Visiones y Revelaciones de Ana Catalina Emmerick - Tomo V

7/23/2019 Visiones y Revelaciones de Ana Catalina Emmerick - Tomo V

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/visiones-y-revelaciones-de-ana-catalina-emmerick-tomo-v 1/195



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E-Oc ic~{c kò ~ù Cngc~h 0EE - J`yúy `f ohy ihfdef`y k` Yekùf u [e~h 1

EEE - J`yúy `f Yeiah~-Oínfc{a 33T-J`yúy `f Ckcmc/ `f ò Jc~kíf k` oc G~ciec 34TE - Ihft`~yeùf meocg~hyc k` pf jpkíh hny{efckh 35TEE - Oc |c~ãnhoc kò mcuh~khmh efdeò >9TEEE - J`yúy u ypy keyií|pohy `f Yò`piec >0EQ - J`yúy tpòt` c Ckcmc u `fy`óc `f N`~h{ac >1Q-Ohy m`fycj`~hy `fteckhy |h~ Oãzc~h 93QE - J`yúy y` ke~eg` c Icdc~fcúm |h~ Gc{`|a`~ 99QEE - Jpcf Ncp{ey{c `f oc |~eyeùf k` Mcia`~py 90QEEE - J`yúy h{~c t`z `f N`{cfec ;<QET - [~c{cf ocy ycf{cy mpj`~`y k` |~ht``~ |hyckcy |c~c J`yúy u ;9

ypy keyií|pohyQT - Oc |c~ãnhoc k` oc |`~oc |`~kekc u ̀ fihf{~ckc ;0QTE - J`yúy `f N`{ah~hf& Dc{egc k` ohy keyií|pohy ;7QTEE - J`yúy jpf{h co |hzh k` Jcihn 0<QTEEE - Ohy keyií|pohy y` ~`úf`f ihf J`yúy 07QEQ - Kefc u oc g`f{` k` Yeiac~ cipk`f c t`~ c J`yúy 05QQ - J`yúy `f oc iepkck k` Geffem 43QQE - J`yúy u ̀ o ickãt`~ kò dc~ey`h k` C{ac~h{ 4;QQEE - J`yúy `f @fgcffem 44QQEEE - J`yúy `f{~c `f oc iepkck k` Fcem 41QQET - @o m`fycj`~h kò ic|e{ãf k` Icdc~fcúm 45QQT - J`yúy `f Icdc~fcúm 7>QQTE - J`yúy `f icyc k` yp Mck~` `f N`{aycekc 70QQTEE - Ihfy`jh k` ohy dc~ey`hy u Y`~hncnò 77QQTEEE - Ihft`~yciehf`y k` ohy keyií|pohy ihf J`yúy 71QQEQ - J`yúy `f icyc k` \`k~h 1<QQQ - J`yúy `f N`{aycekc 13QQQE - J`yúy `f oc \`sp`óc Yådh~ey 19QQQEE - Mhkh k` ycfc~ k` J`yúy 10QQQEEE - Ohy dc~ey`hy key|p{cf ihf J`yúy 14QQQET - J`yúy `f Fczc~`{ 11

QQQT - Ohy dc~ey`hy y` e~~e{cf ihf{~c J`yúy ` ef{`f{cf |~ìe|e{c~oh 5<QQQTE - J`yúy ycfc c ohy o`|~hyhy k` [c~eia`c 59QQQTEE - Ihft`~yciehf`y ihf ohy keyií|pohy 50QQQTEEE - Gcoccke{ey/ Gcocck/ Gcmcoc/ G`~cyc 57



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QQQEQ - J`yúy `f icyc k` \`k~h& M`kekcy k` ohy dc~ey`hy 3<>QO - Ip~c `f N`{aycekc c mpiahy `fd`~mhy 3<;QOE - J`yúy `fy`óc u aci` ip~ciehf`y `f Icdc~fcúm 3<4QOEE - J`yúy ycfc c oc yp`g~c k` \`k~h& Apmeokck kò c|ùy{ho 333QOEEE - J`yúy `f ohy ncóhy k` N`{poíc& @f{~`{`feme`f{hy 339

QOET - J`yúy `f N`{poec 334QOT - J`yúy `f Jh{c|c{c 335QOTE - J`yúy `f ò icm|h k` ihyìac k` Kh{acem 3>3QOTEE - A`~hk`y u Jpcf `f Mcia`~py 3>;QOT[EE - J`yúy `f G`ff`n~ey 3>4QOEQ - J`yúy efte{ckh c pfc ihmekc& H{~hy tecj`y 393O-J`yúy `f Cnòmàhoc 399OE - Fh{eiecy yhn~` oc `yipòc k` ^`nìc u oc g`f{` k` Icfcãf 390OEE - J`yúy teye{c oc `yipòc k` ^`nìc 391OEEE - J`yúy tc k` Cnòmàhoc c N`zìa 3;<OET - J`yúy `fy`óc `f oc yefcghgc& Y` kìoc~c M`yícy 3;;

OT - J`yúy k`jc N`zìa u tc c Cefùf 3;7OTE - Mc~íc k` Yp|oícf 3;5OTEE - J`yúy `f ^cmh{a Gcocck 309OTEEE - Oc de`y{c k` oc aejc k` J`d{å 300OEQ - J`yúy `f{~` ohy |cgcfhy k` ^cmh{a 305OQ - Ocy jùt`f`y iò`n~cf oc ihfm`mh~cieùf k` J`d{ícy 343OQE - J`yúy `f C~gc 349OQEE - J`yúy `f oc |`sp`óc |hnocieùf k` Czh 347OQEEE - J`yúy `f @|a~hf 37<OQET - Cnegceo/ oc mpj`~ ~`|pkeckc |h~ ò {`{~c~ic Dòe|` 37>OQT - J`yúy ihf ohy |cgcfhy u ihf Cnegceo 37;OQTE - J`yúy `f Cneoc 377OQTEE - K`yi~e|ieùf k` @oícy 31<OQTEEE - J`yúy y` ke~eg` c Gckc~c 31>OQEQ - J`yúy ihf pfc yci`~kh{eyc k` ohy íkhohy 31;OQQ - J`yúy `f Keùf 317OQQE - Teyeùf k` @oícy u @oíy`h& Oc ekhoc{~íc mhk`~fc 35<OQQEE - J`yúy `f{~c `f oc iepkck k` Jhgnàc 35>

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`yk` N`{cfec/ khfk` J`yúy `y{pth cogúf {e`m|h ihmh hipo{h/ y`ke~egeù co ncp{ey{`~eh/ i`~ic k` Hfh& Ohy c~~`gohy sp` cooí y` acnícf

aìah ohy ipy{hkecnc pf `fic~gckh& Co ycn`~ sp` J`yúy enc cooã y` ~`pfe`~hfohy keyií|pohy u mpiac g`f{` k` ohy co~`k`kh~`y& Me`f{~cy J`yúy `y{cncacnocfkh c oc {p~nc/ sp` `yipiacnc `f ~p`kc/ |c~{` k` |e` u |c~{` y`f{ckhyyhn~` ncfihy k` mck`~c/ y` ci`~iù pf `q{~cfj`~h ihf yèy cihm|cócf{`y/mhf{ckhy yhn~` mpohy/ u oo`gcfkh c ie`~{c key{cfiec kò ye{eh khfk` acnocncJ`yúy/ y` k`{pth/ u o`tcf{ù pfc {e`fkc& @~c pf `fteckh kò ~ù k` @k`yc/Cngc~h/ sp` `y{cnc `fd`~mh& @o m`fycj`~h o` {~cíc ~`gcohy u pfc ic~{c/~hgãfkho` dp`y` cooã/ |c~c kc~o` oc ycopk& @o ~ù Cngc~h {`fíc pf {pmh~ `fohy |e`y u icmefcnc ~`fgp`cfkh& Cogpfhy tecj`~hy o` acnícf acnockh k`J`yúy/ k` ypy meocg~hy/ kò {`y{emhfeh k` Jpcf u kò `fhjh k` ohy dc~ey`hy `foc úo{emc \cyipc/ u {hkh `y{h oh acníc oo`fckh k` k`y`hy k` t`~oh `f yp

|~h|eh |cíy u hn{`f`~ k` Åo yp ip~cieùf& @o( jht`f m`fycj`~h kò ~ù ycníc|ef{c~ u {`fíc oc h~k`f/ ye J`yúy fh |hkíc h fh sp`~íc cipke~/ k` oo`tc~o` |h~oh m`fhy yp ~hy{~h `f pfc |ef{p~c& A` tey{h sp` `y{` ahmn~` y` `ydh~zcnc|h~ ci`~ic~y` c J`yúy u fh oh |hkíc ihfy`gpe~: npyicnc uc k` pf ockh/ uc k`h{~h k` ef{~hkpie~y` `f{~` oc mpo{e{pk |c~c `yipiac~ oc `fy`ócfzc k` J`yúy uco meymh {e`m|h |ef{c~ yp deyhfhmíc& @f{hfi`y J`yúy mcfkù c pfh k` ohykeyií|pohy sp` {~cj`y` c `y` ahmn~` u o` ke`y` opgc~ `f pfc {c~emc i`~icfc&@o keyií|poh oo`tù co m`fycj`~h co opgc~ y`ócockh/ ihmh {cmneåf c ypycihm|cócf{`y/ |c~c sp` |pke`y`f hí~ u t`~& Ohy ~`gcohy sp` {~cícf ihfyey{ícf`f oe`fzhy/ `f |ocicy k` h~h mpu defcy u pfhy g~ciehyhy ih~k`~e{hy&@o m`fycj`~h/ mpu ihf{`f{h k` |hk`~ t`~ c J`yúy/ k`y|o`gù yp {cno`~h u|hfeåfkhoh yhn~` ypy ~hkeoocy ihm`fzù c ihf{`m|oc~ ihf ckme~cieùf cJ`yúy/ me`f{~cy {~c{cnc k` |ef{c~ yp ~hy{~h& [`fíc kòcf{` k` yp tey{c pf{cno`~h nocfih ihmh k` mck`~c k` nhj& Ihm`fzù |~em`~h |h~ g~cnc~ ihfpfc |pf{c ò ihf{h~fh k` oc icn`zc u k` oc nc~nc k` J`yúy/ yef ò ipòoh2k`y|påy |c~ìeù sp` |hfíc yhn~` oc {cnoc cogh ihmh i`~c nocfkc/em|~emeåfkho` dh~mc ihf ohy k`khy& K` fp`th g~cnù yhn~` ò {cno`~h/kãfkho` dh~mc u cpfsp` {~cncjù oc~gh {e`m|h fh oo`gcnc c {`~mefc~ yp{~cncjh& Ickc t`z sp` me~cnc ò ~hy{~h k` J`yúy |c~ìíc sp`/ oo`fh k`ckme~cieùf/ ~àciíc ò {~cncjh pfc u h{~c t`z& Ipcfkh te sp` Opicy |ef{cnc/fh oh aciíc `f `yc dh~mc/ yefh sp` pycnc |efiò`y& @o {~cncjh k` `y{` ahmn~`

`~c k` co{h~~òe`t`/ k` mhkh sp` y` |hkícf {hic~ ohy ihf{h~fhy kò kenpjh&J`yúy ihf{efpù cogúf {e`m|h mãy `fy`ócfkh u co def `fteù c pf keyií|pohsp` kej`y` co ahmn~` sp` y` ci`~icy` |c~c |hk`~ ipm|oe~ yp m`fycj`&@f{hfi`y ò ahmn~` y` ci`~iù c J`yúy/ y`gpekh |h~ ohy cihm|cócf{`y/ sp`



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{~cícf ohy ~`gcohy u ohy ih~k`~e{hy/ k`{~ãy k` yp |~efie|co& Oo`tcnc `y{àhmn~` pf t`y{ekh ih~{h/ yef mcf{h/ |c~ìekh c pfh k` ohy ^ù`y Mcghy& @fò n~czh ezspe`~kh {~cíc yp kenpjh `f dh~mc k` pf `yipkh/ yhy{`fekh |h~ pfcih~~`c& @f oc mcfh k`~ìac oo`tcnc oc ic~{c k` yp ~ù& Y` ìaù k` ~hkeoocycf{` J`yúy/ y` efioefù |~hdpfkcm`f{`/ u kejh: .[p ye`~th `y ò i~eckh kò ~ù

Cngc~h/ k` @k`yc/ sp` `y{ã `fd`~mh u {` mcfkc `y{c ic~{c |ekeåfkh{` sp`~ìency ypy ~`gcohy.& Co kìe~ `y{h y` ci`~ic~hf ohy ye`~thy ihf ohy ~`gcohy&J`yúy ihf{`y{ù sp` o` cg~ckcnc oc np`fc thopf{ck kò ~ù/ ` efkeiù c cogpfhykeyií|pohy sp` ~ìene`y`f ohy ~`gcohy |c~c ~`|c~{e~ohy mãy {c~k` `f{~` ohy|hn~`y k` `yhy ihf{h~fhy& J`yúy {hmù op`gh oc ic~{c/ sp` k`y|o`gù cf{` ye/ uoùù& ^ìp`~kh yùoh sp`/ `f{~` h{~cy ihycy/ kìíc oc ic~{c: Uc sp` Åo `~c|hk`~hyh |c~c ~`ypie{c~ mp`~{hy/ o` ~hgcnc dp`y` ckhfk` åo y` `fihf{~cnc uo` ycfcy` k` yp kho`fiec& Oc ic~{c `~c/ `f ò m`keh/ khfk` `y{cnc `yi~e{c/ mãyihfyey{`f{`/ u ohy nh~k`y/ mãy nocfkhy/ ihmh ye dp`y`f k` |eò ypct`/ h y`kc/i`~~cncf oc ic~{c meymc& Te sp` acníc pfc ief{c ihogcfkh& Ipcfkh J`yúyoùù oc ic~{c keh tpò{c co yhn~` h yp|`~deie` k` oc ic~{c u `yi~eneù ihf pf

|pfzùf/ sp` yciù k` ypy t`y{ekhy u kò ipco `q{~cjh cogh/ {~czcfkh cogpfhyic~ci{`~`y co h{~h ockh kò |`~gcmefh& Ocy |cocn~cy `yi~e{cy `~cf ncy{cf{`g~cfk`y2 op`gh i`~~ù oc ic~{c& K`y|påy aezh {~c`~ cgpc/ y` octù ò ~hy{~h u y`|cyù oc |c~{` mãy nocfkc kò `ftho{h~eh kò m`fycj` yhn~` yp ~hy{~h u y` ohk`thoteù co m`fycj`~h/ ò ipco oh c|~`{ù ihf{~c ò {cno`~h k` yp kenpjh& Teùy``f{hfi`y pf kenpjh |`~dì{h u cicnckh& @o |ef{h~ `y{cnc {cf ihf{`f{h sp`{hmcfkh ò {cno`~h sp` ihogcnc k` yp ockh/ oh thoteù c ohy `y|ì{ckh~`y sp``y{cncf me~cfkh oc `yi`fc/ y` ìaù kòcf{` k` J`yúy u y` mc~iaù `f y`gpekc&Cogpfhy k` ypy cihm|cócf{`y y` sp`kc~hf u yegpe`~hf op`gh c J`yúy/ òipco/ k`y|påy k` `y{h/ ycoeù k` cooí u y` ke~egeù co y`gpfkh ncp{ey{`~eh sp`Jpcf acníc cncfkhfckh |cycfkh ò Jh~kãf& @y{hy `q{~cfj`~hy y` k`jc~hfncp{ezc~ caí meymh& Uh te sp` ò m`fycj`~h oo`gù c pf opgc~ kòcf{` k` pfciepkck khfk` acníc `kedeiehy k` |e`k~cy u ah~fhy k` ock~eoohy u |cyù oc fhia`cooí& C oc mcócfc yegpe`f{` cogpfhy {~cncjckh~`y te`~hf pfc opz/ ihmh pfefi`fkeh u cipke`~hf mpu {`m|~cfh/ u te`~hf sp` `yc mc~cteooc |~ht`fíckò oe`fzh sp` oo`tcnc ò m`fycj`~h& Y` |~hkpjh |h~ `y{c icpyc pf {pmpo{h:{cf{cy dp`~hf ocy g`f{`y sp` cipke`~hf cooí& @o |ef{h~ o`y mhy{~ù ò ipck~h u`f{hfi`y te sp` {cmneåf ò oe`fzh sp` J`yúy acníc pyckh oo`tcnc oc meymcem|~`yeùf& @o ~ù Cngc~h o` ycoeù co `fip`f{~h cogúf {~ìah `f yp jc~kíf/ u cot`~ ò ipck~h u o``~ oc ic~{c k` J`yúy/ sp`kù mpu ihfmhtekh& K` efm`kec{hicmneù k` tekc u k`y|ciaù c ocy mpiacy mpj`~`y ihf ocy ipco`y |ìcnc& Mãy

{c~k` a` tey{h 'sp` k`y|påy k` oc mp`~{` k` `y` ~ù u k` yp aejh/ |h~ icpyc k`pf ypi`yh~ mcoh/ ò ipck~h/ sp` `y{pth ye`m|~` c oc t`f`~cieùf kò |únoeih/dp` ypy{~cíkh |h~ pf |eckhyh hney|h jpf{h ihf pfc oãm|c~c sp` c~kíckòcf{`/ u cmp~coockh/ u sp` k`y|påy k` mpiah {e`m|h y` thoteù c



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ncp{ezc~ |h~ m`keh k` Cfk~åy/ Yc{p~fefh/ \`k~h u Ycf{ecgh& Y` acnícihfg~`gckh pfc g~cf mpo{e{pk& @y{c ih~~ekc k` oc g`f{` `qie{ù oc ckme~cieùfk` ohy dc~ey`hy& Mcfkc~hf ic~{cy c {hkhy ohy j`d`y k` yefcghgcy ihf h~k`f k`sp` o`y `ftecy`f c J`yúy khfk` spe`~c oh `fihf{~cy`f/ u k`{pte`y`f {cmneåfc ypy keyií|pohy/ u ohy ef{`~~hgcy`f yhn~` yp khi{~efc& J`yúy cihm|cóckh |h~cogpfhy keyií|pohy y` ke~egeù/ |h~ ò icmefh k` Ycmc~ec/ c ohy ihfdef`y k`[e~h2 ohy k`mãy keyií|pohy y` mc~iac~hf ickc pfh c yp |p`noh&\h~ `y{` {e`m|h A`~hk`y mcfkù {~c`~ c Jpcf c Bcooe~~ha` u oh {pth |~`yh `fpfc `y|ìe` k` nùt`kc kò |cocieh |h~ ò {å~mefh k` yèy y`mcfcy2 op`gh ohk`jù `f oen`~{ck& Me`f{~cy J`yúy y` ke~egíc c Ycmc~ec/ |cycfkh |h~ ohyicm|hy k` @yk~òùf/ thoteù Nc~{hohmå kò ncp{ey{`~eh k` Jpcf u y` ke~egeù c

yp |p`noh k` Kcnn`y`{a/ ipcfkh y` `fihf{~ù ihf cogpfhy keyií|pohy& Cfk~åyo` acnoù ihf mpiah `f{pyecymh k` J`yúy& Nc~{hohmåí > híc ihf gpy{h oh spò` ihf{cncf u ihf ie`~{h {`mh~ ~`t`~`fieco& Cfk~åy/ sp` gpy{hyh yhoícefy{~pe~ c h{~hy ahmn~`y |c~c aci`~ohy keyií|pohy/ y` ci`~iù c J`yúy u o` kejhsp` Nc~{hohmå k` np`fc gcfc o` y`gpe~íc ye oh |`~me{íc& Ihmh `f `y`mhm`f{h Nc~{hohmå |cycnc i`~ic k` J`yúy/ Cfk~åy y`ócoù c Nc~{hohmå/ uJ`yúy/ me~ãfkhoh/ kejh: .Oh ihfhzih2 åo m` y`gpe~ã& T`h mpiah k` np`fh `fåo u c yp {e`m|h oh oocmc~å.& @y{` Nc~{hohmå tetíc `f Kcnn`y`{a/ fh o`jhy k`\{ho`mcekc/ u `~c k` hdeieh `yi~ene`f{`& A` tey{h sp` k`y|påy y` pfeù ihf[hmãy/ u acnocfkh ihf åo k` J`yúy/ oh gcfù |c~c oc icpyc cdeiehfãfkhoh coYcotckh~&@f `y{hy tecj`y c|~`yp~ckhy J`yúy |ckìeù fì`yekck& A` tey{h c m`fpkh sp`Yc{p~fefh h cogúf h{~h keyií|poh ycicnc pf |cf k` oc icfcy{eooc u sp` J`yúyoh mhjcnc cf{`y `f cgpc |c~c |hk`~ ihm`~ yp ih~{`zc uc ~`yìc& Oo`gcfkh c[e~h `f{~ù J`yúy ihf ohy ypuhy `f pf con`~gp` i`~ic k` oc |p`~{c kò icm|h&Y` acníc ~`{e~ckh c pf |`ócyih co{h/ |h~sp` [e~h `y pfc iepkck g~cfk`/`kedeickc {cf c~~enc sp` me~cfkh k`yk` cooã |c~ì` sp` ~`yncoc~c aciec cncjh&J`yúy fh `f{~ù `f oc iepkck& Y` mcf{pth `f `yc |c~{`/ jpf{h c ohy mp~hy/khfk` acníc |hic g`f{`& @o con`~gp` `y{cnc m`{ekh `f `yhy g~p`yhy mp~hy/ jpf{h c ohy ipco`y t`fíc pf icmefh tìefco& J`yúy oo`tcnc pf t`y{ekh|c~kpyih u pf mcf{h nocfih k` ocfc& @f{~cnc yhoh `f ocy icycy k` ohy mãy|hn~`y |c~c teye{c~ohy& Ihf åo acnícf oo`gckh Yc{p~fefh u h{~hy keyií|pohy&Ohy k`mãy c|ùy{ho`y/ \`k~h/ Cfk~åy/ Ycf{ecgh ò M`fh~/ [ck`h/ Fc{cfcòIacy`k u {hkhy ohy keyií|pohy sp` acnícf `y{ckh `f ocy nhkcy k` Icfc/ encfoo`gcfkh k` pfh c pfh c pf con`~gp` sp` `y{cnc `f h{~c |c~{` k` oc iepkck k`



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[e~h/ khfk` acníc pf ye{eh k` ~`pfeùf k` ohy jpkíhy& Pf kesp` cfiah oo`tcncc `yc |c~{` k` oc iepkck u `y{cnc ipne`~{h k` ã~nho`y& C `y{c icyc c oc ipco`y{cnc pfekc {cmneåf oc `yipòc |`~{`fìíc pf g~cf |c~sp` h opgc~ k` ncóhy/sp` oo`gcnc acy{c ò mc~ u y`|c~cnc |c~{` k` oc iepkck k` oc {e`~~c de~m`& @o|c~sp` `y{cnc i`~ickh |h~ pfc mp~cooc u k`f{~h k` åo ih~~íc pf i`~ih k`

|ocf{cy tetcy/ ~ìh~{ckh `f dh~mc k` degp~cy& @f m`keh kò |c~sp` `y{cnc ociey{`~fc ihf cgpcy tetcy ~hk`ckc k` ihopmfcy dh~mcfkh pf |ù~{eih/ ihf|`sp`óhy ipc~{e{hy co~`k`kh~& Y` |hkíc `f{~c~ `f oc iey{`~fc/ `f ipuh dhfkhy` cozcnc pfc ihopmfc ihf g~ckcy u cgc~~ck`~cy k` mhkh sp` y` |hkíc `y{c~`f ò cgpc acy{c oc |~hdpfkekck sp` pfh k`y`cnc& Pfhy jpkíhy te`jhy tetícf`f `y{` opgc~2 |~ht`fícf k` pfc k`yi`fk`fiec k`y|~ìeckc u dh~mcncf `f{~`òohy pfc yì{c2 `~cf g`f{` np`fc&M` icpycnc co`g~íc u `mhieùf ò mhkh ihf sp` J`yúy ycopkcnc c ohykeyií|pohy sp` encf oo`gcfkh: o`y kcnc oc mcfh c ickc pfh& @oohy y`mhy{~cncf ~`t`~`f{`y u oh {~c{cncf ihf ihfdecfzc/ |`~h ihmh c pf ahmn~``q{~ch~kefc~eh u yhn~`fc{p~co& Y` mhy{~cncf mpu ihf{`f{hy k` acn`~oh

`fihf{~ckh k` fp`th& J`yúy `fy`óù oc~gh {e`m|h kòcf{` k` òohy u òohy encfihf{cfkh oh sp` o`y acníc |cyckh c ickc pfh& [hkhy jpf{hy aeie`~hf pfcihmekc ihfyey{`f{` `f |cf`y/ d~p{cy/ meò u |`yickhy {~cíkhy |h~ ohykeyií|pohy& Åy{hy acnícf yekh mho`y{ckhy u oocmckhy c jpeieh |h~ ohydc~ey`hy/ cogpfhy `f J`~pycoåf/ h{~hy `f G`ff`n~ey/ |~`gpf{ãfkho`y `fg~cfk`y cycmno`cy ci`~ic k` oc khi{~efc k` J`yúy/ k` ypy k`yegfehy/ u |h~spå o` y`gpícf& @f `y{hy jpeiehy a` tey{h c \`k~h/ Cfk~åy u c Jpcf ihf ocymcfhy c{ckcy2 |`~h òohy ohg~c~hf k`yc{c~y` k` ypy oegckp~cy ihf pfcdcieoekck sp` o`y |c~ìeù meocg~hyc& Y` o`y k`jù op`gh `f oen`~{ckyì~`{cm`f{` u òohy y` ~`{e~c~hf c ypy ~`y|ì{ethy ahgc~`y& J`yúy ohy cfemù coc |`~y`t`~cfiec keieåfkho`y sp` |hih c |hih y` k`yhnoegcy`f k` ypy hdeiehyu `y|c~ie`y`f ypy `fy`ócfzcy `f{~` ò |p`noh& O`y kejh sp` |~hf{h thot`~íc c`y{c~ `f{~` òohy u |~hy`gpe~ yp tekc |únoeic fh ne`f oo`gcy` ihf òohy cGcoeo`c&K`y|påy k` acn`~y` k`y|`kekh k` `y{hy keyií|pohy J`yúy oo`tù c icnh pfc`fy`ócfzc u pfc `qah~{cieùf mpu g~cfk` `f oc `yipòc u `f ò opgc~ k` ohyncóhy/ kòcf{` k` ohy 'fpm`~hyhy ahmn~`y/ mpj`~`y u feóhy sp` y` acnícf~`pfekh& O`y acnoù k` Mheyåy u k` ohy |~hd`{cy u k` oc |~hqemekck kò ~èfhk` Kehy u kò M`yícy& C `y{` |~h|ùye{h ~ìh~kù sp` oc y`spíc k` oc {e`~~c/ och~cieùf k` @oícy |eke`fkh ooptec u oc fpn` c|c~ìekc u oc ooptec meymc sp`yegpeù/ `~cf y`óco`y u degp~cy k` `y{c |~hqemekck& Acnoù k` oc |p~edeicieùf

|h~ ocy cgpcy u o`y kejh sp` dp`~cf co ncp{eymh k` Jpcf& Ycfù c tc~ehy`fd`~mhy sp` o` acnícf {~cíkh `f icmeoocy& Te sp` c ohy feóhy ohy ypm`~gíc/{`feåfkhohy `f ypy n~czhy `f ò cgpc/ khfk` Yc{p~fefh acníc cf{`y ìackh pf|hih kò cgpc sp` {~cíc `f pf ~ìe|e`f{` u sp` J`yúy n`fkejh& Ohy keyií|pohy



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ncp{ezcncf u ihmh acníc h{~hy mãy i~ìekhy y` ef{~hkpj`~hf `f ò cgpc/ypj`{ãfkhy` k` ohy yhy{`f`y cooí |p`y{hy/ u cyí dp`~hf ncp{ezckhy& A` tey{hsp` cspí aciícf `f ò ncp{eymh cogh ked`~`f{` sp` `f h{~cy |c~{`y& Mpiahy kòhy uc i~ìekhy {pte`~hf sp` |`~mcfì`~ co`jckhy& @y{hy {~cncjhyihf{efpc~hf acy{c oc `f{~ckc k` oc fhia`&



33

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pcfkh J`yúy k`jù [e~h cfkpth yef cihm|cócf{`y |h~sp` acníck`y|ciackh c ohy khy keyií|pohy ihf m`fycj`y c Icdc~fcúm u c Jpcf ò

Ncp{ey{c& J`yúy y` ke~egeù c oc iepkck k` Yeiah~-Oenfc{a/ c ke`z p hfi` ah~cyk` tecj` k`yk` [e~h aciec ò Ypk`y{`: `~c ò meymh icmefh sp` acníc aìahco e~ c [e~h& @o ocgh M`~hm ihf ocy iepkck`y k` Ckcmc u Yò`piec sp`kc~hfco @y{`/ c yp ezspe`~kc& Oc iepkck k` Yeiah~-Oenfc{a/ h Cmeiah~`y/ oocmckciepkck .kò cgpc k` ooptec./ `y{ã c |hicy ah~cy k` \{ho`-mcekc/ jpf{h c pfocgh |`sp`óh u {~ey{`/ co ipco fh y` |hkíc oo`gc~ k` pf ockh |h~ ocy co{cymhf{cócy sp` oh ~hk`cf& K` `y{` ockh yco` ò c~~huh c~`fhyh k` Nòpy/ sp`y` ìac `f ò mc~/ i`~ic k` \{ho`mcekc& Oc iepkck m` |c~ìeù {cf g~cfk` sp`m` mc~cteooc sp` y` acno` {cf |hih k` òoc& Oc iepkck jpkíc k` Meycò fh`y{ã o`jhy k` cooí& @y `y{` ò |cíy sp` ò ~ù Ycohmùf ~`gcoù co ~ù Ae~cm k`[e~h& Yeiah~ `y pf opgc~ oen~`/ ncjh ò |~h{ì{h~ckh k` [e~h& Acu mpiah

ihm`~ieh k` cfemco`y2 t`h g~cfk`y ht`jcy k` defc ocfc sp` fckcf `f ocycgpcy& Y` aci`f cspí defhy {~cncjhy k` ocfc/ sp` {eó`f ohy k` [e~h& Fh t`hcg~eipo{p~c dp`~c k` ohy ã~nho`y d~p{co`y& @f ò cgpc y` i~íc pfc `y|ìe` kì`~`co k` g~p`yhy {coohy/ kò ipco aci`f |cf: i~`h sp` fh oh ye`mn~cf& K`cspí |c~{` pf icmefh aciec Ye~ec u C~cnec2 |`~h fh acu aciec Gcoeo`c& J`yúyacníc cfkckh |h~ icmefhy u y`fkcy tìefco`y acy{c [e~h& Kòcf{` k` Yeiah~acníc khy |p`f{`y ncy{cf{` g~cfk`y: pfh mpu co{h/ y`~tíc |c~c |cyc~ ipcfkh{hkh y` efpfkcnc2 `f h{~h |p`f{` y` |hkíc cfkc~ |h~ ocy c~ickcy sp` {`fíc&Ocy icycy `y{cncf ye{pckcy `f co{p~c/ ihf{~c ocy efpfkciehf`y& Ohy acne{cf{`yyhf `f yp mcuh~íc |cgcfhy& T`h tc~ehy `kedeiehy ihf |pf{cy u ncfk`~e{cy h|`fkhf`y sp` m` |c~ì` efkeicf {`m|ohy k` íkhohy&M` mc~cteooc t`~ ihmh cspí {cmneåf tet`f cogpfhy jpkíhy `f g~cfk`y icycy/c |`yc~ k` ihfy{e{pe~ òohy oc mefh~íc u `y{c~ h|~emekhy& I~`h sp` `~cf jpkíhyapekhy k` yp |c{~ec& Oc icyc khfk` `f{~ù J`yúy `y{cnc kòcf{` k` oc iepkck2|`~h oh a` tey{h |cyc~ ò ~íh& @f oc i`~icfíc k` oc icyc acníc pfc yefcghgc2J`yúy acníc acnockh c `y{cy g`f{`y uc cf{`y ipcfkh |cyù |c~c e~ c [e~h/|h~sp` |c~ìíc sp` `y|`~cncf yp oo`gckc u o` ycoe`~hf co `fip`f{~h~ìeneåfkhoh ~`y|`{phycm`f{`& @~cf jpkíhy/ `f{~` òohy pf ahmn~` k` `kck/ihf fpm`~hyc dcmeoec/ sp` acne{cnc pfc icyc mpu a`~mhyc |c~ìekc c pf|cocieh/ ihf mpiahy h{~hy `kedeiehy mãy |`sp`óhy cka`~ekhy& @y{` ahmn~`/|h~ ~`y|`{h/ fh oo`tù c J`yúy c yp |~h|ec icyc yefh c pfc acne{cieùf k` co

ockh/ khfk` o` octù ohy |e`y u o` ye~teù coem`f{h& A` tey{h cspí pfc g~cfaeo`~c k` g`f{` sp` t`fíc c npyic~y` yp coem`f{h2 `~cf {~cncjckh~`y k` {hkcyiocy`y/ ahmn~`y/ mpj`~`y u jùt`f`y/ pfc m z̀ioc k` |p`nohy |cgcfhy/ khfkàcníc m`y{ezhy u f`g~hy/ spezãy `yiocthy k` ̀ y{` ahmn~`/ sp` thotícf k` yp



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{~cncjh u y` ~`pfícf `f pf cm|oeh opgc~& @y{hy ahmn~`y {~cícf |cocy èfy{~pm`f{hy k` ocnh~/ ic~~e{hy u |`sp`óhy nc~ihy sp` {`fícf `f ò m`keh pfcye`f{h/ ~`mhy u {hkc iocy` k` efy{~pm`f{hy k` |`yic& Acnícf `y{ckh`m|o`ckhy `f {~cncjhy k` |p`f{`y u `f oc ~en`~c& @y{hy ahmn~`y ~ìenícf ypcoem`f{h `f ~ìe|e`f{`y/ ct`y u ae`~ncy2 `f{~` òohy acníc cogpfhy sp`

ihmícf ic~f` i~pkc&J`yúy y` aezh oo`tc~ c yp |~`y`fiec& O`y acnoù ic~eóhycm`f{`/ u òohy y`co`g~c~hf mpiah k` ihfhi`~ c y`m`jcf{` Ahmn~`& Khy jpkíhy cfiecfhytefe`~hf op`gh c J`yúy ihf ~hoohy/ u me`f{~cy ihmícf |~`gpf{cncf mpiacyihycy ihf ip~ehyekck/ |h~sp` `~cf mc`y{~hy k` oc jpt`f{pk& @o jpkíh ~eih/kp`óh k` oc icyc/ y` oocmc Yem`ùf u `y k` Ycmc~ec& Åo h ypy cf{`|cyckhy yèf{`~`yc~hf |h~ ò {`m|oh k` Gc~ezem u y` jpf{c~hf ihf ohy Ycmc~e{cfhy:|h~ `y{h dp`~hf k`y{`~~ckhy u y` `y{cnoìe`~hf cspí& J`yúy `fy`óù {hkh ò kíc`f pf opgc~ |únoeih ~hk`ckh k` ihopmfcy `f ò ipco y` |hkíc `q{`fk`~ pfc{e`fkc jpf{h c oc icyc k` cspò ahmn~`& @o kp`óh enc k` pf ockh c h{~h& Yàcnícf ~`pfekh mpiahy jpkíhy k` {hkc iocy` u ihfkeieùf& Fh oh a` tey{h

ycfc~/ |h~sp` fh acníc cspí ncokckhy h `fd`~mhy& Ohy ahmn~`y yhf k`cy|ì{h yìh/ docihy/ |`~h k` g~cf `y{c{p~c& J`yúy/ `fy`ócfkh yhn~` òncp{eymh/ o`y kejh sp` t`fk~ícf keyií|pohy sp` ncp{ezc~ícf& K`y|påy dp`J`yúy ihf `y` ahmn~` co icmefh |h~ khfk` thotícf ohy `yiocthy k` yp{~cncjh2 o`y acnoù/ ohy ihfyhoù u o`y kejh pfc |c~ãnhoc& @f{~` òohy acníccogpfhy np`fhy sp` y` yef{e`~hf ihfmhtekhy& ^ìene`~hf yp |cgc u ypcoem`f{h& \`fyå `f oc |c~ãnhoc khfk` ò kp`óh k` oc teóc |cgc c ypy{~cncjckh~`y& @y{hy |`hf`y tetícf `f icye{cy c|c~{ckcy k` cooí ihmh c pfipc~{h k` ah~c& [~cncjcncf |c~c Yem`ùf |cgcfkh pfc `y|ìe` k` {~enp{h&Co kíc yegpe`f{`/ acne`fkh J`yúy `fy`óckh {hkh ò kíc/ y` ci`~ic~hf/ ipcfkhuc {hkhy ohy jpkíhy y` acnícf co`jckh/ pfhy tèf{` |cgcfhy sp` k`yk` tc~ehykícy cf{`y sp`~ícf y`~ ~ìenekhy& Oc icyc k` Yem`ùf `y{cnc ihmh c m`kecah~c k` icmefh k` oc iepkck u fh o`y `~c |`~me{ekh c ohy |cgcfhy ci`~ic~y` cmãy key{cfiec sp` acy{c pfc ihopmfc/ ihmh {h~~`& Cah~c ò meymh Yem`ùf{~cjh c ohy |cgcfhy/ sp` ycopkc~hf mpu ~`t`~`f{`y u |eke`~hf y`~ `fy`óckhy&J`yúy acnoù ihf òohy `f pfc ycoc/ {cf `q{`fycm`f{`/ sp` {pte`~hf sp``fi`fk`~y` ocy opi`y& Ohy ihfyhoù/ o`y acnoù `f pfc |c~ãnhoc k` ohy ^ù`yMcghy u o`y cfpfieù sp` oc opz k` oc t`~kck |cyc~íc c ohy g`f{eo`y&ET J`yúy ihf tc~ehy keyií|pohy `f ò icmefh k` [e~hIpcfkh ohy khy keyií|pohy mcfkckhy |h~ J`yúy c Icdc~fcúm ~`g~`yc~hf cYeiah~/ o` cfpfiec~hf ò c~~enh k` ohy ipc{~h keyií|pohy mcfkckhy c npyic~&

J`yúy o`y ycoeù co `fip`f{~h `f pf icmefh kå {~`y h ipc{~h ah~cy/ c {~ctåy k`pfc mhf{cóc u y` ~`pfe`~hf `f pf con`~gp` `f {`~~e{h~eh k` Gcoeo`c& Ck`mãyk` ohy oocmckhy/ acníc h{~hy ye`{`/ `f{~` òohy Jpcf u cogpfcy mpj`~`y/ `f{~òcy ipco`y ~ìhfhií c Mc~íc Mc~ihy/ k` J`~pycoåf/ u c oc mck~` k` pfc



39

a`~mcfc kò fhteh Fc{cfcò/ k` Icfc& Ohy keyií|pohy oocmckhy `~cf \`k~h/Cfk~åy/ Ycf{ecgh ò m`fh~ u Fc{cfcò Iacy`k& Ipcfkh uc hyip~ìíc cfkpthJ`yúy ihf `y{hy ipc{~h u ohy h{~hy keyií|pohy k` tpò{c c Yeiah~2 ohy h{~hyye`{` fh oocmckhy thote`~hf c Gcoeo`c&@~c pfc fhia` `y|oåfkekc k` t`~cfh& @o ce~` `y{cnc |`~dpmckh u ò ieòh

y`~`fh/ {ciahfckh k` `y{~òocy& Icmefcncf pfcy tì`y jpf{hy/ h{~cy pfhkòcf{` u ohy k`mãy k`{~ãy/ u J`yúy `f m`keh k` òohy& K`yicfyc~hf pfc t`zncjh ã~nho`y ic~gckhy k` d~p{cy/ `f pfc ihmc~ic mpu då~{eo u k` ~eicy|~ck`~cy& Ipcfkh thote`~hf c cfkc~ y` o`tcf{ù pfc ncfkckc k` |ãjc~hy spàcníc thockh `fiemc k` òohy acy{c cooí& @~cf g~cfk`y ihmh gcooefcy/ {`fícf|eihy ihoh~ckhy u g~cfk`y cocy f`g~cy/ ihmh ocy sp` ypò`f |ef{c~ c ohyãfgò`y u `me{ícf pf iocmh~ ihmh pfc ihft`~ycieùf& @y{cy ct`y thoc~hfacy{c oc iepkck/ khfk` y` |hyc~hf yhn~` ohy jpfihy k` ocy cgpcy& Uh ohy t`ícih~~`~ yhn~` oc yp|`~deie`& @~c a`~mhyh t`~/ `f `yc fhia` {~cfspeoc/ ipcfkhJ`yúy icoocnc/ h~cnc h `fy`ócnc iùmh icoocncf {cmneåf `ycy ct`y u y`|hycncf {~cfspeocm`f{`& K` `y{` mhkh yegpe`~hf c oc ic~ctcfc k` J`yúy c

{~ctåy k` oc mhf{cóc& Yem`ùf o`y ycoeù co `fip`f{~h/ octù ohy |e`y c {hkhy/ o`ykeh pfc ih|c u pfc ~`dìieùf/ u ohy oo`tù c yp icyc& Ohy |ãjc~hy |`~{`fìícfco kp`óh k` oc icyc/ u ~`thoh{`cncf cooí ihmh ocy |cohmcy& Kp~cf{` ò kíc`fy`óù J`yúy cspí u |h~ oc {c~k` iò`n~c~hf ò yãnckh `f icyc k` Yem`ùf&Ck`mãy k` J`yúy u ohy keyií|pohy/ y` acnícf ~`pfekh pfhy tèf{` jpkíhy& Ocyefcghgc y` acoocnc `f pf |h~{eickh ypn{`~~ãf`h2 {`fíc `yicohf`y u `y{cncmpu ne`f h~k`fckc& Oc icyc k` Yem`ùf `y{cnc `f pfc ò`tcieùf& \~`yekíc oc~`pfeùf pf iczckh~/ sp` o`íc u icf{cnc& K`y|påy `fy`óù J`yúy& J`yúy u ohykeyií|pohy k`yicfyc~hf `f `yc meymc icyc&Kp~me`~hf |hicy ah~cy/ |h~sp` mpu k` mck~pgckc ohy a` tey{h uc `ficmefh c {~ctåy k` y`fkcy {h~{phycy/ `f ke~ìieùf c pfc |`sp`óc iepkck `foc {e`~~c jpkíc k` Iacnpo& Cooí tetícf jpkíhy `qeockhy sp` yhoícf ~`pfe~y` `fh~cieùf ihmúf& Ohy dc~ey`hy fh ohy sp`~ícf ckme{e~ `f ypy ~`pfehf`y& Acnícf{`fekh oc~gh {e`m|h ò k`y`h k` t`~ c J`yúy `f{~` òohy |`~h fh y` `y{emcncfkegfhy u |h~ `yh fh o` acnícf mcfkckh m`fycj`~hy& Kckhy ohy mpiahyt`~eip`{hy kò icmefh cfkpte`~hf ihmh iefih h yèy ah~cy k` icmefh&Ipcfkh y` ci`~ic~hf c oc iepkck jpkíc y` ckòcf{c~hf cogpfhy keyií|pohy|c~c cfpfiec~ co j`d` k` oc yefcghgc oc oo`gckc k` J`yúy& Cpfsp` `~c yãnckhaezh J`yúy `y{` icmefh |h~sp` `f `y{cy ihmc~icy fh hny`~tcnc J`yúy`y{~ei{cm`f{` `y{` |~ì`|{h ipcfkh acníc cogpfc fì`yekck& Y` dp` c ohy

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3;

o`|~hyhy& @y{cfkh `f ò icmefh iocmc~hf cogpfhy `fk`mhfeckhy/ u J`yúy ohyoen~ù& [hkh |~hi`kíc ihf h~k`f u `f yeo`fieh/ yef {pmpo{h& Ohy keyií|pohycupkcncf c o`tcf{c~ c ohy `fd`~mhy/ efy{~pe~ c ocy g`f{`y sp` ohy y`gpícf u y`cgho|cncf c ocy |p`~{cy& J`yúy `qah~{ù c ohy `fd`~mhy c i~``~/ cf{`y k`ycfc~ohy/ u c m`jh~c~ k` tekc2 c h{~hy sp` `~cf i~ù`f{`y ohy ycfù yef mãy&

O`tcf{ù ohy hjhy `f co{h u h~ù yhn~` òohy& C cogpfhy ohy {hicnc u c h{~hy|cycnc ocy mcfhy yhn~` òohy& Oh a` tey{h n`fkìe~ ò cgpc u ~hiec~ ihf òocc ocy g`f{`y u aci`~ ~hiec~ ocy icycy ihf ò cgpc& @f pfc k` `y{cy icycy{hmc~hf J`yúy u ypy keyií|pohy cogúf coem`f{h& Cogpfhy k` ohy ycfckhy yò`tcf{c~hf u y` ìacncf c ohy |e`y k` J`yúy/ o` y`gpícf op`gh ihmh `f pfc|~hi`yeùf u c oc key{cfiec/ ihf {`mh~ ~`t`~`fieco& C h{~hy o`y kìíc sp` y`sp`kcy`f `f yp opgc~& C cogpfhy o`y mcfkù ncóc~y` `f ò cgpc sp` Åo acnícn`fkìekh: `~cf feóhy u o`|~hyhy& Op`gh dp` c pf |hzh k` oc yefcghgc u ohn`fkejh2 |c~c `y{h ncjù cogpfcy g~ckcy u ìaù {cmneåf yco/ sp` acnícn`fkìekh& @fy`óù cspí yhn~` @oey`h/ sp` i`~ic k` J`~eiù ìaù yco c ocycgpcy |c~c ycfc~ocy/ u keh ò yegfedeickh k` oc yco& Kejh sp` ohy `fd`~mhy y`

octcy`f ihf ocy cgpcy k` `y` |hzh ipcfkh {pte`y`f fì`yekck& Ipcfkhn`fkìíc/ oh aciíc `f dh~mc k` i~pz2 ohy keyií|pohy o` yhy{`fícf c tì`y òmcf{h/ sp` Åo y` spe{cnc u o` coicfzcncf oc yco/ sp` Åo ìacnc `f ocy cgpcy&[hkh `y{h oh aciíc ihf y`~e`kck g~cfk` u ycf{cm`f{`& Uh ~ìení `f `y{chicyeùf oc ckt`~{`fiec k` sp` ohy yci`~kh{`y ~ìenícf oc meymc dcipo{ck u|hk`~ k` ycfc~& Cogpfhy `fd`~mhy `~cf {~cíkhy `f icmeoocy u Åo ohy ycfcnc&J`yúy oo`tù c icnh pfc `fy`ócfzc mãy `f oc yefcghgc u fh {hmù coem`f{h&[hkh ò kíc oh `m|o`ù `f `fy`óc~ u ycfc~ `fd`~mhy& \h~ oc {c~k`/ k`y|påy kòyãnckh/ k`jù ihf ypy keyií|pohy ò opgc~/ u k`y|ekeåfkhy` k` ohy `f{~ey{ìekhyacne{cf{`y/ o`y kejh sp` y` sp`kcy`f/ oh sp` òohy aeie`~hf apmeok`m`f{`&O`y n`fkejh u ycfù ocy cgpcy |h~sp` {`fícf cgpc mcoycfc& Acníc k`f{~h kòcy cgpcy tính~cy u h{~hy cfemco`y ihf g~p`ycy icn`zcy u ihocy&Y` ke~egeù ihf ypy keyií|pohy c pf g~cf con`~gp` key{cf{` pfcy ah~cy/ yhn~`pfc mhf{cóc/ u cooí ihme`~hf u k`yicfyc~hf `f oc fhia`& @y{c |hyckc ocacnícf k`jckh k` ockh ipcfkh tefe`~hf& Kícy k`y|påy cipke`~hf mpiacyg`f{`y c oc |hyckc ihf ypy `fd`~mhy/ uc sp` ycnícf sp` J`yúy k`níc oo`gc~&@~cf ocy sp` tetícf `f ocy ock`~cy k` oc mhf{cóc/ `f iahzcy u ict`~fcy& @f òH`y{` tetícf/ aciec [e~h/ ohy |cgcfhy sp` {cmneåf y` ci`~ic~hf u `f ò @y{`tetícf ohy jpkíhy mpu |hn~`y& J`yúy `fy`óù acnocfkh k` |p~edeicieùf/ kòctc~y` u aci`~ |`fe{`fiec/ u ycfù pfcy {~èf{c |`~yhfcy& Ohy |cgcfhy`y{cncf c|c~{`/ u J`yúy o`y `fy`óù ipcfkh ohy k`mãy y` apne`~hf ~`{e~ckh2

ohy ihfyhoù/ u yp ihft`~ycieùf kp~ù acy{c oc {c~k`& @y{c g`f{` {e`f` |`sp`ócyap`~{cy u |ocf{ciehf`y `f {h~fh k` ypy ip`tcy/ u y` coem`f{c k` oìa` k`ht`jc ihf oc ipco aci`f sp`yhy sp` ihm`f ihmh |cf u k` ocy d~p{cy k` ypyap`~{cy u h{~cy d~p{cy yeot`y{~`y sp` t`fk`f `f ò m`~ickh& Oo`tcf cgpc



30

np`fc `f ~ìe|e`f{`y c opgc~`y u iepkck`y khfk` y` k`{pth J`yúy cu`~& Acnícmpiahy o`|~hyhy u J`yúy n`fkejh ocy cgpcy/ mcfkãfkho`y sp` y` ncócy`f `fòocy&C oc {c~k` oo`gù J`yúy k` tpò{c c Yeiah~-Oenfc{a/ khfk` `fy`óù k` fp`th ukejh sp` co kíc yegpe`f{` ncp{ezc~ícf cooí& Acníc `f oc g~cf icyc k` Yem`ùf

pfc dp`f{` ~`khfkc u ncy{cf{` |ocfc ~hk`ckc k` pf nh~k` apfkekh/ khfk`cdopícf ocy cgpcy yhn~cf{`y& @o cgpc {cm|hih `~c np`fc cspí: {`fíc pf ycnh~k`ycg~ckcno` u J`yúy oc n`fkejh& @iaù k`f{~h yco/ ihmh |`sp`ócy |e`k~cy/ ucsp` mpu i`~ic acníc pfc mhf{cóc ycoe{~hyc& @f `yc dp`f{`/ sp` y` oo`fù k`cgpc u y` tcieù ~`|`{ekcy tì`y |c~c |p~edeic~oc/ y` aezh ò ncp{eymh k` pfcy{~èf{c |`~yhfcy& Y` ncp{ezc~hf ò kp`óh k` icyc/ ohy ahmn~`y k` yp dcmeoec/h{~hy jpkíhy kò opgc~/ tc~ehy |cgcfhy k` ohy sp` acnícf `y{ckh cf{`y ihfJ`yúy u cogpfhy k` ohy `yiocthy k` ocy iahzcy ihf ohy ipco`y acníc acnockhd~ìp`f{`m`f{` ipcfkh thotícf kò {~cncjh& Ohy |cgcfhy {pte`~hf sp``y|`~c~ ò úo{emh {p~fh u aci`~ cf{`y h{~cy cnopiehf`y& J`yúy acníc ìackhcf{`y `f ò cgpc k` oc dp`f{` pf |hih k` cspòoc cgpc kò Jh~kãf sp` {~cícf

ye`m|~` `f ohy tecj`y/ u n`fkejh ocy cgpcy& Y` acníc k`jckh {cmneåf cgpc `fohy icfco`y {~cfyt`~yco`y/ k` mhkh sp` ohy ncp{ezcfkhy |hkícf `y{c~ `f òcgpc acy{c ocy ~hkeoocy& J`yúy `fy`óù u ohy |~`|c~ù kp~cf{` `y{` {e`m|h& Ohyncp{ezcfkhy c|c~ìe`~hf ihf mcf{hy oc~ghy/ hyip~hy/ ihf ic|piac yhn~` ocicn`zc/ `y|ìe` k` t`y{ekhy k` |`fe{`fiec& Ipcfkh oo`gcncf c oc `qictcieùfkhfk` `y{cnc oc dp`f{`/ y` spe{cncf ò mcf{h/ |`~mcfìe`fkh ipne`~{hy acy{coc me{ck kò ip`~|h ihf pf `y|ìe` k` `yic|poc~eh sp` o`y {c|cnc ò |ìah uocy `y|cokcy/ u o`y k`jcnc oen~`y ohy n~czhy& Pfh k` ohy keyií|pohy o` |hfíc ocymcfhy yhn~` oc icn`zc u h{~hy yhn~` ocy `y|cokcy& @o ncp{ezckh~ k`~~cmcnctc~ecy tì`y ò cgpc yhn~` oc icn`zc ihf pf ~ìe|e`f{` |`sp`óh/ ycicfkhcgpc k` oc dp`f{`/ `f fhmn~` kò Co{íyemh& \~em`~h ncp{ezù Cfk~åy2 op`gh/\`k~h/ u mãy {c~k`/ Yc{p~fefh& Ohy |cgcfhy dp`~hf ncp{ezckhy cihf{efpcieùf k` ohy jpkíhy& [hkh `y{h kp~ù acy{c oc {c~k`& Ipcfkh oc g`f{` yàpnh ~`{e~ckh/ enc J`yúy icmefcfkh c|c~{ckh k` ypy keyií|pohy/ ycoe`fkh kòopgc~ u ~`pfeåfkhy` k` fp`th `f ò icmefh& Y` ke~ege`~hf |h~ ò H~e`f{`/ cCkcmc/ i`~ic kò ocgh M`~hm& K`yicfyc~hf kp~cf{` oc fhia` `f pfc|~ck`~c k` mpiah |cy{h/ ncjh ohy ã~nho`y&



34

C

T

J`yúy `f Ckcmc/ `f ò Jc~kíf k` oc G~ciec

pfsp` oc iepkck k` Ckcmc |c~ìíc `y{c~ i`~ic/ {pte`~hf J`yúy u ypykeyií|pohy sp` cfkc~ |h~ pf icmefh cogpfcy ah~cy mãy o`jhy |c~c

|hk`~ |cyc~ |h~ ocy cgpcy kò ocgh M`~hm/ oh sp` aeie`~hf `f pfc ncoyc|~`|c~ckc |c~c ohy tecj`~hy& Co m`kehkíc coicfzc~hf oc iepkck k` Ckcmc/~hk`ckc k` cgpc |h~ {hkhy ockhy& Co @y{` k` oc iepkck `y{ã ò ocgh M`~hm2 òcgpc ~hk`c oc iepkck u y` ~`úf` `f ò opgc~ k` ohy ncóhy/ |c~c `f{~c~fp`tcm`f{` `f ò ocgh& Acníc iefih |p`f{`y c ket`~ycy key{cfiecy& Ocy h~eoocy`yic~|ckcy kò ocgh/ c pf fetò ncjh/ `y{cncf ipne`~{cy k` jpfihy u k`|ocf{cy2 ocy cgpcy c|c~ì`f {p~necy acy{c ò i`f{~h kò ocgh/ khfk` ih~~` mãyioc~h ò ~íh Jh~kãf& @f {h~fh kò ocgh t`h mpiahy cfemco`y ic~fei`~hy/ sp`m`~hk`cf& Ipcfkh J`yúy y` ci`~icnc co opgc~ k` ohy ncóhy y` oo`gc~hfcogpfhy ahmn~`y |~efie|co`y k` oc iepkck/ sp` o` cgpc~kcncf2 o`cihm|cóc~hf c oc iepkck u o` |~`y`f{c~hf co j`d`/ sp` acne{cnc pf icy{eooh

ihf pf t`y{ínpoh u h{~cy acne{ciehf`y ye{pckh `f pf opgc~ `y|ciehyh& @ot`y{ínpoh `y{cnc ckh~fckh ihf iac|cy u ncokhycy n~eoocf{`y k` tc~ehyihoh~`y& Cspí octc~hf ohy |e`y c J`yúy u c ypy keyií|pohy/ o`y ycipke`~hf ohymcf{hy u oem|ec~hf ocy ~h|cy& Y` o`y {~cjh cnpfkcfiec k` d~p{cy u k` ae`~ncy|c~c ihm`~& Oc g`f{` k` Ckcmc {e`f` `y{c ihy{pmn~`/ a`~`kckc k` ypymcuh~`y/ k` ~ìene~ u oo`tc~ co icy{eooh c {hkh `q{~cfj`~h/ u cooí efspe~e~o` ò|h~ spå k` yp t`fekc& Ye o` cg~ckc ò dh~cy{`~h/ oh ye~t`f u c{e`fk`f/|`fycfkh sp` `y{h/ {c~k` h {`m|~cfh/ o`y {~c`~ã cogúf |~htìah&C ohy tecj`~hy sp` fh o`y cg~ckc oo`gcf acy{c c |hf`~ohy `f oc iã~iò& Ckcmcu h{~cy tèf{` |hnociehf`y |`~{`fì`f c pfc ihmc~ic ncjh pfh k` ohyA`~hk`y& Ohy acne{cf{`y k` oc iepkck `~cf jpkíhy ycmc~e{cfhy/ ohy ipco`y |h~acn`~y` co`jckh k` ohy k`mãy acnícf ckme{ekh h{~cy cn`~~ciehf`y& Fh y`|~ci{eicnc/ yef `mnc~gh/ oc ekhoc{~íc/ u cúf ohy |cgcfhy sp` acne{cncf cspí {`fícf ypy íkhohy `f yì~`{h& J`yúy dp` ihfkpiekh |h~ ohy ahmn~`y k` ociepkck c oc yefcghgc/ sp` {`fíc {~`y |eyhy/ ckhfk` y` acnícf ~`pfekh g~cficf{ekck k` |`~yhfcy/ ohy ahmn~`y kòcf{` u k`{~ãy ocy mpj`~`y& \~em`~h~`zc~hf/ |eke`fkh c Kehy sp` dp`~c |c~c yp mcuh~ goh~ec oh sp` encf c`f{`fk`~ k` oc `fy`ócfzc k` J`yúy& Åy{` acnoù |~em`~h k` ocy |~hm`ycy/keie`fkh sp` {hkcy y` acnícf ipm|oekh/ pfc {~cy h{~c& @fy`óù yhn~` ocg~ciec: sp` fh y` |e`~k`/ yefh sp` |cyc c h{~h sp` `f må~e{h `y{å mãy i`~ic/ipcfkh |h~ ohy må~e{hy k` ohy cf{`|cyckhy fh |pkh |cyc~ c cspò |~em`~h/

|h~ acn`~y` aìah efkegfh& O`y kejh sp` |h~ ocy hn~cy k` ypy cf{`|cyckhy/sp` acnícf aìah pf ne`f/ sp` òohy fe yespe`~c ycnícf cah~c/ {hkctícghzcncf k` ocy ihfyìp`fiecy k` `yc hn~c np`fc& @f {e`m|hy o`jcfhy acnícfypy cf{`|cyckhy ~ìenekh `f oc iepkck c g`f{`y ìackcy k` h{~c ihmc~ic&



