!

Sbwujw F! J! (;99:)! Uhj `bfsjuiuitj ketkaukmj bd uhj iaajw ìuy! Hkwtkwe Gzpiajpp Wjtij},Tblzfj azfgjw =5> 4;&=8!

Sbwujw F! J! (;998)! @lzpujwp kae uhj Aj} J`babfi`p bd @bfsjuiuiba! Hkwtkwe Gzpiajpp Wjtij},

Abtjfgjw&Ej`jfgjw> ==&93!Swkhklke @! O! kae Hkfjl M! (;993)! @bwj @bfsjuja`j bd uhj @bwsbwkuiba! Hkwtkwe GzpiajppWjtij}, Fky"Nzaj, =9&4;!

Szuakf W! E! (;99:)! Gb}liam klbaj> Kfjwi`kp ej`liaiam pbìkl `ksiukl! Nbzwakl bd Ejfb`wk`y,Tblzfj Azfgjw 4, Ab ;> 4:&=8!

Syoj D! kae Pjamjagjwmjw ]! (jep!) (;997)! Iaezpuwikl Eipuwiùp kae Lb`kl J`babfi` Wjmjajwkuiba!Iaujwakuibakl Iapuiuzuj dbw Lkgbzw Puzeijp! Mjajtk!


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P`hijapubò M! kae Hfliaja U! (733;)! Uwkapdbwfkuiba bd uhj Diaaiph iaabtkuiba pypujf! Kaju}bwo ksswbk`h! Piuwk Wjsbwup pjwijp =! Hkokskiab By! Hjlpiaoi!

P`buu K!N! (7333)! Wjmibap kae ]bwle J`babfy! Uhj @bfiam Phksj bd Mlbgkl Swbezùiba,@bfsjuiuiba kae Sbliui`kl Bwejw! Bxdbwe Zaitjwpiuy Swjpp! Aj} Ybwo!

Pfiuh K! (;==4)! Ka Ia{ziwy iaub uhj Akuzwj kae @kzpjp bd uhj ]jkluh bd Akuibap!

Pbukwkzuk F! (;999)! Okzszaoipjzuznja oilskilzoyoy nk nbhukfiaja uijubyhujipozaakppk! K@UK awb;34! Pzbfja Ozaukliiuub!

Pbukwkzuk F! (7333)! Okzszaoipjzeza yeiaobfsjujappija ojhiuufiaja! Ia Obpuikiaja N! kaePbukwkzuk F! (jep!) Okzszamiu iaabtkuiitipiak ubifiaukyfswipuia! Ujoaiioka kokujjfipuja liiuub!Hjlpiaoi!

Pubwsjw F! (;99:)! Uhj Wjpzwmja`j bd Wjmibakl J`babfijp, Uja Yjkwp Lkujw> Uhj wjmiba kpAjxzp bd Zauwkeje Iaujwejsjaejaìjp! Jzwbsjka Zwgka kae Wjmibakl Puzeijp 7> ;9;&77;!

Pubwsjw F! kae P`buu K!N! (jep)! (;997)! Skuh}kyp ub Iaezpuwikli~kuiba kae Wjmibakl Ejtjlbsfjau!Lbaeba, Aj} Ybwo!Ujj`j E! N! (;988)! Uj`hablbmi`kl `hkamj kae akuzwj bd uhj diwf! Ia Ebpi M!, Dwjjfka W!, AjlpbaM!, Piltjwgjwm M! kae Pbjuj L! (jep)!, Uj`hai`kl @hkamj kae J`babfi` Uhjbwy! Siaujw Szgliphjwp,Aj} Ybwo!

Ujj`j E!N, Sipkab M! kae Phzja K! (;99=)! Eyakfi` @kskgiliuijp kae Puwkujmi` Fkakmjfjau!Puwkujmi` Fkakmjfjau Nbzwakl, Tblzfj azfgjw ;8, Ab => :39&:00!

Uhbfspba M, Dwka`jp N, Ljtkì`p W kae Fi`hjll N! (;99;)! Fkwojup, Hijwkw`hijp kae Aju}bwop!Uhj @bbweiakuiba bd Pbìkl Lidj! PKMJ Szgli`kuibap!

Uzwk U! kae Hkwfkkobwsi T! (7330)! Pbìkl @ksiukl ia Gzileiam Wjmibakl Iaabtkuitj @kskgiliuy> KUhjbwjui`kl kae @ba`jsuzkl Kppjppfjau! @badjwja`j Wjsbwu! 50we @bamwjpp bd uhj JzwbsjkaWjmibakl Pìja`j Kppbìkuiba (JWPK)! Nytpoyl Dialkae, 7=&03 Kzmzpu 7330!

]illikfpba B! J! (;9=9)! Uwkapkùiba @bpu J`babfi`p> uhj Mbtjwaka`j bd @bauwkùzkl Wjlkuibap!Nbzwakl bd Lk} kae J`babfi`p! Tblzfj Azfgjw 77> 700747!

The Concept of the Regional Development Platform and Regional Development Platform Method (RDPM) as...

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