37

J`yúy u ypy keyií|pohy y` cohjcncf `f pfc g~cf |hyckc/ jpf{h c oc |p`~{c |h~oc ipco acnícf `f{~ckh& @f ocy i`~icfícy k` ohy ncóhy/ mãy co Yp~/ acníc pfopgc~ khfk` y` `fy`ócnc& Co~`k`kh~ k` pfc ihoefc ipne`~{c k` t`~kh~ yàcníc `~egekh pf yeooùf |c~c `fy`óc~: `~c pf cye`f{h k` |e`k~c& @f {h~fh acnícpf g~cf `y|cieh ihf iefih aeo`~cy k` ã~nho`y sp` kcncf `y|`yc yhmn~c

ihf{~c ohy c~kh~`y kò yho& @~c pf ye{eh cm`fh u oh oocmcncf ò Jc~kíf k` ocG~ciec/ |h~sp`/ kìícf ocy g`f{`y/ cspí acnícf ~ìenekh pfc t`z pfc g~ciecmpu g~cfk`2 ihmh acníc h{~h opgc~ `f oc |c~{` Fh~{` k` oc iepkck/ k` khfk`/kìícf/ o`y acníc t`fekh pfc g~cf icocmekck `f h{~hy {e`m|hy& Ohykeyií|pohy `f{~cncf `f ocy icycy u cteycncf c oc g`f{` sp` y` ~`pfe`y` `f òJc~kíf k` oc G~ciec/ |h~sp` J`yúy sp`~íc {`f`~ cooí pfc g~cf ~`pfeùf& Oc {c~k`cf{`~eh~ acníc {`fekh opgc~ pf ncfsp`{` `f pf |ù~{eih cne`~{h k` oc icyc kò

j`d` k` oc iepkck/ khfk` y` ihfg~`gc~hf pfcy iefip`f{c |`~yhfcy |~efie|co`y`f iefih m`ycy& J`yúy {hmù cye`f{h ihf ò |~efie|co u ohy keyií|pohy y`key{~enpu`~hf `f{~` ohy k`mãy ihm`fyco`y& I~`h sp` J`yúy u ypy keyií|pohyacnícf ihf{~enpekh ihf cogh `f `y{c ihmekc& Yhn~` ocy m`ycy y` t`ícf

mhf{hf`y k` dp`f{`y ihf tecfkcy& J`yúy `fy`ócnc kp~cf{` oc ihmekc/ u ctì`y y` o`tcf{cnc ` enc k` pfc m`yc c h{~c/ ihft`~ycfkh ihf pfhy u h{~hy&Yhn~` ocy m`ycy acnícf ihohickh c~nhoe{hy `f mci`{cy& Ipcfkh yò`tcf{c~hf u ke`~hf g~ciecy/ sp`kc~hf `ycy |ocf{cy yhn~` ocy m`ycy u {hkhyohy ihm`fyco`y y` ~`pfe`~hf `f {h~fh k` J`yúy/ `f y`meií~ipoh& [pth ihfòohy pfc ihft`~ycieùf u ohy efte{ù |c~c oc mcócfc c pf g~cf y`~mùf `f òopgc~ oocmckh k` oc G~ciec&Co kíc yegpe`f{`/ c `yh k` ocy fp`t`/ y` ke~egeù J`yúy ihf ypy keyií|pohy coye{eh efkeickh khfk` uc y` acnícf ~`pfekh mãy k` ie`f |`~yhfcy k` ocy|~efie|co`y k` oc iepkck/ ncjh oc yhmn~c k` ohy ã~nho`y/ u `f ií~ipohy mãyco`jckhy/ ie`~{h fúm`~h k` mpj`~`y& Cfkcfkh |cyc~hf |h~ ò icy{eooh kò j`d`k` oc iepkck/ sp` ihf g~cf c|c~c{h u `f {~cj` k` `{esp`{c y` ke~egíc co opgc~ kòc ihfd`~`fiec& J`yúy o` kejh sp` fh oh aeie`~c ihf `y` c|c~c{h/ yefh sp` dp`y`cooã/ ihmh ohy k`mãy ahmn~`y/ t`y{ekh k` oc~gh mcf{h u `f {~cj` k` h~cieùfu |`fe{`fiec& @f `dì{h/ `y{hy ahmn~`y t`y{ícf mcf{hy k` ocfc mpo{eihoh~`y upfc `y|ìe` k` `yic|poc~ehy/ i~pzckhy yhn~` ò |ìah/ ypj`{hy |h~ ohyahmn~hy ihf pfc ih~~`c cfghy{c/ sp` icícf |h~ ocy `y|cokcy `f {e~cy cfiacyu oc~gcy& @y{cy {e~cy `~cf f`g~cy u yhn~` òocy `y{cncf `yi~e{hy/ `f ket`~yhyihoh~`y/ ohy ye`{` |ìckhy ic|e{co`y& Ocy mpj`~`y `y{cncf ihf oc icn`zcipne`~{c& Ipcfkh J`yúy oo`gù co yeooùf/ oc g`f{` aezh pfc efioefcieùf|~hdpfkc u ~`t`~`f{`2 ò j`d` u ohy |~efie|co`y y` ihohic~hf i`~ic kò yeooùf&

Ohy keyií|pohy {`fícf {cmneåf ie`~{h fúm`~h k` hu`f{`y c|c~{`/ `f{~` òohympj`~`y u o`y `fy`ócncf ocy ihycy híkcy c J`yúy&J`yúy o`tcf{ù ypy hjhy co ieòh u h~ù `f thz co{c c yp \ck~`/ kò ipco te`f`{hkh ne`f/ |c~c sp` `f{~cy` oc `fy`ócfzc `f ih~czhf`y ihf{~e{hy u key|p`y{hy



31

u mcfkù c oc g`f{` sp` ~`|e{e`y` ihf Åo yp |o`gc~ec/ ihyc sp` aeie`~hf {hkhy&Yp g~cf y`~mùf kp~ù yef ef{`~~p|ieùf k`yk` ocy fp`t` k` oc mcócfc acy{c ocyipc{~h k` oc {c~k`& Y` aezh pfc |cpyc yhocm`f{` ipcfkh {~cj`~hf c J`yúy pfcn`nekc `f pfc ih|c u pf |hih k` coem`f{h& Ohy hu`f{`y encf u t`fícfihfdh~m` {`fícf ypy hip|ciehf`y `f icyc& J`yúy acnoù k` oc |`fe{`fiec u kò

ncp{eymh/ kò ipco kìíc sp` `~c pfc |p~edeicieùf `y|e~e{pco u pfc cnopieùf&A` tey{h sp` acy{c \`f{ìhy{åy fh y` ncp{ezcnc c ocy mpj`~`y& Ohy feóhy ufeócy/ k` iefih c hiah cóhy/ dp`~hf {cmneåf ncp{ezckhy2 |`~h fh mcuh~`y&Uh fh yå `q|oeic~ cah~c ò mey{`~eh sp` {hkh `y{h `fi`~~cnc& [cmneåf acnoùJ`yúy k` Mheyåy/ ipcfkh sp`n~ù ocy {cnocy k` oc où/ kò nì`~~h k` h~h/ kòhy {~p`fhy u k` ohy ~òãm|cghy kò Yefcí&



35

I

TE

Ihft`~yeùf meocg~hyc k` pf jpkíh hny{efckh

pcfkh J`yúy apnh {`~mefckh yp g~cf y`~mùf u mpiahy k` ohy|~efie|co`y k` oc iepkck y` acnícf tpò{h c ypy icycy ihf ò j`d`/ y`

ckòcf{ù hyckcm`f{` pf cfiecfh jpkíh k` op`fgc nc~nc u y` ci`~iù co yeooùf k`J`yúy& @~c pf ahmn~` co{h/ k` cy|ì{h fhno` u kejh: .Cah~c spe`~h uh{cmneåf acnoc~ ihf{egh& [ú acy `fpfieckh >9 t`~kck`y u `f ~`coekck yhf>;.& Keie`fkh `y{h ihm`fzù c `fpm`~c~ ie`~{c icf{ekck k` t`~kck`y/ pfc{~cy h{~c/ u c keyip{e~ ihf J`yúy yhn~` òocy&J`yúy o` ihf{`y{ù: .Uh {` a` |`~me{ekh `y{c~ cspí |c~c {p |~h|ec ihft`~yeùf/|pke`fkh aci`~{` ycoe~ kòcf{` k` {hkh ò |p`noh/ |p`y{h sp` acy t`fekh yefefte{cieùf& [ú kei`y sp` yhf >; ocy t`~kck`y u sp` uh `fpm`~å >92 `ficmneh/ {ú cpm`f{cy {~`y co fúm`~h/ |p`y yhf `f ~`coekck ></ ihmh oh a``fy`óckh.& J`yúy `fpm`~ù `f{hfi`y >< t`~kck`y/ ih~~`y|hfke`f{`y c ocy ><o`{~cy kò codcn`{h a`n~`h/ ihf ocy ipco`y {cmneåf ò jpkíh acníc ihf{ckh& C

ihf{efpcieùf J`yúy acnoù kò icy{egh sp` m`~ì` ò |ìckh k` cócke~ cogh cocy t`~kck`y ihfhiekcy& \`~h ò hny{efckh jpkíh fh sp`~íc k` mcf`~c cogpfckc~y` |h~ t`fiekh u ihfd`yc~ sp` y` acníc `spethickh& Acníc cogpfhy sp` o`kcncf ~czùf u sp` y` co`g~cncf k` oh sp` i~`ícf `~c pf c|p~h k` J`yúy |h~ihf{`y{c~& J`yúy co def o` kejh: .[ú {e`f`y pf a`~mhyh jc~kíf2 {~ã`m` ocy mãya`~mhycy d~p{cy u ocy mãy ycfcy/ u òocy y` |pk~e~ãf cspí/ cf{` {p tey{c/ |c~csp` t`cy sp` {` `spethicy& [ú {e`f`y {cmneåf pf ip`~|h ycfh u ~ì{h u {`t`~ãy `fih~tckh/ |h~sp` fh {e`f`y ~czùf2 |c~c sp` t`cy sp` acy{c oh m`jh~ umãy ycfh y` ìac c |`~k`~ ipcfkh c oc t`~kck y` cóck` cogh sp` fhih~~`y|hfk`& Ye {ú/ `f icmneh/ |p`k`y aci`~ pf yhoh meocg~h/ y`~ãf t`~kck`y{py >; keiahy.&Híkh `y{h/ ò te`jh y` dp` ihf pf cupkcf{` c yp i`~icfh jc~kíf& [`fíc cooí ipcf{h acníc k` |~ìehyh u ~c~h `f d~p{cy/ ae`~ncy u doh~`y2 `f jcpocy a` tey{h|ãjc~hy ~c~hy u a`~mhyhy/ u `f m`keh kò jc~kíf pfc dp`f{` k` cgpc ihfg~ciehyhy |ììeoohy& \~hf{cm`f{` jpf{ù ihf yp cupkcf{` ocy m`jh~`y d~p{cy/|`~cy cmc~eoocy/ mcfzcfcy u ptcy {`m|~cfcy u ocy |pyh `f pf |c~ k`|`sp`óhy icfcy{hy/ u h{~cy d~p{cy m`fh~`y ocy cihmhkù `f pfc dp`f{` {`jekck` pfc mc{`~ec {~cfy|c~`f{` u k` ihoh~& Ck`mãy oo`tù ihfyegh/ `f pf icfcy{hi`~~ckh/ tc~ehy |cjc~e{hy u pfhy cfemco`y |c~ìekhy c ihf`jhy u pf gc{e{h&J`yúy/ me`f{~cy {cf{h/ `fy`óù ci`~ic k` oc hny{efcieùf u ò icy{egh sp`m`~ì` cócke~ cogh c ocy t`~kck`y ihfhiekcy& Ipcfkh ò te`jh jpkíh {~cjh `f

ohy icfcy{hy u jcpocy {hkcy ypy ~c~`zcy u ocy k`|hye{ù jpf{h co yeooùf k` J`yúy/y` ypyie{ù g~cf `q|ì{c{etc `f{~` ohy |~`y`f{`y& Ihmh ò te`jh/ oo`fh k`h~gpooh/ efyey{íc `f ypy cf{`~eh~`y cde~mciehf`y/ y` ipm|oeù oc |cocn~c k`J`yúy yhn~` ohy hnj`{hy sp` acníc {~cíkh ò te`jh u yhn~` åy{` meymh& Ocy



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d~p{cy ihm`fzc~hf c mht`~y` u ycoe`~hf kò ef{`~eh~ gpycfhy cysp`~hyhy sp` yìhme`~hf {hkc pfc mcfzcfc/ k` mhkh sp` k` òoc fh sp`kù yefh pf|`kczh/ k` iãyic~c yhn~` oc icn`zc k` pf `fjcmn~` k` gpycfhy& Ohy cfemco`ysp` acníc {~cíkh `fd`~mc~hf k` |~hf{h u ycoeù k` òohy pfc mc{`~ec |p~po`f{c uop`gh gpycfhy sp` k`th~cncf ocy ic~f`y k` ohy |ãjc~hy u k` ohy cfemco`y& [hkh

y` thoteù ~`|pgfcf{`/ u oc {p~nc/ sp` y` acníc c|~hqemckh/ ihm`fzù c iocmc~u c g~e{c~/ {cf{h mãy ipcfkh te`~hf co te`jh efioefc~y` k` pf ockh/ |hf`~y`cmc~eooh u sp`kc~ ihf{~caìah k` ip`~|h&@o |p`noh/ co t`~ `y{h/ ihm`fzù c g~e{c~ oo`fh k` ckme~cieùf/ u ò te`jh cozùoc thz/ sp`jãfkhy`/ ~ìhfhie`fkh yp yef ~czùf u ~hgcfkh co Y`óh~ yìhm|ckìe`y` k` yp mey`~ec& Y` aezh pf {pmpo{h {cf g~cfk`/ sp` ò j`d` k` ociepkck/ sp` y` acníc ~`{e~ckh/ dp` oocmckh k` fp`th |c~c ~`y{cnoì`~ òh~k`f/ me`f{~cy ò te`jh iocmcnc u kìíc |únoeicm`f{` sp` acníc yekhefjpy{h/ sp` ~ìhfhiíc yp `~~h~ u sp` acníc cóckekh cogh c oc t`~kck& Ipcfkhteh J`yúy sp` ò te`jh y` c~~`|`f{íc u |`kíc c ohy |~`y`f{`y sp` ~hgcy`f |h~åo |c~c thot`~ c yp |~em`~ `y{ckh/ n`fkejh ohy hnj`{hy {~cíkhy |h~ ò cfiecfh

jpkíh/ u {hkh thoteù k` fp`th c yp |~em`~c dh~mc/ {cf{h ohy d~p{hy ihmh ohy|ãjc~hy u cfemco`y/ u ò meymh te`jh/ sp` ooh~cfkh/ oo`fh k` cg~ckìeme`f{h/y` |hy{~ù c ohy |e`y k` J`yúy ihf mpiac apmeokck& Oc ihft`~yeùf k` `y{`cfiecfh dp` {cf yefi`~c sp` k` cooí `f ckòcf{` dp` ò mãy deò k` ohykeyií|pohy/ u ihfte~{eù c mpiahy h{~hy ihf yp |cocn~c& \h~ |`fe{`fiec~`|c~{eù g~cf |c~{` k` ocy a`~mhycy d~p{cy k` yp ap`~{c c ohy |hn~`y& @y{`|~hkegeh |~hkpjh pfc ycopkcno` em|~`yeùf `f {hkhy ohy sp` encf u t`fícf|c~c ihm`~ h |h~ f`ghiehy& @y{` meocg~h dp` fì`yc~eh cspí/ khfk` oc g`f{`/cpfsp` k`y`hyc k` hí~/ `~c cogh hny{efckc `f yp `~~h~/ ihmh cihf{ì` `fopgc~`y khfk` acu mc{~emhfehy meq{hy/ u ihftet`f ked`~`f{`y ~òegehf`y:åy{hy `~cf ycmc~e{cfhy pfekhy ihf |cgcfhy sp` acnícf yekh ìackhy k`Ycmc~ec& A` tey{h sp` ahu cupfcncf/ fh |h~ oc k`y{~piieùf kò {`m|oh k`J`~pycoåf/ yefh |h~ acn`~ yekh òohy ìackhy k` Ycmc~ec& ^ìhfhiícf sp``y{cncf `f `~~h~/ |`~h fh `y{cncf key|p`y{hy c ycoe~ k` åo& Acnícf ~ìenekh cJ`yúy ihf {hkhy ohy ahfh~`y/ |h~sp` y`gúf pfc ~`tòcieùf cf{egpc ~ìenekck` ohy meymhy |cgcfhy/ mpiacy y`óco`y acnícf ypi`kekh `f pf {e`m|hipcfkh hn{pte`~hf k` Kehy pfc g~ciec g~cfk`& @yc ~`tòcieùf acníc yekh~ìenekc `f ò ye{eh sp` oocmcncf òohy .Opgc~ k` oc G~ciec.& ^ìp`~kh k``y{h yùoh sp` me`f{~cy `y{hy |cgcfhy `y{cncf `f g~cfk` c|~`{p~c/ acnícfo`tcf{ckh ypy mcfhy co ieòh |eke`fkh cupkc c Kehy u y` o`y cfpfieù sp`~ìene~ícf pfc g~ciec g~cfk` ipcfkh c|c~ìe`~cf fp`tcy ih~~e`f{`y k` cgpcsp` encf co mc~ u h{~c fp`tc `f ò opgc~ k` ohy ncóhy/ u ipcfkh oc iepkck y``q{`fke`~c acy{c oc dp`f{` k` ncóhy& Cah~c y` acnícf ipm|oekh {hkcy `y{cyy`óco`y& Y` k`~~cmcncf `f{hfi`y iefih ih~~e`f{`y `f ò mc~ u `f ò Jh~kãf&[cmneåf y` acníc ipm|oekh pfc y`óco ihf pf n~czh kò Jh~kãf u co |hzh k`



>3

ohy ncóhy acnícf ih~~ekh fp`tcy ih~~e`f{`y k` cgpcy ycopkcno`y& Cooí y` tc cncp{ezc~/ u ocy |~hdìícy y` ~`de`~`f c `y{` opgc~& Acnícf {`fekh cspí cgpcymcoycfcy& Oc iepkck y` acníc `q{`fkekh |~ìeycm`f{` aciec ò ockh k` ocdp`f{`&@f ò Fh~{` k` oc iepkck y` acooc pfc ihmc~ic ncjc u f`npohyc/ oo`fc k`

|cf{cfhy/ khfk` tet`f |cgcfhy k` mey`~cno` ihfkeieùf `f iahzcy u {c|`~cy&@f oc |c~{` Ypk`y{`/ `f icmneh/ acníc mpiacy ap`~{cy u tete`fkcy fp`tcyicye acy{c ò opgc~ oocmckh k` oc G~ciec& @o ye{eh `~c cogh ncjh u `f k`~~`kh~oocfh& \h~ pfhy icmnehy `f ocy ~en`~cy kò ~íh Jh~kãf u pfc mhf{cóc/ yàcníc k`yteckh pf n~czh kò ~íh acy{c `y` opgc~/ sp` y` ~`pfíc op`gh ihf pf|`sp`óh ~íh u thotíc c `f{~c~ `f yp icpi`& Ihm|~`fkíc `y{h pfc `q{`fyeùfihfyek`~cno`& Ipcfkh ocy cgpcy kò Jh~kãf oo`gcy`f c cdope~ acy{c cooí yìpm|oíc oc y`óco ihft`fekc&Ipcfkh J`yúy co kíc yegpe`f{` thoteù c `fy`óc~ `f oc yefcghgc/ `f m`keh kòc ipco acníc pf `y|oåfkekh c~mc~eh ihf ~hoohy k` ocy @yi~e{p~cy/ cipke`~hfohy jpkíhy k`yicozhy& @f `y` kíc fh o`y `~c |`~me{ekh octc~y`/ ihyc sp` uc

acnícf aìah ò kíc cf{`~eh~/ ncóãfkhy`/ |h~ y`~ kíc k` cupfh& [~cícf yhn~òhy t`y{ekhy k` ohy |cyckhy kícy pf mcf{h oc~gh u f`g~h ihf pfc ic|piac:`y{cnc cne`~{h k` ockh u ypj`{h ihf ief{cy& @f ò n~czh k`~ìah {`fícf khymcfí|pohy ãy|`~hy k` ihoh~ f`g~h/ `f ò ezspe`~kh h{~h u k`{~ãy pf ihogcjh&^`zc~hf u icf{c~hf `f {hfh k` ocm`f{cieùf/ y` m`{e`~hf |h~ pfhy mhm`f{hy`f pfhy ycihy cne`~{hy `f m`keh u y` ìac~hf `f `yc dh~mc k` ~hy{~h `f ò|eyh k` oc yefcghgc& Ocy mpj`~`y aeie`~hf oh meymh `f ypy icycy& [hkhdp`gh `y{cnc ipne`~{h k`yk` cu`~& Yùoh |h~ oc {c~k` a` tey{h sp` aeie`~hf pfcihmekc/ yef |hf`~ oc m`yc/ `f ò con`~gp` k` J`yúy/ ò ipco ihmeù ihf ypykeyií|pohy& Ohy k`mãy ihme`~hf `f pf g~cf t`y{ínpoh/ `f ò |c{eh& Y`{~cj`~hf tecfkcy d~ícy k` oc icyc kò j`d` k` oc iepkck u J`yúy `fy`óù yhn~òcy ihmekcy u ohy coem`f{hy& T`fícf mpiahy jpf{h c oc m`yc/ {p~fãfkhy`pfhy ihf h{~hy2 co def cipke`~hf ohy `fd`~mhy u ncokckhy& Yhn~` oc m`yc|pye`~hf mpiahy ~ìe|e`f{`y ihf i`fezc& @o cfiecfh jpkíh ihft`~{ekh~`|c~{eù ahu mpiacy k` ypy m`jh~`y d~p{cy c ohy |hn~`y&@o yãnckh `fy`óù J`yúy `f oc yefcghgc/ k`y|påy cfkpth ihf ohy keyií|pohy uihf h{~hy ke`z jpkíhy aciec ò Fh~{` k` oc iepkck/ k`f{~h k` oc mhf{cóc& @y{cihmc~ic `~c mãy ãy|`~c u ycotcj`& Kòcf{` k` pfc icyc k`yicfyc~hf ncjhpfhy ã~nho`y u {hmc~hf k` ohy coem`f{hy sp` acnícf oo`tckh ihfyegh& J`yúykeh {hkc iocy` k` ~`gocy u ckt`~{`fiecy/ u o`y kejh sp` |~hf{h y` cpy`f{c~íc ufh thot`~íc yefh pfc t`z mãy& @f{~` h{~cy ihycy o`y kejh sp` fh aeie`y`f

{cf{hy mhteme`f{hy kp~cf{` ò ~`zh2 {cmneåf sp` fh dp`y`f {cf kp~hy ihf ohy|ìckh~`y u |cgcfhy/ yefh sp` y` ihm|ckìe`y`f k` òohy& Cspí o`y ihf{ù oc|c~ãnhoc kò mcuh~khmh efdeò u oc |~h|pyh ihmh pfc cketefcfzc sp`k`nícf yhopiehfc~& @oohy y` mc~cteooc~hf u J`yúy o`y kìoc~ù |h~ spå y`



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cocncnc co mcuh~khmh efdeò& M` |c~ìeù sp` `f{`fkíc J`yúy/ ncjh òmcuh~khmh efdeò/ c oc yefcghgc/ u ncjh ohy k`pkh~`y/ c ocy yì{cy u ohy|cgcfhy& Oc yefcghgc k`níc keymefpe~ oc k`pkc k` ocy k`mãy yì{cy u|cgcfhy/ uc sp` {`fíc ò |hk`~ u oc g~ciec `f yp dcth~2 `y{h `y/ sp` yef må~e{hfe m`~ì`~oh |hy`íc oc ~esp`zc/ |c~c sp` ye pf kíc dp`y` k`yìackc òoc

meymc/ y` |pke`~c ~`dpgec~ `f{~` ohy k`pkh~`y {~c{ckhy apmcfcm`f{`&Kp~cf{` `y{` {e`m|h a` tey{h d~ìp`f{`m`f{` c oc Ycf{c Te~g`f& Mh~cnc yhoc`f oc icyc ye{pckc jpf{h c Icdc~fcúm& Oc t`íc {~cncjcfkh p h~cfkh& ^ìenícoc teye{c k` ocy ycf{cy mpj`~`y/ u ohy keyií|pohy o` {~cícf fh{eiecy k` J`yúy& A`tey{h sp` c tì`y fh ~ìeníc c ocy |`~yhfcy sp` t`fícf k` Fczc~`{ h k`J`~pycoåf yhocm`f{` |c~c t`~oc& @f J`~pycoåf {hkh `y{ã {~cfspeoh ~`y|ì{h cJ`yúy& Oãzc~h `y{ã ~`{e~ckh `f yp icy{eooh/ u ~ìen` d~ìp`f{`m`f{` fh{eiecy k`J`yúy/ |h~ ohy keyií|pohy/ u åo `ftíc ypy fh{eiecy |h~ ò meymh ihfkpi{h&



>9

K

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Oc |c~ãnhoc kò mcuh~khmh efdeò

`yk` feóc uh t`íc `y{c u h{~cy |c~ãnhocy ihmh ye dp`y`f degp~cytete`f{`y sp` |cycncf kòcf{` k` mey hjhy u m` |c~ìíc op`gh sp`

t`íc `f ~`coekck c pfhy p h{~hy |`~yhfcj`y/ ~ìhfhieåfkhohy `f oc tekc ~`co&Oh meymh m` |cyù ihf `y{` mcuh~khmh/ co ipco uh t`íc ye`m|~` ihmh pfahmn~` cogh jh~hnckh/ ihf ic~gh k` ckmefey{~ckh~/ k` nc~nc ~hjezc/ mpuãgeo `f yp cfkc~ u ihmh åo aciíc `yi~ene~ c ypy c~~`fkc{c~ehy ihf pfc `y|ìe`k` icóc& A` tey{h tete~ c `y{` mcuh~khmh `f pf opgc~ k`ye`~{h k` oc C~cnecfh o`jhy k` khfk` ohy aejhy k` Ey~cò mp~mp~c~hf ihf{~c Mheyåy2 tetíc `fpfc {e`fkc& [`fíc yp y`óh~/ mpu o`jhy k` cooí/ i`~ic kò mhf{` Oíncfh/ pficm|h k` i`~`co`y u k` d~p{hy/ sp` oo`gcnc c ohy oíme{`y ihf oc [e`~~c Ycf{c:`f ohy khy `q{~`mhy kò icm|h tetícf khy ic|c{ci`y/ c ohy ipco`y åo acnícypnc~~`fkckh& @y{` mcuh~khmh `~c pf ahmn~` |`sp`óh/ mpu oey{h/ sp`|`fycnc `f{~` yí: .@o y`óh~ fh t`fk~ã.& \h~ `yh k`jcnc ih~~`~ ocy ihycy u

k`yipekcnc yp hnoegcieùf2 oh meymh aciícf ypy khy ic|c{ci`y/ sp`k`~~hiacncf `f n`nekc u de`y{cy& K` |~hf{h te sp` ò y`óh~ kò icm|h y`|pyh `f icmefh& Mpu o`jhy te c pfc a`~mhyc iepkck u pf |cocieh khfk`tetíc ò kp`óh u acníc pf icmefh sp` ycoíc k` cooí `f ke~ìieùf kò icm|h&Te ycoe~ k` `y` opgc~ co ~ù k` oc iepkck ihf g~cf cihm|cócme`f{h kìcmòohy/ yhn~` pf ic~~h ncjh u |`sp`óh/ {e~ckh |h~ pf |c~ k` cyfhy/ u ihf åot`fíc {hkc yp ih~{`& Uh t`íc `y{h k` {co mcf`~c sp` m` |c~ìíc ihmh ye kòieòh |c~{íc `yc y`fkc a`~mhyc/ ycoe`fkh k` oc J`~pycoåf iò`y{eco/ u m`|c~ìíc pf ~ù kò ieòh sp` {pte`~c cspí `f oc {e`~~c pf icm|h k` i`~`co`y ud~p{co`y& T`fíc `y{` ~ù co mhkh k` ohy cf{egphy ~ù`y& Oh t`íc ncjc~ k`yk` ohco{h c oc {e`~~c&@o mcuh~khmh/ ò |`sp`óh ahmn~`/ acníc yekh/ `f `dì{h/ cipyckh k`keye|c~ ohy ne`f`y k` yp y`óh~& Ohy k`pkh~`y kò mcuh~khmh `~cf khyahmn~`y sp` t`y{ícf oc~ghy ycihy ihf mpiahy nh{hf`y acy{c cncjh/ u òmcuh~khmh oo`tcnc pfc `y|ìe` k` gh~~c& Oc {e`fkc kò mcuh~khmh `y{cncye{pckc aciec ò k`ye`~{h/ u ò icm|h k` ocy me`y`y/ d~p{co`y u hoetc~`y/ `fipuhy `q{~`mhy tetícf ohy khy ic|c{ci`y/ `y{cnc aciec oc |c~{` k` Icfcãf&@y{hy icm|hy `y{cncf pfekhy ihmh `f dh~mc k` {~eãfgpohy& @o kp`óh icuùyhn~` ò icm|h k` ohy i`~`co`y& Ohy khy ic|c{ci`y k`~~hiacncf {hkh ihf òmcuh~khmh/ u ihmh åy{hy {`fícf h{~hy {~cncjckh~`y c yp mcfkh {`fícf sp`~`|hf`~ {hkh oh sp` mcogcy{cncf ypy |~efie|co`y& M` |c~ìeù `f{`fk`~ ihmh

ye dp`y`f khy mcohy yci`~kh{`y |ã~~hihy/ u ò mcuh~khmh pf hney|h egpco2|`~h m` |c~ìeù {cmneåf sp` `~cf mpfkcfhy/ |p`y {hkh oh {`fícf sp`h~k`óc~&



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@o mcuh~khmh teh k` o`jhy oc t`fekc kò ~ù2 y` oo`fù k` {p~ncieùf u |~`|c~ùpf g~cf ncfsp`{` u y` mhy{~ù mpu y`~teieco u ckpockh~& @o ~ù kejh comcuh~khmh: .£Ca# ¸spå `y oh sp` {`fgh sp` hí~8/ ¸spå {ú k`~~hiacy ohyne`f`y sp` {` acníc `fihm`fkckh8 Kcm` ip`f{c/ |h~sp` uc fh |hk~ãyy`gpe~ ye`fkh me mcuh~khmh.& @f{hfi`y te sp` ò mcuh~khmh oocmù

|~hf{cm`f{` c ohy khy ic|c{ci`y& [`fícf ~hoohy/ sp` cn~e`~hf& O`y |~`gpf{ùipãf{h k`nícf/ |p`y fe `yh ycníc ò mcuh~khmh/ u òohy mhy{~c~hf ypyk`pkcy& Åo {`fíc `f ocy mcfhy pf icóe{h cogh ~`{h~iekh/ u o`y aezh `yi~ene~|~`y{cm`f{` m`fhy icf{ekck k` oh sp` k`nícf/ |`fycfkh: .Ipcfkh uh y`c~`mhtekh k` me |p`y{h/ |h~ oh m`fhy m` ~`dpgec~å `f{~` òohy/ u |hk~å tete~/|p`y fh |p`kh uc {~cncjc~.& K`y|påy k` `y{h te sp` ohy ic|c{ci`y u òmcuh~khmh mcfkcncf c ohy ypnh~kefckhy sp` dp`y`f c oo`tc~ co ~ù ohyd~p{hy u ò {cf{h |h~ ie`f{h k` ohy icm|hy/ u åy{hy oo`gc~hf ihf icmòohy ucyfhy ic~gckhy {~cu`fkh i`~`co`y `f nhoycy u hoethy `f icfcy{hy& Ohy sp`{~cícf ohy hoethy/ t`fícf {cmneåf ihf kef`~h: `~cf |`sp`ócy |ocicy k` m`{co~`pfekcy `f ~hyc~eh/ pfcy mãy g~cfk`y sp` h{~cy/ ypj`{cy ihf cfeoohy& @o y`óh~

fh{ù/ ihm|c~cfkh ihf oh sp` `f cóhy cf{`~eh~`y acnícf |cgckh/ sp` `~cmpiah m`fhy k` oh sp` k`nícf u fh{ù/ `f ohy `yi~e{hy dcoyedeickhy/ ocef{`fieùf kò mcuh~khmh& Ihf pfc yhf~eyc y` ke~egeù c ohy me`mn~hy k` ypih~{`jh/ keie`fkh: .Me~ck/ `y{` ahmn~` `y oey{h u |~pk`f{`2 spe`~` aci`~y`cmeghy `f{~` ypy k`pkh~`y2 ohy aejhy kò yegoh yhf mãy |~pk`f{`y `f ypymcf`jhy sp` ohy aejhy k` oc opz/ ohy ipco`y |hic tì`y hn~cf `f ò ne`f ihmh`y{hy `f ò mco& Cyí y`~ícf ihm|`fyckhy ihmh `y{hy y`~ãf icy{egckhy.&K`y|påy k` `y{h te sp` ò mcuh~khmh jenhyh dp` ~`mhtekh u `fteckh mãyck`f{~h/ `f ò k`ye`~{h& @f `y` opgc~ acníc ihmc~icy k` c~`fc kp~c u `y{å~eo/k` ihoh~ hi~`& @o ahmn~` y` ihf{~ey{ù mpiah u y` ihfdpfkeù g~cfk`m`f{`&A` tey{h sp`/ co def/ åo `m|`zù {cmneåf c {~cncjc~ u c ipo{etc~ ò icm|h u cih~{c~ o`óc k` pfhy ã~nho`y kp~hy sp` cooí acníc& Ohy khy ic|c{ci`y dp`~hf{cmneåf k`ycohjckhy u `fteckhy c h{~hy icm|hy k` c~`fc/ cpfsp` fh {cf`y{å~eo`y& @f icmneh/ ohy |hn~`y {~cncjckh~`y ypnh~kefckhy dp`~hf~ìhm|`fyckhy/ |h~sp` o`y ihfdeù c òohy ò ipekckh kò icm|h sp` acníc{`fekh ò mcuh~khmh efdeò&



>0

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TEEEJ`yúy u ypy keyií|pohy `f Yò`piec

`yúy u ypy keyií|pohy y` ~`|c~{e`~hf |h~ oc iepkck k` Ckcmc& J`yúy y`sp`kù mãy ne`f `f oc iepkck/ me`f{~cy ohy keyií|pohy dp`~hf c ypy

{å~mefhy/ acy{c ocy tete`fkcy k` ohy |cgcfhy/ u `f{~cfkh k` icyc `f icycoocmcncf ` efte{cncf co ncp{eymh u c oc `fy`ócfzc k` J`yúy |c~c khy kícyckòcf{` co h{~h ockh kò ocgh/ `f pf opgc~ k` t`~kh~ u i`~ickh/ i`~ic k`Yò`piec& Me`f{~cy efte{cncf/ `fy`ócncf& @y{h kp~ù acy{c oc `f{~ckc k` ocfhia`& Ohy keyií|pohy y` ke~ege`~hf `f{hfi`y dp`~c k` oc iepkck/ c oc |c~{`H`y{`/ khfk` ohy |`yickh~`y `y{cncf ihf ypy nc~icy/ hip|ckhy co ~`y|ocfkh~k` ypy cf{h~iacy `f oc |`yic/ `f khfk` ò Jh~kãf y` ìacnc `f ò ocgh& Ocioc~ekck k` ocy cf{h~iacy c{~cíc c ohy |`yickhy/ sp` ycicncf ihf cfzpòhy uihf |efiahy& Ohy keyií|pohy cupkcncf `f ò {~cncjh u `fy`ócncf ` efte{cncfc ohy |`yickh~`y& O`y kìícf {cmneåf sp` oo`tcy`f ypy |`yickhy co opgc~ k`t`~kh~/ jpf{h c Yò`piec/ khfk` {`fk~íc opgc~ ò g~cf y`~mùf k` J`yúy/ sp`

cooí y` ohy |cgc~ícf ne`f&@y` opgc~ `~c pfc `y|ìe` k` |c~sp` k` cfemco`y/ i`~ickh ihf tcoockh& Yhoíc`fi`~~c~y` cooí c ohy cfemco`y ycotcj`y sp` iczcncf: |h~ `yh y` t`ícf {hkcyiocy`y k` ip`tcy |c~c òohy& @o opgc~ |`~{`fìíc c Ckcmc/ u `y{cnc c pfc ah~cu m`kec k` Yò`piec& Co cmcfì`~ dp` J`yúy jpf{h c ypy keyií|pohy u y`ke~ege`~hf c pfhy ~ìhtìhy khfk` acníc |hn~`y iahzcy k`{~ãy k` oc iepkck&Op`gh/ `f oc iepkck/ dp` J`yúy ihf ohy ypuhy c oc icyc kò j`d` u {hmù cogúfcoem`f{h `f pf opgc~ cne`~{h& Ihfyey{íc oc ihmekc `f |`sp`óhy |cf`y pfekhyk` c khy& Acníc {cmneåf |`yickhy ihf icn`zcy o`tcf{ckcy/ `f pfc dp`f{` sp`|c~ìíc k` tek~eh mpo{eihoh~& J`yúy |pyh pf |`yickh `f{`~h yhn~` ò |cf/ cickc pfh k` ypy keyií|pohy& Oc m`yc {`fíc ahfkp~cy `qictckcy/ khfk` yìhohicncf ocy |h~iehf`y/ ihmh ye dp`y`f |oc{hy& K`y|påy k` oc ihmekc J`yúykeh pfc efy{~piieùf `f t`y{ínpoh cne`~{h/ kòcf{` kò j`d` u ohy dcmeoec~`y sp`k`nícf ~ìene~ ò ncp{eymh2 op`gh y` ke~egeù co opgc~ k` `fy`ócfzc/ dp`~c kòc iepkck/ khfk` o` cgpc~kcnc mpiac g`f{`/ u ohy |~`|c~ù |c~c ò ncp{eymh&Oc g`f{` enc u t`fíc `f g~p|hy/ {p~fãfkhy`/ u |cycncf c oc yefcghgc2 h~cncf/y` |hfícf i`fezc `f oc icn`zc u aciícf |`fe{`fiec2 op`gh encf co ap`~{h kòhy ncóhy/ jpf{h co opgc~ k` oc G~ciec u y` |p~edeicncf `f ncóhy/ y`|c~ckhy|h~ ih~{efcy& Ipcfkh ohy úo{emhy cncfkhfc~hf ò opgc~ k` oc `fy`ócfzc/ y`ke~egeù {cmneåf J`yúy cooí& @o ye{eh |c~c ncp{ezc~ `~c cspò khfk` pf n~czh kòJh~kãf cdopíc c oc dp`f{`/ sp` `~c {cf `y|ciehyc u {`fíc ò nh~k` ihf

`qictciehf`y {cf cfiah sp` |hkícf |cyc~ khy c oc t`z& Ih~~ícf iefihicfco`y/ sp` |hkícf i`~~c~y` c thopf{ck u {e`f` co ockh iefih |cycj`y |c~cci`~ic~y`& @f m`keh k` oc dp`f{` acníc pf |coh ihf pf n~czh {cf oc~gh sp`|hkíc i`~~c~ h cn~e~ oc dp`f{`& @y{c dp`f{` ihf iefih `f{~ckcy fh acníc yekh



>4

c~~`gockc cah~c |c~c ò ncp{eymh: `~c pfc dh~mc ihmúf `f \co`y{efc sp`{`fíc ~òcieùf ihf ohy iefih icfco`y kò `y{cfsp` k` N`{a`ykc/ ihf ò |hzhk` Jpcf `f ò k`ye`~{h/ ihf oc dp`f{` kò ncp{eymh k` J`yúy/ u ihf ocy iefihoocgcy kò Y`óh~& J`yúy y` ~`de~eù co |~ùqemh ncp{eymh& Ohy ncp{ezcfkhyt`y{ícf oc~ghy mcf{hy k` ohy ipco`y y` k`y|hjcncf u `f{~cncf/ ipne`~{hy

acy{c oc me{ck kò |ìah ihf pfc `y|ìe` k` `yic|poc~eh/ `f ocy `qictciehf`ysp` ~hk`cncf oc dp`f{` oo`fc k` cgpc& Yhn~` ohy nh~k`y k` oc `f{~ckc `y{cncfò ncp{ezckh~ u ohy |ck~efhy& @o cgpc `~c k`~~cmckc {~`y tì`y yhn~` ocicn`zc `f fhmn~` k` Jàhtã u k` yp @fteckh& Ipc{~h keyií|pohy ncp{ezcncfco meymh {e`m|h u khy |hfícf ocy mcfhy yhn~` ohy ncp{ezcfkhy& @y{ci`~`mhfec u ocy `fy`ócfzcy k` J`yúy kp~c~hf acy{c oc {c~k`& Mpiahy dp`~hf~ìaczckhy u |hy{`~gckhy&Co cmcfì`~ y` `mnc~ic~hf ohy keyií|pohy c Yò`piec/ co opgc~ ipne`~{h k`t`~kh~ sp` `y{cnc kò h{~h ockh& C ie`~{c key{cfiec k` Ckcmc ò ocgh {e`f` ocdh~mc k` pf tehoíf/ cogh mãy cfghy{h/ ihmh c pf ipc~{h k` ah~c k` icmefh&Yò`piec `~c pfc dh~{co`zc ihf mp~coocy u tcoockhy& Kò ockh Fh~{` `~c icye

efcii`yeno` |h~ oh `m|efckc/ u `y{cnc oo`fc k` yhokckhy |cgcfhy& Ocympj`~`y tetícf `f icycy u `f iãmc~cy |c~{eipoc~`y& Ohy jpkíhy sp` mh~cncfcspí `~cf ncy{cf{` k`y|~ìeckhy u tetícf `f ip`tcy/ cne`~{cy `f ocy meymcymp~coocy/ u {~cncjcncf `f ocnh~`y dh~zckcy/ `f ip`tcy u `f {`~~`fhy|cf{cfhyhy& Fh a` tey{h fefgpfc yefcghgc2 |`~h acníc pf {`m|oh k` dh~mc~`khfkc/ ye{pckh yhn~` pf ií~ipoh k` ihopmfcy sp` |~`y`f{cncf degp~cyyhy{`fe`fkh |`yhy& @f ò i`f{~h acníc pfc ihopmfc g~p`yc khfk` `y{cnc oc`yico`~c sp` oo`tcnc c oh co{h kò {`m|oh&Cncjh/ `f ohy yù{cfhy/ |hfícf ohy ~ìe|e`f{`y ihf ocy i`fezcy k` ypy mp`~{hy&I`~ic k` cooí yå t`íc pf opgc~ ~`f`g~ekh khfk` yhoícf sp`mc~ ohy ickãt`~`y&@f `y{` {`m|oh acníc degp~cy k` y`~|e`f{`y ihf ic~cy k` ahmn~`y u degp~cy kàhmn~`y ihf icn`zc k` |`~~hy/ u pf íkhoh ihf oc opfc u pf |`z& Oc {e`~~c `~cmãy ne`f `y{å~eo2 |`~h oc g`f{` `~c {~cncjckh~c/ |~`|c~cnc {hkc iocy` k`c|`~hy |c~c icncogckp~cy u acníc mpiahy a`~~`~hy& Icye {hkhy ohy {~cncjhy`~cf |c~c ohy yhokckhy&Ohy keyií|pohy cfkpte`~hf |h~ ocy icoo`y k` Yò`piec efte{cfkh c ocy g`f{`y cpf y`~mùf u c pfc ihmekc& Me`f{~cy {cf{h/ aciíc `y{h meymh J`yúy `f{~` ohy|cgcfhy `f Ckcmc& K`y|påy y` ke~ege`~hf ohy keyií|pohy co |c~sp` k` ohycfemco`y/ sp` `y{cnc ipne`~{h k` a`~mhycy |ocf{cy u doh~`y/ u c~~`goc~hf ocihmekc ihf ohy |`yickhy sp` ohy |`yickh~`y {`fícf gpc~kckhy `f pfciey{`~fc& Ocy m`ycy `~cf cfiacy {cnocy/ sp` dp`~hf ycickcy kò ocgh: y`~ícf

cfiacy ihmh k` khy |e`y& K`{~ãy kò |c~sp` acníc ahgc~`y khfk` y` ihiícfohy |`yickhy& \c~ì` sp` cspí y` ypò` aci`~ c m`fpkh `y{c ihmekc |h~spàcu `qictciehf`y |ocfcy `f oc ~hic ihmh aìacy |h~ oc fc{p~co`zc u k`f{~hk` ocy ip`tcy/ khfk` y` |p`k`f ihohic~ ohy coem`f{hy& \~`|c~c~hf |cf`y/



>7

|`yickhy/ ae`~ncy u d~p{cy& Ipcfkh {hkh `y{pth |~`|c~ckh u acníc pfhy ie`f|cgcfhy ~`pfekhy/ oo`gù J`yúy c {~ctåy kò ocgh& O` y`gpícf hfi` jpkíhy ihfò j`d` u cogpfhy |cgcfhy k` Ckcmc& J`yúy |~`keiù k`yk` pfc ihoefc& @o j`dù ohy k`mãy jpkíhy {`fícf k`~ìahy yhn~` `yc ihmekc |~`|c~ckc/ u jpf{hihf J`yúy u ohy keyií|pohy y`~tícf c ohy ihm`fyco`y& J`yúy `q|oeiù sp` ò

ahmn~` y` ihm|hf` k` ip`~|h u k` comc/ u kò coem`f{h sp` fì`ye{cf òip`~|h u ò comc2 kejh sp` òohy |hkícf y`gpe~ ihme`fkh h `yipiac~ yp`fy`ócfzc& Kejh `y{h |c~c |~hnc~ohy& @f `dì{h/ cogpfhy dp`~hf `f y`gpekc cocy m`ycy u pfc {`~i`~c |c~{` sp`kù `yipiaãfkho`& J`yúy `fy`óù ci`~ic k` octhicieùf k` ohy efdeò`y u o`y ihf{ù oc t`fekc k` ohy {~`y ^ù`y/ ihyc sp` fho`y `~c k`yihfhiekc& Ipcfkh cicnc~hf ò y`~mùf u oc ihmekc/ y` ke~egeùJ`yúy ihf ypy keyií|pohy aciec Yò`piec/ ihmh c ah~c u m`kec co Yp~/ u fh

jpf{h co ocgh& Oc mcuh~íc k` oc g`f{` acníc tpò{h c ypy ahgc~`y& J`yúy dp`~ìenekh |h~ ohy |~efie|co`y k` oc iepkck u hny`speckh ihf pfc n`nekc ucoem`f{h/ cyí ihmh ohy keyií|pohy u ohy jpkíhy sp` acnícf t`fekh ihf òohy&Dp`~hf oo`tckhy c oc iepkck u J`yúy `fy`óù c ocy mpj`~`y `f pf opgc~ fh

o`jhy k` oc |p`~{c/ khfk` y` acnícf ~`pfekh `f ye{eh c|~h|eckh |c~c t`~ cJ`yúy& T`y{ícf ihmh ocy jpkícy/ |`~h fh oo`tcncf tòh2 `f g`f`~co `~c g`f{`k` ncjc `y{c{p~c/ |`~h dp`~{` u ne`f |ocf{ckc& J`yúy `f{~ù op`gh `f pf g~cfcon`~gp` khfk` o` acnícf |~`|c~ckh pfc ihmekc& Acníc `f `y{c ~`geùfmpiah {~ãdeih&J`yúy/ ypy keyií|pohy u ohy jpkíhy ihme`~hf `f pfc m`yc c|c~{`& Ohy jpkíhyfh sp`~ícf co |~efie|eh ihm`~ cooí& J`yúy o`y kejh `f{hfi`y sp` oh sp` `f{~cnc|h~ oc nhic fh `~c oh sp` mcfiacnc co ahmn~`: k` mhkh sp` ye fh sp`~ícfihm`~ ihf Åo/ fh `~cf y`gpekh~`y k` yp khi{~efc& Me`f{~cy kp~ù oc ihmekc/yegpeù `fy`ócfkh c ohy ihm`fyco`y& Ohy |cgcfhy {`fícf m`ycy mãy co{cy spòhy jpkíhy/ c tì`y m`ycy |c~{eipoc~`y/ u `y{cncf y`f{ckhy yhn~` comhackcy/ihf ocy |e`~fcy i~pzckcy/ ihmh a` tey{h `f ocy g`f{`y kò |cíy k` ohy ^ù`yMcghy& Ohy coem`f{hy `~cy |`yickhy/ t`~kp~cy/ meò/ d~p{cy u ic~f` cyckc&J`yúy ohy ihfmhteù k` {co mcf`~c ihf ypy `fy`ócfzcy/ sp` ipcfkh y`k`y|ekeù k` òohy sp`kc~hf {~ey{`y u c|`yckpmn~ckhy& O` ~hgc~hf mpiah sp`y` sp`kcy` ihf òohy u J`yúy o`y k`jù c Cfk~åy u Fc{cfcò& Ohy |cgcfhy{cmneåf mcfed`y{cncf mpiah ef{`~åy |h~ hí~ ihycy fp`tcy& @~c uc k` fhiaìpcfkh ohy k`jù& Ocy tete`fkcy k` ocy mpj`~`y `y{cncf `kedeickcy ihf oc|c~{` {~cy`~c aciec ohy mp~hy k` oc dh~{co`zc u yùoh |h~ kòcf{` me~cncf c pfcicoo` mpu cfiac& Acníc ncy{cf{`y icycy a`~mhycy/ cogpfcy ihf jc~kef`y u|c{ehy/ khfk` {~cncjcncf h octcncf& J`yúy o`y acnoù kò ncp{eymh/ ihmh k`

pfc |p~edeicieùf2 u ihmh cúf sp`~ícf ycn`~ mãy/ o`y kejh sp` acy{c cah~c fh|hkícf `f{`fk`~ mãy k` oh sp` o`y acníc keiah&



>1

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J`yúy tpòt` c Ckcmc u `fy`óc `f N`~h{ac

` Yò`piec thoteù J`yúy c Ckcmc& Y` iò`n~cnc cah~c cooí pfc de`y{c|c~c ohy fp`thy ncp{ezckhy `f oc yefcghgc& @y{cncf kòcf{` k` ohy

k`mãy `f{hfcfkh icf{hy k` ciieùf k` g~ciecy& J`yúy `fy`ócnc& Dp`~hfncp{ezckhy mãy ipcfkh thote`~hf Cfk~åy u Fc{cfcò k`yk` Yò`piec& @ocfiecfh jpkíh ihft`~{ekh aci` `f {hkcy |c~{`y k` ye~te`f{` u y` mp`y{~capmeok` u y`~teieco ihf {hkhy& G~cf icf{ekck k` `fd`~mhy fh acnícf |hkekhcyey{e~ c ocy `fy`ócfzcy k` J`yúy fe co ncp{eymh2 |h~ `yh dp` J`yúy ihfYc{p~fefh u ihf ò keyií|poh |c~e`f{` c teye{c~ohy `f ypy icycy& Ohy h{~hydp`~hf c ocy iepkck`y k` Czh~/ Bck`y/ N`~h{ac u [aeyn`/ c khy h {~`y ah~cy coFh~{` k` Ckcmc/ |c~c efte{c~ohy c pf y`~mùf sp` J`yúy enc c |~hfpfiec~ `fpfc ihoefc k` ypct` ock`~c sp` `y{cnc `f ke~ìieùf k` Bck`y aciec N`~h{ac&@f oc co{p~c k` `y{` mhf{` acníc pf cf{egph ye{eco |c~c `fy`ócfzc `f pf opgc~i`~ickh2 ò mhf{` `y{cnc ipne`~{h k` t`~kh~& Ohy keyií|pohy |eke`~hf co j`d`

kò opgc~ sp` efte{c~c c oc g`f{` co y`~mùf sp` enc c {`f`~ ò |~hd`{c k`Gcoeo`c/ yhn~` ò mhf{`/ ò kíc yegpe`f{` co Yãnckh& H{~hy `f{~cncf `f ocyicycy u ohy efte{cncf c ihfip~~e~&Me`f{~cy {cf{h y`gpíc J`yúy `f Ckcmc `f m`keh k` jpkíhy ~eihy u |hn~`y/ u|cgcfhy2 u ycfù c ohy `fd`~mhy aek~ù|eihy/ ncokckhy/ ie`ghy u ihf dopjh k`ycfg~`& M` ckme~ù t`~ `f{~` ohy jpkíhy c ke`z `fk`mhfeckhy/ ahmn~`y umpj`~`y& @f{~` ohy |cgcfhy fpfic t`íc {cf{hy ihmh `f{~` ohy jpkíhy& Acníccogpfhy k` ocy m`jh~`y dcmeoecy `fi`~~ckhy `f iãmc~cy ihf ~`jcy& IpcfkhJ`yúy y` ci`~icnc c `ycy icycy ihm`fzcncf c g~e{c~ dp~ehycm`f{`& Ipcfkh y`c|~hqemcnc y` cspe`{cncf u o` me~cncf dejcm`f{`/ ihfdpfkekhy& A` tey{hiùmh/ ihf yp yhoc me~ckc./ ìaù co k`mhfeh k` òohy/ sp` apuù teyeno`m`f{ìhmh pf tc|h~ f`g~h `f dh~mc k` pfc degp~c apmcfc u sp` `yic|ù k` cooí&Oc g`f{` y` `y|cf{cnc u y` ckme~cnc/ me`f{~cy ohy `fk`mhfeckhy |coekìícfu icícf k`ymcuckhy& J`yúy o`y acnoù/ o`y {hmù k` oc mcfh u o`y mcfkù sp`y` o`tcf{cy`f& @f{hfi`y k`y|`~{c~hf ihmh k` pf yp`óh u icu`~hf k`~hkeoocy/ kcfkh g~ciecy& Thote`~hf c y`~ h{~hy ahmn~`y& Ohy `qah~{ù J`yúy uo`y y`ócoù ohy |ìckhy k` ohy ipco`y {`fícf sp` gpc~kc~y`&Ipcfkh thote`~hf ohy keyií|pohy c Ckcmc/ {hmc~hf coem`f{hy ihf J`yúy `ficyc kò j`d` k` oc iepkck& Acnícf ihm|~ckh `f cspò opgc~ |`yickhy u |cfsp` oo`tc~hf acy{c ò mhf{` khfk` apnh ò y`~mùf |c~c coem`f{c~ c ohyhu`f{`y& J`yúy ~ìeneù k` cogpfcy |`~yhfcy ~`gcohy/ `f{~` `y{hy |`sp`ócy

|ocspe{cy k` h~h& @y{hy hny`spehy y` p{eoezcncf op`gh |c~c |cgc~ ocy ihmekcyc ocy {p~ncy& J`yúy fh acníc ihmekh k`yk` yp |c~{ekc k` Yò`piec& @o Yãnckhthoteù c `fy`óc~- `f oc yefcghgc k` Ckcmc& Acníc cspí pf g~p|h kàhmn~`y/ `f`meghy k` J`yúy/ sp` khy dc~ey`hy acnícf mcfkckh co opgc~ kò



>5

ncp{eymh k` Jpcf ihf `fic~gh k` `y|ec~ oh sp` åy{` kìíc k` Cspåo/ u{cmneåf c N`{acnc~c u c Icdc~fcúm/ khfk` ke`~hf |c~{` c h{~hy dc~ey`hy k`sp` J`yúy `y{cnc cah~c `f m`keh k` òohy u ncp{ezcnc u aciíc |c~{ekc~ehy& Cothot`~ `y{c g`f{` k` yp `y|ehfcj` acnocnc mco k` J`yúy u mp~mp~cnc/cpfsp` {`fícf |hihy |c~{ekc~ehy& Pfc t`z |~`gpf{c~hf cogpfhy |~efie|co`y c

J`yúy spå |`fycnc k` ohy `y`fehy& Sp`~ícf {`f{c~o`/ |h~sp` o`y |c~ìíc sp`{`fíc J`yúy cogh k` |c~ìekh ihf `yc g`f{`/ u |h~sp` Ycf{ecgh ò M`fh~/ yp|c~e`f{`/ |`~{`fìíc c `yc yì{c& Ipo|cncf c `y{hy ahmn~`y k` sp` y`c|c~{c~cf k` ohy k`mãy/ acieåfkhy` yefgpoc~`y u `y|ìecom`f{` k` sp` fhspeye`~cf icyc~y`& J`yúy o`y ihf{`y{ù sp` fh y` |hkíc ipo|c~ c `y{c g`f{`2 sp`ye {`fícf `yc thicieùf `~c k` cocnc~y`2 sp` ickc pfh {`fíc yp thicieùf/ u yepfh fh y` y`f{íc oocmckh c `yh fh k`níc aci`~oh: k` h{~h mhkh y`~íc ihmh yepf ncokckh speye`~c icmefc~ k`~ìah/ yef ihfy`gpe~oh& Ipcfkh o`~`|~hiacncf sp` `f ohy `y`fehy acníc {cf |hicy dcmeoecy/ J`yúy o`y `fpm`~ùmpiacy dcmeoecy k` `y`fehy u o`y acnoù k` oc np`fc `kpicieùf sp` kcncf cypy aejhy& Acnoù {cmneåf kò `y{ckh mc{~emhfeco np`fh u mcoh& J`yúy fe y`

kìoc~ù |h~ ohy `y`fehy fe ohy ~`|~`fkeù |h~ yp tekc: k` `y{` mhkh oc g`f{`fh oh `f{`fkeù& @oohy |`fycncf/ ihf `y{cy |~`gpf{cy/ ~`|~hiac~o` sp` {pte`~c`f{~` ypy keyií|pohy c cogpfhy `y`fehy u sp` {~c{c~c ihf òohy&Oc fhia` kò Yãnckh co Khmefgh ycoeù J`yúy cf{`y kò kíc k` Ckcmc/ yefkìe~ sp` fh thot`~íc/ u y` ke~egeù ihf ypy keyií|pohy u tc~ehy jpkíhy c ocmhf{cóc |c~c ò y`~mùf co ipco acníc efte{ckh& Ycoeù k` oc |p`~{c k` Ckcmc|cycfkh |h~ ò |p`f{` |h~ khfk` acníc `f{~ckh& Ye apne`y`f ycoekh |h~ och{~c apne`~cf k`nekh c{~ct`yc~ ò ~íh sp` ih~~` k` Czh~ aciec Ckcmc uBck`y |c~c ìac~y` `f ò Jh~kãf& K`jc~hf c Bck`y c oc k`~ìac u icmefc~hfaciec Hiiek`f{` |h~ ocy dcokcy ypct`y k` oc mhf{cóc& @y{c ihmc~ic {`fícco{hy |`ócyihy sp` c~~enc dh~mcncf g~cfk`y `q|ocfckcy u fh acníc cspí {cf{cy ip`tcy u sp`n~ckcy ihmh `f ocy mhf{cócy k` \co`y{efc& K`jc~hf c ocezspe`~kc oc iepkck k` [aeyn`/ sp` y` t`íc c g~cf co{p~c&Cspí teteù cogúf {e`m|h [hnícy2 acníc icyckh c pf ipóckh h a`~mcfh uacníc `y{ckh {cmneåf `f oc iepkck k` Cmeiah~ey !iepkck kò cgpc%& Acn~íc|hkekh sp`kc~y` cooí/ |`~h |~`de~eù tete~ ihf ypy |ceycfhy `f oc icp{etekck/|c~c |hk`~ cupkc~ c yp |p`noh& @oícy acníc `y{ckh {cmneåf `f [aeyn`/ uJ`yúy oc acníc uc c{~ct`yckh& Oc {p~nc uc `y{cnc ~`pfekc `f oh co{h kòmhf{`& Oc {c~k` cf{`~eh~ acnícf ypnekh cogpfhy ahmn~`y k`y|påy kò Yãnckh|c~c h~k`fc~ ò opgc~ cooã& Acníc c~~enc pf opgc~ fh i`~ickh u pf yeooùf |c~c`fy`óc~& Ocy g`f{`y sp` tetícf `f icye{cy/ c cmnhy ockhy k` oc mhf{cóc/ y`hip|cncf k` cozc~ {e`fkcy u {`fícf uc ohy |cohy u ocy yhgcy {`fkekcy& @y{òpgc~ `~c aey{ù~eih& Jhypå acníc iò`n~ckh cspí pfc de`y{c c ~cíz k` pfctei{h~ec ihf{~c ohy icfccfe{cy& Acnícf oo`tckh cgpc `f hk~`y/ u |cf`y u|`yickhy `f icfcy{hy k` memn~` sp` y` |hkícf |hf`~ pfhy yhn~` h{~hy/ `f



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pfhy icyeoo`~hy& Ipcfkh J`yúy oo`gù c oc ipmn~` y` cozù pf iocmh~ g`f`~co:.[ú `~`y ò t`~kck`~h \~hd`{c/ ò Ycotckh~.& Ipcfkh |cycnc/ oc g`f{` yèfioefcnc cf{` Åo& Y`~ícf ihmh ocy fp`t` k` oc mcócfc ipcfkh oo`gù& Acníck`yk` Ckcmc acy{c cooí pfcy yèy h ye`{` ah~cy k` icmefh& Acnícf oo`tckhc~~enc c mpiahy `fk`mhfeckhy sp` g~e{cncf `fdp~ìekhy& J`yúy ohy me~ù u

icooc~hf k` efm`kec{h ipcfkh o`y mcfkù sp`kc~y` spe`{hy/ u y` `fihf{~c~hfoen~`y k` ohy k`mhfehy |h~ oc dp`~zc k` yp mcfkc{h& Ipcfkh J`yúy oo`gù c oc{~enpfc |pyh h~k`f `f oc {p~nc |h~ m`keh k` ohy keyií|pohy/ acieåfkhocicooc~& Op`gh h~ù c yp \ck~`/ kò ipco y` k`n` `y|`~c~ {hkc cupkc u ò |p`nohh~ù ihf Åo& Acnoù kò opgc~ u k` oh cooí acníc ypi`kekh c ohy aejhy k` Ey~cò2iùmh acníc c|c~ìekh Jhypå `f `y{` opgc~ |c~c oen~c~ohy k` ohy icfccfe{cy ukò |cgcfeymh/ u ihmh dp` c~~cyckc Czh~& Kìoc~ù `y{h ihmh degp~cy k`h{~hy aìahy sp` `y{cncf ypi`ke`fkh cah~c: sp` t`fíc oc t`~kck u oc opzfp`tcm`f{` c `y{` opgc~ ihf g~ciec u mcfy`kpmn~` |c~c oen~c~ohy kò |hk`~kò mco u kò |ìckh& Kejh sp` fh h|pye`y`f ~`yey{`fiec ihmh ohyicfccfe{cy/ |c~c sp` fh tefe`y` ò icy{egh k` Kehy ihmh acníc t`fekh yhn~`

Czh~& Ihf{ù pfc |c~ãnhoc/ sp` `y{ã `f ò @tcfgòeh u sp` pycnc mpiacytì`y2 i~`h sp` `~c oc k` oc ye`mn~c kò {~egh u kò icm|h& Acnoù {cmneåf kòc |`fe{`fiec u kò ~èfh/ u acnoù k` Yí u k` yp \ck~` ihf mãy ioc~ekck k` ohsp` oh acníc aìah acy{c cah~c `f `y{` |cíy&



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o`gc~hf m`fycj`~hy `fteckhy |h~ Oãzc~h |c~c |~`t`fe~ c J`yúy k` ohy`y|ícy sp` ohy dc~ey`hy k` J`~pycoåf acnícf `fteckh c Ckcmc& @y{hy

m`fycj`~hy `~cf ohy aejhy k` Jpcfc Iapyc u k` Y`~cdec !T`~ùfeic& Ohykeyií|pohy/ c|~htìacfkh pfc |cpyc/ oo`tc~hf c `y{hy m`fycj`~hy cf{` J`yúy/ò ipco ~`y|hfkeù sp` fh y` efspe`{cy`f |h~ Åo/ sp` k`níc ipm|oe~ yp meyeùfu sp` cg~ckìíc oc c{`fieùf& Ohy `y|ícy `fteckhy |h~ ohy dc~ey`hy k`J`~pycoåf u ohy ihf{~c~ehy k` Ckcmc/ `y{cncf c~~enc/ `f oc mhf{cóc& J`yúy fhacnoù ihf òohy2 |`~h me`f{~cy `fy`ócnc/ kejh/ `f co{c thz/ sp` o` `y|ecncf uo` |`~y`gpícf& Cóckeù sp` fh ihfy`gpe~ícf em|`ke~o` sp` ipm|oe`~c oh sp`yp \ck~` iò`y{eco o` acníc `fihm`fkckh& O`y kejh sp` |~hf{h thot`~íc |c~ccfpfiec~o`y oc t`~kck u ò ~èfh&Y` acnícf ihfg~`gckh mpiacy mpj`~`y ihf ypy aejhy u o`y |`kícf ocn`fkeieùf |c~c åy{hy& Ohy keyií|pohy `y{cncf |~`hip|ckhy: |`fycncf sp`

J`yúy fh k`níc aci`~oh |h~ icpyc k` ohy `y|ícy |~`y`f{`y& J`yúy ~ìaczù ypy{`mh~`y: kejh sp` oc ef{`fieùf k` ocy mpj`~`y `~c np`fc u sp` ohy aejhy y`~ícfm`jh~`y u |cyù |h~ oc deoc k` òocy/ n`fkeie`fkh& Kp~ù ò y`~mùf acy{c oc{c~k`/ k`yk` ocy ke`z ah~cy/ u op`gh dp` h~k`fckh ò |p`noh |c~c oc ihmekc&C pf ockh k` oc mhf{cóc acníc ie`~{h fúm`~h k` |c~~eoocy/ khfk` y` |hkícfcyc~ ohy |`yickhy& ^èfcnc pf h~k`f ckme~cno`& Ohy acne{cf{`y k` ickciepkck y` y`f{cncf jpf{hy/ cúf ohy k` oc meymc icoo` u `f{~` òohy ohy k` ocmeymc dcmeoec h tìefhy& Ickc g~p|h k` pfc icoo` {`fíc pf `fic~gckh |c~cnpyic~ ohy coem`f{hy u ~`|c~{e~ohy& Ohy ihm`fyco`y {`fícf/ ickc pfh/ h pfh|c~c tc~ehy kò g~p|h/ pfc `y|ìe` k` ip`~h `f~hoockh/ sp` cne`~{h y`~tíc k`dp`f{`/ u {`fícf {cmneåf efy{~pm`f{hy k` m`yc/ ihmh ipiaeoohy k` ap`yh uipiac~cy/ sp` oo`tcncf ihfyegh pfekhy |h~ ò icnh& Cogpfhy oo`tcncf~ìe|e`f{`y aìahy k` icocnczcy/ h{~hy k` ih~{`zc u {hmcncf ò cgpc k` ohyhk~`y& H{~hy y` aciícf `y{hy tcyhy cooí meymh h `f ò icmefh ihf mpiacdcieoekck& Ohy `fic~gckhy ~ìenícf ohy coem`f{hy k` mcfhy k` ohy keyií|pohy/sp` ~`|c~{ícf pfc |h~ieùf |c~c ipc{~h h iefih ihm`fyco`y/ c ohy ipco`y|hfícf |cf`y u |`yickhy yhn~` ohy ip`~hy sp` {`fícf kòcf{`& J`yúy n`fkejhohy coem`f{hy cf{`y k` y`~ ~`|c~{ekhy& Apnh {cmneåf cspí pfc mpo{e|oeicieùfk` coem`f{hy/ |p`y fh apne`y` coicfzckh oh sp` y` {`fíc |~`|c~ckh |c~c ohymeooc~`y sp` cipke`~hf co y`~mùf k` J`yúy& A` tey{h sp` ickc g~p|h fh~ìeníc yefh pfc |`sp`óc |h~ieùf2 c |`yc~ k` `y{h/ co {`~mefc~ {hkhy

sp`kc~hf yc{eydìahy/ u yhn~ù cúf mpiah/ sp` dp` ~ìhgekh |h~ ohy |hn~`y`f icfcy{hy u oo`tckh c ypy icycy& Acníc cooí cogpfhy yhokckhy ~hmcfhy k`|cyh |h~ oc iepkck u k` `yhy sp` Oåf{poh {`fíc c ypy ù~k`f`y h sp` oìhfhiícf2 spezãy acnícf yekh `fteckhy |h~ åo |c~c {~c`~o` fh{eiecy k` J`yúy:



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y` oo`gc~hf c ohy keyií|pohy u |eke`~hf cogpfhy k` ohy |cf`y n`fkìekhy |h~J`yúy |c~c `fteã~yòhy c Oåf{poh& ^ìene`~hf `yhy |cf`y sp` gpc~kc~hf `fycspe{hy sp` {~cícf yhn~` ypy `y|cokcy&Ipcfkh {`~mefù oc ihmekc uc acníc hyip~ìekh u y` fì`ye{c~hf cf{h~iacy|c~c cfkc~& J`yúy n`fkejh co |p`noh u cncfkhfù ihf ypy keyií|pohy oc

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keyií|pohy o` |~`gpf{c~hf oc ~czùf2 Åo o`y acnoù `f{hfi`y k` oc h~cieùf `fihmúf u k` oc h~cieùf c yhocy& O`y {~cjh pfc ihm|c~cieùf k` y`~|e`f{`y u`yih~|ehf`y& Ye pf feóh |ek` pf |`yickh fh o` kc~ã ò |ck~` pf `yih~|eùf&@y{` meymh kíc o` a` tey{h ycfc~ `fd`~mhy u `qah~{c~ `f icyc k` |hn~`y|cy{h~`y& Oh meymh aezh `f oc iepkck k` Gc{`|a`~/ |c{~ec k` Jhfãy/ khfk`tetícf cogpfhy |c~e`f{`y k` J`yúy& Ycfù `fd`~mhy `f `y{c iepkck u |h~ oc{c~k` y` ke~egeù c Icdc~fcúm& £Iùmh `~c k` eficfycno` J`yúy u iùmhhnoegcnc {cmneåf c ohy keyií|pohy co {~cncjh k` ihf{efph# Co |~efie|ehsp`kcncf ihm|o`{cm`f{` ~`fkekhy& £Spå ked`~`fiec t`h ihf oh sp` |cyc ahu`f kíc#&&& @y{hy keyií|pohy {`fícf sp` y`gpe~ c ocy g`f{`y ipcfkh encf |h~ ohyicmefhy/ ic{`spezc~ohy h efte{c~ohy c ohy y`~mhf`y k` J`yúy&

@f oc icyc k` Mc~íc/ `f Icdc~fcúm/ `y{cncf uc Oãzc~h/ Hn`k/ ohy yhn~efhyk` Jhyå k` C~emc{`c/ ò fhteh k` Icfc u h{~hy keyií|pohy2 ck`mãy acnícfoo`gckh ye`{` k` ocy ycf{cy mpj`~`y |c~e`f{`y h cmegcy k` Mc~íc& [hkhy`y|`~cncf c J`yúy& Ycoícf u `f{~cncf u me~cncf c oh oc~gh k` ohy icmefhy|c~c t`~ ye oo`gcnc& Cipke`~hf {cmneåf keyií|pohy k` Jpcf/ {~cu`fkh ocfh{eiec k` sp` acníc yekh {hmckh |~`yh/ oh ipco/ icpyù g~cf {~ey{`zc `f {hkhy&Ohy keyií|pohy dp`~hf co `fip`f{~h k` J`yúy/ fh o`jhy k` Icdc~fcúm u o`ke`~hf oc fh{eiec yhn~` Jpcf& J`yúy ohy {~cfspeoezù u y` dp` ckhfk` `y{cnc ypMck~`/ yhoc& C ypy keyií|pohy o`y acníc mcfkckh sp` o` |~ì`ke`~cf&Oãzc~h ycoeù c ~ìene~o` u o` octù ohy |e`y `f ò t`y{ínpoh k` oc icyc& IpcfkhJ`yúy `f{~ù ohy ahmn~`y y` efioefc~hf |~hdpfkcm`f{`& Åo ohy ycopkù/ u u`fkhaciec yp Mck~`/ o` keh oc mcfh& @ooc y` efioefù ihf mpiah cmh~ u apmeokck&Fh acníc cspí fckc k` ìac~y` `f ohy n~czhy: ~èfcnc pfc y`fieooc ~`fpfiec c`yhy `q{~`mhy2 {hkh `~c cmh~/ ic~eóh u nhfkck ef{`~eh~`y/ sp` oo`fcnc ohyih~czhf`y& K`y|påy dp` J`yúy aciec khfk` ̀ y{cncf ocy h{~cy mpj`~`y/ ocyipco`y/ tòckcy/ y` aefic~hf kòcf{` k` J`yúy& @f `y{cy hicyehf`y/ ipcfkhoo`gcnc u ipcfkh |c~{íc/ yhoíc n`fkìe~ c {hkhy& K`y|påy te |~`|c~c~ pfcihmekc2 ohy ahmn~`y `y{cncf c|c~{` `f ocy m`ycy/ u `f ò h{~h `q{~`mh`y{cncf ocy mpj`~`y ihf ocy |e`~fcy i~pzckcy& Oc ihft`~ycieùf t`~yù`y|ìecom`f{` yhn~` oc |~eyeùf k` Jpcf/ `q|~`yãfkhy` khoh~ u y`f{eme`f{h|h~ òoh& J`yúy o`y ckte~{eù sp` fh k`nícf jpzgc~ mco fe e~~e{c~y`2 sp` {hkh

`y{h k`níc ypi`k`~ cyí2 sp` ye Jpcf fh dp`~c ~`mhtekh/ fh |hk~íc Åo ipm|oe~yp meyeùf fe oo`gc~y` cah~c acy{c N`{cfec& Op`gh acnoù k` ocy g`f{`y `f{~òcy ipco`y acníc `y{ckh&



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K` oc oo`gckc k` J`yúy fcke` ycníc fckc yefh ohy |~`y`f{`y u ohy keyií|pohymãy deò`y& J`yúy |cyù oc fhia` `f pf `kedeieh ihf{egph/ khfk` y` ~ìhge`~hfohy h{~hy dh~cy{`~hy& Ie{ù c ohy keyií|pohy |c~c ò |~ùqemh yãnckh `f ocyi`~icfícy k` N`{ah~hf/ `f pfc icyc yhoe{c~ec sp` acníc `f oc co{p~c& K`y|påyoh a` tey{h acnoc~ c yhocy ihf Mc~íc/ yp Mck~`& Åy{c y` cdoegíc u ooh~cnc

|`fycfkh sp` Åo sp`~íc e~ c J`~pycoåf/ khfk` acníc {cf{h |òeg~h& J`yúy ocihfyhoù u o` kejh sp` fh y` efspe`{cy`/ sp` k`níc ipm|oe~ yp meyeùf/ sp` cúffh acnícf oo`gckh ohy kícy mãy {~ey{`y& Oc eopy{~ù iùmh k`níc ihfkpie~y` `foc h~cieùf/ u op`gh ~ìhm`fkù c {hkhy ohy k`mãy sp` y` gpc~kcy`f k` {hkh

jpeieh/ k` acnoc~ k` oc |~eyeùf k` Jpcf u k` ocy mcspefciehf`y k` ohy dc~ey`hyihf{~c yp |`~yhfc2 sp` `y{h fh ac~íc mãy sp` `f{h~|ì`~ yp meyeùf ucpm`f{c~ ò |òeg~h& Ocy mcspefciehf`y k` ohy dc~ey`hy `f{~cncf {cmneåf `fohy k`yegfehy k` Kehy: òohy hn~cncf `f yp |~h|ec |`~keieùf&Y` acnoù {cmneåf k` oc Mcgkco`fc/ u J`yúy |ekeù k` fp`th sp` ~`zcy`f u|`fycy`f ne`f k` òoc2 sp` uc t`fk~íc òoc {cmneåf u y`~ec {cf np`fc sp`kc~íc `j`m|oh c mpiahy&

K`y|påy k` `y{h te sp` J`yúy icmefcnc ihf Oãzc~h u iefih keyií|pohy k`J`~pycoåf aciec N`{cfec& Y` iò`n~cnc ò |~efie|eh kò fhteopfeh/ u a` tey{hh{~c t`z `f ocy yefcghgcy k` Icdc~fcúm u `f h{~hy opgc~`y ocy oc~gcy {òcyihf fpkhy sp` ihogcncf dp`~c u ohy cihy{pmn~ckhy d~p{hy ihf yhgcy `f ocyicycy |~efie|co`y&



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~`y|ì{h k` yp ihfkpi{c ihf A`~hkícy& \`~h c{`mh~ezckh ò ~ù |h~ oc g~cfmpia`kpmn~` sp` cipkíc co ncp{eymh/ oh acníc yho{ckh& Jpcf thoteù c ypopgc~ cf{`~eh~ jpf{h c Cefhf d~`f{` c Yco`m/ c pfc ah~c u m`kec kò Jh~kãf/co Yp~ k` Yp-ih{a/ khfk` y` `fihf{~cnc yp dp`f{` ncp{eymco c pf ipc~{h kàh~c kò g~cf mc~ kò ipco ycoícf khy c~~huhy ~hk`cfkh pfc ihoefc u y`ìacncf `f ò ~íh Jh~kãf& Jpf{h c `y{c ihoefc y` `fihf{~cncf ohy ~`y{hy k` pfcf{egph icy{eooh ihf {h~~`y/ ~hk`ckh k` gco`~ícy u k` acne{ciehf`y& @f{~` òmc~ u oc ihoefc `y{cnc ò |hzh k` Jpcf u `f oc ipmn~` k` oc ihoefc/ `f pficok`~h cm|oeh u apfkekh/ acnícf ypy keyií|pohy c~~`gockh pfc {e`fkc yhn~òhy ~`y{hy k` mp~cooc ihf `yicohf`y& Cooí `fy`ócnc Jpcf&@y{c ~`geùf |`~{`fìíc c Dòe|`/ |`~h yhn~`ycoíc ihmh pfc |pf{c `f ò

{`~~e{h~eh k`& A`~hk`y/ ~czùf |h~ oc ipco åy{` y` cny{`fíc k` oo`tc~ c icnh ypef{`fieùf k` c|hk`~c~y` kò Ncp{ey{c& Acníc k` fp`th pf g~cf ihfip~yh k`g`f{`y aciec Jpcf/ |c~c hí~ yp |cocn~c: ic~ctcfcy k` C~cnec/ ihf icmòohy ucyfhy/ u mpiahy i`f{`fc~`y k` |`~yhfcy k` J`~pycoåf u k` {hkc oc Jpk`c/ahmn~`y u mpj`~`y/ cipkícf cooí& Ocy mpo{e{pk`y y` {p~fcncf u oo`fcncf oc|oc{cdh~mc kò mhf{íipoh/ ocy ock`~cy u y` `y{ciehfcncf `f oc ihoefc& Ohykeyií|pohy k` Jpcf mcf{`fícf pf h~k`f |`~dì{h& Pfhy `y{ãf ìackhy/ h{~hyyhn~` ypy ~hkeoocy/ h{~hy k` |e`/ u cyí {hkhy |p`k`f y`~ tey{hy& Ohy |cgcfhy`y{ãf y`|c~ckhy k` ohy jpkíhy/ cyí ihmh ohy ahmn~`y k` ocy mpj`~`y/ ye`m|~`k`{~ãy k` åy{hy& Ohy sp` `y{ãf ckòcf{`/ `f ocy ock`~cy `y{ãf k` ipioeoocy/c|hucfkh oc icn`zc `f ocy ~hkeoocy/ ihf ohy n~czhy/ h `y{ãf ìackhy hy`f{ckhy k` ockh& Jpcf |c~ì` cah~c/ k`yk` sp` thoteù k` oc |~eyeùf/ ihmh`fi`fkekh k` fp`th c~kh~& Yp thz ~`yp`fc kpoi`/ k` pf mhkh |c~{eipoc~/ yef`mnc~gh/ |hk`~hyc/ u tc o`jhy/ k` mhkh sp` y` `f{e`fk` ickc pfc k` ypy|cocn~cy& Iocmc/ u pf meooc~ k` g`f{` `yipiac ihfy{cf{`m`f{` yp thz& @y{ãk` fp`th t`y{ekh k` |eò/ u mãy cpy{`~h sp` `f Hf/ khfk` c m`fpkh y`|hfíc pf t`y{ekh oc~gh& Acnoc k` J`yúy/ iùmh y` o` |`~yegp` `f J`~pycoåf uy`ócoc aciec Gcoeo`c/ khfk` Åo ycfc/ `fy`óc u icmefc: cóck` sp` |~hf{hthot`~ã |h~ `y{cy ihmc~icy/ u sp` ypy ckt`~yc~ehy fckc |hk~ãf ihf{~c Åo/acy{c sp` acuc ipm|oekh yp meyeùf&[cmneåf A`~hk`y cipk` ihf pfc {~h|c k` yhokckhy& @y{ã tecjcfkh k`yk` yp

icy{eooh k` Oetecy c hfi` ah~cy k` Kenùf u k`n` |cyc~ |h~ khy n~czhy k` ~íh&Acy{c Kenùf `y ò icmefh mpu np`fh2 k`y|påy y` aci` |`yckh u k`yegpco/yùoh {~cfye{cno` |c~c cfkcf{`y u cfemco`y k` ic~gc& A`~hk`y tecjcnc yhn~` pfic~~h oc~gh u cfghy{h/ khfk` `y{cnc y`f{ckh h ìackh k` ockh/ u acníc



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cogpfhy ihf åo& Ocy ~p`kcy ihmpf`y `~cf g~p`yhy u |`yckhy keyihy/ yef~cuhy2 k`{~ãy oo`tcncf h{~cy ~p`kcy ihogckcy& @o icmefh `~c k`yegpco/ u k` pfockh acnícf |p`y{h ~p`kcy mãy co{cy u kò h{~h mãy ncjcy u cyí |~hi`kícfcfkcfkh ihf mpiah {~cncjh& Oc mpj`~ k` A`~hk`y enc {cmneåf yhn~` pfh k``y{hy ic~~hy `f ihm|cóíc k` h{~cy kcmcy k` yp ih~{`jh& Ohy ic~~hy `~cf

oo`tckhy kòcf{` u k`{~ãy k` A`~hk`y& A`~hk`y tc co opgc~ k` Jpcf/ |h~sp`åy{` |~`keic cah~c ihf mãy dp`~zc sp` cf{`y/ |h~sp` o` ypò` hí~ k` np`fcgcfc u |h~sp` spe`~` ycn`~ ye kei` cogh ihf{~c åo& Oc mpj`~/ `f icmneh/ `y{ã`y|ecfkh oc h|h~{pfekck k` `qie{c~oh mãy ihf{~c åo2 y` mp`y{~c key|p`y{c ccihm|cóc~ c A`~hk`y/ |`~h `y{ã oo`fc k` ~`fih~ ihf{~c Jpcf&Acníc h{~h mh{eth mãy u `y sp` A`~hk`y acníc híkh sp` ò ~ù C~`{cy/ k`C~cnec9/ u |ck~` k` oc mpj`~ k` A`~hk`y ~`|pkeckc/ yhoíc e~ c hí~ c Jpcf/mcf{`feåfkhy` efiùgfe{h `f{~` ohy hu`f{`y& Sp`~íc t`~ ye åy{` `y{cnc cooí umcspefcnc cogh hipo{cm`f{` ihf{~c åo& Oc |~em`~c mpj`~ k` A`~hk`y/ sp``~c np`fc u a`~mhyc/ y` acníc ~`{e~ckh k` fp`th jpf{h c yp |ck~`/ ò ipcoacníc híkh sp` Jpcf y` kìoc~cnc ihf{~c A`~hk`y/ u cyí |c~c yp |~h|eh

ihfypòh acníc t`fekh c `yipiac~ oc thz k` Jpcf& \`~h `y{` ~ù fh acnícc|c~ìekh `f mhkh hy{`f{hyh yefh y`fieoocm`f{` t`y{ekh u y` hipo{cnc `f{~òhy keyií|pohy k` Jpcf |cycfkh |h~ pfh k` òohy& A`~hk`y `f{~ù `f yp cf{egphicy{eooh u y` cihmhkù i`~ic k` khfk` Jpcf acnocnc/ yhn~` pfc {`~~czc k``yicohf`y/ u yp mpj`~ y` ye{pù yhn~` comhackhf`y/ ~hk`ckc k` yp g`f{` u k`yhokckhy k`ncjh k` pfc {e`fkc& Ihf thz |h{`f{` Jpcf iocmù co |p`noh sp`fh y` `yicfkcoezcy` kò icycme`f{h k` A`~hk`y: k`nícf ahf~c~oh/ |`~h fheme{c~oh& @y{h co`g~ù ` e~~e{ù co meymh {e`m|h c A`~hk`y& Oc dp`~zc ihf sp`cah~c iocmcnc Jpcf `~c efk`yi~e|{eno`& Yp thz `~c ihmh pf {~p`fh u yef`mnc~gh kpoi` u cy`speno` c {hkhy& \c~ìíc sp` kcnc {hkh oh sp` o` sp`kcnc&Uc acníc cfpfieckh c ypy keyií|pohy sp` yp {e`m|h {`~mefcnc2 sp` fh o`cncfkhfcy`f |h~ `yh2 sp` oh teye{cy`f ipcfkh `y{pte`~c |~`yh& Aciíc {~`ykícy sp` fh ihmíc fe n`níc: yùoh `fy`ócnc u iocmcnc k` J`yúy/ u ~`|pkecncò ckpo{`~eh k` A`~hk`y& Ohy keyií|pohy o` ~hgcncf sp` i`ycy` u {hmcy`cogúf coem`f{h/ |`~h åo fh i`jcnc u `y{cnc ihmh dp`~c k` yí |h~ ò`f{pyecymh&K`yk` ò opgc~ khfk` Jpcf `fy`óc u iocmc y` keyd~p{c k` pfc tey{c`y{p|`fkc: y` t` ò Jh~kãf `f pfc g~cf `q{`fyeùf/ ocy o`jcfcy iepkck`y/ ohyicm|hy y`mn~ckhy u ocy ap`~{cy k` d~p{co`y& K`n`f acn`~ acnekh cspí g~cfk`y `kedeiciehf`y/ |p`y t`h cúf ~`y{hy k` g~p`ycy mp~coocy u c~ickcy k`|e`k~cy/ ipne`~{cy k` ae`~ncy/ sp` |c~ì`f |p`f{`y& @f ò icy{eooh khfk` `y{ã

A`~hk`y acu tc~ecy {h~~`y ~`y{cp~ckcy& Oc ihmc~ic `y mpu cnpfkcf{` `fcgpcy u ò opgc~ k` ncóhy `y{ã `f np`f `y{ckh2 `y pfc hn~c mc`y{~c/ |p`y òcgpc |~hi`k` k` pf icfco ipne`~{h k`yk` oc ihoefc khfk` `fy`óc Jpcf& @oopgc~ kò ncp{eymh/ k` dh~mc htco/ {e`f` {~`y {`~~czcy ipne`~{cy k` t`~kh~ sp`



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oh ~hk`cf u `y{ã cne`~{h |h~ iefih |cycj`y& @y mãy a`~mhyh cpfsp` mãy|`sp`óh sp` ò `y{cfsp` k` N`{a`ykc k` J`~pycoåf sp` ypò` `y{c~ mcfiackhihf |ocf{cy u ahjcy k` ohy ã~nho`y sp` o` ~hk`cf& Oc dp`f{` kò ncp{eymh `y{ãk`{~ãy k` oc ihoefc u k`{~ãy k` åy{c/ spezãy c 30< |cyhy/ acu pfc g~cf ocgpfc/ihf mpiahy |`yickhy/ sp` t`h ycoe~ c doh{`/ tpò{hy aciec Jpcf/ ihmh ye

speye`~cf hí~ yp |~`keicieùf& T`h cspí |`sp`ócy nc~icy k` ã~nho`ycapìckhy |c~c c|`fcy khy ahmn~`y/ ihf cye`f{h `f ò m`keh |c~c |hk`~|`yic~&Jpcf y` coem`f{c mco u cúf ipcfkh `y{ã `f ihm|cóíc k` ypy keyií|pohy/ihm` mpu |hih& H~c yhoh u k` fhia` ihf oc me~ckc dejc `f oh co{h kò ieòh&Ycníc sp` yp |~eyeùf `~c efmef`f{`2 |h~ `y{h acnocnc ihf `y{` c~kh~ u yàcníc k`y|`kekh k` ypy keyií|pohy& Acníc iocmckh u y`ócockh c J`yúy ihfthz mãy |hk`~hyc sp` fpfic& Kìíc: .Åo te`f` cah~c u uh k`nh e~m`2 c Åok`n`f cipke~ {hkhy& Uh y`~å spe{ckh mpu |~hf{h.& O`y ìacnc `f ic~c sp``~cf pf |p`noh ~pkh u kp~h k` ih~czùf& Sp` ihfyek`~cy`f oh sp` acnícaìah/ |c~c |~`|c~c~ ohy icmefhy kò Y`óh~: acníc aìah |p`f{`y u icmefhy/

~`mhtekh |e`k~cy/ aìah dp`f{`y u ke~egekh ocy cgpcy acy{c cooí& Acníc yekhpf {~cncjh |`yckh/ ihf {e`~~c efdìpfkc u kp~c/ ihf ~hicy ãy|`~cy u fpkhyhy{~hfihy& Sp` acníc {`fekh mpiah sp` aci`~ ihf ò |p`noh/ k` kp~c i`~tez/g~hy`~h u |~h{`~th& Sp` cspåoohy/ `f def/ c spe`f`y acníc |hkekh cnocfkc~ umht`~/ dp`y`f cah~c aciec J`yúy/ sp` `~c ò cmckh Aejh kò \ck~`& Cspåo cspe`f Åo ckme{`/ y`~ã {hmckh/ u cspåo c spe`f Åo k`yìa`/ y`~ã k`yìackh&Åo t`fk~ã cah~c u `fy`óc~ã u ncp{ezc~ã u |`~dìiehfc~ã oh sp` åo !Jpcfacníc ihm`fzckh& ^`|pkeù kòcf{` kò |p`noh ò ckpo{`~eh k` A`~hk`y~`|`{ekcy tì`y/ ihf {hkc dp`~zc& Åy{`/ sp` |h~ h{~c |c~{` oh t`f`~cnc u{`míc/ |c~ì` sp` keyempocnc/ cpfsp` ef{`~fcm`f{` `y{cnc dp~ehyh ihf{~cJpcf& Oc `fy`ócfzc acníc {`~mefckh2 ocy {p~ncy encf k`yi`fke`fkh `f {hkcyke~ìiehf`y u ocy g`f{`y t`fekcy k` C~cnec u ihf òocy C~`{cy/ ò ~ù/m`ziockh ihf yp g`f{`& A`~hk`y fh |pkh ~ìhfhi`~oh fe t`~oh& Oc mpj`~ kÀ`~hk`y uc y` acníc cpy`f{ckh u cah~c |c~{íc {cmneåf A`~hk`y/ hipo{cfkh ype~~e{cieùf u y` k`y|ekeù k` Jpcf cmegcno`m`f{`& Jpcf `fteù tc~ehym`fycj`~hy c ket`~ycy |c~{`y/ k`y|ekeù c ohy k`mãy u y` ~`{e~ù c yp {e`fkc|c~c ~ìhg`~y` `f h~cieùf&Uc hyip~ìíc u ohy keyií|pohy y` acnícf ~`{e~ckh& K` |~hf{h pfhy tèf{`yhokckhy ~hk`c~hf oc {e`fkc k` Jpcf/ me`f{~cy h{~hy mcf{`fícf gpc~kec `f{hkhy ockhy& Pfh k`y|påy k` h{~h `f{~c~hf `f oc {e`fkc& Jpcf kìoc~ù sp` ohyy`gpe~íc yef ~`yey{`fiec/ |p`y ycníc sp` yp {e`m|h `~c oo`gckh u sp` k`níc kc~

opgc~ c J`yúy& Fh fì`ye{cncf |hf`~o` oegckp~cy/ |p`y åo enc c y`gpe~ohythopf{c~ecm`f{`2 sp` oh oo`tcy`f yef aci`~ ~pekh& K` `y{` mhkh ohy tèf{àhmn~`y y` co`jc~hf k` cooí ihf Jpcf& Jpcf oo`tcnc yhocm`f{` yp |eò kìcmòoh u yp ncy{ùf k` icmefcf{`& Y` c|~hqemc~hf/ yef `mnc~gh/ cogpfhy



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keyií|pohy ipcfkh oh oo`tcncf& Jpcf/ ihf pfc me~ckc/ y` k`y|ekeù k` òohy uo`y kejh sp` oh teye{cy`f `f yp |~eyeùf& @m|`zù c jpf{c~y` oc g`f{`: ohykeyií|pohy u mpiahy h{~hy/ u kìícf: .Y` oo`tcf c Jpcf.& Y` huù `f{hfi`y pfiocmh~ k` oocf{hy u k` sp`jcy& Sp`~ícf y`gpe~o` u fh ycnícf sp` icmefhacnícf {hmckh/ |p`y ohy yhokckhy y` acnícf c|c~{ckh kò y`fk`~h

cihy{pmn~ckh u y`gpícf h{~h ihm|o`{cm`f{` fp`th/ `f ke~ìieùf co Yp~& Yò`tcf{ù pf g~cf iocmh~`h/ oocf{hy u g`mekhy& Ohy keyií|pohy y`k`y|c~~cmc~hf `f {hkcy ke~ìiehf`y u apu`~hf ihmh `f oc |~eyeùf k` J`yúy&K` `y{` mhkh y` `y|c~ieù oc fp`tc |h~ {hkh ò |cíy k` oc \co`y{efc&Jpcf dp` oo`tckh |~em`~h c pfc {h~~` k` A`y`nhf2 ohy yhokckhy acnícficmefckh ihf åo kp~cf{` {hkc oc fhia`& C oc mcfcóc tefe`~hf h{~hy yhokckhyco `fip`f{~h k` åy{hy/ |p`y uc y` acníc aìah |únoeih sp` Jpcf `y{cnc |~`yhu oc g`f{` y` ~`pfíc cspí u cooã& Ohy yhokckhy sp` oh oo`tc~hf `~cf pfc`y|ìe` k` gpc~kecy k` yp ~`co |`~yhfc2 {`fícf ih~czc `yicmckc/ ò |ìah uocy `y|cokcy |~h{`gekcy u oc~gcy ocfzcy& @f A`y`nhf y` ~`pfe`~hf mpiacy|`~yhfcy kòcf{` k` oc |~eyeùf k` Jpcf/ k` mhkh sp` ohy gpc~kecf`y {`fícf

ncy{cf{` {~cncjh `f co`jc~ohy& Acníc cn`~{p~cy c~~enc kò `fie`~~h/ u Jpcf/`y{cfkh `f yp |~eyeùf/ g~e{cnc/ k` mhkh sp` oh hícf ohy k` dp`~c/ keie`fkhsp` acníc c~~`gockh ohy icmefhy/ sp`n~ckh ~hicy/ k`~~enckh ã~nho`y/ ke~egekhih~~e`f{`y k` cgpc/ ictckh |hzhy/ {`fe`fkh sp` aci`~oh {hkh ihf meokedeipo{ck`y u ihf{~c~e`kck`y2 sp` cyí `~c {cmneåf ò |p`noh u |h~ `yh cah~c`y{cnc |~`yh& O`y kejh sp` y` ke~ege`y`f c Cspåo sp` o`y acníc y`ócockh/ spùc oo`gcnc yhn~` ohy icmefhy |~`|c~ckhy& Ipcfkh ò Y`óh~ te`f` k`n`fco`jc~y` ohy |~`|c~ckh~`y kò icmefh2 {hkhy k`n`f ke~ege~y` cah~c co Y`óh~J`yúy/ kò ipco åo fh `~c kegfh k` k`yc{c~ ocy ih~~`cy k` ypy zc|c{hy& J`yúy`~c oc opz u oc t`~kck u ò Aejh k` Kehy& @y{cy u h{~cy ihycy y`m`jcf{`y o`ykìíc& C ohy keyií|pohy o`y |`kíc sp` oh teye{cy`f `f yp |~eyeùf/ |p`y cúf fhy` c{~`t`~ícf c |hf`~ ocy mcfhy `f åo/ u sp` yp ah~c cúf fh acníc oo`gckh&Kìíc {hkcy `y{cy ihycy {cf ioc~cy u {cf co{cm`f{` ihmh ye {hkctíc `y{pte`~c`f yp cf{egph opgc~ k` `fy`ócfzc cf{` oc mpia`kpmn~`& \hih c |hih dp`k`ycohjckc `y{c {p~nc k` |p`noh&@y{c' cgohm`~cieùf k` g`f{` cf{` yp |~eyeùf u `y{hy keyip~yhy k` Jpcf c ohyk` cdp`~c y` ~`|e{e`~hf tc~ecy tì`y& Jpcf dp` oo`tckh k`y|påy |h~ ohyyhokckhy k`yk` A`y`nhf c oc |~eyeùf k` Mcia`~py/ sp` `y{cnc `f pfc co{p~c&Oh te y`f{ckh ihf h{~hy `f pf ic~~h ncjh/ ipne`~{h u cfghy{h/ |c~ìekh c pficjùf u {e~ckh |h~ cyfhy& Oo`gckhy c Mcia`~py oh oo`tc~hf c oc dh~{co`zc2|`~h fh oh m`{e`~hf |h~ oc |p`~{c ihmúf/ yefh sp` oh oo`tc~hf c pf |h~{eooh

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A`~hk`y y` acníc ~`{e~ckh k`yk` ò nc|{ey{`~eh k` Jpcf c yp icy{eooh kÀ`~hkepm/ sp` acníc `kedeickh ò te`jh A`~hk`y/ u khfk` pfc t`z |h~ket`~yeùf acníc aìah cahgc~ cogpfcy |`~yhfcy `f pf `y{cfsp`& Cooí y`mcf{`fíc c|c~{ckh |h~ ò mco apmh~ u fh k`jcnc t`~y` k` fcke`& Cogpfhy|`kícf cpke`fiec |c~c sp`jc~y` k` oc |~eyeùf k` Jpcf2 |h~ `y{h `y{cnc cogh

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k` oc m`yc/ y`f{ckcy/ ihf ocy |e`~fcy i~pzckcy& Feihk`mpy y` mcfede`y{cye`m|~` mpu cfyehyh k` oc |cocn~c k` J`yúy& Ihmh ohy ahmn~`y acnocncf/sp`jãfkhy`/ e~~e{ckhy/ |h~ oc |~eyeùf k` Jpcf/ J`yúy kejh: .@y{h k`n` ypi`k`~cyí u `f{~c `f oc thopf{ck k` Kehy& M`jh~ `y fh acnoc~ k` `y{h u fh `qie{c~ cfcke` fe oocmc~ oc c{`fieùf/ |c~c fh cpm`f{c~ ò |òeg~h.& Ye Jpcf fh apne`y`

yekh ~`mhtekh fh apne`~c |hkekh hn~c~ Åo `f `y{hy opgc~`y& .Ocy doh~`y/cóckeù/ k`n`f ic`~ k` ohy ã~nho`y ipcfkh oo`gc ò d~p{h.& Acnocncf/ {cmneåfe~~e{ckhy/ |h~ ò `y|ehfcj` k` ohy dc~ey`hy u ypy |`~yìpiehf`y& J`yúy o`ymcfkù icooc~ u |`~mcfì`~ {~cfspeohy& Ocm`f{ù oc i`gp`~c k` ohy dc~ey`hy uihf{ù oc |c~ãnhoc kò mcuh~khmh efdeò& Ohy dc~ey`hy yhf {cmneåfmcuh~khmhy efdeò`y2 |`~h fh {cf |~pk`f{`y ihmh cspåo/ u |h~ ihfyegpe`f{`fh {`fk~ãf uc ~`dpgeh ò kíc k` yp ~`|~hncieùf&K`y|påy k` oc ihmekc |cyc~hf c h{~c ycoc khfk` uc `y{cncf ocy oãm|c~cy`fi`fkekcy u J`yúy gpeù ocy h~ciehf`y/ |h~sp` y` iò`n~cnc ò Yãnckh& Acnoùcúf ihf ohy ahmn~`y u op`gh y` ~`{e~c~hf c k`yicfyc~& Ipcfkh {hkh `y{cnc `fyeo`fieh u {hkhy kh~mícf/ y` o`tcf{ù J`yúy yì~`{cm`f{`/ yef sp` fcke` oh

fh{c~c/ u y` dp` c oc ip`tc kò Ap`~{h k` ohy Hoethy/ khfk` mãy {c~k`/ cf{`yk` yp |cyeùf/ ypkù ycfg~`& J`yúy ~hgù tc~ecy ah~cy c yp \ck~` iò`y{eco|ekeåfkho` dp`~zcy |c~c yp meyeùf& Cf{`y k` ~cuc~ ò conc/ thoteù c N`{cfecyef y`~ fh{ckh&Ohy aejhy k` Hn`k/ sp` `~cf y`~tekh~`y kò {`m|oh/ dp`~hf ihf h{~hy cJ`~pycoåf2 ohy k`mãy |`~mcfìe`~hf spe`{hy `f icyc u fcke` y` `f{`~ù k` oc|~`y`fiec k` J`yúy `f N`{cfec& J`yúy acnoù ahu/ kp~cf{` oc ihmekc/ k` ypytecj`y c ocy iepkck`y k` oc Co{c Gcoeo`c/ Cm`ck/ Ckcmc u Yò`piec2 u ihmhohy ahmn~`y acnoc~hf ihf &tà`m`fiec ihf{~c ocy yì{cy/ o`y ~`|~hiaù ypkp~`zc `f jpzgc~ u o`y ihf{ù oc |c~ãnhoc k` pf ahmn~` sp` acníc icíkh `fmcfh k` ohy ock~hf`y `f ò icmefh k` J`~eiù/ u iùmh pf ycmc~e{cfh yìhm|ckìeù mãy k` `y{` efdòez sp` ohy o`te{cy& A` híkh tc~ecy tì`y åy{c uh{~cy |c~ãnhocy/ |`~h ye`m|~` ihf fp`tcy c|oeiciehf`y& Acnoù {cmneåf k` ocyp`~{` u kò def k` J`~pycoåf& K` fhia`/ me`f{~cy {hkhy kh~mícf/ dp` J`yúyk` fp`th c oc g~p{c kò Ap`~{h k` ohy Hoethy c ~`zc~& K`~~cmù mpiacyoãg~emcy u {pth g~cf me`kh u {p~ncieùf& @~c ihmh pf aejh sp` y` key|hf` c`m|~`fk`~ pfc g~cf hn~c k` yp |ck~` u sp` cf{`y y` ìac `f ohy n~czhy k` yp\ck~` |c~c ~ìene~ ihfypòh u dp`~zc&Me gpíc !ò ãfgò ipy{hkeh% m` kejh sp` ipcf{cy tì`y `y{cnc `f N`{cfec u{`fíc cogpfcy ah~cy oen~`y/ y` t`fíc cspí c ~`zc~& @~c `y{c pfc |~`|c~cieùf|c~c yp úo{emc h~cieùf u opiac `f ò Ap`~{h k` ohy Hoethy& M` dp` mhy{~ckh

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pcfkh {`~mefc~hf ocy de`y{cy kò yãnckh y` oo`tù c icnh pfc hn~c |h~ ocipco J`yúy acníc |~efie|com`f{` t`fekh c N`{cfec& Ocy ycf{cy mpj`~`yacnícf ycnekh ihf khoh~ sp` J`yúy u ypy keyií|pohy acnícf ypd~ekh mpiac|`fp~ec `f ypy tecj`y/ `y|ìecom`f{` `f ò úo{emh c|~`yp~ckh c [e~h/ khfkò`y dco{ù oh fì`yc~eh/ u ò meymh J`yúy {pth sp` ihm`~ pf |`kczh k` |cfkp~h sp` Yc{p~fefh acníc coicfzckh c hn{`f`~ k` oemhyfc/ sp` k`neù J`yúycf{`y cnocfkc~oh `f ò cgpc& Ocy mpj`~`y y` hd~ìe`~hf |c~c ò`ge~ `fk`{`~mefckhy opgc~`y con`~gp`y u |hyckcy/ u |~ht``~ocy k` oh fì`yc~eh/ uJ`yúy ci`|{ù `y{c ek`c& \h~ `yh {cmneåf acníc t`fekh J`yúy acy{c cspí& IhmhJ`yúy kìoc~ù sp` k`yk` cah~c y` |~h|hfíc `fy`óc~ |únoeicm`f{` `f {hkhyohy opgc~`y/ y` hd~ìe`~hf Oãzc~h u ocy mpj`~`y c `~ege~ u c~~`goc~ con`~gp`y/

uc sp` ohy jpkíhy k` ohy co~`k`kh~`y k` J`~pycoåf/ |h~ efy{egcieùf k` ohydc~ey`hy/ f`gcncf c J`yúy u c ypy keyií|pohy ocy ihycy sp` fì`ye{cncf&\eke`~hf `f{hfi`y c J`yúy sp` y`ócocy` ohy |pf{hy |~efie|co`y k` ohy tecj`ysp` `m|~`fk`~íc u ò fúm`~h k` ohy keyií|pohy sp` oo`tc~íc/ |c~c h~k`fc~ ohycon`~gp`y sp` k`nícf |~`|c~c~ u oc icf{ekck k` |~hteyehf`y sp` k`nícfcomci`fc~& J`yúy y`ócoù ohy |pf{hy |~efie|co`y k` ypy tecj`y c|hy{ùoeihy u òfúm`~h k` ohy keyií|pohy sp` oo`tc~íc/ u cyí y` k`{`~mefc~hf spefi`con`~gp`y c `~ege~y` u |hf`~ ipekckh~`y k` ihfdecfzc/ |c~e`f{`y h ihfhiekhy/~`|c~{ekhy `f {hkh ò |cíy/ c `qi`|ieùf k` oc {e`~~c k` Iacnpo/ i`~ic k` [e~h uk` Yekùf& Ocy ycf{cy mpj`~`y y` ~`pfe`~hf u {~c{c~hf spå ihmc~icy u spåiocy` k` con`~gp`y enc c {hmc~ ickc pfc/ u y` key{~enpu`~hf |c~c npyic~ ohyipekckh~`y/ ohy p{`fyeoehy/ mcf{cy/ t`y{ekhy/ ypòcy u ycfkcoecy/ speåf`yipekc~ícf k` ohy meymhy/ k` yp octckh u ihfy`~tcieùf/ fh hotekcfkh oc|~hteyeùf k` |cf u coem`f{hy& [hkh `y{h y` aezh cf{`y/ kp~cf{` u k`y|påy kòc ihmekc& Mc~{c |c~ìíc sp` `y{cnc t`~kck`~cm`f{` `f yp hdeieh& K`y|påyy` yh~{`c~ícf `f{~` òocy |c~c ipn~e~ ohy gcy{hy/ u ipcf{h ih~~`y|hfk`~íc cickc pfc k` òocy&K`y|påy k` oc ihmekc `y{pte`~hf J`yúy/ Oãzc~h/ ohy cmeghy u ocy ycf{cympj`~`y ~`pfekhy ~`y`~tckcm`f{` `f pfc g~cf ycoc& J`yúy `y{cnc y`f{ckh c pfockh kò ycoùf `f pf cye`f{h o`tcf{ckh u ohy ahmn~`y/ pfhy k` |e`/ h{~hyy`f{ckhy/ `f {h~fh k` Åo2 ocy mpj`~`y `y{cncf y`f{ckcy `f h{~h ockh k` oc

ycoc/ yhn~` g~ckcy ipne`~{cy k` comhackhf`y u `y{`~cy&J`yúy `fy`óù yhn~` oc mey`~eih~kec k` Kehy |c~c ihf yp |p`noh2 iùmh`ftecnc pf \~hd`{c k`y|påy k` h{~h2 iùmh {hkhy `y{hy acnícf yekhk`yihfhiekhy u mco{~c{ckhy/ u iùmh `y{` |p`noh ~ìaczc~ã {cmneåf oc úo{emcg~ciec2 u oh sp` o` ypi`k`~ã |h~ `yh& Ihmh acnoc~c oc~gcm`f{` yhn~` `y{h/



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kej`~hf cogpfhy: .Y`óh~/ `fyåócfhy `y{h meymh `f cogpfc a`~mhyc|c~ãnhoc.& J`yúy kejh k` fp`th oc |c~ãnhoc kò ^ù sp` mcfkc c yp Aejh c octeóc/ k`y|påy sp` ohy teóc{`~hy apne`~hf mc{ckh c ohy `fteckhy cf{`~eh~`y/ uiùmh {cmneåf mc{c~hf co Aejh& C ihf{efpcieùf/ ihmh cogpfhy ahmn~`yacnícf ycoekh k` oc ycoc/ J`yúy y` |pyh c |cy`c~ k` pf ockh c h{~h ihf

cogpfhy& Mc~{c/ sp` enc u t`fíc `f{~` ocy mpj`~`y/ y` ci`~iù c J`yúy u oàcnoù k` fp`th k` yp a`~mcfc Mcgkco`fc/ k`y|påy k` acn`~ híkh ocy ihycysp` o` ihf{ù Y`~cdec/ oc T`~ùfeic&



;0

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Oc |c~ãnhoc k` oc |`~oc |`~kekc u `fihf{~ckc

e`f{~cy J`yúy y` |cy`cnc `f oc ycoc ihf ohy ahmn~`y/ ocy mpj`~`y y`y`f{c~hf c jpgc~ c pfc `y|ìe` k` oh{`~íc h yp`~{` |c~c t`~ c spe`f o`

{hicnc |~ht``~ oh sp` acnícf {~c{ckh& Acníc cooí pfc m`yc ihf ~hoohy sp`{`fíc oc dh~mc k` pfc `y{~òoc k` iefih ~cuhy {`~mefckc `f pfc icjc co{cihmh k` khy |pogckcy& @f oc |c~{` yp|`~eh~ k` oc icjc/ sp` `y{cnc tciíc uketekekc `f tc~ehy ihm|c~{em`f{hy/ ycoícf k` ocy iefih |pf{cy aciec ò m`kehh{~hy iefih icfcoe{hy ahfkhy u ictckhy/ u `f{~` åy{hy tc~ehy cgpj`~hy spìhfkpiícf co ef{`~eh~ k` oc icjc& Ickc pfc k` ocy mpj`~`y {`fíc pfc ip`~kcoc~gc ihf yc~{c k` |`~ocy u h{~cy mpiacy |e`k~cy |~ìehycy ihfyegh/ k` ocyipco`y/ y`gúf ò jp`gh/ m`ziocncf cogpfcy sp` c|~`{ckcy/ ocy m`{ícf `f pfhk` ohy icfcoe{hy/ k`y|påy |hfíc pfc {~cy h{~c pfc |`sp`óc icjc co `q{~`mh kòicfcoe{h/ k`{~ãy k` oc úo{emc |`~oc u ihf pf gho|` k` mcfh c~~hjcnc pfc|`sp`óc doìac k` oc icjc ihf{~c oc |`~oc mãy |~ùqemc2 ihf oh ipco {hkc oc

aeo`~c k` |`~ocy ~ìeníc pf gho|`/ k` mhkh sp` cogpfcy yco{cncf u icícf |h~oc cn`~{p~c h `f ò ef{`~eh~ k` oc icjc h yco{cncf yhn~` ohy h{~hy icfcoe{hy&Ipcfkh {hkcy ocy |`~ocy `y{cncf dp`~c k` ocy aeo`~cy/ y` ycipkíc oc m`yc sp``y{cnc yhn~` ~hkeoohy/ cogúf {cf{h/ u ihf `y{` mhteme`f{h ocy |`~ocy icíkcyck`f{~h |cycncf c h{~cy icje{cy |`sp`ócy sp` y` ycicncf kò `q{~`mh k` ocm`yc u sp` |`~{`fìícf c ickc pfc k` ocy mpj`~`y& K` `y{` mhkh ycicncickc pfc k` òocy pfc icje{c u t`íc oh sp` acníc gcfckh |c~c yp `m|o`h h ohsp` acníc |`~kekh k` yp yc~{c k` |`~ocy& Oc tepkc k` Hn`k acníc |`~kekh c ypmc~ekh aciec |hih {e`m|h u cúf `y{cnc k` op{h2 yp mc~ekh acníc `y{ckh cspí meymh ihf Oãzc~h u J`yúy/ cf{`y k` e~ Åy{` co ncp{eymh k` Jpcf&@f `y{` jp`gh k` yh~{`h y` o`y |`~keù c ocy mpj`~`y pfc |`~oc k` mpiah tcoh~/sp` acníc icíkh `f{~` òocy& Me`f{~cy `y{cncf ~`mhte`fkh {hkh u npyicncfihf ipekckh oc |`~oc/ k`y|påy k` acn`~oc `fihf{~ckh ihf mpiah ihf{`f{h kòcy meymcy/ `f{~ù J`yúy u o`y ihf{ù oc |c~ãnhoc k` oc k~cimc |`~kekc u k` occo`g~íc k` acn`~oc `fihf{~ckh2 u ihf `y{c |c~ãnhoc k` oc |`~oc |`~kekc u k` occo`g~íc k` acn`~oc `fihf{~ckh |cyù c ~`d`~e~y` c Mcgkco`fc& Åo oc oocmù |`~ocmãy |~ìehyc sp` h{~cy mpiacy/ sp` acníc icíkh k` oc m`yc kò cmh~ coypòh u y` acníc `q{~cteckh& .£Ihf spå co`g~íc/ cóckeù/ tcey c `fihf{~c~ k`fp`th `yc |`~oc |`~kekc#. @f{hfi`y |~`gpf{c~hf ocy mpj`~`y cfyehycy: .£Ca/Y`óh~# ¸U `yc |`~oc y` thot`~ã c `fihf{~c~8. J`yúy o`y kejh: .@y fì`yc~ehnpyic~ ihf mãy keoeg`fiec k` oh sp` oc mpj`~ npyic oc k~cimc u sp` ò |cy{h~

npyic oc ht`jc k`yic~~eckc.& \h~ `y{cy |cocn~cy k` J`yúy |~hm`{e`~hf {hkcyaci`~ mãy keoeg`fiec |c~c npyic~ c Mcgkco`fc u cyí co`g~c~y` mãy sp` |h~ oc|`~oc `fihf{~ckc&



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Cogpfcy mpj`~`y ~hgc~hf co Y`óh~ speye`~c ~ìene~ co jht`f k` Ycmc~ec `f{~`ypy keyií|pohy/ sp` o` acníc ~hgckh k`y|påy k` oc \cyipc `f ò icmefh k`Ycmc~ec& Acnoc~hf k` oc g~cf te~{pk u k` oc ie`fiec k` `y` jht`f/ ò ipco/i~`h/ `y{cnc `m|c~`f{ckh ihf cogpfc k` `ycy mpj`~`y& J`yúy o`y ihf{`y{ù sp`kedíieom`f{` t`fk~íc: .@y{ã ie`gh k` pf ockh./ `q|oeiãfkho`y sp` `y{cnc

k`mcyeckh cdeiehfckh c ypy ~esp`zcy&\h~ oc {c~k` ~`yhote`~hf mpiahy ahmn~`y u mpj`~`y e~ c N`{ah~hf/ khfk`J`yúy e~íc co kíc yegpe`f{` c `fy`óc~& J`yúy acníc `y{ckh k` fp`thyì~`{cm`f{` `f oc g~p{c kò Ap`~{h k` ohy Hoethy/ u h~ù cooí ihf g~cfcfye`kck2 k`y|påy ihf Oãzc~h u Yc{p~fefh y` `ficmefù c N`{ah~hf/ ihmh cyèy ah~cy k` icmefh& @~c uc pfc ah~c k`y|påy k` m`kecfhia`& I~pzc~hf òk`ye`~{h u ipcfkh `y{cncf ihmh c khy ah~cy k` oc iepkck tefeå~hfo`y co`fip`f{~h cogpfhy keyií|pohy sp` acnícf yekh `fteckhy ò kíc cf{`y cN`{ah~hf u `y{cncf `f pf con`~gp`& @y{cncf cooí \`k~h/ Cfk~åy/ yp m`keha`~mcfh Jhfc{ãf/ Ycf{ecgh ò Mcuh~/ Jpcf/ Ycf{ecgh ò M`fh~ u Jpkcy[ck`h/ sp` |h~ |~em`~c t`z acníc cihm|cóckh c ohy h{~hy2 Dòe|`/ Fc{cfcò

Iacy`k/ Fc{c-fcò ò fhteh k` Icfc u cogpfh sp` h{~h k` ohy aejhy k` ocytepkcy& J`yúy k`yicfyù ihf òohy `f ò k`ye`~{h ncjh pf ã~nho kp~cf{` cogúf{e`m|h me`f{~cy `fy`ócnc& Thoteù c acnoc~ yhn~` oc |c~ãnhoc kò Y`óh~ k` octeóc sp` `ftíc c yp Aejh& Op`gh dp`~hf co con`~gp` u ihme`~hf& Yc{p~fefh/sp` acníc ~ìenekh mhf`kcy k` ocy mpj`~`y/ dp` c ihm|~c~ ohy coem`f{hy&



;7

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QTE

J`yúy `f N`{ah~hf& Dc{egc k` ohy keyií|pohy

ciec ocy hiah k` oc mcócfc oo`gc~hf c N`{ah~hf& Pfhy keyií|pohy y`dp`~hf c oc icyc kò j`d` k` oc yefcghgc u |eke`~hf ocy ooct`y keie`fkh

sp` yp Mc`y{~h sp`~íc `fy`óc~& H{~hy ~ìh~~e`~hf ocy icoo`y oocmcfkh ocyg`f{`y co y`~mùf& J`yúy `f{~ù ihf ohy k`mãy `f oc yefcghgc sp` |~hf{hsp`kù oo`fc& Ihm`fzù fp`tcm`f{` oc |c~ãnhoc kò Y`óh~ k` oc teóc/ ipuhy`fteckhy dp`~hf mp`~{hy |h~ ohy teóc{`~hy efdeò`y/ u kò |~h|eh Aejh c speåfmc{c~hf acy{c sp` ò Y`óh~ `f{~`gù oc teóc c h{~hy {~cncjckh~`y& Acnoù k` oc|`~yìpieùf ihf{~c ohy |~hd`{cy/ k` oc |~eyeùf k` Jpcf Ncp{ey{c/ u k` yp|~h|ec |`~yìpieùf acy{c sp` |pye`~cf mcfhy `f Åo& Ypy |cocn~cyk`y|`~{c~hf g~cf ckme~cieùf `f{~` ohy jpkíhy: cogpfhy y` co`g~c~hf/ h{~hy yè~~e{c~hf u kìícf: .¸K` kùfk` te`f` Åy{` k` fp`th cspí8 U `yh sp` fckcycnícmhy k` yp t`fekc.& Cogpfhy ycne`fkh sp` ocy mpj`~`y y` `fihf{~cncf`f pf con`~gp` kò tcoo`/ dp`~hf cooã c |~`gpf{c~o`y ò mh{eth k` oc t`fekc k`

J`yúy&Ycfù cspí c cogpfhy `fd`~mhy k` de`n~` u cncfkhfù oc iepkck& Co con`~gpàcnícf oo`gckh T`~ùfeic/ Jpcfc Iapyc u oc tepkc k` Hn`k u acnícf|~`|c~ckh oc ihmekc& J`yúy u ypy keyií|pohy ihme`~hf cogh/ k` |e`2 op`gh yìeó`~hf u `m|~`fke`~hf tecj` k` efm`kec{h& @o meymh kíc `fy`óù `f ociepkck k` Benzcem u `f cogpfcy ohicoekck`y |cy{h~eo`y& @f Benzcem fh`y{cncf {hkhy ohy keyií|pohy jpf{hy2 y` ~`pfe`~hf ~ìeåf `f pf `kedeieh jpf{hc pfc icyc k` |cy{h~`y ncy{cf{` `y|ciehyc/ `f ohy ihfdef`y k` Ycmc~ec/ `f òmeymh opgc~ khfk` Mc~íc u Jhyå/ `f ò tecj` c Nòåf/ dp`~hf ~ìenekhyk`y|påy k` acn`~ |`kekh ahy|e{coekck `f h{~hy opgc~`y& Cspí ihme`~hf u|cyc~hf oc fhia`& K` òohy a` tey{h cspí pfhy spefi`& Oãzc~h u ocy ycf{cympj`~`y acnícf tpò{h c N`{cfec&Co kíc yegpe`f{` ycoeù J`yúy ihf ypy keyií|pohy/ c tì`y jpf{hy/ c tì`yy`|c~ckhy/ ihf mpiah c|p~h/ c {~ctåy k` g~cfk`y u |`sp`ócy |hnociehf`y&\cyc~hf |h~ Fcjh{a u Gcncc/ ihmh c ipc{~h ah~cy k` Bezncem& @f {hkhy`y{hy opgc~`y fh keh {e`m|h ò Y`óh~ |c~c key|hf`~ oc yefcghgc/ yefh sp``fy`ócnc yhn~` cogpfc ihoefc co ce~` cne`~{h/ `f cogúf opgc~ c|~h|eckh u ctì`y c oc t`~c k` cogúf icmefh khfk` |hkíc ~`pfe~y` oc g`f{`& Ohykeyií|pohy o` |~ì`kícf/ `f{~cfkh `f ocy iahzcy u icycy k` ohy |cy{h~`y/ èfte{cfkh c ~`pfe~y` `f pf |pf{h khfk` J`yúy |hkíc `fy`óc~& Yùoh cogpfhykeyií|pohy sp`kcncf ihf Åo& [hkh ò kíc cfkpte`~hf ihf efdefe{h {~cncjh u

dc{egc/ k` |p`noh `f |p`noh& J`yúy ycfù c mpiahy `fd`~mhy sp` iocmcncf|h~ ycopk& Acníc `f{~` òohy cogpfhy opfã{eihy& Mpiahy `fk`mhfeckhyg~e{cncf k`{~ãy k` Åo/ u J`yúy o`y mcfkcnc icooc~ u ycoe~ k` `ycy |`~yhfcy&



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Oh sp` aciíc mãy |`yckc `y{c jh~fckc `~c oc mcoc thopf{ck k` |c~{` k` ohy jpkíhy u oc yh~fc k` ohy dc~ey`hy& @y{hy opgc~`y i`~icfhy c J`~pycoåf `y{cncfoo`fhy k` g`f{`y sp` y` acnícf kìoc~ckh ihf{~c J`yúy& Ypi`kíc `f{hfi`yihmh |cyc cah~c `f ohy |`sp`óhy |p`nohy/ khfk` k` {hkh y` iac~oc u fckc yàci`& Ck`mãy k` `y{h oc c|c~eieùf k` J`yúy ihf {cf{hy keyií|pohy u yp y`t`~c

`fy`ócfzc cg~ec~hf mãy ohy ãfemhy& @f `y{hy opgc~`y kejh J`yúy oh sp` acníckeiah `f h{~hy: sp` `~c ò {e`m|h k` oc úo{emc G~ciec u k` oc |hy{~`~coocmckc2 sp` op`gh t`fk~íc ò jpeieh u ò icy{egh& Acnocnc kò mco {~c{h c ohy|~hd`{cy/ k` oc |~eyeùf k` Jpcf u k` oc |`~yìpieùf sp` y` aciíc k` yp meymc\`~yhfc& ^`|`{íc oc |c~ãnhoc kò Y`óh~ k` oc teóc/ sp` cah~c `ftecnc c ypAejh2 sp` ò ~èfh k` Kehy y` ci`~icnc u ihmh ò Aejh k` `y` ^ù {hmc~ã|hy`yeùf kò ~èfh& Iocmù tc~ecy tì`y ihf cu`y ihf{~c J`~pycoåf u ihf{~ccspåoohy sp` fh spe`~`f ci`|{c~ yp ~èfh u fh aci`f |`fe{`fiec& @y{cyy`t`~cy `fy`ócfzcy y` m`ziocncf ihf `qah~{ciehf`y cmh~hycy u ihf ocip~cieùf k` mpiahy `fd`~mhy& K` `y{` mhkh y` |~hi`kíc k` pf opgc~ c h{~h&Ohy keyií|pohy {`fícf mpiah {~cncjh2 {~cíco`y {hkh `y{h pfc `q{~ch~kefc~ec

dc{egc& Khfk` oo`gcncf u cfpfiecncf ò y`~mùf k` J`yúy hícf ~`|oeic~yc~iãy{eicy `q|~`yehf`y ihf{~c Åo: .£Uc te`f` Åy` k` fp`th# ¸Spå `y oh sp`spe`~`8&&& ¸K` kùfk` te`f`8&&& ¸Fh y` o` ac |~haenekh8&&&.& [cmneåf c tì`yy` ~`ícf k` òohy2 g~e{cncf k`{~ãy k` òohy u y` np~ocncf& Cogpfhy y`co`g~cncf kò cfpfieh k` J`yúy2 |`~h fh `~cf mpiahy& C J`yúy ke~ì{cm`f{`fcke` y` c{~`tíc c efi~`|c~& \`~h khfk` `fy`ócnc u ohy keyií|pohy `y{cncfi`~ic/ h o` y`gpícf `f ohy icmefhy u icoo`y/ {hkhy ohy g~e{hy y` ke~egícf ihf{~còohy2 ohy k`{`fícf c tì`y u |~`gpf{cncf& Acnícf híkh c tì`y mco ocy|cocn~cy k` J`yúy/ h fh ocy acnícf `f{`fkekh/ u sp`~ícf pfc `q|oeicieùf&K`y|påy ~`yhfcncf k` fp`th g~e{hy k` co`g~íc& J`yúy acníc ycfckh c cogpfhy`fd`~mhy u òohy y` e~~e{cncf u y` co`jcncf k` Åo& K` `y{` mhkh y` ypi`kícfohy kícy/ acy{c oc {c~k`/ `f c|p~hy u {~cncjhy/ yef k`yicfyh u yef |~hnc~nhickh& Uh t`íc ihmh `~cf co |~efie|eh docihy u k`yih~czhfckhy ohykeyií|pohy& C m`fpkh ipcfkh J`yúy `fy`ócnc u òohy `~cf |~`gpf{ckhy/ y`|hfícf icnezncjhy u fh `f{`fkícf oh sp` ~`com`f{` y` sp`~íc k` òohy& U cyí fh `y{cncf ihf{`f{hy ihf yp ye{pcieùf& @oohy |`fycncf u acnocncf: .Oha`mhy k`jckh {hkh u cah~c t`femhy c |c~c~ `f `y{` nc~pooh u `f `y{cihfdpyeùf& ¸Spå `y `y{` ~èfh k` sp` acnoc {cf c m`fpkh8 ¸Oh coicfzc~ã `f~`coekck8. @y{h `y oh sp` |`fycncf/ |`~h icoockcm`f{`2 cpfsp` y` fh{cncmpiacy tì`y sp` `y{cncf kpkhyhy u k`yihfdeckhy& Yùoh Jpcf enc kò {hkhk`y|~`hip|ckh/ ihmh pf feóh hn`ke`f{` u ihfdeckh& U {hkh `y{h c |`yc~ k`

acn`~ tey{h u k` `y{c~ te`fkh {cf{hy meocg~hy c ickc mhm`f{h& @~cckme~cno` t`~ ihmh J`yúy/ sp` ihfhiíc {hkhy ypy |`fycme`f{hy u cfgpy{ecy/|~hy`gpíc em|`~{p~ncno` yp meyeùf/ yef icmnec~ k` cy|ì{h fe efmp{c~y`/ye`m|~` egpcom`f{` c|cieno` u y`~ecm`f{` cmcno`& J`yúy cfkpth `y` kíc



;5

acy{c oc fhia`2 k`y|påy k`yicfyc~hf/ ihf pf |cy{h~/ khfk` fh ~ìene`~hffckc h icye fckc/ co h{~h ockh k` pf ~eciapòh sp` oeme{c ihf Ycmc~ec& @ocgpc kò ~eciah fh `~c |h{cno`2 ò oìah `~c mpu cfghy{h u {`fíc/ fh o`jhy k`yp fcieme`f{h/ co |e` kò Gc~ezem/ pf ip~yh ~ã|ekh aciec Hiiek`f{`&



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J`yúy jpf{h co |hzh k` Jcihn

o kíc yegpe`f{` |cyù J`yúy ò ~eciapòh/ k`jcfkh ò mhf{` Gc~ezem c ock`~ìac/ aciec oc iepkck k` Yeiac~& Yùoh Cfk~åy/ Ycf{ecgh ò Mcuh~ u

Yc{p~fefh `y{cncf ihf Åo2 ohy k`mãy acnícf {hmckh ket`~ycy ke~ìiehf`y&J`yúy dp` co |hzh k` Jcihn co Fh~{` kò mhf{` Gc~ezem u co Yp~ kò @nco/ `foc a`~`fiec k` Jhyå/ yhn~` pfc |`sp`óc ihoefc/ k` khfk` key{c Yeiac~ pfipc~{h k` ah~c co H`y{` `f pf tcoo` sp` y` `q{e`fk` `f {h~fh k` oc iepkck& K`Yeiac~ aciec ò Fh~{` c pfc ah~c `y{ã ye{pckc Ycmc~ec/ yhn~` pfc mhf{cóc&Tc~ecy y`fkcy cne`~{cy `f oc ~hic u `f{~` |e`k~cy ypn`f k` ket`~ycy |c~{`y coh co{h k` oc ihoefc/ khfk` acu pf `kedeieh hi{hghfco ~hk`ckh k` ã~nho`y u k`cye`f{hy k` t`~kh~ sp` `fie`~~c ò oocmckh |hzh k` Jcihn& @y{` `kedeieh `y{ã~hk`ckh k` pfc c~ickc cne`~{c/ k`ncjh k` oc ipco |p`k`f `y{c~ iùmhkcm`f{`pfhy tèf{` ahmn~`y& D~`f{` co icmefh c Yeiac~ acu pfc |p`~{c/g`f`~com`f{` i`~~ckc/ sp` oo`tc/ |h~ k`ncjh k` oc gco`~íc/ co |hzh k` Jcihn/

sp` {e`f` pf {ìah ihf pfc cn`~{p~c c tì`y i`~~ckc ihf pfc iú|poc& @oef{`~eh~ k` `y{c `kedeicieùf {e`f` {cf{h `y|cieh sp` y` |p`k` cfkc~iùmhkcm`f{`& @o |hzh `y{ã i`~~ckh ihf pf ihn`~{h~ k` mck`~c& Ipcfkh y`cn~` åy{` y` t` pf |`yckh ieoefk~h d~`f{` c oc `f{~ckc/ aciec ò ockh ihf{~c~eh/yhn~` ò nh~k` kò |hzh/ `f |hyeieùf {~cfyt`~yco/ co ipco/ |h~ m`keh k` pfcmcfetòc/ `y{ã pfekh ò ncok` |c~c ycic~ ò cgpc& D~`f{` c oc |p`~{c acu pfcnhmnc |h~ m`keh k` oc ipco y` |p`k` cozc~ co cgpc kò |hzh/ acy{c oc |c~`kk` oc icyc/ sp` yco` |h~ {~`y icfco`y co @y{`/ co H`y{` u co Fh~{`/ u y` ke~eg`fc |`sp`ócy dp`f{`y aìacy cdp`~c/ |c~c octc~y` ohy |e`y ohy tecj`~hy/ |c~coem|e`zc k` ypy t`y{ekhy u |c~c cn~`tc~ ypy cfemco`y& @~c m`kehkíc ipcfkhoo`gù J`yúy ihf ypy {~`y keyií|pohy c oc ihoefc& Mcfkù c åy{hy c Yeiac~ |c~cihm|~c~ coem`f{hy u ypneù yhoh c oc ihoefc |c~c `y|`~c~ohy& @~c pf kíc mpuicop~hyh2 J`yúy `y{cnc ~`fkekh u ihf mpiac y`k& Y` y`f{ù c oc t`~c kòicmefh/ i`~ic kò |hzh sp` oo`tcnc k` Yeiac~ aciec c~~enc2 |c~ìíc/ me`f{~cyc|hucnc oc icn`zc yhn~` oc mcfh/ `y|`~c~ sp` cogpe`f cn~e`y` ò |hzh u o`ke`y` k` n`n`~& Te `f{hfi`y ycoe~ pfc mpj`~ ycmc~e{cfc/ k` pfhy {~èf{c cóhy/ihf ò hk~` ihogcfkh kò n~czh/ ci`~ic~y` u ypne~ co |hzh |c~c ycic~ cgpc& Ypcy|ì{h `~c a`~mhyh& Cyi`fkeù ihf yho{p~c u tegh~/ c g~cfk`y |cyhy/ ocihoefc kò |hzh& Yp ~h|c `~c mãy key{efgpekc sp` ocy/ ihmpf`y u pf {cf{h~`npyickc& Oo`tcnc pf t`y{ekh czpo u ihoh~ckh/ ihf g~cfk`y doh~`y cmc~eoocy2ocy mcfgcy/ `f oc me{ck kò n~czh yp|`~eh~ ` efd`~eh~ ihf |poy`~cy cmc~eoocy/

|c~ìícf ~ezckcy `f ohy ihkhy& [`fíc pfc |ìa`~c ckh~fckc ihf oczhy uip`~kcy cmc~eoocy2 ò ipòoh ipne`~{h ihf pf |cóh k` ocfc cmc~eooc ckh~fckhihf cnpfkcf{`y |`~ocy u ih~co`y& @o tòh/ k` ihy{hyh u defh {~cncjh/ spìhogcnc aciec cncjh/ |hkíc y`~ ~ìhgekh u c{ckh c me{ck kò ip`~|h&



03

^ìhgekh ò tòh |h~ k`{~ãy {`~mefcnc `f pf icnh dh~mcfkh c ohy ockhy kòip`~|h khy |oe`gp`y `f ohy ipco`y |hkícf k`yicfyc~ iùmhkcm`f{` ohy n~czhyihf ohy ihkhy& Ye {hmcnc ihf cmncy mcfhy ò tòh yhn~` ò |ìah sp`kcnc{hkh ò ip`~|h ipne`~{h ihmh pf mcf{h& Oc icn`zc `y{cnc ipne`~{c k` mhkhsp` fh y` t`ícf ohy icnòohy2 k` oc d~`f{` ycoíc pf ckh~fh sp` ~ìhgíc oc |c~{`

cf{`~eh~ kò tòh/ sp` |hkíc y`~ ncjckh yhn~` ò ~hy{~h acy{c ò |ìah& Ocmpj`~ oo`tcnc pfc `y|ìe` k` kòcf{co k` ihoh~ mãy hyip~h/ sp` |c~ìíc k`|òhy k` icmòoh h k` icn~c/ ihf nhoyeoohy c~~enc2 oh oo`tcnc `f ò n~czh/ k`mhkh sp` ipn~íc `f |c~{` ò hk~` k` ip`~h |`fke`f{` k` yp n~czh& \c~ìíc c|~h|ùye{h |c~c `y{hy {~cncjhy k` ycic~ cgpc c def k` ~`ygpc~kc~ ohy t`y{ekhy&@o hk~` `~c k` ip`~h ihmh pf ycih yef ihy{p~c2 `f khy |c~{`y `y{cnccnht`kckh ihmh ye `y{pte`~c dh~~ckh ihf |ocfiacy k` mck`~c2 ocy h{~cy khy|c~{`y y` |o`gcncf ihmh pfc ic~{`~c tciíc& @f ocy khy |c~{`y {e`ycy acnícypj`{cy khy cgc~~ck`~cy u |cycnc pfc ih~~`c k` ip`~h ihf oc ipco {`fíc ocmpj`~ ypj`{h ò hk~` c yp n~czh& Oc cn`~{p~c kò hk~` `~c cfghy{c2 ipcfkh yòo`fcnc dh~mcnc ihmh pf `mnpkh u y` i`~~cnc ihmh ocy nopycy k` ohy

hn~`~hy& Ipcfkh `y{cnc tciíh/ ò hk~` ihogcnc |ocfh kò n~czh u ipcfkh`y{cnc oo`fh hip|cnc ò `y|cieh k` pf ncok` oo`fh&@y{c mpj`~ ypneù ãgeom`f{` oc ihoefc |c~c npyic~ cgpc kò |hzh k` Jcihn|c~c yí u |c~c h{~hy& Uh o` {`fgh ic~eóh: m` |c~ì` nhfkckhyc/ efg`fehyc uyefi`~c& Y` oocmc Kefc;/ `y aejc k` mc{~emhfeh meq{h u k` oc yì{c k` ohyycmc~e{cfhy& Tet` `f Yeiac~/ cpfsp` fh `y fciekc cooí& \h~ yp tekc |cyc |h~k`yihfhiekc ihf ò fhmn~` k` Ycohmå& Oc {ho`~cf `f `y{c iepkck c òoc u cyp mc~ekh |h~ yp np`fc ífkho` fc{p~co/ yefi`~c/ cmegcno` u y`~teieco& K`nekhc ohy t`~eip`{hy kò icmefh fh |pkh Kefc t`~ c J`yúy acy{c sp` `y{pth d~`f{`c Åo& Yp |~`y`fiec cspí/ khfk` `y{cnc {cf yhoe{c~eh u y`ke`f{h `f ò icmefhkò |hzh/ {`fíc cogh k` yh~|~`fk`f{`& J`yúy `y{cnc t`y{ekh ihf pfcefkpm`f{c~ec oc~gc u nocfic/ k` ocfc defc/ ihf cfiac dcjc/ ihmh pf conc& @~coc t`y{em`f{c sp` pycncf ohy |~hd`{cy& Ohy keyií|pohy yhoícf oo`tã~yòc `f ohytecj`y& Yhoíc |hfå~yòc ipcfkh c|c~ìíc `f opgc~`y u yho`mfekck`y |únoeicy/|c~c `fy`óc~ h |~hd`{ezc~& Co t`~y` d~`f{` c J`yúy k` |~hf{h èf`y|`~ckcm`f{` Kefc k`jù ic`~ yp tòh yhn~` oc ic~c u |`~mcfìeù efkìeycyef |cyc~ ckòcf{`/ |p`y ò Y`óh~ `y{~ìacnc ò icmefh& A` |hkekh t`~ ypíf{emh |`fycme`f{h: .£Pf ahmn~`# ¸Spå spe`~` cspí8&&& ¸@y `y{c pfc{`f{cieùf8.J`yúy/ c spe`f òoc ~ìhfhieù ihmh jpkíh/ oc me~ù cmegcno`m`f{`/ ihfopmefhyc me~ckc/ u me`f{~cy ~`{e~cnc ohy |e`y/ |h~sp` ò y`fk`~h `~c cooí mpu

cfghy{h/ kíjho`: .\cyc ckòcf{` u kcm` k` n`n`~.& @y{h ckme~ù c oc mpj`~/|h~sp` ohy jpkíhy u ycmc~e{cfhy fh `y{cncf cihy{pmn~ckhy yefh c me~ckcyk`y|~ìec{etcy k` pfhy c h{~hy& Sp`kù ypy|`fyc u kejh: .¸\h~ spå `y{ãy [úcspí/ {cf yhoh/ `f `y{c ah~c8 Ye m` t`f ihf{egh acn~íc pf `yiãfkcoh.&



0>

^`|oeiù J`yúy sp` ypy ihm|có`~hy dp`~hf c oc iepkck c ihm|~c~ coem`f{hy&Kefc ihf{`y{ù: .@f t`~kck a` tey{h c {~`y ahmn~`y `f ò icmefh/ |`~h |hihihfy`gpe~ãf `f `y{c ah~c& Oh sp` ohy yesp`me{cy acf |~`|c~ckh ahu ohfì`ye{cf |c~c ye.& Kìíc `y{h |h~sp` acníc `f Yeiac~ pfc de`y{c h pf kíc k`cupfh/ u fhmn~ù h{~h opgc~ khfk` |hk~ícf {hkctíc ihfy`gpe~ coem`f{hy&

J`yúy kejh k` fp`th: .\cyc ckòcf{` u kcm` k` n`n`~.&@f{hfi`y Kefc |cyù ckòcf{`& J`yúy y` o`tcf{ù u oc yegpeù acy{c ò |hzh/ sp`dp` cne`~{h |h~ òoc& Me`f{~cy icmefcnc/ kejh Kefc: .¸Iùmh |p`k`y [ú sp``~`y jpkíh |`ke~m` k` n`n`~ c mí sp` yhu ycmc~e{cfc8. J`yúy o` ihf{`y{ù: .Yeihfhie`~cy ò khf k` Kehy u Spe`f `y ò sp` {` |ek` k` n`n`~/ o` apne`~cy|`kekh {ú sp` {` ke`~c k` n`n`~/ u Åo {` acn~íc kckh ocy cgpcy tetcy.&@f{hfi`y k`y{c|ù Kefc ò |hzh/ yciù ò ncok` u acnoù c J`yúy/ sp` y` acnícy`f{ckh co nh~k` kò |hzh: .Y`óh~/ [ú fh {e`f`y ~ìe|e`f{` |c~c ycic~ cgpc uoc dp`f{` kò |hzh `y{ã mpu |~hdpfkc& ¸K` kùfk` ycic~ãy `ycy cgpcytetcy8&&& @~`y cicyh mãy g~cfk` sp` fp`y{~h |ck~` Jcihn/ sp` fhy keh `y{`|hzhy u n`neù åo meymh k` åo u ypy aejhy u ypy cfemco`y8. Me`f{~cy kìíc

`y{cy ihycy te `f ipck~hy iùmh Jcihn ictcnc `y{` |hzh u iùmh yco{ù ò cgpcihf{~c yp |`~yhfc&Oc mpj`~ `f{`fkeù ihmh ye y` {~c{cy` k` dp`f{`y k` cgpcy fc{p~co`y& K`jùncjc~ ò ncok`/ sp` icuù |`yckcm`f{` u op`gh oh o`tcf{ù& Cozùy` ocy mcfgcy/sp` y` aefiac~hf `f oc |c~{` k` c~~enc/ u ihf ohy n~czhy k`yipne`~{hy oo`fù yphk~` ihf ò ncok`/ u op`gh oo`fù pf ~ìe|e`f{` k` ih~{`zc |`sp`óh sp` {`fíc ucoicfzù ò cgpc c J`yúy/ sp` n`neù u kejh: .Spe`f {hmc k` `y{c cgpc {e`f`y`k k` fp`th2 |`~h spe`f n`ne`~` kò cgpc tetc sp` Uh o` kc~å c n`n`~/ fh{`fk~ã uc y`k |c~c ye`m|~`& \h~sp` ò cgpc sp` Uh o` kc~å y`~ã |c~c åo pfcdp`f{` sp` y` cozc~ã acy{c oc tekc `{`~fc.& Kefc kejh ihf{`f{c c J`yúy:.Y`óh~/ kcm` k` `yc cgpc tetc |c~c sp` fh {`fgc mãy y`k u fh {`fgc sp`t`fe~ acy{c cspí c ycic~ cgpc ihf {cf{h {~cncjh.& Uc `y{cnc ihfmhtekc ihfocy `q|~`yehf`y k` cgpc tetc: yef `f{`fk`~ kò {hkh oh sp` J`yúy sp`~íckìe~o`/ {`fíc uc pfc ek`c k` sp` J`yúy y` ~`d`~íc co ipm|oeme`f{h k` oc|~hm`yc& Ipcfkh |ekeù3 ò cgpc tetc uc acníc `q|`~em`f{ckh pfmhteme`f{h |~hdå{eih `f yp ih~czùf& Ye`m|~` a` y`f{ekh u ycnekh sp` ocy|`~yhfcy ihf ocy ipco`y J`yúy {pth cogh sp` aci`~/ fh `y{cncf ihmh|`~yhfcy |c~{eipoc~`y/ yefh sp` ~`|~`y`f{cncf oc degp~c ihm|o`{c k` pfc{h{coekck k` |`~yhfcy h iocy` k` |`~yhfcy ihf {co`y y`f{eme`f{hy& U |h~sp``~cf cyí/ uc `yh `q|~`ycnc ò ipm|oeme`f{h k` ohy {e`m|hy& @f Kefc/ ocycmc~e{cfc/ `y{cnc {hkc oc yì{c ycmc~e{cfc/ y`|c~ckc k` oc t`~kck`~c

~òegeùf k` ohy a`n~`hy/ u pfc yì{c y`|c~ckc k` oc dp`f{` k` cgpc tetc/ òYcotckh~& J`yúy {`fíc/ |p`y/ y`k k` oc ycopk kò |p`noh ycmc~e{cfh u k`y`hyk` kc~o` ò cgpc tetc k` oc ipco y` acnícf c|c~{ckh& Cspí y` `fihf{~cnc oc|c~{` ycotcno` k` oc yì{c k` Ycmc~ec sp` k`y`cnc ò cgpc k` oc tekc u sp`



09

`q{`fkíc oc mcfh cne`~{c |c~c ~ìene~oc& Ycmc~ec acnocnc/ |p`y/ |h~ m`keh k`Kefc: .Kcm`/ Y`óh~/ oc n`fkeieùf k` oc |~hm`yc/ c|cgc me y`k {cf cf{egpc/cuúkcm` c ihfy`gpe~ `yc cgpc tetc/ |c~c sp` {`fgc ihfypòh/ cogh mãy spìhf `y{` |hzh k` Jcihn/ sp` `y oh úfeih sp` cúf fhy pf` ihf ò |p`noh

jpkíh.&

Ipcfkh Kefc kejh `ycy |cocn~cy/ J`yúy ihf{`y{ù: .T`{` c icyc u oocmc c {pmc~ekh u tpòt` cspí.& Hí sp` o` kejh `y{h khy tì`y/ |h~sp` fh `y{cnc cooí |c~c efy{~pe~oc c òoc yhoc& @~c ihmh ye kej`~c c oc yì{c: Ycmc~ec/ oocmc/ ccspåo c spe`f {ú |`~{`fì`y/ c cspåo c spe`f `f ycg~ckc pfeùf `y{ãy pfekc&Kefc ihf{`y{ù: .Fh {`fgh mc~ekh.& Ihf `y{h ihfd`ycnc Ycmc~ec co @y|hyhk` ocy comcy/ sp` òoc !oc yì{c% fh {`fíc fefgpfh c spe`f |`~{`fìíc& J`yúy~`y|hfkeù: .Kei`y ne`f: yèy ahmn~`y acy {`fekh/ u cspåo ihf spe`f cah~ctet`y fh `y {p mc~ekh& @f `y{h acy acnockh ~ì{cm`f{`.& @~c ihmh kìe~J`yúy c oc yì{c: Ycmc~ec/ {ú kei`y oc t`~kck2 ihf ohy íkhohy k` iefih|p`nohy0 `y{cncy `f~`kckc u {p |~`y`f{` pfeùf ihf Kehy fh `y pfc pfeùf 'mc{~emhfeco& C `y{h ~`y|hfkeù Kefc/ ncjcfkh ohy hjhy ` efioefcfkh oc

icn`zc: .Y`óh~/ t`h sp` [ú `~`y pf |~hd`{c.& @y{h keie`fkh/ ncjùy` k` fp`thò tòh/ kcfkh c `f{`fk`~ oc yì{c ycmc~e{cfc sp` `f{`fkeù oc meyeùf ketefckò Y`óh~ u y` ihfd`yù ipo|cno`& Ihmh ye `f{`fke`~c Kefc ocy |cocn~cy k`J`yúy: .Cspò ahmn~` ihf spe`f cah~c tet`y fh `y {p mc~ekh.2 `y{h `y/ {p|~`y`f{` pfeùf ihf ò Kehy t`~kck`~h fh `y o`gco2 ò ipo{h c Kehy k` ohyycmc~e{cfhy ac yekh/ |h~ ò |ìckh u ò cmh~ |~h|eh/ y`|c~ckh k` oc coecfzck` Kehy ihf Jcihn&Ihmh ye |`~iene`~c ò y`f{ekh k` `y{cy |cocn~cy/ aezh ~`d`~`fiec c ohy|ìckhy kò i`~icfh mhf{` Gc~ezem u kejh npyicfkh `fy`ócfzc: .Fp`y{~hy|ck~`y acf ckh~ckh yhn~` `y{` mhf{` u thyh{~hy kìíy sp` J`~pycoåf `y òopgc~ khfk` y` k`n` ckh~c~.& @f{hfi`y kejh J`yúy: .Mpj`~/ i~å`m`/ te`f` ocah~c `f sp` thyh{~hy fe `f Gc~ezem fe `f J`~pycoåf ckh~c~åey co \ck~`.& Ihf`y{h sp`~íc kìe~: Ycmc~ec/ te`f` oc ah~c `f sp` fe cspí fe `f ò {`m|oh `f òYcfi{c ycfi{h~pm acn~ã sp` ckh~c~/ |h~sp` `y{ã `f{~` thyh{~hy& U kejh mãy:.Thyh{~hy fh ycnåey oh sp` ckh~ãey/ |`~h fhyh{~hy ycn`mhy oh sp` ckh~cmhy/|h~sp` oc ycopk te`f` k` ohy jpkíhy.& Cspí o` kejh pfc |c~ãnhoc k` ohy n~h{`yefd~pi{phyhy u ycotcj`y k` ohy ã~nho`y sp` y` tcf {hkh `f mck`~c u ahjcy ufh kcf d~p{h& Ihf `y{h sp`~íc kìe~ c oc yì{c: Ycmc~ec/ {ú fh {e`f`yy`gp~ekck k` oc ckh~cieùf/ fh {e`f`y fefgpfc coecfzc/ fefgúf yci~cm`f{h/fefgpfc |~`fkc k` oc coecfzc/ fefgpfc c~ic k` oc coecfzc/ fefgúf d~p{h& [hkh`y{h/ `f icmneh/ oh {e`f`f ohy jpkíhy2 k` òohy fci` ò M`yícy& U ihf{efpù

J`yúy: .\`~h te`f` oc ah~c/ u uc `y{ã/ ipcfkh ohy t`~kck`~hy ckh~ckh~`yckh~c~ãf co \ck~` `f `y|í~e{p u `f t`~kck2 |p`y ò \ck~` spe`~` {co`yckh~ckh~`y& Kehy `y `y|í~e{p u ohy sp` o` ckh~cf/ k`n`f ckh~c~o` `f `y|í~e{p u`f t`~kck.& Ihf .`y{h speyh kìe~: Ycmc~ec te`f` oc ah~c u uc `y{ã ipcfkh ò



0;

\ck~` k`n` y`~ ckh~ckh |h~ ohy t`~kck`~hy ckh~ckh~`y `f ò @y|í~e{p Ycf{h u`f ò Aejh/ sp` `y ò icmefh u oc t`~kck& Kefc ihf{`y{ù co Y`óh~: .Uh yå sp`ò M`yícy te`f`& Ipcfkh Åo t`fgc fhy `fy`óc~ã {hkcy ocy ihycy.& Ihf `y{cy|cocn~cy acnoù cspòoc |c~{` k` Ycmc~ec u oc yì{c c oc ipco y` o` |hkíc~ìhfhi`~ pfc |c~{eie|cieùf k` oc |~hm`yc `f ò |hzh k` Jcihn: Uh `y|`~h u

i~`h `f oc t`fekc kò M`yícy/ Åo fhy ac k` cupkc~& J`yúy ihf{`y{ù: .Uh yhu2Uh/ ò sp` acnoh ihf{egh.& @y{h `~c {cf{h ihmh kìe~ c {hkhy ohy k` Ycmc~ecsp` k`y`cncf ihft`~{e~y`: Ycmc~ec/ Uh a` t`fekh co |hzh k` Jcihn u {pt`y`k k` {e/ cgpc k` `y{` |hzh/ u uc sp` {ú m` key{` k` n`n`~/ {` |~hm`{í cgpcytetcy |c~c sp` fh {`fgcy y`k2 u {ú acy mcfed`y{ckh sp` i~``y u `y|`~cy `f`y{cy cgpcy tetcy& Me~c/ |~`meh {p np`fc thopf{ck |h~sp` acy c|cgckh mey`k k` {e/ ihf {p k`y`h k` Mí& Ycmc~ec/ uh yhu oc dp`f{` k` ocy cgpcy tetcy&Uh yhu ò M`yícy/ sp` acnoh cah~c ihf{egh&Ipcfkh J`yúy kejh: .Uh yhu2 Uh/ ò sp` acnoh ihf{egh./ me~ùo` Kefcckme~ckc/ {`mnocfkh k` ycf{c co`g~íc& \~hf{cm`f{` y` ~`yhoteù: k`jù yp hk~`cooí/ u ò |hzh cne`~{h/ u k`yi`fkeù oc ihoefc ihf ~c|ek`z/ aciec Yeiac~/ |c~c

cfpfiec~ c yp mc~ekh u c {hkhy oh sp` o` acníc ypi`kekh& @y{cnc y`t`~cm`f{`|~haenekh k`jc~ cne`~{h ò |hzh k` Jcihn2 |`~h/ ¸spå o` em|h~{cnc uc kò|hzh k` Jcihn/ spå k` yp hk~` k` cgpc {`~~`fco8&&& Acníc ~ìenekh cgpcytetcy u yp ih~czùf/ oo`fh k` cmh~ u k` co`g~íc/ sp`~íc oo`fc~ c {hkhy k` `yccgpc& Me`f{~cy ycoíc c|~`yp~ckc |h~ oc |p`~{c cne`~{c k` oc icyc kò |hzh/|cyù jpf{h c ohy {~`y keyií|pohy sp` acnícf {~cíkh coem`f{hy u sp` oo`gckhymhm`f{hy cf{`y acnícf `y|`~ckh c key{cfiec k` oc |p`~{c kò |hzh`q{~cóckhy k` sp` acnocy` {cf oc~gh ihf oc mpj`~ ycmc~e{cfc& Ihf {hkh/ fho` aeie`~hf |~`gpf{c cogpfc |h~ ~`y|`{h& Kefc kejh c yp mc~ekh u c h{~cy|`~yhfcy/ `f oc icoo`/ ihf g~cfk` `f{pyecymh: .T`fek c~~enc co |hzh k`Jcihn2 cooí t`~åey c pf ahmn~` sp` m` ac keiah {hkhy ohy yì~`{hy k` metekc& T`fek/ k`n` y`~ ò I~ey{h.&Y` ci`~ic~hf ohy keyií|pohy c J`yúy u o` hd~ìe`~hf |cf`y u meò k` ypyi`y{cy/ keie`fkh: .Mc`y{~h/ ihm`.& J`yúy y` o`tcf{ù/ cncfkhfù ò opgc~ kò|hzh u kejh: .Uh {`fgh pf coem`f{h sp` thyh{~hy fh ihfhiåey.& Ohykeyií|pohy y` |~`gpf{cncf `f{~` yí |h~ ye cicyh cogpfh o` acn~íc {~cíkhcoem`f{hy u |`fyc~hf yì~`{cm`f{`: .¸Fh o` acn~ã {~cíkh k` ihm`~ oc mpj`~ycmc~e{cfc8. J`yúy fh speyh k`mh~c~y` `f ihm`~& Y` ke~egeù mhf{` cncjh cYeiac~/ u me`f{~cy ohy keyií|pohy o` y`gpícf k`{~ãy/ ihme`fkh/ acnoùo`y/keie`fkh: .Me coem`f{h `y aci`~ oc thopf{ck k` Cspò sp` m` ac `fteckh/|c~c ipm|oe~ yp hn~c.& Sp`~íc kìe~: ihft`~{e~ ocy g`f{`y k` Yeiac~/ |p`y{hsp` {`fíc yp comc y`k k` oc ycopk k` òohy&@f ocy i`~icfícy k` oc iepkck uc t`fíc Kefc/ oc ycmc~e{cfc/ co `fip`f{~h k`J`yúy& Y` ci`~iù apmeok`m`f{` oo`fc k` ihf{`f{h u yefi`~c ihf Åo& J`yúyacnoù {hkctíc ihf òoc/ c tì`y |c~ckh/ c tì`y cfkcfkh& O` k`yipn~eù {hkcy



00

ypy cfkcfzcy u {hkhy ypy y`f{eme`f{hy& @ooc `y{cnc {hkc ihfmhtekc/ u|~hm`{eù k` yp |c~{` u k` yp mc~ekh k`jc~oh {hkh u y`gpe~ c J`yúy/ sp` o`ypge~eù tc~ehy mhkhy k` `q|ec~ ypy ipo|cy |`~yhfco`y u nh~~c~ ypy |ìckhy&Kefc `~c pfc mpj`~ d~cfic/ fciekc k` mc{~emhfeh meq{h/ |p`y yp mck~` `~c

jpkíc u yp |ck~` pf |cgcfh/ u acníc fciekh `f pf opgc~ k` Kcmcyih& \`~keù

mpu |~hf{h c ypy |ck~`y u dp` i~eckc |h~ pfc fhk~ezc |`~t`~yc/ k` oc ipcoyh~neù {cmneåf ocy mcocy efioefciehf`y& Acníc {`fekh uc iefih ahmn~`y:åy{hy acnícf ypipmnekh `f |c~{` |h~ ohy keygpy{hy u `f |c~{` k`y|oczckhy|h~ ypy cmcf{`y& [`fíc {~`y aejcy u khy aejhy/ uc i~ìekhy/ sp` acnícfsp`kckh `f{~` ohy |c~e`f{`y k` ypy |ck~`y/ ipcfkh Kefc cncfkhfù oc iepkckk` Kcmcyih& Ohy aejhy dp`~hf mãy {c~k` keyií|pohy k` J`yúy/ `f{~` ohy 7>& @oahmn~` ihf ò ipco tetíc cah~c `~c |c~e`f{` k` h{~h k` ypy cf{`~eh~`y/ pf ~eihihm`~iecf{`& Y` tefh ihf åo c Yeiac~ |h~sp` `~c k` oc yì{c k` ohy

ycmc~e{cfhy2 o` gpc~kcnc ò h~k`f k` oc icyc u tetíc ihf åo/ yef y`~ icyckhy/cpfsp` `f oc iepkck y` ohy {`fíc |h~ icyckhy& @o ahmn~` `~c k` dp`~{`mpyipoc{p~c/ k` pfhy 94 cóhy k` `kck/ k` ~hy{~h `fi`fkekh u nc~nc ~hjezc&

Kefc {`fíc mpiah k` |c~ìekh ihf Mcgkco`fc `f yp tekc/ cpfsp` acnícicíkh mãy ahfkcm`f{` `f oc ipo|c& A` tey{h {cmneåf sp` `f ohy |~efie|ehyk` oc mcoc tekc k` Mcgkco`fc pf ~etco acníc icíkh mp`~{h |h~ ocy e~cy k`h{~h& Kefc {`fíc pf ic~ãi{`~ mpu d~cfih/ g`f`~hyh/ cmcno` u mpu y`~teieco/ ucpfsp` `~c co`g~` u mpu mhtekc/ `f yp ihfie`fiec fh `y{cnc ihf{`f{c& Tetíccah~c mãy ahf~ckcm`f{` `f ihm|cóíc k` yp |~`ypf{h mc~ekh/ |`~h `fk`|c~{cm`f{h c|c~{`/ `f pfc icyc ~hk`ckc k` pf icfco/ i`~ic k` oc |p`~{c kò|hzh `f Yeiac~& Oc g`f{`/ cpfsp` fh {~c{cnc mpiah ihf òohy/ fh ohyk`y|~ìecncf {cm|hih& @ooc {`fíc ihy{pmn~`y cogh ked`~`f{`y k` ohy k`mãy uypy t`y{ekhy `~cf mãy ò`gcf{`y sp` ohy k` ocy k`mãy mpj`~`y kò opgc~/ ihycsp` y` o` |`~khfcnc |h~ {~c{c~y` k` pfc `q{~cfj`~c&Me`f{~cy J`yúy acnocnc ihf oc mpj`~/ o` y`gpícf ohy keyií|pohy c cogpfckey{cfiec |`fycfkh: ¸Spå {~c{c~ã cah~c ihf `yc mpj`~8&&& A`mhy ihm|~ckhohy coem`f{hy ihf {cf{h {~cncjh/ u Åo cah~c ¸|h~ spå fh ihm`8I`~ic k` Yeiac~ oc mpj`~ k`jù c J`yúy u `f{~ù c|~`yp~ckc co `fip`f{~h k` ypmc~ekh u k` mpiahy h{~hy sp` acnícf ycoekh c oc |p`~{c |c~c t`~ c J`yúy& Coci`~ic~y` Åy{`/ Kefc/ sp` `y{cnc c oc icn`zc k` {hkhy/ y`ócoùo`y c J`yúy& Ocyg`f{`y/ ihf{`f{cy/ iocmc~hf c yp tey{c u o` ke`~hf oc ne`ft`fekc& J`yúy o`yefkeiù ihf oc mcfh sp` y` icooc~cf/ o`y acnoù pfhy mefp{hy ihf mpiaccmcneoekck u o`y kejh/ `f{~` h{~cy ihycy/ sp` i~ù`~cf {hkh oh sp` o`y kìícKefc& Dp` {cmneåf `f `y{c ihft`~ycieùf mpu cmegcno` u cmcno`/ yp me~ckc

`~c {cf `yi~p{ckh~c ` em|~`yehfcf{` sp` {hkhy ohy ih~czhf`y y` yef{e`~hfihfmhtekhy u c{~cíkhy aciec Åo& Ihf mpiacy efy{cfiecy o` ~hgc~hf sp``f{~c~c {cmneåf `f yp iepkck |c~c `fy`óc~o`y& Åo cyí oh |~hm`{eù2 |`~h |h~



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cah~c |cyù k` oc~gh& [hkh `y{h cihf{`ieù `f{~` ocy {~`y u ocy ipc{~h k` oc{c~k`&



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Ohy keyií|pohy y` ~`úf`f ihf J`yúy

e`f{~cy J`yúy acnocnc ihf ohy ycmc~e{cfhy c ocy |p`~{cy k` oc iepkck/oo`gc~hf ohy k`mãy keyií|pohy/ `f{~` òohy \`k~h& Åy{hy acnícf

{hmckh h{~c ke~ìieùf `f oc mcócfc/ spezãy |c~cc~~`goc~ h `fic~gc~ cogh& \`k~h ihmh ohy k`mãy `y{pte`~hf ncy{cf{``q{~cóckhy k` sp` acnoc~c {cf{h {e`m|h ihf `yhy ycmc~e{cfhy& Y` y`f{ícfihf{~c~eckhy |h~sp` k`yk` yp feó`z acnícf híkh sp` fh k`nícf {~c{c~ ihf `y`|p`noh u y` acnícf cihy{pmn~ckh& @y{cncf {`f{ckhy k` `yicfkcoezc~y` |h~`y{h& \`fycncf `f ò icfycfieh kò kíc cf{`~eh~ u k` cf{`cu`~/ `f ocy np~ocy uyh~fcy/ `f oc ic~`fiec k` {hkh oh mãy fì`yc~eh sp` acnícf ypd~ekh& Acnícftey{h {hkh ipcf{h ocy mpj`~`y k` N`{cfec acnícf |~hm`{ekh u `y|`~cncf spòcy ihycy m`jh~c~cf& Cah~c |~`y`fiecncf `y{c ihft`~ycieùf ihf ohyycmc~e{cfhy/ u `f{hfi`y |`fycncf sp` fh y`~íc `q{~cóh sp` fh dp`~cf ne`f~ìenekhy `f h{~cy |c~{`y ckhfk` oo`gc~cf& [`fícf ye`m|~` `f oc icn`zc

`q{~cócy ek`cy u |~`{`fyehf`y apmcfcy yhn~` ò ~èfh sp` dpfkc~íc J`yúy `foc {e`~~c/ u yp|hfícf sp` ye {hkh `y{h y` oo`gcy` c ycn`~ `f Gcoeo`c/ y`~ícfnp~ockhy& \`k~h acníc acnockh mpiah `f Ycmc~ec ihf cspò jht`f sp` k`nícy`~ ~ìenekh ihmh keyií|poh2 |`~h åy{` fh cicncnc k` kìeke~y`& \`k~h acnoùk` òoh c J`yúy&J`yúy icmefù ihf òohy ihmh m`kec ah~c `f {h~fh k` oc iepkck/ co Fh~`y{`/ uk`yicfyc~hf ncjh ohy ã~nho`y& O`y acnoù J`yúy k` oc ihyìac/ u kejh: .Acu pf|~ht`~neh sp` thyh{~hy {cmneåf pyãey: Cúf ipc{~h m`y`y u te`f` ocihyìac.& Ohy ac~cgcf`y spe`~`f ked`~e~ ye`m|~` ò {~cncjh2 o`y kejh sp`me~cy`f ohy icm|hy uc nocfsp`cfkh |c~c oc ihyìac& Y` ~`d`~íc c ohyycmc~e{cfhy u c {hkhy ohy h{~hy/ sp` `y{cncf mckp~hy |c~c ~ìene~ ypy`fy`ócfzcy& @oohy/ ohy keyií|pohy/ `y{cncf oocmckhy c oc ihyìac/ cpfsp` fhacnícf y`mn~ckh/ yefh ohy |~hd`{cy/ Jpcf Ncp{ey{c u Åo meymh& Spe`fihyìac ~ìen` oc |cgc u jpf{c ohy d~p{hy |c~c oc tekc `{`~fc2 k` mhkh sp` òy`mn~ckh~ u ò ihyìackh~ y` co`g~cf egpcom`f{`& .Cspí `f{~c ò ~`d~ãf: Pfh`y ò sp` ye`mn~c u h{~h ò sp` ihyìac& Uh hy a` mcfkckh ihyìac~ oh sp`fh acnåey y`mn~ckh2 h{~hy acf {~cncjckh u thyh{~hy `f{~ãey `f yp {~cncjh.&@y{cy ihycy o`y kejh |c~c kc~o`y ãfemh |c~c ò {~cncjh&K`yicfyc~hf |hih {e`m|h u op`gh y` key|`~yc~hf& Sp`kc~hf ihf J`yúyCfk~åy/ Dòe|`/ Yc{p~fefh u Jpcf2 ohy h{~hy y` ke~ege`~hf aciec Gcoeo`c/ `f{~`[a`n`z u Ycmc~ec& J`yúy icmefù ihf ypy keyií|pohy/ k`jcfkh c Yeiac~ c yp

k`~ìac/ c pfc ah~c aciec ò Ypk`y{` k` pf icm|h khfk` acníc pfcy tèf{ìcye{cy k` |cy{h~`y key|`~ycy& @f pfc icyc mãy g~cfk` o` `y|`~cncf Mc~ícYcf{íyemc/ Mc~íc Io`hdãy/ oc mpj`~ k` Ycf{ecgh ò Mcuh~ u khy k` ocy



01

tepkcy& Acnícf `y{ckh {hkh ò kíc cspí/ acnícf {~cíkh coem`f{h u |`sp`óhyd~cyihy k` nãoycmh& \~`|c~c~hf pfc ihmekc&J`yúy co t`~ c yp Mck~` o` {`fkeù cmncy mcfhy& @ooc efioefù yp icn`zckòcf{` k` Åo2 ocy mpj`~`y ycopkc~hf/ efioefãfkhy` u |hfe`fkh ocy mcfhyyhn~` ò |ìah& Kòcf{` k` oc icyc acníc pf ã~nho u cooí {hmc~hf cogúf

coem`f{h& @f{~` ohy |cy{h~`y tetícf ohy |ck~`y k` cspò jht`f sp` J`yúy oo`tùihfyegh/ k`y|påy k` oc ~`yp~~ìieùf k` Oãzc~h/ `f yp tecj` c oc C~cnec u c@ge|{h& @y{c g`f{` acníc cihm|cóckh co ih~{`jh k` ohy {~`y ^ù`y acy{cNòåf& Cogpfhy y` sp`kc~hf `f ò |cíy c ~cíz kò c|~`yp~ckh tecj` k` ohy^ù`y u y` icyc~hf ihf aejcy k` |cy{h~`y sp` tetícf `f ohy tcoo`y k` Nòåf&@y{cy tete`fkcy k` |cy{h~`y y` `q{e`fk`f |h~ ohy tcoo`y u k`ydeock`~hy acy{cNòåf& Oc g`f{` kò opgc~ ipo{etcnc {cmneåf oc a`~`kck k` Jhyå sp` acnícfcospeockh c ohy yesp`me{cy& @y{cncf ~`pfekhy cspí mpiahy k` òohy2 fh `~cfycmc~e{cfhy&Mc~íc Ycf{íyemc ~hgù c J`yúy sp` ip~cy` c pf feóh `y{~h|`ckh {~cíkh |h~|cy{h~`y tìefhy sp` uc acnícf |`kekh yp ef{`~i`yeùf& @y{h cihf{ìíc ihf

d~ìp`fiec u `~c ihfmht`kh~ t`~ ipcfkh Mc~íc ~hgcnc c J`yúy& J`yúy aezhsp` o` {~cj`y`f co feóh u ohy |ck~`y oh {~cj`~hf yhn~` pfc icmeooc kòcf{` kòc icyc: `~c pf feóh k` pfhy fp`t` cóhy& J`yúy `qah~{ù c ohy |ck~`y/ u ihmhy` mhy{~cy`f cogh ~`{~cíkhy/ y` ckòcf{c~hf ohy keyií|pohy c J`yúy& Acnoù cofeóh u y` efioefù pf {cf{h aciec åo2 op`gh oh {hmù k` oc mcfh u oh o`tcf{ù& @ofeóh y` cozù k` yp icmeooc u ih~~e`fkh y` ìaù `f n~czhy k` ypy |ck~`y/ ohyipco`y k`y|påy/ ihf ò feóh/ y` ìac~hf k` ~hkeoocy kòcf{` k` J`yúy& [hkhy`y{cncf oo`fhy k` ihf{`f{h u J`yúy o`y kejh sp` cocncy`f c yp @{`~fh \ck~`&@fy`óù cogúf {e`m|h mãy c ohy |cy{h~`y ~`pfekhy u ihmeù ihf ohy keyií|pohyò coem`f{h |~`|c~ckh |h~ ocy mpj`~`y/ ncjh ocy ~cmcy k` pf g~p`yh ã~nho spàcníc kòcf{` k` oc icyc& Mc~íc `y{cnc ihf ocy h{~cy mpj`~`y y`f{ckcy c|c~{`co `q{~`mh k` oc m`yc& I~`h sp` åy{` y`~íc pfc k` `yhy con`~gp`y sp`ckspe~ícf ocy ycf{cy mpj`~`y k` Icdc~fcúm |c~c ohy tecj`y k` J`yúy&



05

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Kefc u oc g`f{` k` Yeiac~ cipk`f c t`~ c J`yúy

` ci`~ic~hf/ cogh ihaenekcy/ cogpfcy |`~yhfcy k` Yeiac~ ihf Kefc/ ocycmc~e{cfc& Fh y` c{~`tícf c|~hqemc~y` `f y`gpekc |h~sp` fh

cihy{pmn~cncf c {~c{c~ ihf `y{hy |cy{h~`y jpkíhy& Kefc y` ci`~iù oc |~em`~cu acnoù ihf Mc~íc u ocy h{~cy mpj`~`y& J`yúy/ k`y|påy k` oc ihmekc/ y`k`y|ekeù k` ocy mpj`~`y/ sp` y` key|pye`~hf `f y`gpekc c thot`~ c Gcoeo`c/ckhfk` e~ã {cmneåf J`yúy |cyckh mcócfc& J`yúy/ |p`y/ ihf Kefc u ohyk`mãy/ y` ke~egeù c Yeiac~& Keiac iepkck fh `y g~cfk`/ |`~h {e`f` cfiacyicoo`y u g~cfk`y |cociehy& Oc icyc k` h~cieùf `y{ã mãy ckh~fckc`q{`~eh~m`f{` sp` ocy yefcghgcy k` ohy jpkíhy& Ocy mpj`~`y k` Ycmc~ec fhyhf {cf ~`{~cíkcy ihmh ocy k` Jpk`c u {~c{cf mãy ihf ohy ahmn~`y& C|`fcyoo`gù J`yúy c Yeiac~/ o` ~hk`ù pfc g~cf mpo{e{pk k` g`f{`& Fh `f{~ù `f ypyefcghgc/ yefh sp` dp` `fy`ócfkh k` pf |pf{h c h{~h `f ocy icoo`y u `f pfopgc~ khfk` acníc pfc {~enpfc& @f {hkhy `y{hy opgc~`y oc cdop`fiec k` oc

g`f{` `~c g~cfk`2 `y{cncf mpu ihf{`f{hy k` sp` ò M`yícy apne`y` oo`gckhacy{c òohy&Kefc/ cpfsp` mpu ihfmhtekc u tpò{c `f yí meymc/ `y{ã cah~c `f |~em`~cdeoc/ mãy i`~ic k` J`yúy `f{~` ocy mpj`~`y& Y` oc ihfyek`~c cah~c ihf mãyc{`fieùf |h~ acn`~y` `fihf{~ckh ihf ò M`yícy oc |~em`~c& Mcfkù co ahmn~`sp` tet` ihf òoc c J`yúy/ ò ipco o` kejh |hicy |cocn~cy k` `qah~{cieùf& @oahmn~` `y{pth mpu ihm|pfgekh u ct`~ghfzckh k` ypy |ìckhy kòcf{` k`J`yúy& J`yúy fh y` sp`kù mpiah {e`m|h `f Yeiac~ u ycoeù |h~ oc |p`~{ch|p`y{c/ u `fy`óù kòcf{` k` oc iepkck u `f tc~ehy |pf{hy/ `f icycy u ap`~{cy`q{`fkekcy |h~ oc~gh {~ìah dp`~c k` oc iepkck& \`~mcfìeù op`gh mãy k`m`kec ah~c `f pf con`~gp` u |~hm`{eù `fy`óc~ k`f{~h k` òoc co kícyegpe`f{`& Ipcfkh thoteù c Yeiac~ `fy`óù {hkh ò kíc k`yk` ò yeooùf k``fy`ócfzc/ u cdp`~c/ yhn~` ihoefcy/ u/ |h~ oc fhia`/ h{~c t`z `f ò con`~gp`&Y` acnícf ~`pfekh g`f{`y k` {hkcy |c~{`y sp` encf k` pf ockh c h{~h khfkàcnocnc J`yúy& Kìícf: .Cah~c acnoc cooí/ cah~c acnoc mãy cooã.& @o jht`f k`Ycmc~ec huù {cmneåf oc `fy`ócfzc k` J`yúy/ |`~h fh y` ci`~iù c acnoc~ ihfÅo `f |c~{eipoc~& Kefc `y ye`m|~` oc |~em`~c u |cyc `f{~` oc mpo{e{pk |c~cci`~ic~y` c J`yúy& @y{ã mpu c{`f{c/ mpu ihfmhtekc u mpu y`~ec& Ac acnockhk` fp`th ihf J`yúy u spe`~` y`|c~c~y` `f y`gpekc kò ahmn~`& Spe`~``m|o`c~ {hkhy ypy ne`f`y/ k` ahu `f ckòcf{`/ |c~c oc ihmpfekck/ y`gúf octhopf{ck kò Y`óh~& J`yúy o` kejh ihmh k`níc aci`~oh& Mpiac g`f{`/

ihfmhtekc/ kìíc c oc mpj`~: .[ú acy keiah ne`f2 cah~c o` a`mhy híkhfhyh{~hy meymhy: Åo `y ò M`yícy.& Oc np`fc Kefc `y{ã cah~c mpu ihf{`f{cu mpu y`~ec u `y ne`f tey{c& Uh oc a` sp`~ekh k`yk` ò |~em`~ mhm`f{h&



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J`yúy acnoù k` oc |~eyeùf k` Jpcf/ k` oc |`~yìpieùf k` ohy |~hd`{cy/ kò\~ìp~yh~/ kò |~`|c~ckh~ k` ypy icmefhy/ kò Aejh `fteckh c oc teóc cspe`f acn~ãf k` mc{c~& Cspí kejh mãy ioc~cm`f{` sp` ò \ck~` o` acníc`fteckh& Acnoù {cmneåf k` ocy ihycy sp` o` acníc keiah c oc mpj`~ jpf{h co|hzh k` Jcihn/ k` ocy cgpcy tetcy/ kò mhf{` Gc~ezem/ k` sp` oc ycopk te`f`

k` ohy jpkíhy/ k` oc |~hqemekck kò ~èfh u kò jpeieh/ kò icy{egh k` ohymcohy {~cncjckh~`y sp` mc{c~hf co Aejh kò kp`óh k` oc teóc& Mpiahy|~`gpf{c~hf khfk` k`nícf aci`~y` ncp{ezc~/ uc sp` ycnícf sp` Jpcf acnícyekh c|~`yckh& J`yúy o`y kejh sp` ohy keyií|pohy k` Jpcf yegp`f ncp{ezcfkhk`{~ãy kò Jh~kãf/ `f Cefhf/ u sp` cyí/ acy{c sp` Åo meymh tcuc/ y` ncp{ei`fcooã& @f ò meymh kíc ycoe`~hf mpiahy |c~c aci`~y` ncp{ezc~& Co kícyegpe`f{` `fy`óù J`yúy `f ò con`~gp`/ yhn~` ocy ihoefcy u khfk` acníc|p`noh/ {~cncjckh~`y u cúf `yiocthy/ sp` `~cf cspåoohy sp` uc acníc tey{h `fò icm|h k` ohy |cy{h~`y `f N`{ac~cnc u sp` acníc ihfyhockh& @y{cncf|~`y`f{`y mpiahy `y|ícy mcfkckhy |h~ ohy dc~ey`hy k` ohy co~`k`kh~`y&@yipiacncf ihf `fhjh {hkcy ypy `fy`ócfzcy/ ncjcncf oc icn`zc h oc

c~~emcncf jpf{h co tìefh u mp~mp~cncf ihf yh~fc& Fh y` c{~`tícf/ `m|`~h/c ef{`~~pm|e~o`/ u J`yúy fe ohy me~cnc yespe`~c& Tc~ehy mc`y{~hy k` Ycmc~ec uh{~cy |`~yhfcy |~`y`f{`y/ `yipiacncf {e`yhy u mcoapmh~ckhy yp `fy`ócfzc&



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J`yúy `f oc iepkck k` Geffem

pcfkh J`yúy ihf iefih keyií|pohy cncfkhfù ò con`~gp` k` Yeiac~mc~iaù `f ke~ìieùf k` oc iepkck k` Geffem/ k`jcfkh c [a`n`z c yp

k`~ìac u c Ycmc~ec c yp ezspe`~kc/ c pfc key{cfiec k` yèy ah~cy k` icmefh/`f pf tcoo` yhn~` ohy oíme{`y k` Gcoeo`c u Ycmc~ec& Oo`gc~hf `f{~ckc ocfhia`/ ihf ohy t`y{ekhy i`óekhy/ c oc iepkck k` Geffem u `f{~c~hf `fy`gpekc `f oc yefcghgc/ |h~sp` ihm`fzcnc ò yãnckh& Ohy h{~hy keyií|pohy`fteckhy uc `y{cncf cooí& Ycoekhy k` oc yefcghgc dp`~hf {hkhy c pfc icyc kÒãzc~h yhn~` pfc co{p~c/ fh o`jhy k` oc |`sp`óc iepkck k` [ae~zc& Cooí acníc`y{ckh uc J`yúy ahy|`kckh u cooí meymh y` acnícf ~`dpgeckh Jhyå u Mc~íc `fyp tecj` c Nòåf& @o gpc~keãf/ ahmn~` cfiecfh/ k` cf{egph {`m|o`/ {`fícmpiahy aejhy& \cyc~hf cooí oc fhia`& @y{c |hy`yeùf k` Oãzc~h `y{ã ihmh c{~`y ipc~{h k` ah~c k` Geffem& Ocy ycf{cy mpj`~`y acnícf |`~fhi{ckh `f[a`n`z/ k`y|påy k` acn`~ ycoekh k` Yeiac~& Y` aciíc ò kíc cf{`~eh~ co yãnckh

pf cupfh |h~ icpyc k` ocy mp~mp~ciehf`y k` Ey~cò ihf{~c Mheyåy& @oyãnckh `fy`óù J`yúy `f oc yefcghgc&Oc oì{p~c {~c{ù k` oc {~ct`yíc kò k`ye`~{h |h~ ohy Ey~còe{cy/ k` oc ~`|c~{eieùfk` oc {e`~~c k` Icfãf u kò |~hd`{c J`~`mícy& J`yúy `q|oeiù {hkh `y{hc|oeiãfkhoh c oc |~hqemekck kò ~èfh k` Kehy& Acnoù k` oc mp~mp~cieùf kòhy aejhy k` Ey~cò `f ò k`ye`~{h u iùmh |hkícf acn`~ {hmckh pf icmefhmpiah mãy ih~{h c {~ctåy kò k`ye`~{h ye apne`y`f hny`~tckh ohyMcfkcme`f{hy sp` Kehy o`y acníc kckh `f ò Yefcí2 |h~ ypy |ìckhy `~cf~ìaczckhy ye`m|~` ` em|`kekhy k` oo`gc~/ u ohy mp~mp~ckh~`y mp~e`~hf `fò k`ye`~{h& @q|oeiù sp` cúf cah~c `y{ãf icmefcfkh `f ò k`ye`~{h u sp`mh~e~ícf cooí ye mp~mp~cncf ihf{~c ò ~èfh k` Kehy sp` `y{ã i`~ic/ u sp` `y{cmneåf ò úo{emh cteyh ` efte{cieùf k` Kehy& Yp tekc `~c ihmh ò icmefc~`f ò k`ye`~{h2 k`nícf {hmc~ ò icmefh mãy ih~{h |c~c `f{~c~ `f ò ~èfh k`Kehy |~hm`{ekh/ sp` y` o`y mhy{~cnc& Kejh {cmneåf iùmh ohy aejhy k` Ey~cò/fh ihfdh~m`y ihf ò ghne`~fh k` Ycmpò/ g~e{c~hf |eke`fkh ~ù/ u ihmhhn{pte`~hf c Ycúo& Cah~c/ sp` ocy |~hdìícy y` acf ipm|oekh u sp` ò i`{~hycoeù k` Ey~cò/ |h~ ypy |ìckhy/ |ek`f k` fp`th pf ~ù |c~c oc ~`y{cp~cieùfk` yp ~èfh& Kehy o`y `ftíc c pf ^ù/ c yp |~h|eh ^ù/ ihmh ò Y`óh~ k` octeóc `fteù c yp |~h|eh Aejh k`y|påy sp` ypy i~eckhy u `fteckhy acnícf yekhmp`~{hy |h~ ohy teóc{`~hy efdeò`y& K` oc meymc mcf`~c {~c{c~ãf c `y{` ^ù/k`yìaãfkhoh u kãfkho` mp`~{`& @fy`óù yhn~` oc |e`k~c cfgpoc~ kò ycomh/

sp` ohy `kedeickh~`y ìac~hf c pf ockh/ u oh `q|oeiù ~`de~eåfkhoh co Aejh kòY`óh~ k` oc teóc& Acnoù kò icy{egh sp` t`fk~íc yhn~` J`~pycoåf: sp` ò{`m|oh fh `qey{e~íc uc u J`~pycoåf fh y`~íc ~ìhfhiekc& Y` ~`de~eù {cmneåf c@oícy u c @oíy`h&



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Acníc `f{~` ohy hu`f{`y hfi` dc~ey`hy `m|`k`~fekhy sp` sp`~ícf key|p{c~ihf J`yúy& [`fícf `f ypy mcfhy ~hoohy k` @yi~e{p~c u |~`gpf{cncf spåyegfedeicnc sp` Jhfãy apne`~c `y{ckh {~`y kícy `f ò te`f{~` k` oc ncoo`fc&J`yúy o`y ihf{`y{ù: .Cyí `y{c~ã {~`y kícy k`yicfycfkh `f ò y`|poi~h tp`y{~h^ù/ ò M`yícy2 k`yi`fk`~ã co y`fh k` Cn~caãf u thot`~ã c ~`ypie{c~.& Ohy

dc~ey`hy y` ìac~hf c ~`í~ yhn~` `y{c `q|oeicieùf& K`y|påy y` ckòcf{c~hf {~`ydc~ey`hy u kej`~hf: .^`t`~`fkh ^cní/ [ú acnocy ye`m|~` kò |~ùqemhicmefh2 kefhy ipão `y `y` fp`th icmefh.& Yempocncf ~`y|`{h u `~cfae|ùi~e{cy& J`yúy o`y ihf{`y{ù: .¸Ihfhiåey ohy Ke`z Mcfkcme`f{hy kòYefcí8. ^`y|hfke`~hf: .Yí/ ohy ihfhi`mhy.& .Gpc~kck ò |~em`~h k` òohy ucmck c tp`y{~h |~ùjemh ihmh c thyh{~hy meymhy2 fh em|hfgãey c ohyypnh~kefckhy ic~gcy |`yckcy u |~ì`|{hy sp` thyh{~hy meymhy fh hny`~tãey&@y{` `y ò icmefh.& Ihf{`y{c~hf: .@y{h oh ycnícmhy {cmneåf fhyh{~hy.& J`yúy~`|oeiù: .@f sp` thyh{~hy oh ycnåey u fh oh |~ci{eiãey/ caí `y{ã tp`y{~c ipo|c/|h~ oc ipco y`~åey icy{egckhy.& O`y ìaù `f ic~c sp` em|hfícf mpiacy ihycyco |p`noh sp` òohy meymhy fh ipm|oícf/ fe yespe`~c ohy |~ì`|{hy/ ihyc sp`

ypi`kíc |~ìeycm`f{` `f `yc iepkck& Acnoù kò yegfedeickh kò {~cj` k` ohyyci`~kh{`y/ y`gúf ohy k`yegfehy k` Kehy kckhy c Mheyåy u iùmh òohy fhipm|oícf oh sp` `y{hy {~cj`y efkeicncf/ u `f icmneh cóckícf mpiacy ihycy`q{`~eh~`y u yp|`~dopcy& Ohy dc~ey`hy `y{cncf mpu e~~e{ckhy/ |`~h fckc|pke`~hf aci`~ ihf{~c Åo& Cogpfcy tì`y kìícf `f{~` ye: .¸U Åy{` `y ò|~hd`{c k` Fczc~`{/ ò aejh kò ic~|ef{`~h8. Oc mcuh~íc k` ohy dc~ey`hycncfkhfc~hf oc yefcghgc cf{`y sp` {`~mefc~c J`yúy oc `q|oeicieùf& Pfh yhoh|`~mcfìeù acy{c ò defco/ ` efte{ù c J`yúy u c ypy keyií|pohy c pfc ihmekc&@~c m`jh~ sp` ohy h{~hy2 ihf {hkh/ `~c {cmneåf `y|íc& Acnícf {~cíkh cogpfhy`fd`~mhy kòcf{` k` oc |p`~{c k` oc yefcghgc/ u ohy dc~ey`hy |eke`~hf c J`yúysp` ohy ycfcy`/ |c~c t`~ pfc |~p`nc& J`yúy fh ycfù cooí c ohy `fd`~mhy u o`ykejh c ohy dc~ey`hy: .Thyh{~hy fh sp`~åey i~``~ u |h~ `yh fh {`fk~åey {cm|hihoc y`óco.& \~ìeycm`f{` sp`~ícf òohy sp` ycfcy` `f yãnckh |c~c |hk`~cipyc~oh& Ipcfkh apnh {`~mefckh ò yãnckh/ ohy keyií|pohy k` Gcoeo`cmc~iac~hf/ oc mcuh~ |c~{` k` òohy c ypy icycy& J`yúy dp` ihf Yc{p~fefh uh{~hy khy keyií|pohy c oc |hy`yeùf k` Oãzc~h& Ihfmht`kh~ dp` t`~ cspí iùmh J`yúy aezh pfc efy{~piieùf/ |~em`~h c ohy feóhy kò ipekckh~ u k`h{~hy mãy sp` y` ~`pfe`~hf/ u k`y|påy h{~c efy{~piieùf c ocy feócy& O`y acnoùk` oc hn`ke`fiec c ohy |ck~`y u kò ~`y|`{h sp` k`n`f c ohy cfiecfhy& .@o\ck~` iò`y{eco/ kejh/ hy ac kckh |ck~`y2 ye ahf~ãey c tp`y{~hy |ck~`y/ ahf~ãey{cmneåf co \ck~` iò`y{eco.& O`y acnoù {cmneåf yhn~` ohy aejhy k` Jcihn u ohy

aejhy k` Ey~cò/ sp` acnícf mp~mp~ckh u fh |pke`~hf `f{~c~ `f oc {e`~~c|~hm`{ekc2 u `yc {e`~~c `~c {cf np`fc& O`y mhy{~ù ohy a`~mhyhy ã~nho`y u ohyd~p{hy kò jc~kíf/ u acnoù kò ~èfh kò ieòh sp` y` fhy ac |~hm`{ekh yeipm|oemhy ohy mcfkcme`f{hy k` Kehy& Cóckeù sp` ò ieòh `~c mpiah mãy



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a`~mhyh2 sp` oc {e`~~c m`jh~ `~c/ `f yp ihm|c~cieùf/ ihmh pf k`ye`~{h& O`ymcfkù sp` dp`y`f hn`ke`f{`y u ~ìene`~cf cg~ckìekhy {hkh oh sp` Kehy o`ymcfkcy`2 sp` fh mp~mp~cy`f |c~c |hk`~ `f{~c~ `f ò ieòh2 sp` fh kpkcy`fk` yp a`~mhyp~c/ ihmh ohy ey~còe{cy `f ò k`ye`~{h2 sp` i~ù`y`f sp` `~cmpiah m`jh~ k` oh sp` cspí oh mãy a`~mhyh |hkíc y`~& O`y kejh sp` fh

hotekcy`f fpfic `y{cy ihycy u |~hip~cy`f m`~ì`~ `y` ieòh ihf ocy hn~cy kìckc kíc u ò {~cncjh& @f `y{c `fy`ócfzc {`fíc J`yúy c ohy mãy |`sp`óhykòcf{` k` yp \`~yhfc2 c cogpfhy ohy cozù u ohy `y{~ìaù c yp |ìah/ h ohycn~czcnc k` c khy `f ypy n~czhy&



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|h~ `yh o` ~hgcncf tefe`y` c C{ac~h{ |c~c ycfc~ c pf `fd`~mh& Ye aciíc `y{`|~hkegeh sp`~ícf òohy/ ihmh {cmneåf ohy dc~ey`hy k` Geffem/ i~``~ `f Åo u`y|c~ie~ ypy `fy`ócfzcy `f {hkc oc ihmc~ic.&J`yúy ihfhiíc yp mcokck u oc {~cm|c sp` mcspefcncf ihf{~c Åo/ ye~teåfkhy`k` pf ahmn~` sp` `y{cnc uc k`yk` cogpfhy kícy efmùteo u mp`~{h2 |`~h òohycde~mcncf/ ihf{~c ohy acne{cf{`y k` oc iepkck/ sp` `y` ahmn~` `y{cnc yùohdp`~c k` yí& Yp meymc mpj`~ fh ycníc sp` `f ~`coekck `y{cnc mp`~{h& & YeJ`yúy oh apne`~c ~`ypie{ckh/ òohy acn~ícf keiah sp` `f ~`coekck fh `y{cncmp`~{h& Ycoe`~hf co `fip`f{~h k` J`yúy u oh oo`tc~hf kòcf{` k` oc icyc k`cspò ahmn~`/ sp` acníc yekh pfh k` ohy |~efie|co`y yckpi`hy u sp`mcuh~m`f{` y` acníc `fycóckh ihf{~c ohy keyií|pohy k` J`yúy& Oh ycic~hfdp`~c yhn~` pfc icmeooc c oc icoo` |h~ khfk` t`fíc J`yúy& Acníc cooí pfhyspefi` yckpi`hy u {hkh ò |p`noh |`~mcfìíc `f `q|ì{c{etc& @o ickãt`~|~`y`f{cnc pf a`~mhyh cy|ì{h2 oh acnícf k`y`f{~cóckh u `mncoycmckh |c~c`fgcóc~ c J`yúy&J`yúy/ co t`~oh/ kejh: .@y{` ahmn~` `y{ã mp`~{h u mp`~{h sp`kc~ã.& @oohy~`|oeic~hf sp` `y{cnc yùoh dp`~c k` yí/ `f åq{cyey/ u sp` ye `y{cnc mp`~{hcah~c/ `y |h~sp` acn~íc mp`~{h `f `y{` mhm`f{h& J`yúy ~`y|hfkeù: .@y{àhmn~` ac f`gckh oc ~`yp~~ìieùf u fh ac k` ~`ypie{c~ cspí& Thyh{~hy ohacnåey `mncoycmckh ihf `y|ìe`y2 |`~h/ me~ck ihf spå `y|ìe`y: k`yipn~ekyp |ìah.& @f{hfi`y te sp` pfh k` òohy cn~eù ò |ìah kò mp`~{h/ ihmh yedp`y` pfc tãotpoc u ycoe`~hf mpo{e{pk k` gpycfhy ~`|pgfcf{`y sp` y`cge{cncf cooí ck`f{~h& Ohy yckpi`hy y` e~~e{c~hf yhn~`mcf`~c/ |p`y J`yúykìoc~ù {cmneåf ypy |ìckhy u ypy kòe{hy |únoeicm`f{`/ u sp` `yhy gpycfhy`~cf ohy gpycfhy k` yp mcoc ihfie`fiec/ sp` åo acníc ycnekh `fipn~e~ u sp`



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cah~c k`th~cf yp ih~czùf& O`y ~`|~hiaù k`yipn~e`fkh yp ae|hi~`yíc u`fgcóh/ u acnoù kp~cm`f{` k` ohy yckpi`hy u kò jpeieh yhn~` J`~pycoåf uyhn~` {hkhy cspòohy sp` fh ~ìen`f oc ycopk sp` ac t`fekh& @oohy oo`tc~hf|~hf{cm`f{` co mp`~{h c yp icyc u y` ypyie{ù cooí pf k`yh~k`f u pf {pmpo{h`y|cf{hyh& Ipcfkh J`yúy u ypy keyií|pohy |cyc~hf |h~ oc |p`~{c k` oc iepkck/

oc iapymc/ yhoetecf{ckc/ o`y {e~cnc |e`k~cy: ò acn`~ k`yipne`~{h ohy gpycfhykò mp`~{h u oc mcokck k` ohy yckpi`hy ohy acníc e~~e{ckh g~cfk`m`f{`&@f{~` {cf{hy mcohy acníc cogpfhy np`fhy sp` ooh~cncf& Tetícf `f pfc k``ycy icoo`y cogpfcy mpj`~`y ihf dopjh k` ycfg~`/ sp` i~`ícf `f J`yúy/ u~hgcncf k`yk` o`jhy/ |p`y{h sp` fh |hkícf ci`~ic~y` c J`yúy& Åo |cyù/ycneåfkhoh/ |h~ `yc icoo`/ u ipcfkh apnh |cyckh/ ocy mpj`~`y icmefcncfyhn~` ypy apòocy u ocy n`ycncf& J`yúy ocy me~ù u sp`kc~hf ycfcy k` yp`fd`~m`kck&J`yúy cfkpth {~`y ah~cy acy{c pfc ihoefc i`~ic k` @fgcffem/ icye `f ocmeymc ke~ìieùf k` Geffem/ |`~h cogpfcy ah~cy mãy co @y{`/ `f pf tcoo`& @y`y{c oc oíf`c ~ì{c k` Fczc~`{/ c {~ctåy k` @fkh~ u Fcím& K` Fcím `y{ã ihmh

c ye`{` ah~cy& J`yúy |cyù oc fhia` `f `yc ihoefc/ khfk` cogpfhy keyií|pohy k`Gcoeo`c o` ycoe`~hf co `fip`f{~h2 |`~fhi{c~hf `f ò ycoùf k` pf con`~gp`cne`~{h/ k`y|påy k` acn`~ ihmekh cogh& @y{cncf cooí Cfk~åy/ Fc{cfcò òfhteh k` Icfc u khy i~eckhy kò j`d` k` Icdc~fcúm& @y{hy |`kícfefy{cf{`m`f{` keie`fkh sp` ò aejh kò j`d` `y{cnc `fd`~mh/ sp` y`c|~`yp~cy` `f e~ cooã& J`yúy o`y kejh sp` oo`gc~íc c {e`m|h& @y{` ic|e{ãf~`{e~ckh `~c pf ghn`~fckh~ k` A`~hk`y Cf{e|cy yhn~` pfc |c~{` k` Gcoeo`c&@~c k` np`f fc{p~co u acníc k`d`fkekh c ohy keyií|pohy `f oc úo{emc|`~yìpieùf k` ohy dc~ey`hy u o`y acníc cupkckh ihf kef`~h u coem`f{hy& Fh`~c kò {hkh i~ù`f{`/ cpfsp` |`fycnc sp` J`yúy |hkíc hn~c~ meocg~hy&K`y`cnc mpiah oc t`fekc k` J`yúy/ uc y`c |h~ oc ycopk k` yp aejh ihmh{cmneåf |c~c ct`~ghfzc~ c ohy dc~ey`hy& K`y`cnc sp` J`yúy aeie`y` òmeocg~h/ u {cmneåf ohy keyií|pohy oh k`y`cncf& Åy{hy y` acnícf `f{`fkekhihf ò j`d`/ keie`fkh: .[`fk~ãf ohy dc~ey`hy sp` t`~&&& Uc {`fk~ãf sp``yicfkcoezc~y`&&& T`~ãf `f{hfi`y spe`f `y Cspò c spe`f y`gpemhy.& \h~ `y{hacnícf Cfk~åy u Fc{cfcò ci`|{ckh ò m`fycj`& J`yúy ycníc k` {hkh ohihft`fekh& @fy`óù {hkctíc oc mcócfc kò tecj`& Ohy khy i~eckhy kò ic|e{ãf/sp` `~cf |cgcfhy/ y` ihfte~{e`~hf u thote`~hf ihf Cfk~åy u Fc{cfcò cIcdc~fcúm/ oo`tcfkh ihmekc ihfyegh&



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m`jh~cy`f& J`yúy `f{~ù `f `y{` ahy|e{co u ycfù c cogpfhy k` ohy `fd`~mhy& @foc yefcghgc `fy`óù {hkh ò kíc& Acníc cipkekh mpiaíyemc g`f{` k` ohyco~`k`kh~`y& T`fícf |h~ g~p|hy u y` {p~fcncf `f oc yefcghgc/ |h~sp` fhicnícf {hkhy ck`f{~h& Pf g~p|h ycoíc u h{~h `f{~cnc& Cspí `fy`óù yefcm`fczcy/ ihmh `f ò icmefh/ |h~sp` oc g`f{` `~c np`fc& Ypi`keù ihmh co|~`y`f{`: ickc |p`noh {`fíc pf mhkh ket`~yh/ y`gúf ocy ek`cy k` ohyyci`~kh{`y u |~efie|co`y kò opgc~& J`yúy o`y kejh sp` ipcfkh {`~mefc~c k``fy`óc~/ enc c ycfc~ ohy `fd`~mhy& Acnoù k` oc |~hqemekck kò ~èfh u k` ocoo`gckc kò M`yícy& \h~ ocy @yi~e{p~cy k` {hkhy ohy |~hd`{cy o`y enc y`ócocfkhsp` ò {e`m|h acníc oo`gckh& Acnoù k` @oícy u k` oh sp` kejh u k` oh sp` tehu fhmn~ù oc ip`f{c k` ohy cóhy ihfdh~m` oh acníc tey{h/ cócke`fkh sp` @oícyacníc `~egekh `f pfc g~p{c pf co{c~ |c~c ahf~c~ c oc dp{p~c Mck~` kò M`yícy&K`yi~eneù ò {e`m|h |~`y`f{`/ sp` fh |hkíc y`~ h{~h/ sp` ò i`{~h k` Jpkãacníc |cyckh c mcfhy `q{~cócy u ~ìh~kù {cmneåf oc t`fekc k` ohy ^ù`yMcghy& Acnocnc kò M`yícy/ `f g`f`~co/ ihmh ye acnoc~c k` pfc {`~i`~c|`~yhfc u fh y` fhmn~ù c Yí meymh fe c yp Mck~`& Acnoù {cmneåf k` ocihm|cyeùf u kò np`f {~c{h k` ohy ycmc~e{cfhy/ u ihf{ù oc |c~ãnhoc kòycmc~e{cfh/ |`~h fh fhmn~ù c J`~eiù& Cóckeù sp` Åo meymh acníc`q|`~em`f{ckh ihmh yhf k` ihm|cyethy `f ò {~c{h ihf ohy jpkíhy/ coihf{~c~eh k` oh sp` yhf ohy jpkíhy ihf òohy& Ihf{ù oc aey{h~ec k` ocycmc~e{cfc sp` o` keh cgpc/ ihyc sp` pf jpkíh spezãy fh apne`~c aìah ihf

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Ipcfkh J`yúy `fy`ócnc `f oc yefcghgc o` {~cícf `fd`~mhy k` {hkcy |c~{`y kòc iepkck& Ohy acnícf `y{ciehfckh |h~ ocy icoo`y khfk` {`fíc sp` |cyc~/ `ficmeoocy u `f h{~cy dh~mcy/ c oh oc~gh k` ocy icycy2 yhn~` cogpfhy acnícf{`fkekh {e`fkcy ihmh {ìahy u ohy |c~e`f{`y `y{cncf cooí c{`fkeåfkhohy&Acnícf h~k`fckh sp` ohy `fd`~mhy `y{pte`y`f jpf{hy ohy k` pfc u h{~c iocy`&

\c~ìíc cspòoh pf m`~ickh k` mey`~ecy apmcfcy& J`yúy ycoeù dp`~c/ k`y|påyk` oc `fy`ócfzc/ u ~ìh~~eù ocy deocy k` ohy `fd`~mhy sp` o` |`kícfapmeok`m`f{` oc ycopk/ u `f{~` `fy`ócfzcy u `qah~{ciehf`y ycfù c pfhyipc~`f{c k` òohy/ ncokckhy/ ie`ghy/ mpkhy/ cde`n~ckhy/ gh{hyhy/ ihf dopjh k`ycfg~`& Fh a` tey{h cspí c fefgúf `fk`mhfeckh& @fy`óù {hkctíc yhn~` pfcihoefc k` oc iepkck/ |h~sp` oc mpo{e{pk `~c mpu g~cfk`2 oc ctcocfiac y` aezhco def {cf ctcycoockh~c sp` ypnícf yhn~` ohy {ìahy u ocy |c~`k`y u acy{cicu`~hf cogpfcy k` òocy&Ipcfkh y` |~hkpjh `y{` k`yh~k`f/ y` |`~keù J`yúy `f{~` oc mpo{e{pk/ ycoeù kòc iepkck u {hmcfkh pf icmefh oc{`~co c {~ctåy k` oc mhf{cóc/ |~hf{h y``fihf{~ù yhoh& Ohy {~`y keyií|pohy oh `y{pte`~hf npyicfkh u oh `fihf{~c~hf

|h~ oc fhia` ipcfkh `y{cnc `f h~cieùf& Ihmh o` |~`gpf{c~cf spå k`nícf~`zc~ me`f{~cy ~`zcnc Åo/ J`yúy o`y ~`|e{eù cogpfcy |`{eiehf`y ih~{cy kò\ck~` Fp`y{~h: .Ycf{edeickh y`c {p fhmn~`& \`~kùfcfhy fp`y{~cy k`pkcy/ihmh fhyh{~hy |`~khfcmhy u oín~cfhy kò mcoh.& Cóckeù: .H~ck cyí/ |h~cah~c/ u aci`koh {cmneåf.&O`y ihm`f{ù ckme~cno`m`f{` `y{cy |`{eiehf`y& @oohy oh aciícf cyí ye`m|~`sp` J`yúy icmefcnc yhoh6 ~`|e{e`fkh `ycy |~ì`y& T`h sp` {e`f`f cah~cye`m|~` cogpfhy coem`f{hy `f ypy nhoycy/ u ipcfkh t`f c h{~hy tecj`~hy sp`|cycf i`~ic h o`jhy/ òohy/ yegpe`fkh ò mcfkc{h k` J`yúy/ ohy oocmcf h ohyyegp`f u ~`|c~{`f yp coem`f{h/ `y|ìecom`f{` ye yhf |hn~`y u fì`ye{cf k`cogh sp` òohy oo`tcf&@fgcffem `y pfc iepkck k` o`te{cy u `y{ã ye{pckc `f oc ncjckc k` pf tcoo` spìh~~` aciec J`z~cò c {~ctåy k` pfc zc~|c k` oc oc~gc dcokc k` oc mhf{cóc& @f òtcoo` ih~~` ò ~íh aciec ò Fh~{`& Ohy acne{cf{`y y` hip|cf k` {`j`~ u {`óe~t`y{ekhy |c~c ohy yci`~kh{`y u aci`f nh~ocy u d~cfjcy k` y`kc u nh{hf`y k` {hkcyiocy`y sp` ipògcf k` `ycy t`y{ekp~cy& Ocy mpj`~`y ihy`f u c~~`gocf `yhy t`y{ekhy&@o |p`noh `y np`fh u ne`f key|p`y{h&



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mpiah ò kíc cf{`~eh~ `fy`ócfkh u ycfcfkh c ohy `fd`~mhy u acníc aìahye`{` ah~cy c |e`&Oc tepkc ~ìeåf ~ìenekc |~`y`f{ùo` c h{~c mpj`~/ k` fhmn~` Mc~íc/ sp`{cmneåf sp`~íc kc~ {hkh oh ypuh& J`yúy o` kejh sp` oh gpc~kc~c |c~c mãyckòcf{`/ sp` y`~íc mãy fì`yc~eh& @y{c mpj`~ `~c `f t`~kck pfc ckúo{`~c uacníc yekh k`y|`kekc |h~ yp efdekòekck |h~ yp mc~ekh/ pf ~eih ihm`~iecf{`k` Kcmcyih&Acníc híkh `y{c mpj`~ acnoc~ k` oc nhfkck k` J`yúy |c~c ihf ohy |ìckh~`y2`y{cnc mpu ihfmhtekc/ u fh {`fíc h{~h k`y`h cah~c sp` aci`~ |`fe{`fiec u`fihf{~c~ g~ciec u |`~kùf& Dp` c npyic~ c Mc~{c/ ihf oc ipco {`fíc o`jcfh|c~`f{`yih/ ~ìhfhieù ypy ipo|cy u |ekeù ef{`~i`ke`~cf |h~ òoc ihf Mc~íc/ ocMck~` k` J`yúy2 u `f{~`gù c Mc~{c pfc |c~{` k` ypy ne`f`y& Mc~{c/ JpcfcIapyc u T`~ùfeic {hmc~hf c |ìah oc |`{eieùf k` `y{c mpj`~ u oc oo`tc~hf cIcdc~fcúm/ khfk` `y{cnc Mc~íc& Mc~íc oc me~ù y`~ecm`f{`/ c ie`~{ckey{cfiec& Oc mpj`~ iocmcnc Ihf g~cfk` oocf{h u kìíc: .£Ha Mck~` kò\~hd`{c/ ~p`gc c {p Aejh |h~ mí/ |c~c sp` uh `fip`f{~` |`~kùf kòcf{` k`Kehy#. @y{cnc |hy`íkc c ef{`~tcohy k` pf k`mhfeh mpkh/ u ipcfkh o` t`fícfc{csp`y y` c~~hjcnc co dp`gh h co cgpc/ u fh o` `~c |hyeno` |`ke~ cupkc&Ipcfkh thotíc `f yí/ ooh~cnc/ c~~`|`f{ekc/ c~~efihfckc `f cogúf ãfgpoh k` ocicyc& Mc~íc `fteù pf m`fycj`~h c J`yúy |eke`fkh |h~ òoc u J`yúy ihf{`y{ùsp` oo`gc~íc ò {e`m|h `f sp` cupkc~íc c `yc mpj`~&



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@o m`fycj`~h kò ic|e{ãf k` Icdc~fcúm

`yk` Fcem J`yúy |cyù |h~ ò [cnh~/ k`jcfkh c Fczc~`{ c oc ezspe`~kc/u y` ke~egeù c Icfc/ khfk` y` ahy|`kù `f icyc k` pf `yi~enc/ i`~ic k`

oc yefcghgc& @o t`y{ínpoh y` oo`fù `f y`gpekc/ |h~sp` acnícf ihfhiekh ypoo`gckc k` @fgcffem u o` `y|`~cncf& @fy`óù {hkc oc mcócfc/ ipcfkh k`|~hf{h oo`gù ò i~eckh kò i`f{p~eùf k` Icdc~fcúm ihf tc~ehy cihm|cócf{`ymhf{ckhy `f mpohy& T`fíc mpu c|p~ckh ihf g~cfk` cfyec u {`mh~/npyicfkh oc mcf`~c k` ci`~ic~y` c J`yúy/ yef |hk`~ ihfy`gpe~oh& Ihmhefú{eom`f{` ef{`f{c~c tc~ecy tì`y |`f`{~c~/ |h~ oc {p~nc/ co def cozù oc thz/iocmcfkh: .Y`óh~/ ~`t`~`fkh Mc`y{~h: k`jc sp` {p ye`~th y` ci`~sp` c {p|~`y`fiec& Uh yhu pf `fteckh k` me y`óh~ k` Icdc~fcúm/ u ihmh ye uh dp`y`ò y`óh~ u ò |ck~` kò feóh {` ~p`gh sp` t`fgcy `f y`gpekc ihfmegh/ |p`ysp` ò aejh `y{ã mpu `fd`~mh u i`~icfh c oc mp`~{`.& J`yúy fh |~`y{ùc{`fieùf c yp iocmh~ u ò ye`~th npyicnc oc mcf`~c k` oocmc~ oc c{`fieùf

yhn~` ye u k` |`f`{~c~ `f{~` oc mpo{e{pk/ yef ohg~c~oh& Thoteù c iocmc~: .T`f`f y`gpekc ihfmegh/ |h~sp` me aejh `y{ã |c~c mh~e~.&J`yúy thoteù oc icn`zc aciec åo u kejh: .Ye thyh{~hy fh tèy |~hkegehy uy`óco`y fh cicnãey k` i~``~& Ihfhzih {p fì`yekck&Thyh{~hy sp`~åey aci`~ coc~k` u aci`~ e~~e{c~ c ohy dc~ey`hy/ u {`fåey {cf{cfì`yekck ihmh òohy& Fh `y me meyeùf sp` Uh acgc |~hkegehy |c~c tp`y{~hydef`y& Fh fì`ye{h tp`y{~h {`y{emhfeh& Uh hn~c~å khfk` y`c oc thopf{ck k`me \ck~` u ac~å |~hkegehy khfk` oh |ekc me meyeùf.& @f `y{c dh~mc acnoùoc~gcm`f{`/ ct`~ghfzãfkhoh kòcf{` k` oc {p~nc& [hkh `y{h `yipiaù òahmn~` yef efmp{c~y`2 yef kc~y` |h~ `f{`fkekh y` `ydh~zù |h~ ci`~ic~y` mãyg~e{cfkh k` fp`th: .¸Spå m` c|~htìac `y{h/ Mc`y{~h8 Me aejh `y{ã |h~mh~e~/ t`f `f y`gpekc ihfmegh2 spezãy `y{ã uc mp`~{h.& @f{hfi`y kíjho`J`yúy: .T`{`/ sp` {p aejh tet`.& @o ahmn~` |~`gpf{ù: .¸@y{h `y t`~kck8.J`yúy o` ~`y|hfkeù: .@y{ã ycfh k`yk` `y{c ah~c2 {` khu me |cocn~c.&@f{hfi`y i~ùù ò ahmn~` u fh efyey{eù `f sp` J`yúy mc~iacy` ihf åo2 mhf{ù`f yp icncogckp~c u mc~iaù `f ke~ìieùf k` Icdc~fcúm& J`yúy kejh co|p`noh: .@y{c t`z oh spe`~h aci`~2 `f h{~h icyh y`m`jcf{` uc fh oh ac~å.& Uha` tey{h c `y{` ahmn~` fh ihmh pf yem|o` ye`~th kò ic|e{ãf ~`co/ yefh ihmht`~kck`~h |ck~` kò feóh& @y{` m`fycj`~h `~c ò |~em`~ ye`~th k` cspòic|e{ãf k` Icdc~fcúm/ sp` fh {`fíc aejhy cpfsp` mpiah oh k`y`cnc/ u co defacníc ckh|{ckh c pf aejh k` `y{` yp i~eckh sp` acníc {`fekh ihf yp mpj`~& @o

feóh {`fíc cah~c ic{h~i` cóhy k` `kck& @o m`fycj`~h t`fíc ihmh `fteckh uihmh t`~kck`~h |ck~` kò feóh& Oh a` tey{h {hkh u m` dp` cioc~ckh {hkh2|h~ `yh oh k`jù J`yúy iocmc~ cyí u o` kejh `ycy ihycy& \h~ oh k`mãy/ fcke`ycníc fckc k` oc |c{`~fekck kò feóh/ sp` aciíc {e`m|h |`kíc oc |~`y`fiec k`



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J`yúy& \~em`~h `~c oc `fd`~m`kck o`t` u |eke`~hf uc c J`yúy |h~ icpyc k` ohydc~ey`hy& K`yk` ic{h~i` kícy oc `fd`~m`kck y` aezh g~ct` u ò `fd`~mh acníckeiah ~`y|ì{h c ohy ~`m`kehy sp` o` kcncf: .Ocy mpiacy n`nekcy fh m`c|~htìacf2 yùoh J`yúy/ ò \~hd`{c k` Fczc~`{/ m` |p`k` cupkc~.& Ihmhcah~c ò |òeg~h acníc cpm`f{ckh/ acnícf mcfkckh m`fycj`~hy c Ycmc~ec

ihf ocy ycf{cy mpj`~`y/ op`gh |h~ m`keh k` Cfk~åy u Fc{cfcò `f @fgcffem2defcom`f{` mc~iaù ò m`fycj`~h u |ck~` kò feóh khfk` `y{cnc J`yúy& J`yúyacníc ked`~ekh oc ip~cieùf |c~c icy{egc~ ypy {h~iekcy ef{`fiehf`y& Acníck`yk` Icfc aciec Icdc~fcúm pf kíc k` tecj`/ |`~h ò m`fycj`~h y` c|p~ù{cf{h sp` oo`gù c oc meymc fhia`& C oc key{cfiec k` cogpfcy ah~cy uc o`ycoe`~hf co `fip`f{~h cogpfhy i~eckhy keieåfkho` sp` ò feóh `y{cnc ycfh& O`ycoícf co `fip`f{~h |c~c cteyc~o` sp` fh y` mho`y{c~c mãy/ ye cicyh fh acníc`fihf{~ckh c J`yúy: y` |hkíc cah~~c~ ò {~cncjh |h~sp` ò feóh acníc ycfckhk` ~`|`f{` c ocy ye`{` ah~cy kò kíc& @f{hfi`y ò m`fycj`~h o`y kejh oc |cocn~ck` J`yúy/ u y` ckme~c~hf u dp`~hf ihf åo c oc icyc& A` tey{h co i`f{p~eùfY`~hncnò ycoe~o` co `fip`f{~h ihf ò feóh c oc |p`~{c k` oc icyc& @o feóh oh

cn~czù u åo ihf{ù ocy |cocn~cy k` J`yúy u ohy i~eckhy sp` o` cihm|cóc~hfc{`y{egpc~hf oh meymh& @f{hfi`y dp` pf ihf{`f{h g`f`~co& A` tey{h sp`|~`|c~c~hf pfc g~cf ihmekc& @o feóh `y{cnc y`f{ckh `f{~` yp |ck~` |p{c{ethu yp t`~kck`~h |ck~`& @y{cnc {cmneåf oc mck~` cooí& @o feóh cmcnc c ypt`~kck`~h |ck~` ihmh co |p{c{eth u cspåo {`fíc {cmneåf g~cf cp{h~ekck `f ocicyc&K`y|påy sp` J`yúy k`y|ciaù co `fteckh k` Icdc~fcúm ycfù {hkctíc cmpiahy `fd`~mhy sp` acnícf jpf{ckh `f pf |c{eh k` oc icyc& Acníc `f{~`òohy cogpfhy `fk`mhfeckhy/ |`~h fh `~cf k` ohy |`h~`y& \h~ `y{h acnícfyekh oo`tckhy tc~ecy tì`y |c~c hí~ ocy `fy`ócfzcy k` J`yúy& Yùoh kòcf{` k`Åo y` `fdp~ìícf u cge{cncf {`~~eno`m`f{`& Fh ne`f J`yúy o`y mcfkcnc icooc~/y` cspe`{cncf2 k`y|påy k` cogúf {e`m|h |c~ìíc sp` uc fh |hkícf cgpcf{c~mãy u ihm`fzcncf k` fp`th c ihftpoyehfc~y`& @f{hfi`y J`yúy o`y aezh y`ócoihf oc mcfh u icooc~hf h{~c t`z& Co def mcfkù J`yúy c Yc{cfãy ycoe~ k` òohy&Icícf ihmh k`ydcooìekhy2 op`gh thotícf `f yí2 kcncf g~ciecy ihf{`f{hy/ ufh y` cih~kcncf k` oh sp` o`y acníc ypi`kekh& A` tey{h sp` acníc `f{~` òohycogpfhy sp` `y{cncf |hy`íkhy yef ipo|c |~h|ec u sp` `~cf np`fhy& Uh fh oh|p`kh `q|oeic~ ioc~cm`f{`2 |`~h a` tey{h cspí u `f h{~cy hicyehf`y oc~òcieùf sp` acu `f `y{h: k` iùmh sp`kc c tì`y |`~khfckh u oen~` pfahmn~` mcoh |h~ g~ciec u mey`~eih~kec/ me`f{~cy ò kecnoh {hmc |hy`yeùf k`h{~h efhi`f{` u kåneo/ |c~e`f{` kò mcoh& \c~ì` ihmh sp` ò np`fh {hmc~c

|c~{` kò icy{egh kò h{~h yhn~` yí meymh& Fh coicfzh c `q|oeic~ `y{h mãyioc~cm`f{`4& [co ihyc ypi`k` |h~sp` {hkhy yhmhy me`mn~hy k` pf ip`~|h/ uypi`k` `f{hfi`y ihmh ye pf me`mn~h ycfh `fd`~mc {cmneåf |h~ ipo|c k`h{~h |ìckh~ `f dp`~zc k` pfc ef{`~fc ih~~òcieùf k` pfh u h{~h& K` `y{hy



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|hy`íkhy acníc cspí cogpfhy& Ohy mcohy u |ìckh~`y yhf ye`m|~` mãymcoegfhy u hn~cf `f ihh|`~cieùf ihf ò k`mhfeh meymh& @f icmneh/ ohy|hy`íkhy yef ipo|c/ ypd~`f yhoh oc |hy`yeùf u yhf/ c |`yc~ k` òoh/ np`fhy u|eckhyhy&J`yúy `fy`óù `f oc yefcghgc c oc ipco o` acnícf efte{ckh cogpfhy `yi~ency u

dc~ey`hy k` Fczc~`{& Kìícfo` sp` acníc oo`gckh acy{c òohy oc dcmc k` ohyg~cfk`y |~hkegehy hn~ckhy `f Jpk`c/ Ycmc~ec u @fgcffem& Cócke`~hf sp`Åo ycníc oh sp` |`fycncf `f Fczc~`{: sp` spe`f fh apne`y` `y{ckh `f oc`yipòc k` ohy dc~ey`hy fh |hkíc ycn`~ mpiah2 sp` `~c yp k`y`h sp` dp`y` cFczc~`{ u `fy`óc~c cooí cogh m`jh~& \`fycncf ihf `y{h acocgc~ c J`yúy& Åy{ò`y ~`y|hfkeù sp` fh |`fycnc |h~ cah~c e~ cooã u sp` ipcfkh dp`~c fh encf cihfy`gpe~ k` Åo oh sp` |`fycncf& K`y|påy k` oc yefcghgc cyey{eù J`yúy c pfcg~cf i`fc `f icyc kò |ck~` kò fhteh k` Icfc& @y{` fhteh k` Icfc/oocmckh Fc{cfcò/ dp` y`gpekh~ k` J`yúy u cupkù c mcf{`f`~ ò h~k`f `f oc`fy`ócfzc k` J`yúy u me`f{~cy ycfcnc c ohy `fd`~mhy& @y{hy `y|hyhy tet`fyhohy u ~ìen`f ypy coem`f{hy k` icyc k` ypy |ck~`y& @o |ck~` ~`fgp`c pf

|hih: yhf g`f{` np`fc& Oc iepkck k` Icfc `y a`~mhyc/ oem|ec/ yhn~` pfcco{c `q|ocfckc& \cycf |h~ cspí tc~ehy icmefhy ic~~`{`~hy u pfh `fke~ìieùf c Icdc~fcúm& K`y|påy k` oc i`fc y` ~`{e~ù J`yúy c yp tete`fkc uycfù c tc~ehy `fd`~mhy sp` o` `y|`~cncf& \c~c ip~c~ fh |~hi`k` ye`m|~` kòc meymc mcf`~c: c tì`y yùoh mcfkc2 c tì`y |hf` ocy mcfhy yhn~` ò`fd`~mh2 h{~cy y` efioefc yhn~` åo2 h{~cy mcfkc sp` y` |p~edesp` u y` ncó`/ hm`zioc ycoetc ihf ò |hoth kò ypòh u oh |cyc yhn~` ohy hjhy k` ohy ie`ghy&Pfcy tì`y ohy `qah~{c2 h{~cy o`y kei` ypy |ìckhy/ u `f cogpfcy hicyehf`yohy k`y|ciac/ k`jãfkhoh |c~c h{~c t`z&



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pcfkh J`yúy y` ke~egeù k`yk` Icfc c Icdc~fcúm ihf ohy keyií|pohy/ o`yegpeù {cmneåf Fc{cfcò& Yp mpj`~/ yp {íc u h{~cy uc acnícf |c~{ekh

|c~c Icdc~fcúm& @o icmefh/ c pfcy ye`{` ah~cy/ tc `f oíf`c ncy{cf{` ~ì{c uoo`tc c pf |`sp`óh ocgh ihmh ò k` Cefhf/ ~hk`ckh k` icye{cy u jc~kef`y&Cspí `m|e`zc ò då~{eo tcoo` k` G`f`yc~`{& Y` t`f {h~~ìe{cy u gpc~kecf`y spìpekcf ohy ap`~{hy& Ipcfkh J`yúy y` ci`~iù c Icdc~fcúm `m|`zc~hf c`fdp~ì`~y` tc~ehy `fk`mhfeckhy kòcf{` k` oc |p`~{c: .£Te`f` ò \~hd`{c#¸Spå `y oh sp` spe`~`8 ¸Spå {e`f` sp` t`~ Åo ihf fhyh{~hy8. Ipcfkh J`yúyoo`gù c oc iepkck apu`~hf ohy `fk`mhfeckhy& Acnícf `~egekh pfc {e`fkckòcf{` k` oc iepkck&O` ycoe`~hf co `fip`f{~h ò i`f{p~eùf k` Icdc~fcúm u ò m`fycj`~h oo`tcfkhco feóh `f m`keh k` òohy/ y`gpekhy k` {hkc oc dcmeoec/ ohy |c~e`f{`y/ ohyye`~thy u ohy `yiocthy& Åy{hy `~cf |cgcfhy/ `fteckhy |h~ A`~hk`y& \c~ìíc

pfc |~hi`yeùf& [hkhy y` ìac~hf k` ~hkeoocy kòcf{` k` J`yúy u o`cg~ckìe`~hf2 op`gh o` octc~hf ohy |e`y u o` ke`~hf coem`f{h u n`nekc& J`yúy|pyh ypy mcfhy yhn~` oc icn`zc kò feóh/ aefickh kòcf{` k` Åo/ u ~ìeneù òfhmn~` k` J`yyå/ |p`y cf{`y y` oocmcnc Jhò& @o i`f{p~eùf y` oocmcncY`~hncnò& Åy{` o` ~hgù `fic~ìekcm`f{` sp` dp`~c c yp icyc c {hmc~ |c~{`k` pfc ihmekc& J`yúy y` f`gù/ ~`|~hiaãfkho` yp cfyec k` t`~ |~hkegehy |c~cmhdc~y` k` h{~hy/ u cóckeù: .Fh apne`~c Uh ycfckh co feóh/ ye oc d` kòm`fycj`~h fh apne`y` yekh ihf yp |`{eieùf {cf efyey{`f{`.& K`y|påy ihf{efpùyp icmefh& Y`~hncnò acníc |~`|c~ckh pf g~cf ncfsp`{`2 ohy ye`~thy u{~cncjckh~`y k` ypy icm|hy u ap`~{cy acnícf yekh efte{ckhy& C {hkhy y` o`yacníc ihf{ckh ò |~hkegeh& [hkhy i~`ícf ihfmhtekhy `f J`yúy& Ohy efte{ckhyu mpiahy |hn~`y `f{hfc~hf pf icf{h k` cocncfzc `f ò t`y{ínpoh& Ohy |hn~`ydp`~hf g`f`~hycm`f{` hny`speckhy& Oc dcmc kò |~hkegeh y` acníc kedpfkekhk`yk` oc mcócfc& Y`~hncnò `fteù cteyh c oc Mck~` k` J`yúy u c ohyc|ùy{ho`y/ c ohy ipco`y a` tey{h k` fp`th hip|ckhy `f yp hdeieh k` |`yic& A`tey{h {cmneåf sp` oc fh{eiec oo`gù c oc yp`g~c k` \`k~h/ sp` `y{cnc `fd`~mc&@f Icdc~fcúm/ J`yúy y` ke~egeù aciec oc tete`fkc k` yp Mck~`/ khfk``y{cncf ~`pfekhy iefih mpj`~`y u \`k~h/ Cfk~åy/ Ycf{ecgh u Jpcf& Åy{hydp`~hf co `fip`f{~h k` J`yúy/ u ~èfù cooí mpiac co`g~íc |h~ yp t`fekc u |h~ò |~hkegeh `f dcth~ kò i`f{p~eùf& [hmù |c~{` cspí `f pfc ihmekc u y`ke~egeù icye `f y`gpekc c Icdc~fcúm |c~c oc de`y{c kò yãnckh& Ocy mpj`~`y

sp`kc~hf `f oc icyc& @f Icdc~fcúm y` acnícf ~`pfekh mpiaíyemc g`f{` ufpm`~hyhy `fd`~mhy& Ohy `fk`mhfeckhy ih~~ícf |h~ oc iepkck g~e{cfkh/ipcfkh J`yúy oo`gcnc& Åo o`y mcfkù icooc~ u c {~ctåy k` òohy y` ke~egeù c oc



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yefcghgc& K`y|påy k` oc h~cieùf y` oocmù c pf `m|`k`~fekh dc~ey`h k`fhmn~` Mcfcy`y/ c spe`f o` {hicnc aci`~ oc oì{p~c&J`yúy |ekeù ohy ~hoohy k` ocy @yi~e{p~cy u kejh sp` sp`~íc aci`~ oc oì{p~c& O`ke`~hf ohy ~hoohy u J`yúy ihm`fzù c o``~ k`yk` ò |~efie|eh kò spef{h oen~hk` Mheyåy acy{c oc mp~mp~cieùf k` ohy aejhy k` Ey~cò/ u `fy`óù ci`~ic k` oc

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d~p{hy co {`m|oh u c ypy y`~tekh~`y `~c mcfkckh |h~ Kehy/ |c~c sp` ohyahmn~`y y` cih~kcy`f k` sp` fh `~cf kp`óhy k` ocy ihycy k` oc {e`~~c/ yefhsp` yùoh ocy {`fícf `f pyh2 sp` {cmneåf k`nícf kc~ ò ke`zmh k` ocy ae`~ncy|c~c ~ìh~kc~ oc mh~{edeicieùf u oc |`fe{`fiec&Ohy keyií|pohy acnoc~hf {cmneåf k` ohy ycmc~e{cfhy/ `q|~`ycfkh yp |`yc~ k`sp` acnícf yekh oc icpyc k` sp` ycoe`~c mãy |~hf{h k` oh sp` acníc |`fyckhkò |cíy2 sp` ye apne`y`f ycnekh sp` `y{cncf {cf ãtekhy k` oc |cocn~c k` Kehyu ohy acnícf ~ìenekh {cf ne`f/ fh acn~ícf efyey{ekh |c~c ycoe~ |~hf{h k` cspò|cíy& J`yúy ihf{`y{ù sp` ohy khy kícy sp` acníc `y{ckh cooí `~cf ypdeie`f{`y2sp` ohy yesp`me{cy {`fícf ycfg~` icoe`f{` u y` ihfmhtícf dãieom`f{`2 sp`spezãy yùoh tèf{` k` ohy ihft`~{ekhy |`~mcfìícf cah~c de~m`y2 u sp` oc|~ùqemc u mãy g~cfk` ihyìac sp`kcnc ~`y`~tckc |c~c òohy !ohy dp{p~hyc|ùy{ho`y%& Ohy keyií|pohy/ ihfmhtekhy |h~ oc úo{emc `fy`ócfzc/ `q|~`yc~hfyp ihm|cyeùf u yem|c{íc aciec ohy ycmc~e{cfhy/ u ~ìh~kcncf `f yp cocncfzcoc aey{h~ec kò ahmn~` sp` acníc icíkh `f mcfhy k` ohy ock~hf`y jpf{h cJ`~eiù/ me`f{~cy ohy yci`~kh{`y u o`te{cy |cyc~hf k` oc~gh/ u cocncncf coycmc~e{cfh sp` acníc cozckh co a`~ekh/ octãfkhoh ihf ciè{` u tefh& @y{caey{h~ec `~c ihfhiekc u acníc ypi`kekh `f ohy |~em`~hy {e`m|hy jpf{h cJ`~eiù& J`yúy {hmù hicyeùf k` yp ihm|cyeùf |c~c ihf ò a`~ekh u k` ypco`g~íc |h~ oc ciieùf kò ycmc~e{cfh/ |c~c ihf{c~o`y h{~c |c~ãnhoc& Ihf{ùiùmh Ckãf u @tc/ |h~ icpyc kò |ìckh/ dp`~hf ìackhy kò \c~cíyh u

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ciè{` u tefh `f ypy a`~ekcy |c~c ycfc~o`& Cóckeù sp` cspåoohy meymhy sp``y{cncf |~`|c~ckhy ihf {hkhy ohy m`kehy |c~c cupkc~ fh yùoh fh y`c|eckc~hf kò a`~ekh/ yefh sp` {hmc~hf |~`yh co Aejh kò ^ù u oh mc{c~hf|h~sp` acníc yhih~~ekh ihf ciè{` u tefh co efdòez a`~ekh& O`y |~h|pyh `y{h|c~c sp` |`fyc~cf yhn~` òoh/ keieåfkho`y sp` mãy {c~k` y` oh kìoc~c~íc&@oohy fh oh `f{`fke`~hf& Fh fh{c~hf sp` acnocnc k` yp |`~yhfc co acnoc~ kòAejh kò ^ù/ c|c~ìekh `f |hn~`zc u fì`yekck/ u mp~mp~cncf co híkh|~`gpf{ãfkhy` spe`f y`~íc `y` \ck~` k` spe`f ye`m|~` acnocnc& J`yúy o`y~ìh~kù {cmneåf yp ihft`~ycieùf yhn~` ypy cfgpy{ecy ~`y|ì{h co f`ghieh kòc |`yic sp` acnícf {`fekh sp` cncfkhfc~ u o`y kejh sp` ò Aejh kò ^ù{cmneåf acníc k`jckh {hkh oh sp` {`fíc ihf yp \ck~`/ u sp` me`f{~cy h{~hy

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ohy co~`k`kh~`y u `f ò jc~kíf h dp`~hf c oc icyc k` Mc~íc& Ipcfkh \`k~h`f{~ù ihf J`yúy `f yp icyc/ kejh: .Y`óh~/ a`mhy {`fekh pf kíc k` cupfh2 |`~h[ú fhy acy ycieckh ihf {py |cocn~cy.& Oc icyc k` \`k~h `y{cnc ne`fh~k`fckc/ ihf pf t`y{ínpoh u jc~kíf2 `~c oc~gc u y` |hkíc cfkc~ |h~ oc czh{`cu k`yk` cooí ihf{`m|oc~ pf `y|oåfkekh |cfh~cmc kò ocgh& Fh a` tey{h `f ocicyc k` \`k~h fe c oc aejcy{~c1 fe c ohy aejcy{~hy sp` o` acníc {~cíkh yp mpj`~tepkc& \c~ì` sp` `y{cncf `f oc `yipòc& Yp mpj`~ `y{cnc `f{~` ocy ycf{cympj`~`y2 k` òoc fh {pth \`k~h aejh cogpfh& Yp yp`g~c/ pfc mpj`~ co{c/kògckc u `fd`~mezc/ icmefcnc c|huãfkhy` `f ocy |c~`k`y k` oc icyc&J`yúy acnoù cooí oc~gcm`f{` ihf ocy mpj`~`y yhn~` ò mhkh k` c{`fk`~ c ohykeyií|pohy `f ohy co~`k`kh~`y kò ocgh/ khfk` Åo |`fycnc k`mh~c~ ncy{cf{`

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a`~mhycy&@o cfiecfh j`d` Y`~hncnò fh `y{cnc cspí: `~c pf ahmn~` `fd`~mezh u fh|hkíc icmefc~ mpiah& Apne`y` |hkekh icncogc~/ |`~h `f{hfi`y fh apne`~chíkh ocy `fy`ócfzcy k` J`yúy kp~cf{` ò icmefh2 ck`mãy/ fh `y{cncncp{ezckh cúf& Y` acníc ihfg~`gckh mpiac g`f{` k` ohy co~`k`kh~`y2{cmneåf `q{~cfj`~hy kò h{~h ockh kò ocgh k` ocy ihmc~icy k` Ih~hzcím u k`N`{aycekc-Jpoecy& J`yúy `fy`óù `f oc yefcghgc/ sp` fh `~c g~cfk`/ k` oc|~hqemekck kò ~èfh k` Kehy2 u kejh ncy{cf{` ioc~cm`f{` sp` Åo `~c ò ^ùk` `y{` ~èfh& K`y|`~{ù oc ckme~cieùf k` ypy keyií|pohy u hu`f{`y& @fy`óù/`f g`f`~co/ ihmh `f ohy kícy cf{`~eh~`y/ u ycfù c mpiahy `fd`~mhy {~cíkhy coc |p`~{c k` oc yefcghgc& Cogpfhy `fk`mhfeckhy g~e{cncf: .J`yúy k`Fczc~`{/ \~hd`{c/ ^ù k` ohy Jpkíhy.& J`yúy o`y mcfkù icooc~: cúf fh `~c ò{e`m|h k` kìe~ spe`f `~c Åo&Ipcfkh apnh {`~mefckh yp `fy`ócfzc u k` ycfc~ `fd`~mhy dp`~hf c oc icyck` Cfk~åy |c~c oc ihmekc2 |`~h J`yúy fh `f{~ù/ u kejh sp` Åo {`fíc h{~cacmn~`& Icmefù ihf Yc{p~fefh u h{~h keyií|poh pf ipc{~h k` ah~c aciecc~~enc/ k`yk` oc icyc k` Cfk~åy/ acy{c pf ahy|e{co c|c~{ckh jpf{h c oc ~en`~ckò ocgh khfk` acníc |hn~`y/ `fd`~mhy/ o`|~hyhy/ m`f{ìc{hy u h{~hymey`~cno`y sp` k`ydcooìícf `f oc mey`~ec u ò cncfkhfh& Cogpfhy `y{cncficye `f{`~cm`f{` k`yfpkhy& Fefgpfh k` oc iepkck o` cihm|cóù/ |c~c fhihf{cmefc~y`& Ocy iòkcy k` `y{cy |hn~`y i~ec{p~cy ih~~ícf `f {h~fh k` pf

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Yådh~ey/ u Yc{p~fefh thoteù ihf òohy c oc icyc k` \`k~h& Ihf J`yúy sp`kc~hfyùoh khy keyií|pohy k` J`~pycoåf/ sp` sp`~ícf thot`~y`& J`yúy y` ke~egeù|~em`~h aciec oc Ncjc Yådh~ey/ pfc |`sp`óc iepkck/ u y` ~`dpgeù `f icyc k`|c~e`f{`y k` Cfc& @y{c icyc fh `y oc |c{`~fc sp` `y{ã `f{~` Yådh~ey u oc Co{cYådh~ey/ pf opgc~ y`|c~ckh ihmh k` pfc ah~c k` icmefh& \`~{`fì`f cYådh~ey mpiacy icycy k`y|c~~cmckcy ihmh c iefih ah~cy k` icmefh& Fh`y{pth `f `y{c hicyeùf `f oc G~cf Yådh~ey& Cooí acu g~cfk`y `yipòcy k` {hkcyocy yì{cy u jpzgckhy& @f oc Ncjc Yådh~ey fh acu mpiac g`f{` ~eic& [~cncjcfcooí `f dcn~eic~ oe`fzhy& Ocy mpj`~`y ~eicy aci`f d~cfjcy u nh~ocy |c~c ò{`m|oh& [hkc `y{c ihmc~ic `y ihmh pf jc~kíf/ ihf mpiacy cok`cy u icycyk`y|c~~cmckcy ihf ypy ap`~{cy u ct`fekcy& Oc G~cf Yådh~ey `y em|h~{cf{` u`y{ã `kedeickc `f opgc~ `y|ciehyh ihf icy{eoohy u g~cfk`y tete`fkcy& Ocihmc~ic `y ~eic `f |hzhy u np`f gcfckh& @y{hy |c~e`f{`y k` J`yúy {`fícf {~`yaejhy/ pfh k` ohy ipco`y/ k` fhmn~` Ihocuc/ `~c keyií|poh k` J`yúy 5& Ocmck~` apne`~c k`y`ckh sp` J`yúy {hmcy` {cmneåf c ohy k`mãy/ u acnoù k`Mc~íc Io`hdãy& J`yúy o` keh np`fc `y|`~cfzc& A` tey{h sp` `y{hy aejhy/k`y|påy k` oc mp`~{` k` J`yúy/ dp`~hf fh yùoh keyií|pohy yefh ihfycg~ckhyyci`~kh{`y |h~ Jhyå Nc~ycncy/ `f @o`p{`~ù|hoey/ khfk` åo `~c hney|h&J`yúy `fy`óù `f oc yefcghgc khfk` y` acníc ~`pfekh mpiac g`f{` k` ohyco~`k`kh~`y& Cfkpth ihf `y{hy |c~e`f{`y |h~ `ycy ihmc~icy u `fy`óù `fket`~yhy opgc~`y/ `f |`sp`ócy ~`pfehf`y/ sp` c tì`y o` y`gpícf u c tì`y o`

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cóckekh2 oh ihft`fieù k` dcoy`kck u o` mcfkù sp` nh~~cy` oc cóckekp~c& @o`yi~enc y` apmeooù kòcf{` k` Åo/ y` ìaù k` ~hkeoocy kòcf{` k` {hkhy/ihfd`yù yp ipo|c u keh g~ciecy |h~ oc ckt`~{`fiec k` J`yúy&J`yúy |cyù oc fhia` `f h~cieùf& K`yk` oc icyc k` ypy |c~e`f{`y `f oc \`sp`ócYådh~ey dp` cfkcfkh `f{~` oc \`sp`óc u oc G~cf Yådh~ey `f oc sp` dp` `f h{~h

{e`m|h |hy`yeùf k` Cfc& Oo`tcnc pf yhoh keyií|poh ihfyegh& Ohy mh~ckh~`y`~cf |c~e`f{`y/ mpu o`jcfhy/ |h~ ket`~yhy icycme`f{hy2 yùoh acníc pfccfiecfc/ ̀ fd`~mc k` aek~h|`yíc/ sp` ̀ ~c |c~e`f{` ncy{cf{` i`~icfc2 {`fícihfyegh c pf |`sp`ópòh ie`gh& J`yúy h~ù ihf oc cfiecfc/ sp` ~`|`{íc ocy|~ì`y& O` |pyh op`gh oc mcfh |h~ pf mefp{h `f oc icn`zc u `f oc ~`geùf kò`y{ùmcgh& U òoc thoteù c yp `y{ckh fh~mco/ k`y|påy k` acn`~ `y{ckh ihmhk`ydcooìekc2 fh `y{cnc ycfc kò {hkh2 |`~h |hih c |hih |pkh icmefc~2 ihfcogpfcy {~cy|e~ciehf`y sp`kù kò {hkh np`fc& Oc mpj`~ |ekeù |h~ ò feóh sp`{`fíc ihmh hiah cóhy k` `kck u fpfic acníc tey{h fe acnockh2 yùoh híc ohsp` y` o` kìíc2 cocnù oc |e`kck u oc hn`ke`fiec kò feóh& J`yúy |pyh yp k`khífkei` `f oc nhic u yh|où yhn~` ohy |pogc~`y k` ypy mcfhy/ ohy mhjù `f yp

ycoetc u ohy |pyh yhn~` ohy hjhy i`~~ckhy/ h~cfkh u me~cfkh c oh co{h& @o feóh`f{hfi`y cn~eù ohy hjhy& Oh |~em`~h sp` t` `y c J`yúy/ yp Ycotckh~& Dp`~c k`yí k` ihf{`f{h y` ìac c ohy |e`y k` J`yúy/ cg~ckìe`fkh u ooh~cfkh& J`yúy oh`qah~{ù c hn`ke`fiec u cmh~ c ypy |ck~`y2 uc sp` ye`fkh ie`gh acníc yekhhn`ke`f{`/ oh dp`~c cah~c sp` t`íc c ypy |ck~`y u fh pycy` fpfic ypy hjhy|c~c ò |ìckh& Oo`gc~hf op`gh ohy |ck~`y/ u oc g`f{` k` oc icyc/ u apnh cooí pfc g~cf co`g~íc u icf{hy k` cocncfzcy&



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`yúy fh ycfcnc k` oc meymc mcf`~c c {hkhy ohy `fd`~mhy sp` o`|~`y`f{cncf& Fh ycfcnc k` h{~h mhkh sp` ohy c|ùy{ho`y u ohy ycf{hy

k`y|påy u ohy yci`~kh{`y acy{c fp`y{~hy kícy& Åo |hfíc ypy mcfhy yhn~` ò`fd`~mh u ~`zcnc ihf òohy& Åo oh aciíc mãy |~hf{h sp` ohy c|ùy{ho`y& Ypyip~ciehf`y k`nícf y`~ {cmneåf mhkòh |c~c ohy c|ùy{ho`y u ypi`yh~`y& Ohaciíc ye`m|~` `f pfc dh~mc `f ~òcieùf ihf oc fì`yekck h g~ct`kck h icpyckò mco& C ohy ncokckhy ohy mhtíc u ypy múyipohy `~cf k`yc{ckhy u òohy yò`tcf{cncf yhn~` ypy |e`y& Ye y` {~c{cnc k` me`mn~hy sp`n~ckhy {hmcnc`f{~` ypy k`khy oc sp`n~ckp~c u ohy me`mn~hy y` ihfyhoekcncf& Ye {hicnc cohy o`|~hyhy t`íc uh sp` ocy ihy{~cy icícf u sp`kcncf mcfiacy ihoh~ckcy/ ocyipco`y k`yc|c~ìícf |hih c |hih y`gúf ò må~e{h kò `fd`~mh& Fpfic a`tey{h sp` pf jh~hnckh y` |pye`~c k` ~`|`f{` k`~ìah h sp` pf ap`yhsp`n~ckh y` ip~cy` k` ~`|`f{`& Fh `y sp` J`yúy fh |pke`~c aci`~oh cyí: Åo fh

oh aciíc k` `y{` mhkh |h~sp` sp`~íc sp` ypy ip~ciehf`y fh dp`y`f ihmh`y|ì{ãipohy {`c{~co`y/ yefh ihmh hn~cy k` mey`~eih~kec2 `~cf ihmhyímnhohy k` yp meyeùf: k`yc{c~/ ~ìhfieoec~/ `fy`óc~/ k`yc~~hooc~/ ~`keme~& Uihmh J`yúy |`kíc oc ihh|`~cieùf kò ahmn~` |c~c y`~ |c~{eie|cf{` k` oc~`k`fieùf/ cyí k`nícf `f `y{cy ip~ciehf`y ef{`~t`fe~ oc d`/ oc `y|`~cfzc/ òcmh~/ ò c~~`|`f{eme`f{h u oc m`jh~íc k` ihfkpi{c ihmh ihh|`~cieùf k` ocycopk ih~|h~co& C ickc `y{ckh kò `fd`~mh ih~~`y|hfkíc pf mhkh ked`~`f{`/`f ipcf{h sp` ickc `fd`~m`kck `~c yímnhoh k` pfc `fd`~m`kck `y|e~e{pco/k` pf |ìckh u k` pf icy{egh/ cyí ihmh ickc ip~cieùf `~c yímnhoh k` pf|`~kùf u k` pfc m`jh~íc `y|e~e{pco& Yùoh {~c{ãfkhy` k` |cgcfhy t`íc uh sp`ypy ip~ciehf`y `~cf mãy `y|ì{cipoc~`y u ~c~cy& Ohy |~hkegehy k` ohyc|ùy{ho`y u ycf{hy |hy{`~eh~`y dp`~hf mãy teyeno`y u mãy ihf{~c~ehy co ip~yhfh~mco k` oc fc{p~co`zc2 ohy |cgcfhy fì`ye{cncf ihfmhieùf u ckme~cieùf2ohy jpkíhy/ yùoh y`~ oen~ckhy k` ypy `fd`~m`kck`y& C m`fpkh ycfcnc ihf och~cieùf c key{cfiec2 c tì`y ihf oc me~ckc/ k`yk` o`jhy/ ihf ocy mpj`~`y sp`|ckìícf dopjh k` ycfg~`/ ocy ipco`y fh y` c{~`tícf c ci`~ic~y` u sp` fh oh|hkícf aci`~ y`gúf |~`yi~e|ieùf jpkceic& Cspòohy |~ì`|{hy sp` {`fícf pfy`f{ekh mey{`~ehyh ohy hny`~tcnc J`yúy2 ohy k`mãy/ fh&



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`y|påy y` ke~egeù J`yúy c pfc `yipòc sp` `y{cnc c egpco key{cfiec k`Fczc~`{ ihmh k` oc \`sp`óc Yådh~ey/ khfk` y` o` pfeù ò keyií|poh

\ã~m`fcy k` Fczc~`{& @y{` ahmn~` acníc yekh ihm|có`~h k` efdcfiec k`J`yúy u apne`~c y`gpekh `f y`gpekc c J`yúy/ ihmh ohy h{~hy keyií|pohy/ ye fhapne`~c {`fekh sp` mcf{`f`~ c ypy |ck~`y k` Fczc~`{ ihf ò y`~teieh k`m`fycj`~h& @f `y{c `yipòc y` acoocncf ~`pfekhy mpiahy `yi~ency u dc~ey`hyk` oc G~cf Yådh~ey u k` oc \`sp`óc u cogpfhy kò |p`noh& Ohy dc~ey`hysp`~ícf key|p{c~ ihf J`yúy yhn~` ò keth~ieh/ sp` J`yúy acníc kìoc~ckh comc`y{~h `f oc yefcghgc sp` `~c cóckekp~c aìac `f ò ~hooh k` `yi~e{p~cy& Ohacnícf {hmckh mpu c mco `f oc G~cf Yådh~ey/ |h~sp` `y{c cóckekp~c|~hi`kíc |~ìeycm`f{` k` oc `fy`ócfzc k` åy{hy& Ohy keth~iehy y` aciícf cooí ihf ypmc dcieoekck u {`fícf åy{hy pfc icyc c |~h|ùye{h |c~c ocy mpj`~`yketh~ieckcy& @o mc`y{~h ihftei{h k` yp ipo|c acníc ih|eckh k` pf ~hooh u

acníc cóckekh dcoycy `q|oeiciehf`y |h~ yp ip`f{c& Key|p{c~hf oc~gh {e`m|hihf J`yúy u fh sp`~ícf `f{`fk`~ sp` k`nícf nh~~c~ ocy cóckekp~cyef{~hkpiekcy `f ohy ~hoohy& J`yúy ohy aezh `fmpkì`~/ |`~h fh ~ìhfhie`~hfsp` `y{cncf `f `~~h~ ihmh ihfd`yù ò khi{h~ |~em`~h& Åo o`y |~hnù oc|~haeneieùf k` ocy cóckekp~cy u |h~ ihfyegpe`f{` oc hnoegcieùf k` nh~~c~ocy/o`y |~hnù oc dcoy`kck k` yp `q|oeicieùf dpfkckc `f oc cóckekp~c u o`y~`|~hiaù y`t`~cm`f{` oc dcieoekck k` ohy keth~iehy `f oc iepkck& O`y kejh{cmneåf `f spå icyhy fh `y |`~me{ekh co ahmn~` ~`|pkec~ c oc mpj`~/ ucóckeù sp` ye pfc |c~{` fh |p`k` k` fefgpfc mcf`~c ct`fe~y` ihf oc h{~c/|p`k`f y`|c~c~y` pfh k` h{~h |h~ ihfy`f{eme`f{h mp{ph/ |`~h fh |p`k` oc|c~{` mãy dp`~{` ~`|pkec~ c oc h{~c yef ihfy`f{eme`f{h u yef ipo|c& Fhihfyegpeù fckc ihf òohy/ c |`yc~ k` sp` fh |pke`~hf ihf{~ckìe~ ypkhi{~efc2 `y{cncf e~~e{ckhy u `~cf `fg~`íkhy k` yp ie`fiec& @o `yi~enc k` ocNcjc Yådh~ey/ ihft`fiekh |h~ J`yúy k` oc dcoy`kck |h~ ypy cóckekp~cy/ yìhfte~{eù u y` c|c~{ù ihm|o`{cm`f{` k` ohy dc~ey`hy u kìoc~ù c ypihmpfekck sp` åo `fy`óc~íc `f ckòcf{` oc où yef cóckekp~c/ u ye fh ohsp`~ícf cyí/ y` ~`{e~c~íc k` òohy&@yc cóckekp~c `f oc où kò keth~ieh `~c oc yegpe`f{`: .Ye pfc |c~{` k` ohy khyicyckhy {pth ~òcieùf cf{`y ihf cogúf h{~h/ `f{hfi`y fh ypnyey{` òmc{~emhfeh/ u cspåo sp` {pth ~òcieùf ihf `yc |c~{` |p`k` ~ìocmc~ `yc|c~{` ihmh ypuc/ cpf `f ò icyh k` sp` cmnhy tetcf |`~dì{cm`f{` k`

cip`~kh.& @y{c cóckekp~c u yp `q|oeicieùf ocy ~ìaczù J`yúy kìoc~cfkh spòc où k` oc y`|c~cieùf u kò keth~ieh `y où kckh yùoh |c~c pf |p`nohg~hy`~h& Khy k` ohy |~efie|co`y dc~ey`hy `y{cncf c |pf{h k` kìoc~c~ pfcy`|c~cieùf y`m`jcf{` |c~c yp |~h|ec ihft`fe`fiec u |h~ `y{h acnícf



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ef{~hkpiekh `y{c cóckekp~c c oc o`u g`f`~co& Fcke` ycníc `y{h2 |`~h oh ycnícne`f J`yúy2 |h~ `y{h o`y kejh: .¸Fh `y{ãey thyh{~hy k`d`fke`fkh ihf `y{ccóckekp~c spezãy tp`y{~h |~h|eh cypf{h8. @y{hy dc~ey`hy y` e~~e{c~hfyhn~`mcf`~c co t`~y` k`yipne`~{hy&



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`yúy y` ke~egeù c Fczc~`{ |c~c oo`gc~ c oc ipco {`fíc pf icmefh k` khyah~cy& @f{~ù `f oc icyc sp` acníc yekh/ dp`~c k` oc iepkck/ kò `y`feh uc

kedpf{h/ @oepk/ yp cmegh& Cooí o` octc~hf ohy |e`y/ o` ke`~hf coem`f{h u o`kej`~hf ipcf{h y` co`g~cncf ohy fczc~`fhy k` yp t`fekc& J`yúy o`y ~`y|hfkeù:.@yc co`g~íc fh kp~c~ã mpiah2 |p`y fh sp`~~ãf hí~m` oh sp` o`y spe`~hkìe~.& Ypneù c oc iepkck& @f oc |p`~{c acníc c|hy{ckh pfh sp` k`níc kc~ òcteyh k` yp oo`gckc& C|`fcy c|c~ìeù Åo o` ycoe`~hf co `fip`f{~h tc~ehydc~ey`hy u g`f{` kò |p`noh& Oh ~ìene`~hf yho`mf`m`f{` u speye`~hf oo`tc~ohc pf con`~gp` |únoeih khfk` o` |~`|c~c~hf pfc ihmekc k` ~ì`|ieùf cf{`ykò yãnckh&Åo fh ci`|{ù u kejh sp` {`fíc h{~cy ihycy sp` aci`~/ u `f{~ù `f oc yefcghgc/ckhfk` o` yegpe`~hf u khfk` y` ~`pfeù mpiac g`f{`& @~c cf{`y kò ihme`fzhkò yãnckh&

J`yúy `fy`óù k` oc t`fekc kò ~èfh/ kò ipm|oeme`f{h k` ocy |~hdìícy2 |ekeùò ~hooh k` Eycícy/ oh cn~eù u oùù !43-3: .@o @y|í~e{p kò Y`óh~ yhn~` mí/|h~sp` ò Y`óh~ m` ac pfgekh u m` ac `fteckh |c~c `tcfgòezc~ c3 ohymcfyhy/ |c~c ip~c~ c ohy k` ih~czùf ihf{~e{h u |~`keic~ oc ~`k`fieùf k` ohy`yiocthy u oc oen`~{ck c ohy sp` `y{ãf `fic~iòckhy.& @y{cy d~cy`y ocy `q|oeiùihmh ye y` {~c{cy` k` Åo meymh: k` sp` ò @y|í~e{p kò Y`óh~ acníc t`fekhyhn~` Åo |c~c |~`keic~ oc ycopk c ohy |hn~`y/ c ohy mey`~cno`y/ u iùmh k`nícy`~ c~~`gockh {hkh oh efjpy{h/ ihfyhocfkh c ocy tepkcy/ ycfcfkh c ohy`fd`~mhy u |`~khfcfkh c ohy |ìckh~`y& Acnoù {cf a`~mhycm`f{` u {cfcmcno`m`f{` sp` {hkhy `y{cncf oo`fhy k` ckme~cieùf u k` co`g~íc/keieåfkhy` `f{~` yí: .Acnoc ihmh ye ~`com`f{` dp`~c Åo meymh ò M`yícy.&Oc ckme~cieùf ohy acníc `f{pyecymckh k` {co mcf`~c sp` uc y` {`fícf |h~g~cf ihyc |h~sp` Åo dp`~c k` yp iepkck& J`yúy yegpeù `fy`ócfkh me`f{~cyoo`gù ò Yãnckh u acnoù k` oc thz kò sp` |~`|c~c ò icmefh `f ò k`ye`~{h uihmh k`n` y`~ ~`|c~ckh oh efjpy{h u coocfckh oh {h~{phyh& K`y|påy k` `y{h`y{pth J`yúy ihf òohy `f pfc ihmekc& Y` mhy{~c~hf mpu cmeghy u kej`~hfsp` acníc mpiahy `fd`~mhy u sp` y` kegfcy` ip~c~ohy& J`yúy fh ci`|{ù uòohy oh oo`tc~hf c ne`f/ |`fycfkh sp` c oc mcócfc spezãy oh ac~íc& K`y|påyk` oc ihmekc ycoeù dp`~c k` oc iepkck/ ihf ohy `y`fehy& Ihmh åy{hy y`co`g~cncf kò np`f ~ìeneme`f{h sp` o` acnícf aìah `f oc iepkck/ J`yúy o`ykejh sp` `y|`~cy`f acy{c ò kíc yegpe`f{`/ sp` uc t`~ícf h{~c ihyc mpu

ked`~`f{`&Ipcfkh c oc mcócfc yegpe`f{` J`yúy `f{~ù k` fp`th `f oc yefcghgc/ speyh pf jpkíh/ co ipco o` ih~~`y|hfkíc ò {p~fh cihy{pmn~ckh/ {hmc~ ohy ~hoohy k` ocy@yi~e{p~cy2 |`~h J`yúy ohy |ekeù u oùù ò oen~h spef{h k` Mheyåy/ ic|í{poh ;/



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ic~gc co ncp{eymh k` Jpcf/ k`y|påy k` acn`~ `yipiackh ypy `fy`ócfzcy& \h~m`keh k` `y{hy ye`~thy dp`~hf fh{eieckhy ohy |ck~`y k` `y{hy jùt`f`y/ spìhfip~~e`~hf ihf ypy aejhy ckhfk` `y{cnc Jpcf2 ohy |ck~`y y` aeie`~hfncp{ezc~ u ie~ipfiekc~ u y` `y{cnoìe`~hf `f J`~pycoåf ihf {hkc oc dcmeoec&[`fícf ~esp`zcy u k`jc~hf mãy {c~k` {hkh |c~c |~htìah k` oc ihmpfekcki~ey{ecfc& Cmnhy a`~mcfhy `~cf k` co{c `y{c{p~c/ cogh mh~`fhy/ ke`y{~hy u|hy`ícf pfc `ym`~ckc ipo{p~c& @~cf khy ahmn~`y jùt`f`y hyckhy/ ~`ypò{hy uke`y{~hy `f |~`|c~c~ oh fì`yc~eh `f ohy icmefhy&



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`yúy c{~ct`yù ò c~~hupòh sp` ncjcnc c oc ihmc~ic& @o |~hd`{c @oícyacníc `y{ckh {cmneåf `f `y{` opgc~& J`yúy acnoù k` `y{h u kp~cf{` {hkh ò

icmefh `fy`óù ihf ihm|c~ciehf`y u |c~ãnhocy {hmckcy k` ocy ihycy sp` y`|~`y`f{cncf c oc tey{c: c~npy{hy/ |e`k~cy/ |ocf{cy/ opgc~`y u k` ohy `y{ckhy uhip|ciehf`y k` oc tekc& Ohy keyií|pohy |~`gpf{cncf yhn~` ocy ihycy spàcnícf |cyckh `f Yådh~ey u `f Fczc~`{& J`yúy acnoù kò mc{~emhfeh ihfhicyeùf k` oc key|p{c ihf ohy dc~ey`hy k` Yådh~ey/ ihf{~c ò keth~ieh/ u k` ocefkeyhopneoekck k` oc |cocn~c kckc& Cóckeù sp` ò keth~ieh yùoh dp`|`~me{ekh |h~ Mheyåy |h~ {~c{c~y` k` pf |p`noh g~hy`~h u |ìckh~&Ohy keyií|pohy ef{`~~hgc~hf c J`yúy ci`~ic k` oh sp` kìícf ohy fczc~`fhy/k` sp` Åo fh acníc {`fekh cmh~ d~c{`~fh/ |p`y fh acníc sp`~ekh ycfc~ c ohy`fd`~mhy `f oc iepkck |c{`~fc/ sp` |h~ `yh k`níc y`~o` mãy |~ùqemc2 ye fhk`níc/ cicyh/ cmc~y` c ohy iepkckcfhy ihmh c fp`y{~hy |~ùjemhy mãy

i`~icfhy& O`y `fy`óù J`yúy ef{`fycm`f{` yhn~` ò cmh~ co |~ùjemh ihf {hkciocy` k` ihm|c~ciehf`y u |~`gpf{cy& [hmcnc ocy ihm|c~ciehf`y k` tc~ehy`y{ckhy k` oc tekc yhn~` ohy ipco`y acnocnc/ y`ócocfkh opgc~`y o`jcfhy sp` y`|hkícf t`~ k`yk` cooí u khfk` y` `j`~iícf ket`~yhy hdeiehy& O`y kejh sp` ohysp` |~`{`fkícf y`gpe~o` k`nícf k`jc~ |ck~` u mck~`/ cúf ipm|oe`fkh òipc~{h mcfkcme`f{h& K`nícf {~c{c~ c yp iepkck fc{co/ ihmh Åo acníc {~c{ckhc Fczc~`{/ u/ yef `mnc~gh/ {`f`~ cmh~ co |~ùjemh& Kehy/ ò \ck~` iò`y{eco/ `yò |~ùjemh mãy i`~icfh/ u `y o` sp` o` acníc `fteckh c Åo& \cyù c acnoc~ kòcmh~ co |~ùjemh y`gúf oc g`f{` kò mpfkh/ u c |~h|ùye{h k` Gcocck/ ckhfkèncf `ficmefckhy/ kejh sp` ohy |pnoíicfhy k` cooí cmcncf mãy c cspòohysp` mãy kef`~h o`y |~h|h~iehfcncf/ |cgcfkh mãy em|p`y{hy& Y`ócocfkhop`gh c Kcomcfp{ac3</ sp` `y{cnc c yp ezspe`~kc/ kejh: .@yhy dcn~eicf{`y k`{e`fkcy u k` codhmn~cy cmcf c ohy |~ùjemhy sp` mãy {e`fkcy u mãycodhmn~cy o`y ihm|~cf/ u k`jcf c ypy |hn~`y yef {ìah u cncfkhfckhy.&Op`gh {hmù pfc ihm|c~cieùf k` ohy dcn~eicf{`y k` ycfkcoecy u ypòcy |c~cohy zc|c{hy u oc c|oeiù c ohy fczc~`fhy sp` o` efte{c~hf |h~ |p~c ip~ehyekck&O`y kejh: .Fh fì`ye{h k` tp`y{~cy k`mhy{~ciehf`y k` ahfh~/ sp` yhf ihmhocy ypòcy |ef{ckcy `f ohy {coo`~`y k` ohy zc|c{`~hy u sp` op`gh y` |eycf u yòo`tcf yhn~` ò ohkh.& U cóckeù: .@oohy yhf ihmh ohy zc|c{`~hy k` cspòociepkck !u y`ócoù pfc: k`y|~ìecf c ypy |~h|ehy aejhy u ohy k`y|ciacf uipcfkh tpòt`f kò `q{~cfj`~h u acf c|~`fkekh cogh fp`th yhn~` ypòcy|ef{ckcy/ pfc fp`tc mhkc/ `f{hfi`y ohy aci`f t`fe~ k` fp`th |h~ ip~ehyekcku tcfekck/ |c~c |cthf`c~y` ihf ocy fp`tcy ypòcy/ sp` op`gh y`~ãf |eyckcy uc~~cy{~ckcy |h~ ò nc~~h ihmh `y` meymh ahfh~.& O`y aezh {cmneåf pfc|~`gpf{c: .Ye pfh ~hm|` pfc ypòc `f ò tecj` u tc co zc|c{`~h |c~c ihm|~c~



54

h{~c fp`tc/ ¸o` ~`gcocf cicyh oc h{~c8. K` `y{` &mhkh acnoù {cmneåf yhn~` oc|`yic/ oc `kedeicieùf u h{~hy hdeiehy mcfpco`y k` ohy ihf{h~fhy&Ohy keyií|pohy o` |~`gpf{c~hf kùfk` |`fycnc acne{c~/ ye sp`~íc `kedeic~y`pfc icyc `f Icdc~fcúm& Åo o`y ihf{`y{ù sp` fh `kedeicnc yhn~` c~`fc u acnoùk` h{~c iocy` k` iepkck sp` k`y`cnc `kedeic~& Uh fh `f{`fkíc ne`f ipcfkh

J`yúy acnocnc icmefcfkh& Ipcfkh o`y acnocnc `y{cfkh y`f{ckh/ `f{`fkícm`jh~& ^ìp`~kh sp` kejh sp` sp`~íc {`f`~ pfc nc~ic |~h|ec |c~c e~ u t`fe~|h~ ò ocgh/ |p`y k`y`cnc `fy`óc~ k`yk` ò mc~ u k`yk` oc {e`~~c&



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Gcoccke{ey/ Gcocck/ Gcmcoc/ G`~cyc

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J`yúy ~ìh~kù `y{h/ u o`y kejh sp` fh acnocy`f k` oc ip~cieùf k` ohy o`|~hyhy|c~c fh e~~e{c~ c fcke` u sp` k`nícf |h~{c~y` cah~c |~pk`f{`m`f{` |c~c fhk`y|`~{c~ oc ypy|eiciec k` h{~hy/ |p`y{h sp` ohy fczc~`fhy acnícf aìahmpiah ~pekh u k`y|`~{ckh ò `fhjh `f h{~hy& Kejh sp` ò Yãnckh yegpe`f{`sp`~íc `fy`óc~ k` fp`th `f Icdc~fcúm: cooí t`~ícf oh sp` `y ò cmh~ kò|~ùjemh u oc g~c{e{pk k` ohy ahmn~`y& O`y cfpfieù sp` oh ~ìene~ícf k` mpuked`~`f{` mcf`~c sp` ipcfkh ycfù co aejh kò i`f{p~eùf&Acn~ícf cfkckh cogpfcy ah~cy aciec ò Fh~`y{` `f pf ~ìhkh kò mc~ ipcfkhoo`gc~hf d~`f{` c Gcocck co Yp~ k` Gcmcoc33& Acníc cspí |cgcfhy u jpkíhyihmh `f oc mcuh~íc k` `y{cy iepkck`y& Ohy keyií|pohy apne`~cf k`y`ckh`f{~c~/ |`~h J`yúy o`y kejh sp` ye enc Åo ihf ohy jpkíhy k` cspí fh o` kc~ícf

fckc u o` ~ìene~ícf mco/ u ye `f{~cncf `f icyc k` ohy |cgcfhy mp~mp~c~ícfohy jpkíhy u oh icopmfec~ícf& Kejh sp` `y{c iepkck y`~íc k`y{~pekc u sp` `~cmpu mcoc& Ohy keyií|pohy acnoc~hf {cmneåf k` pf ie`~{h Cgcnpy/ pf |~hd`{csp` tetíc cah~c k` C~ghn/ `f `y{cy ~`gehf`y/ sp` k` {e`m|h c{~ãy {`fícteyehf`y k` oc meyeùf k` J`yúy u sp` acníc |~hd`{ezckh k` Åo fh aci` mpiah2mãy {c~k` dp` pf keyií|poh& J`yúy o`y kejh sp` ypy |ck~`y `~cf a`~hkecfhy usp` o` acnícf `kpickh `f `yc meymc yì{c/ |`~h sp` y` acníc ihft`~{ekh&Cóckeù J`yúy sp` `y{cy yì{cy `~cf y`|poi~hy nocfsp`ckhy/ sp` |h~ k`f{~h`y{cncf oo`fhy k` |hk~`kpmn~`& @y{hy a`~hkecfhy `y{cncf k` oc |c~{` h~e`f{cokò Jh~kãf/ `f \`-~`c/ [~cihfí{ekey/ ` U{p~`c `y|ìecom`f{`& Y` mcf{e`f`fhipo{hy/ oo`tcf pfc tekc {`f`n~hyc u y` cupkcf pfhy c h{~hy yì~`{cm`f{`&Cipk`f mpiacy |hn~`y g`f{`y c òohy/ u òohy/ c|c~`f{`m`f{`/ ocy cupkcf/|h~sp` `f oh `q{`~eh~ yhf mpu dc~eyceihy2 {~cncjcf yì~`{cm`f{` |h~ ocoen`~{ck k` ohy jpkíhy kò upgh k` ohy ~hmcfhy u yhf |c~{ekc~ehy k` A`~hk`y&Aci`f hn~c {`f`n~hyc/ ihmh `f{~` fhyh{~hy ohy mcyhf`y&[pt` ò ihft`fieme`f{h/ |h~ ocy |cocn~cy k` J`yúy/ k` sp` òohy y`mhy{~cncf mpu hny`~tcf{`y u ycf{hy/ |`~h sp` `~cf ae|ùi~e{cy u defgekhy&J`yúy |`~mcfìeù ihf ohy keyií|pohy `f pf con`~gp` k` |pnoíicfhy& Acníccspí mpiahy |pnoíicfhy ~`pfekhy c spe`f`y ohy |cgcfhy |cgcncf em|p`y{hy|h~ ocy m`~ick`~ícy sp` ef{~hkpiícf co |cíy& \c~ìíc sp` fh oh ihfhiícf&J`yúy fh o`y acnoù& @fy`óù cspí k` oc |~hqemekck kò ~èfh u kò \ck~` sp``ftíc c yp Aejh c oc teóc u o`y keh c `f{`fk`~ mpu ioc~cm`f{` sp` Åo `~c òAejh/ cócke`fkh sp` {hkhy cspòohy sp` aciícf oc thopf{ck k` yp \ck~` `~cfaejhy k` Kehy& Ihf `y{h sp`kù cogh hipo{h oh sp` o`y acníc mcfed`y{ckh cf{`yioc~cm`f{`& Ohy `qah~{ù co ncp{eymh: y` ihfte~{e`~hf cogpfhy u |~`gpf{c~hf



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ye k`nícf aci`~y` ncp{ezc~ |h~ ohy keyií|pohy k` Jpcf& Åo o`y ~`y|hfkeù sp``y|`~cy`f acy{c sp` dp`y`f cooã c ncp{ezc~ ypy |~h|ehy keyií|pohy& Ohykeyií|pohy |~`gpf{c~hf ahu ye yp ncp{eymh `~c ked`~`f{` kò k` Jpcf/ |h~sp`òohy acnícf ~ìenekh ò k` Jpcf& J`yúy aezh pfc ked`~`fiec u oocmù co k` Jpcfpfc |p~edeicieùf k` |`fe{`fiec& @f `y{c `fy`ócfzc ihf ohy |pnoíicfhy apnh

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k` dìah~ícy& J`yúy ohy me~ù/ ohy n`fkejh k`yk` o`jhy/ u k` |~hf{h y` icooc~hf/y` te`~hf oen~`y u cipke`~hf c |hy{~c~y` c ypy |e`y& J`yúy ohy `qah~{ù c oc|`fe{`fiec u co ncp{eymh u o`y kejh sp` `y|`~cy`f acy{c sp` ypy keyií|pohyncp{ezcy`f `f Cefùf&Co~`k`kh~ k` Gcocck `~c pf {`~~`fh |`k~`ghyh yhn~` pf ypòh nocfspezih ukò`zfcno`& Y` ke~egeù J`yúy ihf ohy ypuhy aciec oc mhf{cóc `f ipuh `q{~`mhYp~ `y{ã oc iepkck k` Gcmcoc `f ke~ìieùf Fh~h`y{` ~`y|ì{h kò mc~ k`Gcoeo`c& \cyù |h~ G`~cyc/ sp` y` t`íc `f ohf{cfcfzc/ icmefh k` pfc ah~c/ `fpfc ahfkhfckc/ u sp` {`fíc `f {h~fh pfhy |cf{cfhy dh~mckhy |h~ ocy cgpcyk`{`fekcy |h~ pf kesp`/ sp` ih~~ícf `f{~` |`ócyihy co mc~ k` Gcoeo`c& J`yúyacnoù ihf ohy keyií|pohy k` `y{` opgc~& Ie`~{h |~hd`{c acníc yekh np~ockh cicpyc k` yp ~hy{~h cogh k`dh~m` u o`y acníc keiah: .Hík thyh{~hy/ sp` hynp~oãey k` me |`~yhfc: tp`y{~hy aejhy sp`kc~ãf hny{efckhy ipcfkh t`fgcPfh mãy g~cfk` sp` uh/ sp` `fy`óc~ã u ycfc~ã cspí/ u òohy fh y` co`g~c~ãfk` oc ycopk/ |h~ oc |`fc sp` {`fk~ãf c icpyc k` oc |å~kekc k` cfemco`yefmpfkhy.& @~c pfc |~hdìíc yhn~` J`yúy/ ~`d`~`f{` c oc `f{~ckc k` ohyk`mhfehy `f ohy i`~khy k` ohy g`~ãy`fhy&J`yúy acnoù {cmneåf k` oh sp` o` `y|`~cnc `f Icdc~fcúm& Ohy dc~ey`hy k`Yådh~ey/ e~~e{ckhy |h~ yp `fy`ócfzc yhn~` ò mc{~emhfeh/ acnícf `fteckhm`fycj`~hy c J`~pycoåf/ u ohy fczc~`fhy y` acnícf pfekh c òohy `f ypysp`jcy/ u cah~c acu `f Icdc~fcúm pfc ipck~eooc k` dc~ey`hy k` J`~pycoåf/ k`

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55

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G`~cyc/ sp` ò \~hd`{c |cyc~íc |h~ cooí& Åo acnoù k` {co mcf`~c ihf òohy/ sp`|~`gpf{c~hf: .Y`óh~/ ¸`~`y {cmneåf pf |~hd`{c8. U |h~ yp cy|ì{h y`|pye`~hf c |`fyc~ ye fh y`~íc Åo meymh ò |~hd`{c&Ipcfkh J`yúy `f{~ù ihf ohy keyií|pohy `f pf con`~gp`/ i`~ic k` G`~cyc/acníc pf {pmpo{h {co k` |cgcfhy u tecj`~hy/ sp` y` ~`{e~ù k` cooí& Ohykeyií|pohy acnoc~hf ihf ohy |cgcfhy kò \~hd`{c u ohy efy{~pu`~hf& G`~cyc`y{ã ye{pckc `f oc ncjckc k` pf tcoo`/ ihmh c ah~c u m`kec kò mc~ k`Gcoeo`c& @y mãy g~cfk` ` em|h~{cf{` sp` Icdc~fcúm/ ihf m`zioc k`|cgcfhy/ ihmh icye {hkcy ocy iepkck`y k` ohy ihf{h~fhy& T`h {`m|ohy& Ohy

jpkíhy yhf oc mefh~íc u yhf h|~emekhy2 ihf {hkh/ {e`f`f yp `yipòc u ypymc`y{~hy& Acu mpiah ihm`~ieh u mcfpdci{p~c/ |h~sp` |cycf |h~ cspí ocy

ic~ctcfcy k` Ye~ec u k` @ge|{h& Kòcf{` k` oc |p`~{c a` tey{h pf oc~gh`kedeieh/ ihmh k` pf ipc~{h k` ah~c k` icmefh/ khfk` dcn~eicncf oc~gcync~~cy u icóhy k` ae`~~h& A` tey{h sp` dcn~eicncf ocy nc~~cy |ocfcy u op`ghocy pfícf yhokãfkhocy u ~`khfk`ãfkhocy& [cmneåf aciícf icóhy k` |ohmh&Fh {~cncjcncf sp`mcfkh {~hfihy k` o`óc/ yefh pfc `y|ìe` k` ock~eoohyf`g~hy sp` ycicncf k` oc {e`~~c& @o ae`~~h o`y oo`gcnc k` C~ghn& Ohy tecj`~hy|cgcfhy y` acnícf `y{ciehfckh co Fh~{` k` G`~cyc/ `f oc |c~{` Yp~ k` ocmhf{cóc/ `f pfc ock`~c& Acníc |cgcfhy u jpkíhy sp` y` mcf{`fícf c|c~{ckhyk` ohy k`mãy& Ohy |cgcfhy t`y{ícf ked`~`f{` k` ohy jpkíhy: {`fícf ~h|cy acy{coc me{ck k` ocy |e`~fcy& K`níc acn`~ ~eihy `f{~` òohy/ |h~sp` a` tey{hmpj`~`y sp` {`fícf ohy icnòohy ~ìhgekhy ihf pfc gh~~c k` |`~ocy u |e`k~cy|~ìehycy& H{~cy {`fícf ò tòh u ohy icnòohy cdp`~c/ ~ìhgekhy/ ihmhdh~mcfkh pf i`y{eooh/ ckh~fckh ihf |`~ocy&J`yúy y` ke~egeù c `y{c ock`~c u `fy`óù c ocy g`f{`y/ icmefcfkh/ me`f{~cy enck` pf g~p|h c h{~h/ h |c~ãfkhy` uc `f pfh uc `f h{~h& Icmefcnc u `fy`ócncihmh `f ihft`~ycieùf ihf tecj`~hy& Pycnc |~`gpf{cy u `fy`ócnc ihf ocy~`y|p`y{cy& \~`gpf{cnc: .¸K` kùfk` yhey8 ¸Spå hy mp`t` c tecjc~8 ¸Spå`y|`~ãey thyh{~hy kò \~hd`{c8. U o`y kìíc ihmh {`fícf sp` aci`~ |c~caci`~y` |c~{íie|`y k` oc ycopk& Kìíc: .£Keiahyhy ohy sp` k` {cf o`jhy te`f`fc npyic~ oc ycopk# £Cu k` cspòohy `f{~` ohy ipco`y `y{ã oc ycopk u fh oc~ìen`f#. O`y `q|oeiù ocy |~hdìícy kò M`yícy/ oc thicieùf k` ohy efdeò`y/ u

ihf{ù ò oocmckh k` ohy {~`y ^ù`y Mcghy/ k` oh ipco {`fícf òohyihfhieme`f{h& @f{~` ohy k` oc ic~ctcfc acníc cogpfhy k` oc ~`geùf k` @k`yc/khfk` ò ye`~th kò ~ù Cngc~h acníc oo`tckh oc ic~{c u ò ~`{~c{h k` J`yúy/ u|`~fhi{ckh `f ò ah~fh k` ock~eoohy& J`yúy fh ycfù cspí c fefgúf `fd`~mh& Oc



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g`f{` `f g`f`~co `~c np`fc& Ihf {hkh acníc pfc |c~{` c oc ipco o` |`ycncacn`~ {hmckh |c~{` `f ò tecj`: y` acníc emcgefckh pfc ihyc mpu ked`~`f{` kò|~hd`{c/ y`gúf ypy y`f{ekhy u gpy{hy&K`y|påy k` `y{c `fy`ócfzc dp` J`yúy ihf ohy ipc{~h keyií|pohy c ihm`~ ihfpf mc`y{~h jpkíh 'dc~ey`h/ sp` tetíc kòcf{` k` oc iepkck u o` acníc efte{ckh/

u sp` |h~ yhn`~nec fh acníc c|c~ìekh `f yp `fy`ócfzc c ohy |cgcfhy&@y{cncf |~`y`f{`y h{~hy dc~ey`hy k` oc iepkck& ^ìene`~hf c J`yúyih~{åym`f{`/ |`~h ihf ae|hi~`yíc/ u `f oc m`yc y` |~`y`f{ù oc hicyeùf |c~ckìe~o`y k` pfc t`z {hkc oc t`~kck& Pf `yiocth |cgcfh {~cjh pfc a`~mhycdp`f{` tc~eh|ef{ckc ihf pfc {h~{c k` ihfde{p~cy c~{íy{eicm`f{` aìac/dh~mcfkh degp~cy k` |ãjc~hy u doh~`y/ |c~c k`|hye{c~oc yhn~` oc m`yc& Pfh kòhy dc~ey`hy |~hmhteù pf {pmpo{h keie`fkh sp` `f oc dp`f{` acníc cogh kèm|p~h/ ~ìaczù co |hn~` `yiocth/ oh efjp~eù u oh mcfkù cdp`~c& J`yúy kejh`f{hfi`y: .Fh `y oc dp`f{`/ yefh oh sp` `y{ã k`f{~h oh sp` `y{ã oo`fh kèm|p~`zc.& @o kp`óh k` oc icyc ~`|oeiù: .[ú {` `spethicy2 oc ihfde{p~c `ycnyhop{cm`f{` |p~c u mpu ihy{hyc.& J`yúy sp`~íc kìe~ {cf{h ihmh `y{h: .@y

mpu em|p~h/ |p`y `y{h fh `y yefh pf ihm|p`y{h k` y`fypcoekck cmcyckhihf ò ypkh~/ oc ycfg~`/ ohy ap`yhy u ocy oãg~emcy k` ocy tepkcy/ ohy apå~dcfhyu ohy |hn~`y.& C ihf{efpcieùf o`y ke~egeù pfc y`t`~c ~`|~`fyeùf c ypihfkpi{c k` k`~~hia`/ ctc~eiec ` ae|hi~`yíc& @oohy y` e~~e{c~hf mpiah u ihmhfh |pke`~hf ~`|oeic~o`/ cncfkhfc~hf oc icyc {hkhy/ m`fhy ò kp`óh k` òoc/sp` ihf{efpù acocgcfkh c J`yúy/ |h~sp` {`fíc ]c ihfyegfc k` `y|ec~oh |c~coo`tc~oh c oc ~`pfeùf sp` ohy dc~ey`hy |`fycncf iò`n~c~ `f Icdc~fcúm&Aciec oc {c~k` `fy`óù fp`tcm`f{` c ohy |cgcfhy/ jpf{h c oc mhf{cóc& Co|~`gpf{c~ ye k`nícf aci`~y` ncp{ezc~ |h~ ohy keyií|pohy k` Jpcf u comcfed`y{c~ ò k`y`h k` `y{cnoì`~y` `f `y{c ~`geùf/ o`y cihfy`jù J`yúy sp` `fipcf{h co ncp{eymh `y|`~cy`f pf |hih acy{c sp` `y{pte`y`f m`jh~ efy{~pekhyu `f ipcf{h c oh k`mãy/ y` dp`y`f co h{~h ockh kò Jh~kãf/ `f oc co{c Gcoeo`c/`f oc ~`geùf k` Ckcmc/ khfk` acníc |cgcfhy ne`f efy{~pekhy u g`f{` np`fc/khfk` |`fycnc Åo e~ k`f{~h k` |hih c `fy`óc~& Ihf{efpù yp efy{~piieùf c ocopz k` ocy cf{h~iacy& K`y|påy ohy k`jù u icmefù |h~ oc h~eooc kò mc~ acy{cpf opgc~ khfk` ohy i~eckhy k` \`k~h o` `y|`~cncf ihf pfc nc~ic&@~c uc mpu {c~k`/ u ohy {~`y i~eckhy k` \`k~h pycncf {`cy `fi`fkekcy ipcfkhy` `mnc~ic~hf c pfc m`kec ah~c k` N`{aycekc-Jpoecy& Oc nc~ic khfk` ypneùJ`yúy oc acnícf cihmhkckh \`k~h u Cfk~åy ihf ypy ye`~thy |c~c J`yúy& Åy{hy`~cf fh yùoh |`yickh~`y u mc~ef`~hy/ yefh sp` ycnícf aci`~ ypy nc~icy&\`k~h {`fíc {~`y k` `y{cy nc~icy/ pfc k` òocy {cf g~cfk` ihmh pfc icyc& Oc

nc~ic sp` aezh |c~c J`yúy |hkíc ihf{`f`~ ihmh ke`z ahmn~`y u |h~ ò cfiahu oc~gh {`fíc dh~mc k` pf ap`th& Oc |c~{` kòcf{`~c u oc |hy{`~eh~ `y{cncfi`~~ckcy/ u y` |hkíc gpc~kc~ cooí oh fì`yc~eh u acníc ihmhkekck |c~c octc~yòhy |e`y& @f m`keh y` cozcnc ̀ o mãy{eo u k`yk` ohy nh~k`y ycoícf |å~{egcy sp`



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encf co mãy{eo& Yhn~` ocy |å~{egcy y` `fk`~`zcncf ocy tòcy& @f {h~fh kòmãy{eo `y{cncf ohy cye`f{hy& K`yk` `y{c nc~ic `fy`óù J`yúy mpiacy tì`y umpiacy fct`gù k` pfc c h{~c h~eooc `f{~` ocy h{~cy fct`y& Ocy fct`y g~cfk`y{`fícf `f {h~fh kò mãy{eo |cnòohf`y ~`khfkhy `f dh~mc k` {`~~czcy/ ihmhgco`~ícy/ pfcy yhn~` h{~cy/ k`yk` khfk` y` |hkíc t`~/ u c~~enc y` |hkíc pfh

~`{e~c~ c yhocy& @f ocy |å~{egcy sp` encf co mãy{eo acníc ~`yco{hy |c~c |hk`~ypne~ u c cmnhy ockhy k` oc fct` acníc icjhf`y ihmh ocy{~` h ncoycy |c~c spòc fct` fh thoicy` `f ocy {h~m`f{cy u ihf ocy ipco`y y` coeg`~cnc oc fct` h yàpfkíc c thopf{ck kò ihfkpi{h~& C tì`y `y{hy icjhf`y `y{cncf oo`fhy k`cgpc/ c tì`y doh{cncf tciíhy& [cmneåf yhoícf m`{`~ cooí ohy |`yickhy& Y`|hkícf cihmhkc~ {cnocy kòcf{` u k`{~ãy k` `y{cy fct`y |c~c oo`gc~ m`jh~ cocy ncoycy h |cyc~ k` pfc fct` c h{~c h ~ìhg`~ ocy ~`k`y& Ipcfkh fh|`yicncf pycncf `y{cy fct`y |c~c |cyc~ ic~ctcfcy k` m`~ick`~`y& Ohyye`~thy k` `y{hy |`yickh~`y u mc~efhy `~cf `f yp mcuh~ |c~{` `yiocthy|cgcfhy& \`k~h {`fíc ie`~{h fúm`~h k` òohy c yp y`~teieh&



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J`yúy `f icyc k` \`k~h& M`kekcy k` ohy dc~ey`hy

`yúy k`y`mnc~iù c~~enc k` N`{aycekc/ fh o`jhy k` oc icyc k` ohy o`|~hyhy/khfk` o` `y|`~cncf \`k~h/ Cfk~åy/ Jpcf/ Ycf{ecgh ò M`fh~ u Dòe|`&

J`yúy fh `f{~ù `f N`{aycekc/ yefh sp` cfkpth ihf òohy |h~ ò icmefh mãyih~{h/ yhn~` pfc co{p~c/ acy{c oc icyc k` \`k~h/ `f ò tcoo` `f{~` N`{aycekc uIcdc~fcúm& Cooí `y{cncf Mc~íc u ocy ycf{cy mpj`~`y& Oc yp`g~c k` \`k~h`y{cnc `fd`~mc/ `f icmc& J`yúy oc teye{ù/ |`~h fh oc ycfù cúf& O` octc~hf ohy|e`y u y` |~`|c~ù pfc ihmekc/ kp~cf{` oc ipco oc |~efie|co ihft`~ycieùf dp`sp` ohy dc~ey`hy k` ket`~ycy `yipòcy k` Jpk`c u k` J`~pycoåf acnícfmcfkckh c spefi` dc~ey`hy c Icdc~fcúm |c~c `y|ec~ ocy `fy`ócfzcy k` J`yúy&K` ohy i`f{~hy mãy g~cfk`y tefe`~hf khy/ k` Yådh~ey pfh/ u k` Fczc~`{ cspòahmn~` jht`f sp` tc~ecy tì`y acníc |`kekh c J`yúy sp` oh ckme{e`y` `f{~`ypy keyií|pohy u acníc yekh ~ìaczckh& Acníc yekh fhmn~ckh `yi~enc |h~ `ycihmeyeùf u aciíc |hih acníc ihf{~cíkh mc{~emhfeh& J`yúy kejh c ohy

keyií|pohy: .¸Tèy |h~ speåf m` acnåey ~hgckh8 Te`f` |c~c `y|ec~m` u |ek`y`~ me keyií|poh.& @y{` jht`f acníc sp`~ekh y`~ keyií|poh |h~ tcfekck uckspe~e~ dcmc/ u ihmh fh dp` ~ìenekh y` acníc pfekh c ohy `f`meghy k`J`yúy& @y{hy dc~ey`hy k`nícf |`~mcfì`~ oc~gh {e`m|h `f Icdc~fcúm&K` ohy oo`gckhy c Icdc~fcúm pfh k`níc thot`~ |c~c ~`d`~e~ u ò h{~h|`~mcfì`~ |c~c `y|ec~ c J`yúy& Acnícf iò`n~ckh pfc ~`pfeùf u {`fícfkòcf{` k` yí co i`f{p~eùf Y`~hncnò/ co |ck~` u co aejh |~`gpf{ãfkho`y yhn~`yp ip~cieùf u oc `fy`ócfzc sp` acnícf híkh& Fh |hkícf f`gc~ oc ip~cieùf fe~ìaczc~ yp `fy`ócfzc2 |`~h fh y` mhy{~c~hf yc{eydìahy kò mhkh ihmhacníc ypi`kekh& O`y e~~e{cnc sp` J`yúy fh apne`y` `y{pkeckh ihf òohy2 sp`cfkpte`~c ihf g`f{` k`y|~ìeckc/ ihmh `~cf ohy `y`fehy/ |`yickh~`y/|pnoíicfhy u |ìckh~`y2 sp` fh {pte`~c mcfkc{h k` J`~pycoåf2 sp` Åo fh o`y|~`gpf{c~c c òohy/ sp` `~cf ycnehy u khi{h~`y2 sp` fh dp`~c fe dc~ey`h feyckpi`h2 sp` `fy`óc~c `f{~` ohy ycmc~e{cfhy/ u sp` ycfc~c `f kíc k` Yãnckh&@f pfc |cocn~c/ fh o`y gpy{cnc/ |h~sp` k`nícf apmeooc~y` u ct`~ghfzc~y` yeo` ~ìhfhiícf ihmh M`yícy& @o ahmn~` jht`f k` Fczc~`{ `~c `f`meghkìoc~ckh k` ohy ycmc~e{cfhy/ c ohy sp` |`~y`gpíc `f {hkc dh~mc& Ohy cmeghyu |c~e`f{`y k` J`yúy k`y`cncf sp` fh dp`~c J`yúy c `fy`óc~ ò yãnckh `fIcdc~fcúm& Mc~íc `y{cnc mpu |~`hip|ckc u `q|~`yù ò k`y`h k` sp` |cycy`c oc h{~c |c~{` kò mc~& @f {co`y hicyehf`y J`yúy yhoíc ihf{`y{c~ n~`t`m`f{`/yef mcuh~`y `q|oeiciehf`y&

Acníc `f N`{aycekc u Icdc~fcúm g~cfk`y mpo{e{pk`y k` `fd`~mhy/ k`|cgcfhy u k` jpkíhy& Tc~ehy g~p|hy k` tecj`~hy sp` acnícf `fihf{~ckh cJ`yúy co h{~h ockh kò mc~/ o` cgpc~kcncf cspí& @f N`{aycekc acníc g~cfk`ycon`~gp`y cne`~{hy ipne`~{hy ihf jpfihy/ y`|c~ckhy/ |c~c ohy |cgcfhy u ohy



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jpkíhy2 `f oc |c~{` yp|`~eh~ `y{cncf ohy ncóhy |c~c ohy |cgcfhy u `f oc |c~{èfd`~eh~ |c~c ohy jpkíhy&\`k~h acníc ~ìenekh c mpiahy `fd`~mhy jpkíhy `f ò ie~ipe{h k` ypy|hy`yehf`y u co~`k`kh~ k` yp icyc& J`yúy ycfù c mpiahy k` òohy co kícyegpe`f{`/ mpu k` mck~pgckc& J`yúy o` acníc keiah cu`~ {c~k` sp` k`jcy` ahu

yp hdeieh k` |`yic~ u o` cupkcy` `f oc |`yic k` ahmn~`y: sp` |~hf{h oh enc coocmc~ |c~c `y` hdeieh& \`k~h hn`kìeù/ |`~h y` `fihf{~cnc `f pfc cfgpy{ec&C åo ye`m|~` o` |c~ìeù sp` oc tekc ihf J`yúy `~c |c~c åo k`mcyeckh ò`tckc/sp` fh |hk~íc ihm|~`fk`~oh& \`k~h i~`íc/ t`íc ohy meocg~hy/ kcnc {hkh ohsp` |hkíc k` np`fc gcfc/ aciíc {hkh ihf thopf{ck2 |`~h ye`m|~` |`fycncsp` åo fh `~c |c~c {cf{h/ sp` fh y`~tíc |c~c `yh/ sp` `~c k`mcyeckh yem|o`/sp` fh `~c kegfh/ u c {hkh `y{h y` m`ziocnc pf yì~`{h {`mh~ |h~ yp |~h|ehhdeieh u yp f`ghieh& [cmneåf o` `~c mpu kp~h/ ipcfkh y` np~ocncf k` åo/ k`sp` ye`fkh pf yem|o` |`yickh~ co{`~fcnc ihf pf |~hd`{c/ cfkcnc `f |hy k` åou |`~me{íc sp` `f yp icyc apne`y` `yc {p~nc k` g`f{` sp` enc u t`fíc/k`yipekcfkh ypy ef{`~`y`y& [hkh `y{h nc{coocnc k`f{~h k` \`k~h: åo fh `~c {cf

c~ke`f{` ihmh Cfk~åy u ohy k`mãy/ cpfsp` oo`fh k` d` u k` cmh~ c J`yúy2|`~h `~c ih~{h/ apmeok` u cihy{pmn~ckh c yp {~cncjh/ u y` mcf{`fíc y`fieooh`f yp apmeok` hip|cieùf&J`yúy icmefù ihf \`k~h k`yk` oc icyc/ c {~ctåy k` oc ock`~c kò mhf{`/ acy{cò `q{~`mh Fh~{` k` N`{aycekc& [hkh `y{` icmefh `y{cnc oo`fh k` `fd`~mhy/|cgcfhy u jpkíhy/ cpfsp` y`|c~ckhy/ u ohy o`|~hyhy |p`y{hy c key{cfiec&Acníc cooí ie`ghy/ ncokckhy/ mpkhy/ yh~khy/ sp`n~ckhy u jpkíhy aek~ù|eihy&Ocy ip~ciehf`y y` aciícf ihf g~cf h~k`f u ihf ie`~{c yho`mfekck& @y{c g`f{``y{cnc cooí k`yk` aciíc khy kícy/ u ohy keyií|pohy Cfk~åy/ \`k~h u ohy k`mãyc ohy ipco`y J`yúy cfpfieù yp t`fekc/ ohy acnícf h~k`fckh iùmhkcm`f{`/|p`y acníc `f ò icmefh cogpfhy ~efihf`y c|c~{ckhy ihf yhmn~c `f{~` ocy~hicy u `f ohy jc~kef`y& J`yúy `fy`ócnc u ycfcnc c ohy `fd`~mhy/ sp` `~cf{~cíkhy `f g~p|hy c yp |~`y`fiec& Tc~ehy sp`~ícf ihfd`yc~ ihf Åo ypy|ìckhy/ u J`yúy y` c|c~{cnc ihf òohy c yhocy& @oohy y` aeficncf/ ooh~cfkh uihfd`ycfkh ypy ipo|cy& @f{~` ohy |cgcfhy acníc cogpfhy sp` acnícfihm`{ekh cy`yefc{hy u ~hnhy `f yp tecj`& Cogpfhy ohy k`jcnc J`yúy ucie`fkhcooí u |cycnc c h{~hy/ u op`gh thotíc c cspåoohy u o`y kìíc: .O`tãf{c{`/ {py|ìckhy {` yhf |`~khfckhy.& @f{~` ohy jpkíhy acníc ckúo{`~hy u pyp~`~hy&Ipcfkh Åo t`íc yp c~~`|`f{eme`f{h u o`y acníc em|p`y{h oc ~`|c~cieùf/ h~cncihf òohy/ |hfíc/ ypy mcfhy yhn~` òohy/ u y` y`f{ícf `f{hfi`y ycfhy& Cmpiahy ohy mcfkcnc ncóc~y`& C cogpfhy |cgcfhy ohy `ftecnc co ncp{eymh h

c ohy |cgcfhy ihft`~{ekhy k` oc Co{c Gcoeo`c& Pf g~p|h t`fíc `f |hy k` h{~h/u ohy keyií|pohy gpc~kcncf ò h~k`f&



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Ip~c `f N`{aycekc c mpiahy `fd`~mhy

`yúy |cyù c {~ctåy k` N`{aycekc/ sp` `y{cnc oo`fc k` g`f{`y/ ihmh `f pfcg~cf ~hm`~íc/ u ycfù c mpiahy `fd`~mhy `f ohy con`~gp`y u `f ocy

meymcy icoo`y& @f oc icyc k` Cfk~åy o` acnícf |~`|c~ckh pfc ~`dìieùf&Cspí acníc {cmneåf feóhy: oc aejcy{~c k` \`k~h k` pfhy ke`z cóhy ihf h{~cyfeócy k` yp `kck u h{~cy khy feócy k` ke`z u k` hiah cóhy/ ~`y|ì{etcm`f{`/ upf aeje{h k` Cfk~åy t`y{ekh ihf {úfeic cmc~eooc u ief{p~ùf& Ihf òocy acníccogpfcy mpj`~`y k` `kck& @y{cncf ncjh ò {ìah k` oc icyc u acnocncf kò\~hd`{c: ih~~ícf/ encf u thotícf/ me~cfkh ye `y{cnc i`~ic ò \~hd`{c& @y{cncfcooí |c~c t`~oh/ |h~sp` h~kefc~ecm`f{` ohy feóhy `~cf c|c~{ckhy `f `y{cyhicyehf`y& J`yúy ohy me~ù co |cyc~ u ohy n`fkejh&K`y|påy a` tey{h c J`yúy thot`~ c oc icyc k` \`k~h u ycfc~ c mpiahy`fd`~mhy& I~`h sp` `~cf mãy k` ie`f ocy |`~yhfcy sp` ycfù ahu/|`~khfãfkho`y ypy |ìckhy u keieåfkho`y oh sp` k`nícf aci`~ `f oh ypi`yeth&

A` tey{h cspí sp` ycfcnc k` ket`~yhy mhkhy c ohy `fd`~mhy& Oh aciíc cyí |c~c `fy`óc~ c ohy c|ùy{ho`y ihmh k`nícf aci`~oh k`y|påy òohy/ u |c~c ocEgo`yec k` {hkhy ohy {e`m|hy& @f yp mhkh k` hn~c~ u cfkc~ `~c ihmh pfahmn~` `f oc dh~mc u `f oc degp~c: fckc acníc `f `y{cy ip~ciehf`y k` {`c{~coh k` `y|ì{cipoc~& @f {hkcy ocy ip~ciehf`y acníc ye`m|~` pf |cycj` g~ckpcok` oc `fd`~m`kck u kò |ìckh c oc ycopk u co |`~kùf& A` tey{h sp` cspòohyc ohy sp` |hfíc ocy mcfhy yhn~` oc icn`zc h yhn~` ohy sp` h~cnc/ y`f{ícf pfcihfmhieùf ef{`~fc k` pfhy mhm`f{hy/ u y` t`ícf ycfhy k`y|påy k` pfc`y|ìe` k` k`ytcfìeme`f{h mhm`f{ãf`h& Ohy ncokckhy y` o`tcf{cncfo`f{cm`f{`/ ìacncf ypy mpo`{cy c pf ockh u y` aeficncf k` ~hkeoocy |c~ccg~ckì`~2 |`~h ocy dp`~zcy ihm|o`{cy u ò tegh~ `f{~cnc `f òohy k` c |hih2`f cogpfhy c ocy |hicy ah~cy/ `f h{~hy k`y|påy k` pfhy kícy& A` tey{h caek~ù|eihy sp` c|`fcy |hkícf oo`gc~ c Åo u c h{~hy sp` `~cf oo`tckhy: o`y|hfíc oc mcfh yhn~` oc icn`zc u `f oc ~`geùf kò `y{ùmcgh2 |hkícf cfkc~ycfhy k`y|påy k` yp |cocn~c/ |`~h ò cgpc y` o`y enc op`gh |hih c |hih `fypkh~ h `f h{~c dh~mc& Ohy o`|~hyhy |`~kícf/ cf{` yp |cocn~c/ ocy ihy{~cy`fd`~mcy2 |`~h sp`kcncf mcfiacy `fic~fckcy sp` k`yc|c~ìícf k`y|påy k`cogúf {e`m|h& Ohy sp` ycfcncf k` oc i`gp`~c/ mpk`z h k` ohy híkhy y`f{ícfco |~efie|eh pfc y`fycieùf k`ycihy{pmn~ckc |h~ fh acn`~ pyckh `yhyy`f{ekhy& A` tey{h c aek~ù|eihy sp` y` y`f{ícf ycfhy/ |`~h sp` ihfy`~tcncfcogúf {e`m|h oc aefiaczùf/ sp` y` o`y enc op`gh o`f{cm`f{`& Ohy sp` {`fícf

ihftpoyehf`y ycfcncf `f y`gpekc2 ohy sp` {`fícf de`n~` oc |`~kícf {cmneåfk` gho|`2 |`~h `f g`f`~co fh y` y`f{ícf k` ~`|`f{` ycfhy/ d~`yihy u dp`~{`y/yefh sp` m`jh~cncf ihmh pfc |ocf{c ~`yìc ihf ò cgpc k` oc ooptec& Ohy`fk`mhfeckhy icícf d~ìp`f{`m`f{` `f k`ymcuh n~`t` u op`gh y`



3<0

o`tcf{cncf oen~`y/ |`~h ihf oc me~ckc icfyckc ` ef{~cfspeoc& [hkh |~hi`kíc ihfh~k`f u spe`{pk/ u yùoh ohy efi~åkpohy u ohy `f`meghy k` J`yúy |hkícf`fihf{~c~ `f ypy meocg~hy coghsp` ohy c{`mh~ezcnc&Ohy |cgcfhy sp` acnícf t`fekh acy{c cspí `~cf g`f`~com`f{` g`f{`y sp`

acnícf `y{ckh `f ò ncp{eymh h |~`keicieùf k` Jpcf: |~hi`kícf k` oc Co{cGcoeo`c/ khfk` ohy |cgcfhy acnícf uc híkh c J`yúy u tey{h ypy meocg~hy/ uk`y`cncf y`~ òohy efy{~pekhy u ihft`~{e~y`& Cogpfhy {`fícf ò ncp{eymh k`Jpcf/ h{~hy fh oh {`fícf& J`yúy fh o` mcfkcnc c fcke` oc ie~ipfieyeùf&@fy`ócnc/ ipcfkh y` o` |~`gpf{cnc/ k` oc ie~ipfieyeùf k` ohy cdì{hy kòih~czùf u k` ohy y`f{ekhy u ihmh k`nícf |h~{c~y` `f ckòcf{`& Ohy `qah~{cncco cmh~ kò |~ùjemh/ c oc {`m|ocfzc/ c oc mh~{edeicieùf/ c ipm|oe~ ohy ke`zmcfkcme`f{hy k` Kehy2 o`y `fy`ócnc |c~{`y k` pfc h~cieùf/ ihmh cogpfcy|`{eiehf`y kò \ck~` Fp`y{~h/ u o`y |~hm`{íc `ftec~o`y c ohy c|ùy{ho`y&



3<4

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J`yúy `fy`óc u aci` ip~ciehf`y `f Icdc~fcúm

f oc |cyckc {c~k` y` t`ícf ncfk`~cy ihf ohy fpkhy k` ihy{pmn~` uihogcjhy k` d~p{cy yhn~` oc yefcghgc u `f ohy `kedeiehy |únoeihy/ |h~sp`

`f{~cnc ò úo{emh kíc kò m`y Cn u ihf ò yãnckh `m|`zcnc ò |~em`~ kíc kòm`y @oepB3>& K`y|påy sp` J`yúy apnh ycfckh c mpiahy `fd`~mhy jpkíhy `fN`{aycekc/ y` ke~egeù ihf ohy keyií|pohy c oc icyc k` \`k~h/ jpf{h cIcdc~fcúm/ ckhfk` acnícf cipkekh uc ocy mpj`~`y u khfk` o` `y|`~cncf k`fp`th mpiahy `fd`~mhy& Acníc cooí khy yh~khy c spe`f`y J`yúy |pyh ohyk`khy `f ohy híkhy& [~cj`~hf c h{~hy khy sp` c|`fcy |hkícf icmefc~/ sp`{`fícf ohy n~czhy efmùteo`y u ohy k`khy aefiackhy& J`yúy o`y |pyh ocy mcfhy/h~ù ihf òohy/ u {hmãfkhohy k` cmncy mcfhy/ mhteù ohy k`khy/ u sp`kc~hfycfhy& Oc aefiaczùf |`~mcfìeù u k`yc|c~ìeù k`y|påy k` cogpfcy ah~cy&Ohy `qah~{ù c pyc~ ypy mcfhy `f ckòcf{` |c~c oc goh~ec k` Kehy2 |p`y |h~icpyc k` |ìckhy acnícf sp`kckh `f `y` `y{ckh& Ycfù c mpiahy cpf u

k`y|påy mc~iaù |c~c ò yãnckh c oc iepkck& Acníc cooí pfc g~cf mpo{e{pk&Acnícf k`jckh oen~`y c ohy `fk`mhfeckhy/ sp` ih~~ícf |h~ ocy icoo`y co`fip`f{~h k` J`yúy u iocmcncf `f |hy k` Åo& J`yúy o`y mcfkù icooc~ u ycoe~k` òohy& @f{hfi`y sp`kc~hf icoockhy/ u yeo`fiehyhy cihm|cóc~hf c J`yúy coc yefcghgc/ ihf mc~cteooc k` {hkhy ohy |~`y`f{`y/ u `yipiac~hf yp`fy`ócfzc cooí k`f{~h&Ohy dc~ey`hy/ `y|ìecom`f{` ohy spefi` sp` acnícf t`fekh |c~c `y|ec~/`y{cncf y`f{ckhy `f {h~fh k` yp cye`f{h u o` {~c{cncf ihf defgekc ~`t`~`fiec&O` ke`~hf ohy ~hoohy k` oc @yi~e{p~c& J`yúy `fy`óù yhn~` Eycícy/ ic|í{poh ;5/k` sp` Kehy fh ac hotekckh c yp |p`noh& Oùù: .Cpfsp` pfc mpj`~ hotek` cyp aejh/ Kehy fh hotekc~ã c yp |p`noh./ u oh `q|oeiù ihf oh sp` yegp`: Kehyfh |p`k`/ |h~ oc |`~t`~yekck k` ohy ahmn~`y/ y`~ em|`kekh k` ihm|ckì`~y`k` ohy k`ycm|c~ckhy& @y oo`gckh ò {e`m|h kò ipco ò |~hd`{c acnoc/ sp` t`ye`m|~` ohy mp~hy k` Yeùf& Cah~c `y ò {e`m|h `f sp` ohy k`y{~pi{h~`y{e`f`f sp` ape~ u te`f`f ohy mc`y{~hy k` hn~c& Åo jpf{c~ã c mpiahy |c~cckh~fc~ yp ycf{pc~eh& Mpiahy y` ac~ãf |eckhyhy u np`fhy/ mpiahy y`~ãfne`faìah~`y u gpícy kò |hn~` |p`noh/ k` mhkh sp` oc yefcghgc efd~pi{phyc{`fk~ã sp` kìe~: ¸speåf m` ac i~eckh {hkhy `y{hy aejhy8 Ohy |cgcfhy yìhft`~{e~ãf c oc Ego`yec u ohy ~ù`y oc y`~te~ãf& @o Kehy k` Jcihn spe{c~ã co`f`megh/ c oc |`~t`~yc yefcghgc yp g`f{` u k`jc~ã c cspåoohy sp` y` ac~ãfipo|cno`y/ ihmh cy`yefhy kò Ycotckh~/ sp` y` e~~e{`f u y` k`y{~hi`f `f{~`

òohy& [hkh `y{h oh ~`de~eù c oc k`y{~piieùf k` J`~pycoåf/ ye fh ~ìeníc cah~c ò~èfh k` oc g~ciec& Kehy |~`gpf{c: ye y` ac c|c~{ckh k` oc yefcghgc/ ye {e`f`pfc ic~{c k` ~`|pkeh/ ye ac t`fkekh c yp |p`noh& Yí/ |h~ icpyc k` ohy |ìckhydp` t`fkekh& Ocy yefcghgcy yhf k`yìackcy |h~ icpyc k` ypy kòe{hy& Åo ac



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oocmckh u ckt`~{ekh/ u fcke` y` keh |h~ `f{`fkekh& Kehy `y |hk`~hyh: |p`k`~`mht`~ ieòhy u {e`~~c !Eycícy 0<-3%& [hkcy `y{cy ihycy ocy ~`de~eù J`yúy c yp{e`m|h& K`mhy{~ù sp` {hkh y` acníc ipm|oekh/ sp` yp \ck~` o` acníc`fteckh c Åo/ |c~c cfpfiec~ oc ycopk u {~c`~oc/ u |c~c jpf{c~ c ohy k`jckhy |h~ ocyefcghgc u c ohy |`~t`~{ekhy |h~ òoc&

Ipcfkh J`yúy kejh ocy |cocn~cy k` oc @yi~e{p~c/ c|oeiãfkhocy c Yí meymh/ sp`Kehy/ ò Y`óh~/ o` acníc kckh pfc o`fgpc ycnec |c~c oo`tc~ c ohy k`jckhy u cohy `q{~cteckhy co icmefh/ sp` o` ac cne`~{h k`yk` {`m|~cfh ohy híkhy |c~chí~ ypy mcfkcme`f{hy/ u sp` Åo fh acníc ihf{~ckeiah2 ipcfkh J`yúy kejh`y{cy ihycy/ ocy {hmc~hf ohy dc~ey`hy {co ihmh yhfcncf fc{p~com`f{` u kìícfsp` y` cocncnc c Yí meymh& Cpfsp` `y{cncf |`f`{~ckhy k` yp `fy`ócfzc uk`y|påy k` hí~ kìícf: .Fpfic |~hd`{c cogpfh ac acnockh cyí./ ihf {hkhmp~mp~cncf op`gh pfh c h{~h `f ohy híkhy& J`yúy `q|oeiù {hkctíc ocy|cocn~cy kò |~hd`{c: k` sp` Åo y` acníc {hmckh {~cncjh |h~ òohy/ sp` yàcníc k`jckh |`gc~ `f ò ~hy{~h u acníc k`jckh czh{c~ yp ip`~|h/ u ypd~ekh oc|`~yìpieùf/ u ypd~e~ã cúf mãy& Acnoù kò mco {~c{h `f Fczc~`{/ keie`fkh sp`

spe`f |pke`~c ihfk`fc~o`/ y` ckòcf{c~c& [hkhy ypy `f`meghy `ft`jì`~ãf uy` mc~iae{c~ãf `f ypy `fy`ócfzcy u ò Jp`z t`fk~ã yhn~` òohy& .Ohy sp`{`m`f c Kehy/ sp` hegcf ypy |cocn~cy2 ohy egfh~cf{`y yef opz/ ~p`gp`f c Kehy|h~ opz u `y|`~cfzc& @o jpeieh t`fk~ã u ohy sp` acf `fi`fkekh ò dp`gh|`~ì`~ãf. !Eycícy 0<-33& [hkh `y{h oh ~`de~eù c oc k`y{~piieùf kò |p`noh

jpkíh u k` J`~pycoåf& Ohy dc~ey`hy fh |pke`~hf ihf{~ckìe~ fe pfc k` ypy|cocn~cy& Hícf icoockhy2 yùoh y` acnocncf co híkh/ u `yic~fìícf/ cpfsp` y`y`f{ícf a`~ekhy u ihfmhtekhy& Op`gh J`yúy `q|oeiù cogh mãy yhn~` Mheyåy/u `y{h te`f` ye`m|~` |h~ úo{emh/ u cóckeù pfc |c~ãnhoc/ acnocfkh `f `y{hmãy |c~c ypy keyií|pohy/ u `y|ìecom`f{` |c~c ò jht`f `yi~enc fczc~`fh u{~cekh~& @~c oc |c~ãnhoc k` ohy {co`f{hy sp` Kehy kc2 |h~sp` `y{` jht`f `y{cncmpu |cgckh k` yp ie`fiec& Ef{`~eh~m`f{` a` tey{h sp` sp`kù a`~ekh uct`~ghfzckh/ |`~h fh y` m`jh~ù& J`yúy fh kei` ocy |c~ãnhocy kò {hkh ihmh`y{ãf `f ò @tcfgòeh2 |`~h mpu |c~ìekcy&Kòcf{` k` oc yefcghgc ycfù cogpfhy `fd`~mhy u dp` ihf ypy keyií|pohy dp`~ck` oc |p`~{c/ aciec oc icyc k` \`k~h& Acnícf t`fekh Fc{cfcò Iacy`k/Fc{cfcò k` Icfc u [ck`h k`yk` Icfc c oc de`y{c kò yãnckh& [ck`h tecjc cm`fpkh/ |h~sp` f`ghiec `f ò |cíy ihf ~`k`y k` |`yickh~`y/ tòcy k` fct`yu yhgcy& Oc icyc y` oo`fù k` fp`th k` `fd`~mhy kp~cf{` oc fhia`& C|c~{` y``fihf{~cncf tc~ecy mpj`~`y ihf dopjh k` ycfg~`& H{~hy {~cj`~hf mpj`~`y`fd`~mcy {hkh `ftpò{cy `f {òcy/ yhn~` icmeoocy& C|c~ì`f |ãoekcy u

míy`~cy/ u k`yk` {e`m|h `y|`~cncf c J`yúy& @y{c t`z |pyh ypy mcfhy yhn~`òocy u ocy n`fkejh: c ocy sp` `y{cncf `f icmeoocy ocy mcfkù o`tcf{c~y` uk`yc{c~o`y ocy t`fkcy& Pfcy cupkcncf c ocy h{~cy& Ocy `qah~{ù u ocy k`y|ciaùycfcy& @f oc fhia` y` ~`{e~ù J`yúy c h~c~ yhoh& Ohy dc~ey`hy `y|ícy k`



3<1

Icdc~fcúm fh acnícf mcfed`y{ckh |únoeicm`f{` yp ef{`f{h& Co i`f{p~eùfY`~hncnò oh acnícf ef{`~~hgckh |~etckcm`f{`& Y` mcf{`fícf cspí ihf h{~hy|~`{`q{hy/ ihmh h{~hy dc~ey`hy/ |h~ oc d`y{etekck kò yãnckh/ |h~ y`~ pf opgc~khfk` acníc pf mc`y{~h k` dcmc/ u {cmneåf |h~sp` mpiahy ypò`f t`fe~ c oc~`geùf k` G`f`yc~`{ |h~ ~czùf k` ihm`~ieh/ h |h~ oc nòo`zc kò opgc~-c

k`yicfyc~ `f `y{c ~`geùf k` d`~{eoekck |~eteo`geckc&C oc mcócfc yegpe`f{`/ mpu {`m|~cfh/ dp` J`yúy k` fp`th c Icdc~fcúm&Acníc mpiaíyemc g`f{` u `fd`~mhy ~`pfekhy `f {h~fh k` oc yefcghgc/ k` ohyipco`y ycfù c mpiahy& Ipcfkh `f{~ù `f oc yefcghgc/ khfk` `y{cncf uc~`pfekhy ohy dc~ey`hy/ `m|`zc~hf c g~e{c~ ohy `fk`mhfeckhy/ u pfh`y|ìecom`f{`/ sp` `~c dp~ehyh/ y` ckòcf{ù aciec J`yúy/ g~e{cfkh: .¸Spå{`f`mhy fhyh{~hy ihf{egh/ J`yúy k` Fczc~`{8 [ú te`f`y |c~c |`~k`~fhy& Uhyå sp` `~`y ò Ycf{h k` Kehy.& Mcfkùo` ò Y`óh~ sp` icoocy` u ycoe`y` k` cooí&@o ahmn~` icuù co ypòh u y` cge{ù ihf dp~ec/ |`~h ò kecnoh {pth sp` ycoe~g~e{cfkh& @o ahmn~` y` `fihf{~ù ycfh u y` aefiù kòcf{` k` J`yúy& Kej`~hf`f{hfi`y mpiahy/ `y|ìecom`f{` ohy keyií|pohy/ |c~c sp` oh hu`~cf ohy

dc~ey`hy/ sp` y` e~~e{c~hf |h~ òoh: .¸Spå fp`tc `fy`ócfzc `y `y{c8 ¸Speåfy`~ã Åy{` sp` acy{c {e`f` dp`~zc u |hk`~ yhn~` ohy `y|í~e{py efmpfkhy8.Acníc {cf{c g`f{` ~`pfekc u {cf{hy `fd`~mhy k`f{~h u `f k`~~`kh~ k` ocyefcghgc/ sp` J`yúy dp` c `fy`óc~ c pf opgc~ khfk` |hkíc thot`~y` c ohy sp``y{cncf k`f{~h u dp`~c `f ò t`y{ínpoh& @f {h~fh k` Åo `y{cncf ohy dc~ey`hy `fò ef{`~eh~/ u J`yúy/ me~cfkh aciec dp`~c/ `fy`ócnc co |p`noh: uc y` ke~egíc cohy k` ck`f{~h/ uc c ohy k` cdp`~c& Ohy |ù~{eihy k` oc yefcghgc `y{cncfcne`~{hy u ohy hu`f{`y oo`fcncf fh yùoh ò t`y{ínpoh yefh ohy {ìahy k` ohy`kedeiehy/ `f {h~fh k` oc yefcghgc/ c ohy ipco`y acnícf cihmhkckh `yico`~cy|c~c ypne~& K`ncjh acníc {e`fkcy u iòkcy |c~c ohy sp` h~cncf u aciícf|`fe{`fiec& \c~c ohy `fd`~mhy acnícf |~`|c~ckh opgc~`y c|c~{`&J`yúy `fy`óù k` fp`th mpu tetcm`f{` k` Eycícy u c|oeiù {hkh c yp {e`m|h uc yp \`~yhfc& .Ohy {e`m|hy y` ipm|oe`~hf u ò ~èfh y` ci`~ic.& Ye`m|~àcnícf y`f{ekh cfyecy kò ipm|oeme`f{h k` ocy |~hdìícy u acnícf |`kekh|~hd`{cy u ypy|e~ckh |h~ ò M`yícy/ |c~c sp` tefe`~c c spe{c~o`y oc ic~gc2|`~h ipcfkh `y{ã ihf òohy fh o` sp`~~ãf/ |h~sp` Åo fh y`~ã ihmh y` ohemcgefcf `f ypy `spethickcy ek`cy& Efkeiù ocy y`óco`y k` ohy |~hd`{cy y`gúfacnícf k`y`ckh sp` y` ipm|oe`y`f2 ihycy sp` acnícf o`íkh `f ocy `yipòcy/`f ocy @yi~e{p~cy/ u |h~ ocy ipco`y acnícf h~ckh u |`kekh2 o`y mhy{~ù sp` yàcnícf ipm|oekh ocy y`óco`y& O`y kejh: .Ohy ncokckhy icmefc~ãf/ ohy ie`ghyt`~ãf u ohy yh~khy he~ãf& ¸Cicyh fh ac ypi`kekh8 ¸Spå spe`~`f `y{hy

|cgcfhy sp` acf t`fekh c oc `fy`ócfzc8 ¸Spå g~e{cf ohy `fk`mhfeckhy8¸\h~ spå cocncf c Kehy ohy ycfckhy k` ypy mco`y8 ¸Cicyh fh m` |`~yegp`fohy mcohy8 ¸Cicyh fh m` `y|ícf ohy sp` m` ~hk`cf8 @oohy acn~ãf k` ìac~cdp`~c co Aejh kò Kp`óh k` oc teóc u oh mc{c~ãf/ u op`gh ¸spå o`y ypi`k`~ã c



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òohy8 ¸Fh sp`~åey ~ìene~ oc ycopk8 \p`y fh e~ã |`~kekc& Thyh{~hy fh |hk~åeyem|`ke~ sp` tcuc c ohy |hn~`y/ c ohy `fd`~mhy/ c ohy |ìckh~`y/ c ohy|pnoeic-fhy/ c ohy c~~`|`f{ekhy/ c ohy |cgcfhy/ oh sp` thyh{~hy fh sp`~åey~ìene~.& K` `y{` {`fh~ dp` ò ihfjpf{h k` yp |~`keicieùf& Kejh {cmneåf:.Thyh{~hy {`fåey ihmh pf |~hd`{c c Jpcf/ c spe`f acf {hmckh |~`yh& Ek c åo/

c yp |~eyeùf2 |~`gpf{cko` spå icmefh ac |~`|c~ckh åo/ speåf ac kckh{`y{emhfeh åo.&Me`f{~cy cyí acnocnc ò `fhjh k` ohy dc~ey`hy acníc i~ìekh yhn~`mcf`~c uypyp~~cncf u mp~mp~cncf `f{~` yí& [~cj`~hf c hiah ahmn~`y m`keh`fd`~mhy u c ipc{~h fhno`y sp` |ckìícf k` `fd`~m`kck em|p~c& @~cf k`Gcdc~fcúm u ohy |pye`~hf `f pf opgc~ kò t`y{ínpoh khfk` J`yúy ohy |hkíct`~ u |pke`~cf òohy hí~ yp thz& Fh |hkícf y`~ {~cíkhy yefh c pf ockh |h~~czùf k` yp `fd`~m`kck& Ihmh cah~c {hkh `y{cnc hip|ckh ihf oc mpo{e{pkk` hu`f{`y fh |pke`~hf ci`~ic~y` u `f{hfi`y cozc~hf c `y{hy `fd`~mhy yhn~`pfc mp~cooc `f co{h u op`gh y` cn~e`~hf icmefh `f{~` oc mpo{e{pk/ oc ipco y`c|c~{cnc |h~ {~c{c~y` k` `fd`~mhy em|p~hy& Ipcfkh te`~hf `y{h ohy dc~ey`hy

y` e~~e{c~hf mpiah u mp~mp~cncf ihf{~c oc hyckíc k` `y{c g`f{`/ c oc sp`{ciacncf k` |ìckh~`y |únoeihy/ sp` |ckìícf k` `fd`~m`kck`y em|p~cy/ ucozc~hf oc thz keie`fkh sp` `~c pf k`yh~k`f sp` y`m`jcf{` g`f{` y` ci`~ic~cc òohy& Ihmh `y{cy |cocn~cy oo`gc~hf c híkhy k` ohy `fd`~mhy/ åy{hy y`|pye`~hf {~ey{`y/ |`fycfkh sp` ye J`yúy ihfhiíc yp `fd`~m`kck fh enc csp`~`~ ycfc~ohy& @y{cncf oo`fhy k` c~~`|`f{eme`f{h u aciíc {e`m|h sp`k`y`cncf y`~ yhih~~ekhy&Ipcfkh J`yúy huù ocy mp~mp~ciehf`y k` ohy dc~ey`hy y` thoteù cdp`~c ihf ocme~ckc/ aciec khfk` `y{cncf `y{hy `fd`~mhy {~ey{`y u acneåfkho`y o`y kejh:.Tp`y{~hy |ìckhy hy yhf |`~khfckhy.& @f{hfi`y `y{hy ahmn~`y y`k`yc{c~hf `f oãg~emcy/ me`f{~cy ohy dc~ey`hy ihm`fzc~hf c mp~mp~c~ ihf`fhjh: .¸Iùmh |p`k` kìe~ Åo `y{h8 ¸Iùmh |p`k` kìe~ sp` |`~khfc ohy|ìckhy8. J`yúy o`y kejh: .Y`gpekm`/ u t`~åey oh sp` thu c aci`~ ihf òohy&¸\h~ spå hy e~~e{ãey k` sp` Uh ipm|oc oc thopf{ck k` me \ck~`8 Thyh{~hy fhsp`~åey ~ìene~ oc ycopk2 `f{hfi`y fh em|ekãey sp` oc ~ìencf ohyc~~`|`f{ekhy& Thyh{~hy hy e~~e{ãey |h~sp` ycfh `f kíc k` yãnckh& ¸Cicyhk`yicfyc oc mcfh kò Hmfe|h{`f{` `f aci`~ ne`f `f kíc k` yãnckh u `ficy{egc~ ò mco8 ¸U `f kíc k` Yãnckh fh coem`f{c Kehy/ fh ycfc/ fh n`fkei`8¸Fh k`jc Kehy sp` hy `fd`~måey `f kíc k` yãnckh h sp` mp~ãey `f `y` kíc8Fh hy e~~e{åey k` sp` ò Aejh acgc `f Yãnckh oc thopf{ck k` yp \ck~`.&Ipcfkh `y{pth i`~ic k` ohy `fd`~mhy/ kejh c ohy dc~ey`hy: .Sp`kck caí/

|h~sp` òohy yhf |c~c thyh{~hy em|p~hy2 |c~c Me fh oh yhf/ |p`y{h sp` ypy|ìckhy o`y yhf |`~khfckhy& U cah~c ihf{`y{ck: ¸`y mãy dãieo kìe~ c pf|ìckh~ c~~`|`f{ekh: {py |ìckhy {` yhf |`~khfckhy/ sp` kìe~ c pf `fd`~mh:o`tãf{c{`/ {hmc {p icmeooc u t`{`8. Fh ycnícf spå ~`y|hfk`~/ u J`yúy/



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ci`~iãfkhy` c ohy `fd`~mhy/ |pyh ypy mcfhy yhn~` òohy/ c pfh k`y|påy k`h{~h2 kejh pfc n~`t` h~cieùf yhn~` ickc pfh/ ohy o`tcf{ù k` ocy mcfhy/ u o`ymcfkù cg~ckì`~ c Kehy/ fh |ìc~ mãy u sp` oo`tcy`f ypy icmeoocy& Ohyipc{~h y` o`tcf{c~hf k` ypy icmeoocy/ u ohy hiah sp` ohy acnícf {~cíkh/ spàcnícf `y{ckh m`keh `fd`~mhy/ y` te`~hf ihm|o`{cm`f{` ycfhy u cupkc~hf c

ohy k`mãy c ycoe~ k` ypy `ftho{h~ehy& @y{hy ipc{~h yùoh y` yef{e`~hf coghicfyckhy u fh cihy{pmn~ckhy2 fh hny{cf{`/ jpf{c~hf ocy mck`~cy k` ypyicmeoocy/ ocy {hmc~hf yhn~` ypy ahmn~hy/ u ohy khi` |cyc~hf oo`fhy kìhf{`f{h `f{~` oc mpo{e{pk/ icf{cfkh: .Cocnckh y`c ò Y`óh~ Kehy k` Ey~cò&Åo ac hn~ckh g~cfk`zcy `f fhyh{~hy& Åo y` ac ihm|ckìekh k` yp |p`noh ufhy ac ycfckh |h~ m`keh k` yp \~hd`{c.& Ihf `y{cy |cocn~cy y` c|c~{c~hf kòc mpo{e{pk/ sp` y` sp`kù oo`fc k` ckme~cieùf&Ohy dc~ey`hy/ `fhjckhy u ct`~ghfzckhy/ y` dp`~hf yef ycopkc~& [hkh o`ykeygpy{cnc/ oh sp` J`yúy aciíc u iùmh oh aciíc: sp` Åo fh ihm|c~{e`~c ocyek`cy k` òohy2 sp` òohy/ sp` y` i~`ícf ohy ycnehy/ ohy jpy{hy/ ohy ò`gekhy/ fhoh dp`~cf/ u sp` J`yúy `y{emc~c c g`f{`y k` ocy ipco`y òohy apícf u c ocy sp`

k`y|~ìecncf& [`fícf ye`m|~` meo ~`|c~hy sp` aci`~o`: sp` fh hny`~tcnc ohycupfhy ihmh y` k`n`2 sp` enc ihf ohy |ìckh~`y/ |cgcfhy/ |pnoíicfhy/ycmc~e{cfhy u {hkc oc g`f{pzc2 sp` `~c k` ncjc `y{e~|` u ihfkeieùf2 sp`k`jcnc c ypy keyií|pohy `f k`mcyeckc oen`~{ck u fh ohy {`fíc c ~cuc& @f pfc|cocn~c/ fckc o`y cg~ckcnc/ u/ yef `mnc~gh/ fckc |hkícf ~`|~hiac~o`: fh|hkícf f`gc~ yp ycnekp~íc u yp |hk`~ `q{~ch~kefc~eh/ u/ c |`yc~ k` `yh/ y``fthotícf ickc t`z mãy `f i~í{eicy ` e~~e{cf{`y mp~mp~ciehf`y& Ipcfkh yìhfyek`~c cyí oc tekc ~`co k` J`ypi~ey{h/ pfh t` sp` ò |p`noh u ohy yci`~kh{`yk` `f{hfi`y `~cf ihmh y`~ícf ahu `f kíc& Ye J`yúy tefe`~c cah~c/ o` |cyc~ícmpiah |`h~ cúf ihf mpiahy `yi~ency/ ycnehy u khi{h~`y u ihf oc |hoeiíc&Oc `fd`~m`kck k` cspòohy ipc{~h `~c pf dopjh em|p~h& \c~ìícf ~`yìhyihmh ye ohy apne`~c a`~ekh pf c{csp` k` c|h|o`jíc& Ohy h{~hy hiah `y{cncf`f |c~{` ncokckhy& Ocy icmeoocy `~cf khy {cnocy ihf |c{cy u mck`~cy{~cfyt`~yco`y u pfc ohfc {`fkekc `f ò m`keh& Y` |hkíc `f~hooc~ {hkh |c~c y`~oo`tckh yhn~` ohy ahmn~hy ihmh pf |c~ k` o`óhy& @~c cogh ihfmht`kh~ t`~ c`y{hy ahmn~`y icf{cfkh cocncfzcy co Y`óh~ me`f{~cy c{~ct`ycncf oc mpo{e{pkckme~ckc&



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ihf p~g`fiec |p`y |c~ìíc sp` oc yp`g~c k` \`k~h `y{cnc c |pf{h k` mh~e~&Yp `fd`~m`kck acníc cpm`f{ckh u {`fíc de`n~` mpu co{c& J`yúy `f{~ù `f ypiãmc~c& @y{cnc cooí i~`h sp` oc aejcy{~c k` \`k~h& J`yúy y` ci`~iù c oc icmc uy` efioefù/ m`keh k` |e` u m`keh y`f{ckh& Acnoù cogpfcy |cocn~cy ihf òoc u|pyh yp mcfh yhn~` oc icn`zc u ò |ìah/ u òoc sp`kù yhy`gckcihm|o`{cm`f{`& Op`gh k` |e`/ kòcf{` k` òoc/ oc o`tcf{ù k` oc mcfh acy{cy`f{c~oc/ u kejh: .Kcko` k` n`n`~./ u oc aejcy{~c k` \`k~h o` keh k` n`n`~ `fpfc {czc `f dh~mc k` fct`& J`yúy n`fkejh oc n`nekc/ u o` mcfkù o`tcf{c~y`/ uòoc y` o`tcf{ù k` yp icmeooc ncjc& @y{cnc {hkc `ftpò{c u {`fíc ck`mãy pfcm|oeh t`y{ekh k` kh~me~& K`jù ohy oe`fzhy/ y` o`tcf{ù u keh g~ciecy coY`óh~/ u ihf òoc {hkc oc icyc& Kp~cf{` oc ihmekc `y{c mpj`~ ye~teù `f oc

m`yc ihf ocy h{~cy mpj`~`y u `y{pth kò {hkh ycfc&K`y|påy k` `y{h dp` J`yúy ihf \`k~h/ Cfk~åy/ Ycf{ecgh/ Jpcf u h{~hykeyií|pohy mãy co opgc~ k` |`yic k` \`k~h/ jpf{h co mc~/ u acnoù cooí `y|ìecom`f{` k` sp` |~hf{h k`n`~ícf k`jc~ `y{c hip|cieùf |c~c y`gpe~o` cÅo yùoh& \`k~h y` cypy{ù `f{`~cm`f{`/ y` ìaù c ohy |e`y kò Y`óh~ u o` |ekeùsp` me~cy` c yp egfh~cfiec u yp docsp`zc/ u fh |eke`y` sp` {hmcy` |c~{` åo`f ihycy {cf em|h~{cf{`y/ sp` fh `~c kegfh k` `yhy cypf{hy {cf g~cfk`y fe`~c ic|cz k` efy{~pe~ c h{~hy& J`yúy o` ihf{`y{ù sp` fh {pte`y` |~`hip|cieùfmpfkcfc cogpfc/ u sp` Cspåo sp` kcnc ycopk c ohy `fd`~mhy kc~íc {cmneåfdp`~zc/ coem`f{h u oh fì`yc~eh |c~c ipm|oe~ yp meyeùf39& Ohy h{~hy `y{cncfkò {hkh ihfdh~m`y& Yùoh \`k~h/ `f yp apmeokck/ fh |hkíc ihm|~`fk`~ihmh åo/ |hn~` |`yickh~/ |pke`~c y`~ h{~c ihyc sp` |`yickh~ u fh mc`y{~h&Fh `~c {hkctíc ò oocmcme`f{h sp` `y{ã `f ò @tcfgòeh: `y{` oocmcme`f{h fhacníc {`fekh opgc~ cúf& Ihf {hkh/ k`yk` `f{hfi`y \`k~h kcnc co Z`n`k`h yphdeieh mãy sp` cf{`y/K`y|påy k` `y{` icmefh jpf{h co mc~ y` dp` J`yúy aciec Icdc~fcúm u`fihf{~ù mpiahy `fd`~mhy `f oc icyc k` \`k~h/ i`~ic k` oc iepkck& Ycfù ctc~ehy k` òohy u `fy`óù `f oc yefcghgc& Ipcfkh c oc {c~k` oc mpo{e{pkcpm`f{ù mãy {hkctíc/ J`yúy y` ~`{e~ù icye yef y`~ fh{ckh u y` dp` yhoh aciecpf nc~~cfih fc{p~co cg~ckcno` sp` y` `q{`fkíc co Yp~ k` Icdc~fcúm/ k`yk` oc|hy`yeùf k` Y`~hncnò aciec oc k` yp ye`~th u k` ypy {~cncjckh~`y& @f `y{c

gc~gcf{c acníc ip`tcy/ c~npy{hy/ dp`f{`y k` cgpc u `~cf gpc~kckhy cooí mpiahy |ãjc~hy u cfemco`y ~c~hy& @~c ihmh pfc yòtc ihfy`~tckc |h~ ocmcfh kò ahmn~`/ |`~{`fìe`f{` c Y`~hncnò& \h~ pf ockh `y{cnc cne`~{c c{hkhy/ ihmh |c~{` k` `y` |cíy k` ~ì~`h sp` `~c ò k` G`f`yc~`{& J`yúy |cyù



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cooí oc fhia` `f h~cieùf/ yef sp` ypy keyií|pohy oh yp|e`~cf& A` tey{h spò`tcf{cncf cspí oc y`gpfkc ihyìac kò |cíy& \h~ oc mcócfc mpu {`m|~cfhk`jù J`yúy ò opgc~& Fh thoteù c Icdc~fcúm/ yefh sp` mcfkù c \`k~h/ spe`fihf h{~hy keyií|pohy oh acnícf `y{ckh npyicfkh/ sp` o` `ftecy` c ohykeyií|pohy \ã~m`fcy/ Yc{p~fefh/ C~ey{ùnpoh u [ac~zeyypy c pf k`{`~mefckh

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k` N`{poec& Mpiahy fhno`y u ~eihy k` Gcoeo`c u k` Jpk`c {e`f`f cspí ypyicycy k` icm|h u ypy jc~kef`y/ khfk` |cycf {`m|h~ckcy `f oc a`~mhyc`y{cieùf kò cóh& Co M`kehkíc kò mc~/ `f oc ock`~c Fh~{` k` oc co{p~c k`N`{poec/ acu pfc aeo`~c k` icye{cy ihf ncóhy icoe`f{`y& Ohy ncóhy kò @y{`yhf mãy icoe`f{`y2 ohy kò H`y{` yhf c|`fcy {enehy& @y{hy ncóhy {e`f`f pf`y{cfsp` g~cfk` ihmúf u `f k`~~`kh~ iòkcy u `f{~ckcy efketekpco`y/ khfk`y` |p`k` uci`~ `f gcmòocy co{cy u ncjcy/ u y` |p`k` |cyc~ co `y{cfspìhmúf& Acu mpiacy |hyckcy u icycy sp` y` |p`k`f cospeoc~ |h~ oc{`m|h~ckc ihf ypy jc~kef`y u {hkh oh fì`yc~eh& Ocy `f{~ckcy yhf |c~c òne`f`y{c~ k` N`{poec u ohy k` oc iepkck ckmefey{~cf ò f`ghieh u c~~e`fkh kìcycy& @o ocgh `y cspí mpu ioc~h u y` t`f ohy dhfkhy k` |e`k~cy nocficy mpu

a`~mhycy& Ocy cgpcy kò `y{cfsp` te`f`f kò H`y{` u op`gh yco`f aciec òtcoo` k` Mcgkcopm& @o `y{cfsp` `y{ã oo`fh k` |`sp`óhy `yspet`y sp` ckey{cfiec |c~ì`f ãfck`y sp` fckcf& @f oc |c~{` Fh~{` `y{ãf ocy tete`fkcy kòcy mpj`~`y me~cfkh co M`kehkíc& Ohy y`fk`~hy u ohy ~ì~`hy y` pf`f `f ò~íh sp` cooí cdopu` co opgc~ k` jp`gh k` ohy ahmn~`y& @o tcoo` `y{ã efioefckh|h~ cmnhy ockhy ypct`m`f{` aciec ò mc~& K`yk` ocy acne{ciehf`y u ohyncóhy y` `q{e`fk`f `f {h~fh y`fkcy k` ihmpfeiciehf`y/ ct`fekcy u icmefhyyhmn~`ckhy |h~ ã~nho`y2 ò ypòh `y{ã ipne`~{h k` ae`~nc co{c/ t`~k`/ ihf jc~kef`y k` d~p{cy/ |eick`~hy u oezcy& @o |cfh~cmc `y `y|oåfkekh/ oo`fh kìhoefcy/ ~`nhycf{`y k` t`~kh~/ ihf mpiac d~p{c/ `y|ìecom`f{` ptcy& Y` aci`cah~c oc y`gpfkc ihyìac kò cóh&J`yúy |`~mcfìeù i`~ic k` oc |c~{` kò ocgh khfk` acníc pf con`~gp` k`tecj`~hy& Y` ~`pfeù oc g`f{` jpf{h c Åo/ u J`yúy `fy`óù kòcf{` kò con`~gpìhf mpiac mcfy`kpmn~`& Acníc mpiacy mpj`~`y hu`fkh oc |~`keicieùf& Coc mcócfc yegpe`f{` a` tey{h ci`~ic~y` mpiacy |`sp`ócy `mnc~iciehf`y kòM`kehkíc kò ocgh khfk` `y{cncf ohy ncóhy2 pf g~p|h k` ohy |~efie|co`yahmn~`y t`fícf c efte{c~ c J`yúy c |cyc~ co h{~h ockh c `fy`óc~& J`yúycii`keù u y` ahy|`kù `f pf con`~gp` khfk` y` o` keh coem`f{h& @fy`óù |h~ ocmcócfc co d~`yih u |h~ oc {c~k` `f pfc ihoefe{c/ kòcf{` kò con`~gp`/ ncjh ocyhmn~c k` ohy ã~nho`y& Oc mcuh~ |c~{` k` ohy hu`f{`y `y{cnc k` |e` `f {h~fhk` Åo/ u k` h{~h ockh ocy mpj`~`y ihf tòhy& ^èfcnc cspí pf h~k`f

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mcfed`y{c~hf mpu ihf{`f{hy u yc{eydìahy& @fy`óù ihf hicyeùf k` oc|p~edeicieùf |h~ m`keh k` ocy cgpcy/ k` oc cmey{ck sp` ~èfcnc cspí `f{~` ocyhie`kck/ k` oc egpcokck u kò y`f{eme`f{h k` ihfdecfzc sp` y` fh{cnc `f{~`òohy& \cyù c acnoc~ kò mey{`~eh k` ocy cgpcy/ k` oc |p~edeicieùf k` ohy|ìckhy/ kò cgpc kò ncp{eymh/ k` Jpcf/ k` oc a`~mcfkck k` ohy ncp{ezckhy

u k` ohy ihft`~{ekhy& Pyù tc~ecy ihm|c~ciehf`y kò a`~mhyh {e`m|h kò cóh/kò |ceycj`/ k` ocy mhf{cócy/ k` ohy ã~nho`y/ k` ohy d~p{hy u kò gcfckh sp`|ciíc |h~ ohy icm|hy/ `f/ def/ k` {hkh oh sp` `y{cnc c oc tey{c& A` tey{h spòhy hu`f{`y y` encf icmnecfkh h~k`fckcm`f{`/ {p~fãfkhy`/ u J`yúy ~`|`{ícypy ihm|c~ciehf`y u `fy`ócfzcy c ohy fp`thy g~p|hy& A` tey{h `fd`~mhy k`gh{c sp` y` c~~cy{~cncf `f {h~fh& Oc mcuh~ |c~{` k` `y{c g`f{` `~cf`m|o`ckhy u hdeieco`y sp` y` ~ì~`cncf& Ohy ihfhií `f ypy t`y{ekhy ipcfkhcncfkhfcncf ò opgc~ u y` mc~iacncf c yp hdeieh h `m|o`h& Ipcfkh `y{cncfcspí {hkhy t`y{ícf egpco: ohy ahmn~`y k` defc ocfc cmc~eooc/ ihmh `f ycihyk` ipc{~h |c~{`y key{ef{cy sp` oo`gcncf acy{c oc ~hkeooc2 ohy |e`y icozckhy ihfycfkcoecy u h{~hy yef òocy& Oc |c~{` yp|`~eh~ kò ip`~|h oc {`fícf ipne`~{c |h~

pfc `y|ìe` k` `yic|poc~eh cne`~{h c ohy ockhy ihf pfc cfiac dcjc `f ocief{p~c& @f ohy ahmn~hy oo`tcncf pfc {òc acy{c ò ihkh u oc icn`zc oc {`fícfk`yipne`~{c&@y{hy ahmn~`y y` `f{~`{`fícf `f ket`~yhy jp`ghy: |ò`cncf ihf `y|ckcy k`|cohy u ih~czcy k` ahjcy {`jekcy2 y` cihm`{ícf `f deocy pfhy ihf{~c h{~hy{~c{cfkh k` k`ycohjc~y` k` ypy deocy& Ih~~ícf ic~~`~cy acy{c pf |pf{h dejh hyco{cncf yhn~` ip`~kcy {`fkekcy h ihf yh~{ejcy k` ocy ipco`y ihogcncf {hkciocy` k` hnj`{hy n~eoocf{`y& Ih~~ícf c {~ctåy k` c~ihy khfk` ihogcncf hnj`{hysp` fh k`nícf {hic~/ |p`y yhfcncf co ihf{ci{h u icícf co ypòh u cyí |`~kícfò jp`gh y`gúf ò fúm`~h k` hnj`{hy icíkhy& Jpgcncf |h~ d~p{cy& Pfhy{hicncf docp{cy/ u h{~hy {`fícf pfhy {pnhy oc~ghy c {~ctåy k` ohy ipco`yme~cncf c key{cfiec h ò |ceycj` kò mc~/ u ihf ohy meymhy/ yh|ocfkhck`f{~h/ c~~hjcncf doìacy ihf{~c ohy |ì`y& A` tey{h sp` `y{hy {pnhy ohyc~~hoocncf ihmh cfeoohy |c~c {`f`~ohy ihogckhy co n~czh& A` tey{h sp` |hfícfnhoe{cy k` tek~eh k` ihoh~ yhn~` oc |pf{c k` `y{hy {pnhy u op`gh/ mhteåfkhohyihf{~c ò yho/ y` `y|`jcnc `f òohy ò |ceycj`/ |`~h co ~`tåy/ u |c~ìíc sp` òmc~ `y{cnc yhn~` ypy icn`zcy u k`yc|c~ìíc& Ihf `y{h u h{~hy`f{~`{`feme`f{hy y` co`g~cncf u ket`~{ícf& Acníc d~p{cy mpu a`~mhycy/`y|ìecom`f{` ptcy/ u a` tey{h sp` cogpfhy/ ihf {hkc ~`t`~`fiec u cg~ckh/{~cícf c J`yúy u o` hd~ìícf ocy m`jh~`y d~p{cy&Ocy tete`fkcy k` ocy mpj`~`y `y{ãf kò h{~h ockh kò ocgh/ cpfsp` ohy ncóhy

`y{ãf k` `y{` ockh/ |`~h mãy aciec ò H`y{`/ k` mhkh sp` k` oc |c~{` k` ohyahmn~`y fh y` t` cooã& @f oc h~eooc kò `y{cfsp` a` tey{h feóhy t`y{ekhy kòcfc nocfic sp` gpecncf u aciícf fckc~ k` pf ockh c h{~h ihf ypy ~cme{cy k`ycpi` tc~eh|ef{cy c ncfkckcy k` ct`y cipã{eicy& @o cgpc kò ocgh u kò mc~



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`y nhmn`ckc acy{c c~~enc/ c ohy ncóhy k` ohy con`~gp`y/ u cooí c|~`yckc `f~`gp`~cy u o`tcf{ckc k` fp`th& A` tey{h c ocy mpj`~`y `f{~`{`fekcy `fket`~yhy jp`ghy yhn~` oc |~ck`~c& @y{cncf t`y{ekcy ihf {hkc mhk`y{ec/ ihfoc~gcy t`y{em`f{cy k` ocfc nocfic/ k` mpiahy |oe`gp`y u khy dcjcy sp` ocyypj`{cncf& Ocy mcfgcy cfiacy |hkícf y`~ o`tcf{ckcy h ncjckcy u `f {h~fh k`

ocy mcfhy {`fícf gh~gp`~cy ihf mpiahy |oe`gp`y& Oo`tcncf pfc `y|ìe` k`gh~~c ihf |opmcy k` y`kc h |opmcy fc{p~co`y/ sp` `f ií~ipohy ickc t`z mãy`y{~ìahy ipn~ícf {hkc oc icn`zc2 k`{~ãy `y{cnc ~ìhgekc u ihogcnc acieccncjh {`~mefcfkh ihf pfc nh~oc& Fh oo`tcncf tòh/ |`~h yí kòcf{` k` oc ic~cihmh khy |c~{`y k` pf cncfeih {~cfy|c~`f{`/ sp` o`y ipn~íc acy{c oc fc~ez usp` {`fíc khy cn`~{p~cy |c~c ohy hjhy& \hkícf ncjc~oh h ~`{e~c~oh y`gúf ohk`y`cncf/ |c~c |~h{`g`~y` ihf{~c ò yho& @f |~`y`fiec k` ohy ahmn~`yoo`tcncf `y{` cf{edcz ye`m|~` ncjh& A` tey{h sp` `y{cy mpj`~`y |~ci{eicncfpf jp`gh co`g~`& Ickc pfc k` òocy oo`tcnc ypj`{c `f yp dcjc `f {h~fh kòip`~|h pf oczh u ihf pfc mcfh ypj`{cncf ò oczh k` oc tìefc/ {`fe`fkh och{~c mcfh oen~`& @f oc |~ck`~c acníc hipo{h pf kej` h pfc coacjc u ò ií~ipoh

enc kcfkh tpò{cy `f {h~fh acy{c sp` te`fkh pfc k` ocy mpj`~`y oc coacjc/ yèfioefcnc |c~c {hmc~oc2 ocy k`mãy kcncf tpò{c |~hf{cm`f{` co ií~ipoh ume`f{~cy h{~c y` efioefcnc |c~c coicfzc~ oc coacjc/ k`nícf yhy{`f`~y` |c~c fhic`~ pfc yhn~` h{~c2 c tì`y icícf c |`yc~ kò `ydp`~zh |h~ yhy{`f`~y`/ u`f{hfi`y `~c oc ~eyc u oc ket`~yeùf k` {hkcy&



334

N

QOET

J`yúy `f N`{poec

`{poec `y{ã ye{pckc c pfc ah~c u m`kec co Yp~ kò mc~/ `f pfc co{p~cncy{cf{` yhoe{c~ec u cg~`y{`& [e`f` c~~enc pfc g~cf {h~~` u mpiahy

mp~hy k`~~pekhy& K`n` acn`~ yekh mãy g~cfk` u mãy dp`~{` `f h{~c å|hic2cah~c i~ì`f ã~nho`y u |ocf{cy yhn~` `y{hy mp~hy u y` |hk~íc e~ ihf ic~~hy`fiemc k` òohy& K`yk` ò opgc~ k` ohy ncóhy a` tey{h g`f{` sp` |cy`cncfyhn~` `y{cy ~pefcy/ yhn~` oc mhf{cóc& Cspí `y khfk` `y{pth Jpke{a& @o`jå~ie{h k` Ahohd`~f`y y` `q{`fkíc k`yk` ò mc~/ c {~ctåy k` oc gc~gcf{c k`Jh{c|c{c/ acy{c Kh{aãf/ cogpfcy ah~cy co M`kehkíc k` N`{poec& Cspí acnícg`f{`y k` oc iepkck k` Jh{c|c{c2 |`~h fh hu`~hf oc |~`keicieùf k` J`yúy/ yefhsp` thote`~hf c Jh{c|c{c u ihf{c~hf cooí sp` J`yúy `y{cnc `f ò opgc~ k` ohyncóhy& Jh{c|c{c `y{ã ye{pckc c pfc ah~c u m`kec k` cspí co @y{`/ icmefcfkhco M`kehkíc/ `kedeickc `f pfc `f{~ckc k` oc mhf{cóc ihmh `f pfc ip`tc&Kòcf{` {e`f` pfc mhf{cóc k`yk` oc ipco y` |p`k` e~ c oc iepkck c {~ctåy k`

cg~`y{`y u |~hdpfkcy `qictciehf`y& @y{ã `kedeickc `f pfc sp`n~ckc/ me`f{~cyoc mhf{cóc `y{ã c~~enc& Co Fh~{` k` `y{c mhf{cóc/ ihmh c khy ah~cy k`key{cfiec/ `y{ã Mcgkcopm/ co nh~k` k` pf |~ìe|eieh/ u ypy co~`k`kh~`y k`ct`fekcy/ jc~kef`y u {hkc iocy` k` {h~~`y y` `q{e`fk`f acy{c oc me{ck kò|~ìe|eieh& @f{~` oc mhf{cóc u Mcgkcopm `qey{`f ohy ~`y{hy k` pfhy icfco`yk` cgpc sp` cah~c `y{ãf ipne`~{hy k` ae`~ncy u c {~ctåy k` ypy c~ickcy y`|p`k` ihf{`m|oc~ ò |cfh~cmc k` ohy co~`k`kh~`y& Co Yp~ k` Jh{c|c{c y` t`pfc mhf{cóc cg~`y{` u c k`~ìac ` ezspe`~kc acu nc~~cfihy& @~c pfc`y|oåfkekh ̀ yihfk~ejh&Tetícf cspí mpiahy a`~hkecfhy/ spe`f`y `f pf mp~h k` oc dh~{co`zc {`fícfypy ~`pfehf`y yì~`{cy& @y{c yì{c y` ihm|hfíc k` g`f{` mpu cteyckc/|~pk`f{`/ eopy{~ckc u y` ~`gíc ihf yp|`~eh~ yì~`{h& [`fícf y`óco`ymey{`~ehycy |h~ ocy ipco`y y` ihfhiícf u ohy j`d`y |hkícf ycn`~ ye cogúfme`mn~h {~ceiehfcnc `f cogh c oc yhie`kck2 fh ~ìp`~kh cah~c `f spå dh~mcoh oo`gcncf c ycn`~& @~cf `f`meghy yì~`{hy k` ohy ~hmcfhy u yìhm|~hm`{ícf c {~cncjc~ |h~ oc icpyc k` A`~hk`y& Cpfsp` `~cf yì~`{cm`f{`yìpci`y k` ohy yckpi`hy/ |cycncf |h~ dc~ey`hy u |`fycncf p{eoezc~ cmnhy|c~{ekhy |c~c ypy def`y& Ycnícf ne`f sp` `~c ò {e`m|h kò ^ù k` ohy jpkíhy u|`fycncf ycic~ |~htìah k` `yc g`f`~co i~``fiec& @f oh `q{`~eh~ `~cf `fg`f`~co mcfyhy u cmcno`y/ |`~h `f oh ef{`~eh~ mcspefcncf {~ceiehf`y& @fipcf{h c ~òegeùf/ fh {`fícf fefgpfc2 |`~h ncjh |~`{`q{h k` ~òegeùf

{~cncjcncf |h~ pf ~èfh {`m|h~co oen~` k` ohy ~hmcfhy& A`~hk`y ohydcth~ìíc k` {hkcy mcf`~cy& Ipcfkh ohy k` oc yefcghgc k` Jh{c|c{cihfhie`~hf oc i`~icfíc k` J`yúy mcfkc~hf cogpfhy a`~hkecfhy c ohy ncóhy k`N`{poec/ |c~c `y|ec~oh ` efte{c~oh c e~ c Jh{c|c{c& J`yúy fh o`y keh pfc



337

~`y|p`y{c ioc~c& Acnícf oo`gckh {cmneåf pfhy ye`{` keyií|pohy k` J`yúy/ sp`cf{`y cfkpte`~hf ihf Åo cogpfcy y`mcfcy& @~cf keyií|pohy cf{egphy k` Jpcf/cogpfhy |c~e`f{`y k` A`n~ùf u pfh k` ohy yhn~efhy k` oc \`sp`óc Yådh~ey& Ohacnícf npyickh `f Gcoeo`c u oh `fihf{~c~hf cspí `f N`{poec&A` tey{h c J`yúy kp~cf{` ò kíc {~c{c~ ihf dcmeoec~ekck c cogpfhy: k`n`f y`~

cogpfhy k` ypy yìpci`y& Ipcfkh ohy a`~hkecfhy thote`~hf c yp iepkck/ y`|~`|c~ù co |p`noh |c~c ò icyh sp` J`yúy dp`y` c |~`keic~& Y` o` kejh co|p`noh sp` `~c |hyeno` sp` ò |~hd`{c k` Fczc~`{ tefe`~c |c~c ò |~ùqemhYãnckh k`yk` N`{poec c Jh{c|c{c2 sp` acníc aìah pf g~cf `y|ì{ãipoh òYãnckh |cyckh `f Icdc~fcúm u ò Yãnckh cf{`~eh~ `f Fczc~`{& Y` o`ycteycnc |c~c sp` fh y` k`jcy`f y`kpie~ fe ciocmc~oh2 fh k`jc~oh acnoc~mpiah {e`m|h/ u sp`/ fh ne`f kej`~c cogh efihm|~`fyeno` h `q{~cóh/ y` oèf{`~~pm|e`~c ihf thi`y u ypyp~~hy2 cyí y` |~`|c~cnc co |p`noh |c~c ocoo`gckc k` J`yúy& J`yúy/ `f{~`{cf{h/ {pth pfc y`fieooc ihft`~ycieùf `f ohyncóhy k` N`{poec& Acníc mpiahy ahmn~`y `f {h~fh k` Åo u Åo enc `f m`kehk` òohy& K`{~ãy u c ie`~{c key{cfiec acníc `fd`~mhy k` gh{c sp` fì`ye{cncf

ohy ncóhy {`~mco`y kò opgc~ u sp` fh y` acnícf c{~`tekh c ci`~ic~y` c J`yúy&Åy{` ~`|e{eù oh sp` acníc keiah cu`~ u cf{`cu`~ u ohy `qah~{ù c oc oem|e`zc kòhy |ìckhy&[hkhy oh cmcncf cspí u cogpfhy kej`~hf: .Y`óh~/ `f t`~kck/ ò sp` {``yipiac fh |p`k` ihf{~ckìe~{`.& J`yúy |~`gpf{ù: .Thyh{~hy acnåey híkhacnoc~ mpiah k` Mí h m` acnåey híkh& ¸Spå |`fyãey sp` yhu Uh8.^`y|hfke`~hf cogpfhy: .Y`óh~/ [ú `~`y pf |~hd`{c.& H{~hy: .[ú `~`y mãy sp`pf |~hd`{c& Fefgúf |~hd`{c ac `fy`óckh ihmh [ú/ fefgpfh ac hn~ckh oh sp`[ú hn~cy.& H{~hy icoocncf& U J`yúy/ sp` t`íc oh sp` |`fycncf ohy spìcoocncf/ kejh/ me~ãfkhohy: .Åy{hy {e`f`f ~czùf.& Pfh k` òohy-kejh: .Y`óh~/[ú oh |p`k`y {hkh& ¸@y {hkh t`~kck8 Cogpfhy kei`f sp` acy ~`ypie{ckh c ohymp`~{hy/ c oc aejc k` Jce~h.& Y` ~`d`~íc co Jce~h k` pfc iepkck fh o`jhy k`Gen`c/ khfk` acníc yekh ic{`spezckh cspò |p`noh {cf |`~kekh& J`yúy~`y|hfkeù: .Yí.& U cspåo acnoù {hkctíc |~`gpf{ãfkho` |h~ spå tetíc cspòahmn~` `f opgc~ {cf |`~kekh& Acnoù J`yúy `f{hfi`y k` oc dp`f{` `f òk`ye`~{h/ u sp` `y fc{p~co u np`fh sp` ohy docihy {`fgcf pf gpíc&Ihmh ohy ahmn~`y oh {~c{cncf ihf {cf{c dcmeoec~ekck/ J`yúy |~`gpf{ù: .¸Spåycnåey thyh{~hy k` Me8 ¸Spå hy kei`f k` mcoh yhn~` me \`~yhfc8. Kej`~hfcogpfhy: .Kei`f sp` [ú fh k`jcy k` hn~c~ `f kíc Yãnckh u ycfcy c ohy`fd`~mhy.& @f{hfi`y y`ócoù J`yúy pf `y{cfsp` oo`fh k` jpfihy/ khfk` acnícpfhy feóhy k` |cy{h~`y sp` ipekcncf ih~k`~e{hy u cfemcoe{hy |`sp`óhy/ ukejh: .Me~ck c ohy |`sp`óhy |cy{h~`y u c `yhy {e`~fhy cfemcoe{hy& Ye pfh k``yhy ih~k`~e{hy ic` `f ò |cf{cfh ¸fh sp`kcf ohy h{~hy cooí ncocfkh u kcfkhthi`y {~ey{`y8 U ye `yhy feóhy fh |pke`~cf cupkc~ c `y` ih~k`~e{h u |cyc~c `fkíc k` Yãnckh/ ò Aejh kò kp`óh k` `yhy ih~k`~e{hy/ mcfkckh `q|~`ycm`f{`



331

|c~c cupkc~ c `yhy ih~k`~hy u c|ci`f{c~ohy/ ¸fh y` ihm|ckì`~ã k` `yhyih~k`~hy u ohy ycic~ã kò |cf{cfh8. @f{hfi`y o`tcf{c~hf {hkhy ocy mcfhy `fco{h/ ihmh ohy feóhy `f ò ic{ìeymh/ u kej`~hf: .Yí/ yí/ oh ac~ã.& .¸U ye `fopgc~ k` y`~ ih~k`~e{hy/ dp`y`f aeje{hy kò \ck~` iò`y{eco ohy icíkhy8&&& ¸yedp`y`f tp`y{~hy a`~mcfhy8&&& ¸ye dp`yèy thyh{~hy meymhy8&&& ¸Fh k`n`~íc ò

Aejh kò \ck~` iò`y{eco cupkc~ c `yhy a`~mcfhy8&&&. [hkhy iocmc~hf k`fp`th: .Yí/ yí.& Op`gh/ y`ócocfkh c ohy ahmn~`y `fd`~mhy sp` `y{cncf ckey{cfiec/ kejh J`yúy: .¸Tèy c `yhy ahmn~`y `fd`~mhy8 ¸Fh k`n`~åcupkc~ohy ye m` oh |ek`f `f kíc k` Yãnckh8 ¸Fh k`n`f hn{`f`~ |`~kùf kòhy |ìckhy/ ye oh |ek`f `f kíc k` yãnckh8 ¸Fh |hk~ãf ò Yãnckhc~~`|`f{e~y` u iocmc~ co ieòh8. O`tcf{c~hf {hkhy ocy mcfhy u kej`~hf: .Yí/ yí.&@f{hfi`y J`yúy oocmù c cspòohy `fd`~mhy/ sp` y` ci`~ic~hf|`yckcm`f{` c Åo& O`y kejh cogpfcy |cocn~cy k` d`/ h~ù ihf òohy u o`ymcfkù: .@q{`fk`k tp`y{~cy mcfhy.& @q{`fke`~hf `f{hfi`y ocy mcfhyihf{~cíkcy aciec Åo& J`yúy |cyù ocy mcfhy yhn~` ypy n~czhy/ yh|où yhn~` ypymcfhy yhoh pf mhm`f{h/ u òohy y` yef{e`~hf ycfhy u |pke`~hf mht`~ ypy

n~czhy u mcfhy& J`yúy o`y kejh sp` dp`~cf c ncóc~y` u o`y mcfkù cny{`f`~y` kìe`~{cy n`nekcy& @oohy y` ìac~hf k` ~hkeoocy/ ke`~hf g~ciecy u {hkc oc~`pfeùf y` k`yaezh `f cocncfzcy u ciieùf k` g~ciecy&



335

I

QOT

J`yúy `f Jh{c|c{c

hmh J`yúy speye`~c co`jc~y` k` cooí/ o` ~hgcncf y` sp`kcy` cogúf {e`m|hmãy2 y` mhy{~cncf oo`fhy k` cmh~ u y` y`f{ícf mpu ihfmhtekhy& J`yúy

o`y kejh sp` {`fíc sp` e~ c h{~hy opgc~`y |c~c ipm|oe~ yp meyeùf2 o`cihm|cóc~hf pf {~ìah kò icmefh `f ihm|cóíc k` ypy keyií|pohy/ u op`gh ohyn`fkejh u y` ke~egeù c Jh{c|c{c/ ihmh c ah~c u m`kec aciec ò @y{`& @~c oc {c~kìpcfkh J`yúy oo`gcnc& Kòcf{` k` oc iepkck y` octù ohy |e`y u ihmeù `f pfcon`~gp`& Oo`gckhy c Jh{c|c{c ohy keyií|pohy |~ì`ke`~hf u dp`~hf c |`ke~ ocyooct`y k` oc yefcghgc co j`d` k` òoc |c~c ò Mc`y{~h sp` sp`~íc `fy`óc~&Cipkeù mpiac g`f{`& Ohy dc~ey`hy u ohy a`~hkecfhy `y{cncf oo`fhy k``q|ì{c{etc |c~c `y|ec~oh `f yp `fy`ócfzc&Ipcfkh `y{pth `f oc yefcghgc o` aeie`~hf |~`gpf{cy yhn~` oc |~hqemekck kò~èfh/ yhn~` oc ip`f{c u ò ipm|oeme`f{h k` ocy y`mcfcy k` Kcfeò u yhn~` oct`fekc kò M`yícy& J`yúy {pth pfc oc~gc `fy`ócfzc k` `y{h k`mhy{~cfkh ò

ipm|oeme`f{h k` ocy |~hdìícy u ò {å~mefh kò {e`m|h/ sp` `~c ò |~`y`f{`&Acnoù k` Jpcf u k` yp |~hdìíc& Kej`~hf òohy/ `f {hfh ae|ùi~e{c/ sp` `f ypy`fy`ócfzcy u mhkh k` hn~c~ hny`~tcy` ohy pyhy k` ohy jpkíhy/ sp` me~cy`|h~ Yí uc sp` ycníc sp` Jpcf acníc yekh {hmckh |~`yh& Oh sp` Åo kejh kòipm|oeme`f{h k` ocy y`mcfcy k` Kcfeò u k` oc |~hqemekck kò M`yícy u^ù k` ohy jpkíhy `~c `qci{h u `~c {cmneåf ò |c~ì`~ k` òohy2 |`~h sp` fht`ícf co M`yícy |h~ fefgúf ockh |h~ khfk` me~cy`f& J`yúy acníc kìoc~ckhocy |~hdìícy `f g`f`~co yhn~` yp \`~yhfc u òohy oh acnícf `f{`fkekh cyí2|`~h y` aciícf ohy egfh~cf{`y/ ihmh sp` fh apne`y`f `f{`fkekh& K`y`cncfsp` Åo kej`y` ioc~cm`f{` sp` `~c ò M`yícy |c~c cipyc~oh& Kíjho` `f{hfi`yJ`yúy: .£Thyh{~hy `y{ãey defge`fkh u yhey ae|ùi~e{cy# Hy c|c~{ãey k` Mí u m`cnh~~ìåey& Thyh{~hy `y|eãey mey |cocn~cy u sp`~åey ihf ohy yckpi`hy aci`~pf fp`th ihm|oh{ ihmh `f oc \cyipc |cyckc `f J`~pycoåf& ¸Spå m` `y{ãeykeie`fkh sp` m` gpc~k` k` A`~hk`y u m` ~ìh~kãey oc |~eyeùf k` Jpcf8.Op`gh o`y m`fiehfù c oc ic~c {hkhy ohy i~ím`f`y k` A`~hk`y/ {hkhy ypycy`yefc{hy/ yp {`mh~ `f |~`y`fiec kò ~ìeåf fciekh ^ù k` ohy jpkíhy/ yp`qì~cno` mc{cfzc k` ohy efhi`f{`y u yp cnhmefcno` def/ ihmh {cmneåf ohyi~ím`f`y k` yp ypi`yh~/ ò ckpo{`~eh k` Cf{e|cy u oc |~eyeùf k` Jpcf& Acnoù{cmneåf k` oc ae|ùi~e{c u yì~`{c yì{c k` ohy a`~hkecfhy/ sp` `y{ãf `fihmnefcieùf ihf ohy yckpi`hy/ u kejh spå M`yícy u spå ~èfh k` Kehy`y|`~cncf& Y`ócoù `f ket`~ycy ke~ìiehf`y u cóckeù: .Fh |hk~ãf fckc ihf{~c

Mí me`f{~cy fh acuc ipm|oekh me meyeùf& Cúf {`fgh sp` c{~ct`yc~ khytì`y oc Ycmc~ec/ oc Jpk`c u oc Gcoeo`c& Acnåey tey{h g~cfk`y |~hkegehy `fMí: t`~åey cúf mãy g~cfk`y u sp`kc~åey ie`ghy/ c |`yc~ k` {hkh.& Op`ghacnoù kò jpeieh/ k` oc mc{cfzc k` ohy |~hd`{cy u kò icy{egh yhn~` J`~pycoåf&



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Ohy a`~hkecfhy/ sp` y` gpc~kcncf k` c|c~ì`~ c oc opz/ y` |pye`~hf |ãoekhyipcfkh J`yúy acnoù k` ohy i~ím`f`y k` A`~hk`y u |pnoeiù ohy yì~`{hyef{`f{hy k` oc yì{c& Icooc~hf u cncfkhfc~hf |hih c |hih oc yefcghgc/ ihmh{cmneåf ohy yckpi`hy sp` {`fícf `f ypy mcfhy oc `yipòc& Fh acníc cspí dc~ey`hy& Ipcfkh `y{pth yhoh ihf ohy ye`{` keyií|pohy u ò |p`noh/ `fy`óù

oc~gh {e`m|h cúf& Mpiahy `y{cncf ihfmhtekhy u kìícf sp` jcmãy acnícfhíkh {co `fy`ócfzc/ u sp` J`yúy `fy`ócnc m`jh~ sp` ypy mc`y{~hy& Åy{hy y`m`jh~c~hf u mãy {c~k` o` yegpe`~hf& Pfc |c~{` ihfyek`~cno` kò |p`noh/ `ficmneh/ cypy{ckh |h~ ohy a`~hkecfhy/ mp~mp~cncf ` aeie`~hf {pmpo{h&@f{hfi`y cncfkhfù J`yúy oc iepkck u y` dp` icmefcfkh ihf ypy keyií|pohyaciec ò Yp~/ |h~ ò tcoo`/ u ypne`fkh `f pf |c~ k` ah~cy pf icm|h kìhyìac `f{~` N`{poec u G`ff`n~ey/ `f{~ù `f oc icyc `y|ciehyc k` pf |cy{h~kò opgc~& @f `yc icyc acníc g`f{` np`fc sp` uc o` ihfhiíc& Ocy ycf{cympj`~`y yhoícf |`~fhi{c~ cspí d~ìp`f{`m`f{` ipcfkh encf icmefh k`N`{cfec/ u ohy m`fycj`~hy |c~cncf ipcfkh encf u t`fícf ihf |c~{`y k` J`yúyu k` ocy ycf{cy mpj`~`y&



3>3

J

QOTE

J`yúy `f ò icm|h k` ihyìac k` Kh{acem

`yúy `fy`óù cspí `f `y{` icm|h acie`fkh ihm|c~ciehf`y yhn~` ò ih~{`/oc ihyìac u ò c{ckh k` ocy `y|egcy: `y ò meymh icm|h khfk` mãy

{c~k`/ |cycfkh ihf ypy keyií|pohy/ {hmù cogpfcy `y|egcy k`yg~cfãfkhocy|c~c ihm`~ocy& Åo enc k` pf g~p|h c h{~h k` ohy {~cncjckh~`y u acnocnc kòy`mn~ckh~ u kò icm|h |`k~`ghyh/ |h~sp` ò ypòh `y{cnc cspí {cmneåfoo`fh k` |e`k~cy& Kìíc sp` Åo acníc t`fekh |c~c jpf{c~ ohy np`fhy g~cfhy/ uihf{ù oc |c~ãnhoc k` oc iezcóc `f{~` ò np`f g~cfh& Ihm|c~ù oc ihyìac ihfò ~èfh k` Kehy& Ihf{cnc oc |c~ãnhoc `f ohy k`yicfyhy kò {~cncjh ` enc k`pf icm|h c h{~h& Ohy {coohy sp`kcncf cooí co{hy2 yùoh ocy `y|egcy `~cfih~{ckcy u c{ckcy `f dh~mc k` i~pz& \h~ oc {c~k` {pth pfc g~cf `fy`ócfzckòcf{` k` {hkhy ohy {~cncjckh~`y/ {`~mefckc oc ihyìac/ `f pfc ihoefe{c& Ihfhicyeùf k` pf c~~huh sp` cooí ih~~íc/ acnoù kò ip~yh mcfyh u {~cfspeoh sp`{~c` n`fkeieùf/ k` oc g~ciec sp` |cyc/ `q|~`ycfkh sp` y` k`n` ke~ege~ `yc

g~ciec yhn~` ò icm|h k` fp`y{~h ih~czùf& K`y|påy `fteù c khy keyií|pohyk` Jpcf aciec Cefùf |c~c sp` kej`y`f c ohy keyií|pohy sp` cooí `y{cncf y`dp`y`f c Mcia`~py c {~cfspeoezc~ co |p`noh/ |p`y ycníc J`yúy sp` y` acníc|~hkpiekh pf g~cf {pmpo{h `f Mcia`~py |h~ icpyc k` Jpcf& @f `dì{h/acnícf oo`gckh mpiahy ncp{ezcfkhy c Cefùf/ u ipcfkh hu`~hf sp` ò |~hd`{cacníc yekh {hmckh |~`yh |h~ A`~hk`y/ y` ke~ege`~hf c Mcia`~py u mpiahy`m|`zc~hf c iocmc~ sp` k`jcy`f oen~` c Jpcf/ sp` {`fíc sp` `fy`óc~ uncp{ezc~2 c~~hjc~hf {cmneåf |e`k~cy ihf{~c ò icy{eooh k` A`~hk`y/ spe`f keh c`f{`fk`~ sp` fh `y{cnc cooí/ me`f{~cy mcfkù c i`~~c~ ne`f ocy |p`~{cy |h~ ohygpc~kecy&\h~ oc {c~k` `fy`óù J`yúy `f h{~c icyc k` |cy{h~`y/ i`~ic k` G`ff`n~ey/acie`fkh ihm|c~ciehf`y/ `f{~` h{~cy oc kò g~cfh k` mhy{czc& @o ahmn~` `fipuc icyc y` cohjcnc y` sp`jù ihf J`yúy k` pf tìefh sp` o` acníc aìahmpiah kcóh k`yk` aciíc {e`m|h `f yp icm|h/ hn~cfkh ihf{~c jpy{eiec& J`yúydp` ihf ò ahmn~` co icm|h |ekeåfkho` sp` efkeic~c kùfk` u ipãf{h `~c òkcóh |ckìekh& @~c pf |`kczh ncy{cf{` ihfyek`~cno` k` icm|h ò sp` y` oàcníc spe{ckh u ò ahmn~` y` ocm`f{cnc k` sp` fh |hkíc `f{`fk`~y` ihf yptìefh& J`yúy o` |~`gpf{ù ye ihf oh sp` {`fíc |hkíc cúf mcf{`f`~y` åo u ypdcmeoec/ u ò ahmn~` ~`y|hfkeù sp` yí/ sp` {`fíc pfc np`fc `f{~ckc/ c |`yc~k` {hkh& ^`|oeiù `f{hfi`y ò Y`óh~ sp` fckc acníc |`~kekh2 sp` fckc fhyc|~htìac/ me`f{~cy y` {e`f` |c~c |cyc~ oc tekc/ `yh ncy{c2 sp` cúf ke`y` mãy

c cspò ahmn~` efyciecno` |c~c sp` ihf{`f{cy` yp acmn~` k` ne`f`y {`~~`fhy&O` kejh sp` {hkh oh sp` åo k`jcy` cspí ihf ãfemh co`g~` |c~c mcf{`f`~ oc|cz/ oh `fihf{~c~íc k` fp`th `f yp ~èfh2 sp` cspò ahmn~` hn~cnc kìhfdh~mekck ihf yp ek`co/ sp` `~c {`f`~ pf ~èfh yhn~` oc {e`~~c/ u i~ì`~ u



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|~hy|`~c~ `f `y{` mpfkh u sp` fckc sp`~íc ycn`~ k` h{~h ~èfh2 sp` {hmcy`pfc `fy`ócfzc kò |~hi`k`~ k` cspò ahmn~` u te`~c khfk` ihft`fíc`fg~cfkì`~y` u sp` |~hip~cy` ckspe~e~ u cpm`f{c~/ ohy ne`f`y `f ò ~èfh k`Kehy& J`yúy {hmù ihmh |pf{h k` ihm|c~cieùf pf ~íh/ kò ipco kejh: ye `yem|`{phyh k` pf ockh/ ihm` u ycic {e`~~c/ k`y{~pu`fkh/ u ò h{~h/ ne`f

ke~egekh/ |p`k` d`~{eoezc~ oc {e`~~c& @~c pfc ihm|c~cieùf ihmh oc kòmcuh~khmh/ `f ipuc |c~ãnhoc y` |p`k` t`~ ò k`y`h k` ~esp`zcy u occtc~eiec {`~~`fc ihfy`gpekcy ihf cy{piec u `fgcóh/ u oh sp` k`n` aci`~ ònp`fh |c~c hn{`f`~ ohy ne`f`y `y|e~e{pco`y& @o ne`f`y{c~ {`m|h~co u {`~~`fh y`|hfíc d~`f{` co `y|e~e{pco u iò`y{eco& Oc `fy`ócfzc `~c cogh tòckc/ |`~h `~c|c~c ò icyh k` ohy jpkíhy u yp ~òegeùf2 |h~sp` {hkh oh `f{`fkícf u ohc|~ìecncf {`~~`fc u ih~|h~com`f{`&@~c `y{` ò icm|h khfk` `y{cnc ò |hzh k` Jhyå/ u J`yúy ihf{ù pf |oè{hy`m`jcf{` kò Cf{egph [`y{cm`f{h `f ò ipco Cn~caãf o` keh k` oh sp` |`kícc Oh{a& J`yúy/ `q|oeicfkh `y{h meymh/ kejh: .¸Kùfk` `y{ãf ohy aejhy kÒh{a8 @f icmneh/ ¸fh ~ìeneù Cn~caãf {hkh |h~ acn`~ k`jckh cspòoh8 ¸Fh

y` k`n` aci`~/ cicyh/ ihmh Cn~caãf8 ¸Fh y` o` ac |~hm`{ekh c åo ò ~èfh8¸Fh oh ac ~ìenekh cicyh8. U cspò ~èfh fh `y yefh pfc degp~c kò ~èfh k`Kehy/ u ò |oè{h k` Oh{a ihf{~c Cn~caãf `y pfc degp~c kò |oè{h k` `y{àhmn~` ihf yp tìefh: sp` hn~` `f{hfi`y ihmh Cn~caãf u y` cy`gp~` ò~èfh k` Kehy& J`yúy ie{ù ò |cycj` k` `y{c ip`y{eùf `f{~` Oh{a u Cn~caãf !EMheyåy/ 39-7& U acnoù oc~gh {e`m|h k` `y{` cypf{h u kò ~èfh k` Kehy3;

kòcf{` k` {hkhy ohy {~cncjckh~`y ~`pfekhy k`y|påy k` oc ihyìac& Cspòefjpy{h kp`óh kò icm|h `y{cnc |~`y`f{` ihf ypy cupkcf{`y2 |`~h y`mcf{pth yeo`fiehyh/ c ie`~{c key{cfiec& Acníc `y{` ahmn~` coìiehfckh c ohyypuhy |c~c sp` ef{`~~pm|e`~cf c J`yúy ihf cogpfcy |~`gpf{cy em|h~{pfcy&Cyí pfh k` òohy |~`gpf{ù spå `y oh sp` co def |~`{`fkíc ihf yp `fy`ócfzc uspå k`n`~íc ycic~y` k` {hkh `yh& J`yúy o` ihf{`y{ù k` mhkh sp` fckc|pke`~hf aci`~ ihf oc ~`y|p`y{c& Kejh cogh cyí ihmh oh yegpe`f{`: .\c~c pfhyy`~ã `y{c `fy`ócfzc oc~gc/ |c~c h{~hy y`~ã ih~{c./ u yegpeù acie`fkhihm|c~ciehf`y k` oc ihyìac/ kò y`mn~ckh~/ kò ~ìhg`~ ocy me`y`y/ kòk`yìac~ oc iezcóc/ u op`gh kò |cf u k` oc ihmekc k` oc tekc `{`~fc&@o ahmn~` sp` ~ìeneù c J`yúy yegpeù ypy `fy`ócfzcy: fh yùoh fh cipyù c yptìefh/ yefh sp` |pyh ypy ne`f`y c key|hyeieùf k` oc ihmpfekck i~ey{ecfc/ uypy aejhy dp`~hf keyií|pohy k` J`yúy& Acníc cspí mpiac ihft`~ycieùf yhn~òhy a`~hkecfhy/ sp`jãfkhy` oc g`f{` k` sp` {hkh oh `y|ecncf u sp` aciíc|hih acnícf cipyckh u oo`tckh c ohy {~enpfco`y k` J`~pycoåf c tc~ehyckúo{`~hy k` cspí u k` Icdc~fcúm u sp` y`~ícf jpzgckhy& K`y`cncf sp`y`m`jcf{` g`f{` dp`~c co`jckc k` `f{~` òohy/ |p`y fh |hkícf ihfdh~mc~y` k`t`~y` ye`m|~` `y|eckhy |h~ ohy a`~hkecfhy& J`yúy acnoù cne`~{cm`f{` ihf{~c`y{hy a`~hkecfhy& Kejh c ocy g`f{`y sp` y` gpc~kcy`f kò |ìckh/ |`~h



3>9

{cmneåf k` ohy jpeiehy ` ae|hi~`yíc k` ohy k`mãy& Sp` k`n` ~ìhfhi`~ ickcpfh ypy |~h|ehy |ìckhy cf{`y k` jpzgc~ c ohy k`mãy& Acnoù k` oc mcocihfkeieùf k` `y{c g`f{` u `fy`óù ihfdh~m` co ic|í{poh k` Eycícy/ sp` yàcníc o`íkh ò Yãnckh |cyckh `f oc yefcghgc/ ~`d`~`f{` k` ohy |`~~hy mpkhysp` fh ock~cf/ sp` fh `te{cf ohy |ìckhy u sp` k`ygc~~cf c ocy g`f{`y u o`y

kejh sp` `yhy a`~hkecfhy cipycncf u oo`tcncf c J`~pycoåf c ohy ckúo{`~hy/me`f{~cy yp j`d` u cmegh A`~hk`y tetíc `f ckpo{`~eh& @fy`óù {cmneåf c ocyg`f{`y iùmh ~ìhfhi`~ícf c ohy a`~hkecfhy& Acníc cspí `f ket`~ycy iahzcy`f ohy co~`k`kh~`y cogpfhy `fd`~mhy u ncokckhy |h~ ciiek`f{`y k` {~cncjh&J`yúy teye{ù `y{cy iahzcy u ycfù c ohy np`fhy u o`y kejh sp` dp`y`f3* c yp`fy`ócfzc u co {~cncjh& @oohy cyí oh aeie`~hf/ kcfkh g~ciecy u icf{cfkhcocncfzcy c Kehy&



3>;

J

QOTEE

A`~hk`y u Jpcf `f Mcia`~py

`yúy `fteù k`yk` cspí h{~hy |cy{h~`y aciec Mcia`~py ihf `fic~gh |c~cohy keyií|pohy k` Jpcf k` kìe~ co |p`noh ~`pfekh `f Mcia`~py/ sp` y`

key|`~ycy`: sp` `y{` {pmpo{h `~c hicyeùf k` mãy kp~c |~eyeùf |c~c Jpcf u|hkíc y`~ icpyc k` yp mp`~{`& A`~hk`y u yp mpj`~ `y{cncf `f{hfi`y `fMcia`~py& A` tey{h sp` A`~hk`y aezh oocmc~ c yp |~`y`fiec c Jpcf Ncp{ey{c&A`~hk`y `y{cnc y`f{ckh `f pfc g~cf ycoc i`~ic k` oc |~eyeùf k` Jpcf/ ~hk`ckhk` gpc~kecy/ k` `m|o`ckhy u k` `yi~ency/ `y|ìecom`f{` k` a`~hkecfhy uyckpi`hy& Jpcf dp` {~cíkh c {~ctåy k` pf |cyckezh c `y{c ycoc u `y{cnc k` |e`kòcf{` k` oc g~cf |p`~{c cne`~{c `f{~` ohy gpc~kecy& A` tey{h c oc mpj`~ kÀ`~hk`y/ ihf g~cf hyckíc u k`yt`~gÿ`fzc u ihf yh~fc/ |cyc~ kòcf{` k` Jpcf|c~c e~ c y`f{c~y` `f yp ò`tckh cye`f{h& @y{c mpj`~ {`fíc `f ò ~hy{~h pfcy|ì{h ket`~yh k` ocy mpj`~`y jpkícy& [hkcy ypy dh~mcy `~cf mh~kci`y ucgpkcy2 yp meymc icn`zc `f dh~mc cgpkc u ypy mhkco`y ye`m|~` `f

mhteme`f{h& @~c a`~mhyc u ne`f k`yc~~hoockc2 `f yp {~cj` mpu c{~`tekc u|~hthic{etc u mpu i`óekhy co ip`~|h ypy t`y{ekhy& K`níc y`~ hicyeùf k``yiãfkcoh |c~c {hkc |`~yhfc ne`f fciekc/ |h~sp` icp{etcnc ihf ypy hjhy occ{`fieùf k` ocy |`~yhfcy&A`~hk`y |~`gpf{ù c Jpcf sp` o` kej`y` ioc~cm`f{` oh sp` |`fycnc k` J`yúy/sp` |~hmhtíc {cf{h {pmpo{h `f Gcoeo`c: speåf `~c/ ye Åo t`fíc c hip|c~ ypopgc~/ uc sp` acníc híkh kìe~ sp` åo !Jpcf% acníc cfpfieckh yp t`fekc2 spàcy{c cah~c fh acníc |~`y{ckh mcuh~ c{`fieùf c `y` cfpfieh2 sp` cah~c o`kej`y` ioc~cm`f{` {hkh yp |c~ì`~/ |p`y{h sp` `y` Ahmn~`/ kìíc A`~hk`y/acnoc ihycy mc~cteoohycy/ acnoc k` pf ~èfh/ y` oocmc Aejh k` pf ^ù `f ypyihm|c~ciehf`y/ c |`yc~ k` sp` y` ycn` sp` `y aejh k` pf |hn~` ic~|ef{`~h&@f{hfi`y te iùmh acnoù Jpcf ihmh ye `y{pte`y` kòcf{` kò |p`noh/ ihf thz`f{hfckc u dp`~{`/ kcfkh {`y{emhfeh k` J`yúy& Kejh sp` åo fh `~c yefh pf|~`|c~ckh~ k` ohy icmefhy2 sp` åo fh `~c fckc `f yp ihm|c~cieùf2 sp` fckeàcníc yekh fe |hkíc y`~ oh sp` Åo `~c/ fe yespe`~c ohy |~hd`{cy2 sp` `~c ò Aejhkò \ck~`/ ò I~ey{h/ ò ^ù k` ohy ^ù`y/ ò Ycotckh~ u ^`y{cp~ckh~ kò~èfh2 sp` fh acníc dp`~zc cogpfc ihf{~c Åo/ sp` `~c ò Ih~k`~h k` Kehy spòo`tc ohy |ìckhy kò mpfkh/ u h{~cy ihycy y`m`jcf{`y& Cyí acnoù k` J`yúy/`f co{c thz/ oocmãfkhy` c yí meymh pf |~ìp~yh~ u |~`|c~ckh~ k` yp icmefh/u yp apmeok` ye`~th& Kejh {hkh `y{h `f {hfh {cf `fi`fkekh u {`fíc pf cy|ì{h{cf `q{~ch~kefc~eh `f yp y`~/ sp` A`~hk`y c|c~ìeù |~`yc k` g~cfkíyemh

{`mh~ u cfgpy{ec/ u {`~mefù |h~ {c|c~y` ohy híkhy |h~ fh hí~ mãy& Co def kejhc Jpcf: .[ú ycn`y sp` {` spe`~h ne`f2 |`~h {ú acnocy k` me k` pf mhkh spò`tcf{cy {pmpo{h ihf{~c me/ |h~sp` m` ~`|~hiacy ye`m|~` me icycme`f{h& Yemhk`~cy {p iòh efkeyi~`{h u ~ìhfhi`y kòcf{` kò |p`noh me icycme`f{h/ {`



3>0

k`jc~å oen~`/ u |hk~ãy e~ c `fy`óc~ u c ncp{ezc~.& @f{hfi`y o`tcf{ù Jpcf k`fp`th yp thz ihf{~c A`~hk`y/ ihf g~cf y`t`~ekck u ~`|~hiaù yp tekc kòcf{`kò |p`noh u yp mco `j`m|oh/ u cóckeù: .Uh ihfhzih {py y`f{eme`f{hy u yåsp` ~ìhfhi`y oh sp` `y jpy{h u sp` {e`mnocy cah~c kòcf{` kò jpeieh&&&/ |`~h{` acy ic~gckh ihf ycihy |`yckhy/ sp` fh {` k`jcf mht`~ u {` acy `f~`kckh

`f ohy oczhy k` oc em|p~`zc.& Oc e~c k` oc mpj`~ `f `y` mhm`f{h fh `y |c~ck`yi~ene~y`/ u A`~hk`y ihn~ù pf {`mh~ {cf g~cfk` sp` aezh co`jc~ `f y`gpekcc Jpcf u oh mcfkù |hf`~ `f h{~c |~eyeùf sp` fh {`fíc tey{c aciec cdp`~c/ k`mhkh sp` uc fh |hkíc y`~ híkh |h~ ò |p`noh& [pth A`~hk`y `y{c ~`pfeùfihf Jpcf |h~ icpyc kò {pmpo{h kò |p`noh sp` enc co ncp{eymh u |h~spàcnícf oo`gckh c ypy híkhy/ |h~ ohy a`~hkecfhy/ ocy mc~cteoocy sp` hn~cncJ`yúy&@f {hkh ò |cíy y` acnocnc k` oc jpy{eiec y`t`~c sp` y` acníc aìah `fJ`~pycoåf k` cogpfhy ckúo{`~hy sp` ohy a`~hkecfhy acnícf cipyckh u oo`tckhk`yk` Gcoeo`c& Y` kìíc sp` c ohy |`sp`óhy |ìckh~`y y` ohy icy{egcnc u c ohyg~cfk`y y` ohy k`jcnc oen~`y/ |p`y |~ìeycm`f{` ohy a`~hkecfhy `~cf cmeghy

k` A`~hk`y/ ò ckúo{`~h/ u sp` `y{` ~ù {`fíc |~`yh c Jpcf |~ìeycm`f{`|h~sp` o` ~`|~hiacnc yp ckpo{`~eh& A`~hk`y fh `y{pth ihfdh~m` ihf oh sp`ypi`kíc `f J`~pycoåf& A` tey{h iùmh `jìp{c~hf c `y{hy |ìckh~`y& Y` o`yoùù yp |ìckh u op`gh y` o`y ihfdefù `f pf opgc~ khfk` acníc pf ahuhcfghy{h/ c ipuh nh~k` `y{cncf òohy& Icícf k` caí yhn~` pfc ipiaeooc/ sp` o`yih~{cnc oc gc~gcf{c/ u cncjh acníc pfhy `fic~gckhy k` ycic~ ò ickãt`~&Icícf `f pfc mãspefc |~`|c~ckc khfk` o`y `~c ih~{ckc oc icn`zc& @~c `f òopgc~ khfk` k`y|påy dp` mp`~{h Ycf{ecgh&Co kíc yegpe`f{` J`yúy `fy`óù {hkctíc `f{~` ohy icm|`yefhy& Acnícf t`fekhCfk~åy/ Ycf{ecgh u Jpcf c `y{` opgc~ ihf J`yúy& Fc{cfcò y` `fihf{~cnc `f ypicyc `f ocy cdp`~cy k` oc iepkck k` G`ff`n~ey& J`yúy kejh c ypy keyií|pohy spè~íc c {~ctåy k` Ycmc~ec/ aciec ò Jh~kãf/ co opgc~ k` ohy ncp{eymhy& Kòicm|h khfk` J`yúy `fy`ócnc fh `y{cnc o`jhy ò |hzh k` Kh{acem/ khfk` dp`t`fkekh Jhyå |h~ ypy a`~mcfhy& Ocy g`f{`y |~`gpf{c~hf ye aciícf ne`fmcf{`fe`fkh u coem`f{cfkh c ohy {~cncjckh~`y sp` y` acnícf sp`kckhncokckhy h `fd`~mhy u uc fh |hkícf {~cncjc~& J`yúy o`y kejh sp` ipm|oícf pfk`n`~2 |`~h sp` fh y` cocncy`f |h~ òoh2 k` h{~h mhkh |`~k`~ícf yp |~`meh&Dp` op`gh c ocy iahzcy k` `yhy `fd`~mhy/ ycfù c mpiahy u ohy mcfkù c oc`fy`ócfzc u co {~cncjh&



3>4

Y

QOT[EE

J`yúy `f G`ff`n~ey

` ke~egeù J`yúy c G`ff`n~ey |c~c oc de`y{c kò yãnckh& @y{c iepkck `y {cfg~cfk` ihmh Mÿfy{`~: `y{ã ihmh c m`kec ah~c k`yk` oc co{p~c kò

icm|h khfk` `y{cnc J`yúy/ aciec ò H~e`f{`/ `f pfc ock`~c ihf jc~kef`y/ncóhy u opgc~`y k` ~ì~`h& Kò ockh k` khfk` t`fíc J`yúy `y{cnc dh~{edeickhihf zcfjcy |~hdpfkcy k` cgpc ictckcy `f ocy |e`k~cy& K`y|påy k` m`kec ah~ck` icmefh oo`gù J`yúy ihf ypy keyií|pohy c ocy mp~coocy u ocy {h~~`y k` oc|p`~{c k` oc iepkck& Acnícf oo`gckh acy{c cooí tc~ehy keyií|pohy k` ohyco~`k`kh~`y u `y{cncf ihmh khi` ipcfkh `f{~ù `f oc iepkck& @y{cncf~`pfekhy mpiahy dc~ey`hy/ yckpi`hy u a`~hkecfhy |c~c ò Yãnckh& Y` acnícf|~h|p`y{h {`fk`~ oczhy c J`yúy ihf |~`gpf{cy/ u kìícf `f{~` yí sp` `f|`sp`óhy opgc~`y `~c kedíieo aci`~oh |h~sp` cooí y` mhy{~cnc mãy hyckh/ |`~hsp` cspí/ `f{~` òohy/ fh enc c y`~ oh meymh: `y{cncf y`gp~hy k` yp {~epfdh&\h~ icpyc k` `y{c key|hyeieùf sp` oo`tcncf/ ohy mãy k` ohy |~`y`f{`y y`

mcf{pte`~hf spe`{hy u fh aeie`~hf k`mhy{~cieùf cogpfc cf{` yp t`fekc&@f{~ù yef ~pekh `f oc iepkck u ohy keyií|pohy o` octc~hf ohy |e`y `f pf opgc~dp`~c k` oc yefcghgc& Ohy `yi~ency u dc~ey`hy `y{cncf ~`pfekhy `f oc yefcghgcu ~ìene`~hf c J`yúy yef k`mhy{~ciehf`y/ ihf defgekc ~`t`~`fiec& O` k`jc~hfo``~ u `q|oeic~& J`yúy o`íc c Eycícy u `q|oeicnc& @~cf ohy |pf{hy k` 0;/ 00 u04 u y` {~c{cnc k` iùmh Kehy `y{cnoì` yp Ego`yec2 iùmh oc spe`~` `kedeic~ihy{hycm`f{`2 iùmh {hkhy k`n`f cipke~ c n`n`~ ocy cgpcy/ u ohy sp` fh{e`f`f kef`~h/ sp` cipkcf u ihmcf |cf& Y` `ydh~zc~hf |h~ yciec~ yp acmn~``f oc yefcghgc/ |`~h cooí fh acníc |cf/ u oc |cocn~c k` yp nhic !kò M`yícy%k`níc ihm|o`{c~ yp hn~c& @f ò ~èfh k` Kehy k`n`f ohy `q{~cfj`~hy/ ohy|cgcfhy/ {~cncjc~ {cmneåf u y`~ d~pi{íd`~hy/ ye {`fícf oc d`& Oocmù c ohy|cgcfhy ih~{ckhy k` oc ~cmc/ |h~sp` fh {`fícf |c~{` `f oc k`yi`fk`fiec kòM`yícy/ ihmh ohy |c{~ec~icy& J`yúy `q|oeiù {hkcy `y{cy ihycy `f ~òcieùf/ ihfyp ~èfh/ ihf oc ego`yec/ ihf ò ieòh& Ihm|c~ù {cmneåf/ c ohy mc`y{~hy|~`y`f{`y k` ohy jpkíhy c |`~~hy mpkhy/ sp` fh tegeocf/ yefh sp` ihm`f/`fgh~kcf u y` kete`~{`f& @f{`fkíc c ohy a`~hkecfhy u yckpi`hy sp` yùoh`y|ecncf u/ yef ock~c~/ cyco{cncf c ocy g`f{`y u co meymh |cy{h~& Yp`fy`ócfzc dp` mpu y`t`~c u mpu h|h~{pfc& \h~ ihfiopyeùf oùù c Mheyåy/ 0/33->5/ k` oc n`fkeieùf u k` oc mcokeieùf/ k`yk` Gc~ezem u A`nco/ u mpiahyhn~` ohy Mcfkcme`f{hy u yhn~` oc {e`~~c |~hm`{ekc& [hkh y` ~`d`~íc co ~èfhk` Kehy& Pf a`~hkecfh y` ckòcf{ù u |~`gpf{ù ihf mpiac ~`t`~`fiec k`

ipãf{hy y`~íc ò fúm`~h k` ohy sp` `f{~c~ícf `f yp ~èfh& Sp`~ícf/ ihf `y{c|~`gpf{c/ |hf`~oh `f c|~`{p~cy/ |h~sp`/ y`gúf òohy/ {hkhy ohy ie~ipfiekckhy{`fk~ícf |c~{` u/ y`gúf Åo/ acníc acnockh k` ie~ipfieyhy u k` |cgcfhy u~`|~hncnc c mpiahy jpkíhy& J`yúy fh {hiù ke~ì{cm`f{` ò |pf{h k` oc



3>7

|~`gpf{c/ yefh sp` `fy`óù `f {h~fh k` oc meymc/ oo`gcfkh c pf |pf{h spàezh efú{eo oc |~`gpf{c& O`y ~`y|hfkeù ihf h{~cy |~`gpf{cy: .¸Ipãf{hy k` ohy jpkíhy kò k`ye`~{h `f{~c~hf `f oc {e`~~c |~hm`{ekc8 ¸Cicyh acnícf |cyckh{hkhy |h~ ò Jh~kãf8 ¸Ipãf{hy `f ~`coekck acnícf |hy`íkh oc {e`~~c|~hm`{ekc8 ¸Oc acnícf |hy`íkh {hkc8 ¸Fh oc acnícf |hy`íkh cicyh `f |c~{`

ihf ohy |cgcfhy8 ¸Fh acnícf yekh fpfic k`ycohjckhy k` òoc8. O`y kejh{cmneåf sp` fcke` `f{~c~ã `f yp ~èfh yefh |h~ ò icmefh `y{~ìah u oc|p`~{c k` oc `y|hyc&M` dp` mhy{~ckh sp` `y{c |p`~{c `~c Mc~íc u oc Ego`yec/ `f oc ipco yhmhy~`fciekhy |h~ ò ncp{eymh/ u k` oc ipco fcieù ò @y|hyh/ |c~c sp` Åo fhyoo`t` c oc Ego`yec u |h~ m`keh k` oc ego`yec/ c Kehy& Ihf{~c|pyh ò `f{~c~ |h~oc |p`~{c k` oc @y|hyc co `f{~c~ |h~ cogpfc |p`~{c oc{`~co& @~c pfcihm|c~cieùf ihmh oc kò np`f |cy{h~ u oc kò m`~i`fc~eh !Jpcf E%& ^`|e{eùsp` yùoh |h~ `yc |p`~{c `~c oc `f{~ckc& Oc |cocn~c k` J`yúy `f oc i~pz/ cf{`yk` yp mp`~{`/ ipcfkh fhmn~ù c Mc~íc/ mck~` k` Jpcf/ u c Jpcf/ aejh k`Mc~íc/ {e`f` pf yegfedeickh mey{`~ehyh ihf `y{` ~`fcieme`f{h |h~ oc mp`~{`

k` J`yúy& Fh |pke`~hf `yc {c~k` ~`|~hiac~o` fckc u `f ~`coekck y` acnícf|~`|c~ckh |c~c oc ihfiopyeùf kò yãnckh&@y pfc ihyc fh{cno` oc sp` hny`~th `f `y{hy ahmn~`y: ipcfkh `y{ãf jpf{hy/y` goh~ícf u {e`f`f |h~ y`gp~h sp` |hfk~ãf `f c|p~hy c J`yúy |h~ yp`fy`ócfzc/ u ipcfkh `y{ãf `f yp |~`y`fiec/ fh c{efcf c kìe~ fckc/ y`mp`y{~cf ckme~ckhy u icoocf/ |c~{` |h~ ckme~cieùf u |h~ |c~{` |h~ oc e~c spòhy khmefc& J`yúy k`jù oc yefcghgc mpu {~cfspeoh u o` oo`tc~hf c pfc ihmekcihf pf dc~ey`h khfk` {cm|hih dp`~hf ic|ci`y k` acnoc~o` fckc ~`|~`fyeno`&O`y ihf{ù cspí pfc |c~ãnhoc k` ie`~{h ~ù sp` |~`|c~ù pfc ihmekc ` efte{ù cohy ihm`fyco`y |c~c k`{`~mefckc ah~c u c ohy sp` oo`gc~hf {c~k` fh ohyk`jc~hf `f{~c~& K` cspí y` dp` c kh~me~ c icyc k` pf dc~ey`h/ ihfhiekh k`Cfk~åy: `y{` ahmn~` ~ì{h acníc k`d`fkekh c ohy keyií|pohy/ `f{~` òohy cCfk~åy/ ohy ipco`y acnícf yekh ie{ckhy cf{` ò jpeieh k`y|påy k` oc \cyipc&Yp k`d`fyc dp` `deicz& @y{` ahmn~`/ k` |hih {e`m|h tepkh/ fh `~c cfiecfhcúf u mãy {c~k` y` jpf{ù ihf ohy keyií|pohy& Yp fhmn~` `~c Kefhipy hKefh{py u yp aejh k` khi` cóhy y` oocmcnc Jhycdc{& Yp icyc `y{ã dp`~c k` ociepkck/ |h~ oc |c~{` kò H`y{`& J`yúy acníc `f{~ckh `f oc iepkck |h~ òM`kehkíc/ |p`y acníc icmefckh |h~ oc co{p~c k` Kh{acem mãy co M`kehkícsp` G`ff`n~ey u k`y|påy tpò{h c `y` meymh |c~cj`& Oc icyc kò dc~ey`h`y{cnc `f ò H`y{` u oc icyc k` Fc{cfcò co Fh~{`/ aciec Gcoeo`c&Ahu a` tey{h sp` A`~hk`y/ k`y|påy k` oc `f{~`tey{c sp` {pth ihf Jpcf/

mcfkù c pf `m|o`ckh sp` acnoc~c ihf ypctekck co |p`noh cmh{efckh u o`kej`~c sp` fh {pte`~cf {`mh~ |h~ icpyc k` Jpcf u sp` thote`~cf {~cfspeohy cyp icyc2 sp` y` `fihf{~cnc ne`f k` ycopk u {`fíc np`f {~c{h2 sp` A`~hk`yyùoh sp`~íc {`f`~oh mãy i`~ic k` ye/ u sp` ye |`~yey{ícf `f ypy {pmpo{hy



3>1

|hkícf |`~jpkeic~ co meymh Jpcf u aci`~oh yhy|ìahyh2 sp` y` thote`~cf cicyc/ |p`y |~hf{h thot`~íc c c|c~ì`~ k` fp`th |c~c ncp{ezc~ `f ò Jh~kãf&Ihmh {cmneåf oo`gc~hf ohy m`fycj`~hy `fteckhy |h~ J`yúy/ oc g`f{` y` dp`key|`~ycfkh/ cpfsp` A`~hk`y y` mcf{pth `f g~cfk` cfye`kck u {`mh~& Oc`jìpieùf k` ohy ckúo{`~hy `f J`~pycoåf k`y|`~{ù `f {hkhy ò ~ìp`~kh k` yp

|~h|eh ckpo{`~eh u y` kìíc `f co{c thz sp` acníc {hmckh |~`yh c Jpcf|h~sp` kìíc oc t`~kck u yhy{`fíc ò k`~ìah |h~ icpyc k` ipuc {~cyg~`yeùfacnícf yekh `jìp{ckhy cspòohy k` J`~pycoåf& Ck`mãy híc kìe~ ohy|~hkegehy u ocy `fy`ócfzcy k` J`yúy sp` sp`~íc t`fe~ co Jh~kãf |c~c `fy`óc~&@y{cnc `f g~cfk` {`mh~ |`fycfkh sp` ihf `y{h y` o`tcf{c~íc cúf mãy ò|p`noh u ihf `y{c cge{cieùf a` tey{h sp` iò`n~ù pfc ~`pfeùf k` dc~ey`hy ua`~hkecfhy |c~c t`~ iùmh |hk~ícf k`{`f`~ c J`yúy& Oc ihfiopyeùf dp` sp``fteù c hiah k` òohy c J`yúy ihf ò `fic~gh k` kìe~o` np`fcm`f{` sp` y`k`{pte`y` `f oc Co{c Gcoeo`c u kò h{~h ockh kò mc~ k` Gcoeo`c u cooí `fy`ócy` ` aeie`y` |~hkegehy u fh |cycy` co {`~~e{h~eh k` A`~hk`y `f Gcoeo`cfe ncjc~c co Jh~kãf/ `f oc ihmc~ic kò meymh ~ù& Sp` o` ~ìh~kcy`f ò icyh

k` Jpcf/ sp` A`~hk`y |hk~íc dãieom`f{` t`~y` hnoegckh c jpf{c~oh ihf Jpcf`f oc meymc |~eyeùf& @y{c meyeùf ycoeù ahu meymh |c~c oc Co{c Gcoeo`c&C oc mcócfc yegpe`f{` `fy`óù J`yúy k` fp`th `f oc yefcghgc/ yef mcuh~`yihf{~ckeiiehf`y2 |p`y |`fycncf cyco{c~oh ihf |~`gpf{cy ~ìeåf `f oc`fy`ócfzc k` oc {c~k`& J`yúy `fy`óù yhn~` Eycícy u Mheyåy/ 0& Tefh {cmneåfoc h|h~{pfekck k` `fy`óc~ yhn~` oc mcf`~c kegfc k` iò`n~c~ ò yãnckh uacnoù mpiah {e`m|h yhn~` òoh& Ohy `fd`~mhy k` `y{c iepkck fh y`c{~`te`~hf c |~`y`f{c~y` |c~c |`ke~ ycopk: {cf{h acnícf yekh c{`mh~ezckhy |h~ohy ckt`~yc~ehy& J`yúy acnoù `f oc yefcghgc/ |c~c sp` oh hu`~cf ohy `y|ícy/kò m`fycj` sp` `ftecnc A`~hk`y c Åo: Ipcfkh t`fgcf kegcf c `yhy zh~~hysp` o` oo`t`f `y{c fh{eiec co Zh~~h: sp` fh {`fgc ipekckh |h~ Åo u sp`|~hyegc u ipm|oc ò k`yegfeh sp` {e`f` ihf{~c Jpcf2 sp` Åo fh y` k`{`fk~íc|h~ ihfyek`~cieùf cogpfc u `fy`óc~íc ckhfk` {pte`y` meyeùf k` aci`~oh/ `fipcospe`~ opgc~/ u `f J`~pycoåf/ ye dp`~c fì`yc~eh2 sp` Åo ipm|oe~íc ypmeyeùf |c~c kc~ ip`f{c k` òoc cf{` yp \ck~` iò`y{eco& Ohy hu`f{`y yè~~e{c~hf yhn~`mcf`~c co hí~ `y{cy ihycy&\h~ oc {c~k` dp` J`yúy ihf ypy keyií|pohy k`yk` oc icyc kò dc~ey`h Kefh{py cicmefc~ pf ~c{h/ u ihmh |cyc~cf/ co oo`gc~ c oc |p`~{c/ jpf{h c oc icyc k`Fc{cfcò/ `f{~ù Cfk~åy u oh oocmù dp`~c& Fc{cfcò |~`y`f{ù c J`yúy c pfyhn~efh ypuh/ ahmn~` jht`f/ c spe`f åo |`fycnc `f{~`gc~o` ò f`ghieh/ |c~cy`gpe~ op`gh c J`yúy/ k`y|~`hip|ckh uc& I~`h sp` `y{ã key|hfe`fkh ocy ihycy

|c~c e~ ihf J`yúy k`yk` `y{` mhm`f{h/ yegpeåfkho` `f yp tecj`& K`y|påy k``y{`' |cy`h `f{~c~hf `f oc iepkck `f oc |c~{` khfk` `y{cnc oc yefcghgc& Pfhykhi` |hn~`y {~cncjckh~`y sp` acnícf `fd`~mckh `f ò {~cncjh h ciiek`f{`yacnícf híkh oc ip~cieùf k` ypy a`~mcfhy kò icm|h k` ocy me`y`y u ihf oc



3>5

`y|`~cfzc k` egpco ip~cieùf y` acnícf ef{~hkpiekh `f oc iepkck u y` acnícfkey|p`y{h `f deoc kòcf{` k` oc yefcghgc |c~c em|oh~c~ yp ip~cieùf& J`yúy|cyù `f{~` òohy ihfyhoãfkhohy u keieåfkho`y sp` {pte`~cf |cie`fiec |h~cogúf {e`m|h& \`~h k`{~ãy uc t`fícf ohy `yi~ency e~~e{ckhy |h~sp` `y{hy`q{~cfj`~hy y` apne`y`f c{~`tekh c |`ke~ ycopk c J`yúy/ |p`y{h sp` acy{c `y`

mhm`f{h acnícf ohg~ckh òohy k`{`f`~ c ohy `fd`~mhy& Dp`~hf ihf dp~ecihf{~c `y{hy |hn~`y `fd`~mhy u c|c~`f{cfkh me~c~ |h~ J`yúy/ kej`~hf sp` fh|~hmhte`~cf cspí `y{h~nh u ckme~cieùf u y` co`jcy`f/ sp` J`yúy {`fíc ihycymãy em|h~{cf{`y sp` aci`~ sp` {~c{c~ ihf òohy2 sp` cah~c fh `~c ò {e`m|hk` ihft`~yc~ ihf Åo2 u ihmh ohy |hn~`y `fd`~mhy fh y` c|p~cncf c ycoe~/ ohyycic~hf c tetc dp`~zc&@f oc yefcghgc `fy`óù J`yúy oc mcf`~c k` iò`n~c~ ò yãnckh& [~c{cnc k``y{h ò |cycj` k` Eycícy sp` ahu o`íc& Ipcfkh cyí `y{cnc `fy`ócfkh me~ù uy`ócoù c oc zcfjc ahfkc sp` ih~~íc `f {h~fh k` oc iepkck/ co nh~k` k` oc ipco`y{cncf |cy{cfkh ohy cyfhy `f sp` acnícf tecjckh& Ye pfh k` `y{hy cyfhy ic``f oc zcfjc ¸|hk~ãf ycic~oh |c~c sp` fh |`~`zic8 @oohy icooc~hf& \~`gpf{ù ye

`yh oh |p`k`f aci`~ ihf pf ahmn~`& Icooc~hf& ¸\`~me{e~ícf òohy sp` o`ydcth~ìe`~cf `f ò ip`~|h h `f ò comc `f kíc yãnckh8 ¸@y oíie{h aci`~ pfchn~c k` mey`~eih~kec `f kíc Yãnckh8&&& [cmneåf icooc~hf& .Uc sp` icooãey/k`nh ihfiope~ sp` thyh{~hy fh {`fk~åey fckc `f ihf{~c& ¸Kùfk` `y{ãf ohy`fd`~mhy sp` |eke`~hf cupkc kòcf{` k` oc yefcghgc8 [~c`kohy cspí.& Uihmh fh speye`~cf aci`~oh/ kejh: .Ihmh fh oh sp`~åey aci`~/ oh ac~å |h~ meykeyií|pohy.& @f{hfi`y y` ihfypo{c~hf `f{~` òohy ` aeie`~hf t`fe~ c ohy`fd`~mhy& Åy{hy `f{~c~hf `f `y{ckh mey`~cno`2 `~cf khi`/ pfhy ncokckhy/aefiackhy .h{~hy |h~ oc aek~h|`yíc/ k` mhkh sp` cogpfhy {`fícf ohy k`khyy`|c~ckhy pfhy k` h{~hy& Cah~c `y{cncf mpu ihf{`f{hy/ uc sp` cf{`y acnícfsp`kckh ypmcm`f{` `f{~ey{ìekhy |h~ ò ~ìaczh k` ohy `yi~ency& J`yúy o`ymcfkù |hf`~y` `f aeo`~c& @~c ihfmht`kh~ t`~ iùmh ohy m`fhy `fd`~mhyk`jcncf c ohy mãy kcóckhy |hf`~y` kòcf{` u cupkc~y` pfhy c h{~hy |c~c sp`J`yúy ohy |pke`~c ip~c~ cf{`y& J`yúy ncjù cogpfhy `yicohf`y u oocmù c ohy|~em`~hy/ sp` {`fícf `f yp mcuh~íc ohy n~czhy `f mco `y{ckh& J`yúy h~ù yhn~`òohy/ `f yeo`fieh/ me`f{~cy cozcnc ohy hjhy co ieòh/ u |cyù yp mcfh yhn~` ohyn~czhy kcóckhy2 op`gh mhteù ypy k`khy/ mcfhy u n~czhy u o`y kejh sp`|cycy`f c{~ãy u cocncy`f c Kehy& @y{cncf ycfhy& Ohy aek~ù|eihy c|`fcy|hkícf ctcfzc~& J`yúy o`y |pyh ocy mcfhy yhn~` oc icn`zc u ò |ìah: y`yef{e`~hf m`jh~ckhy u ihf dp`~zcy/ |pke`fkh thot`~ c yp opgc~& @o cgpc o`ydp` ycoe`fkh op`gh `f pf |c~ k` kícy&

Me`f{~cy ypi`kíc `y{h/ y` ypyie{ù pf g~cf ihfip~yh k` |p`noh u k` h{~hy`fd`~mhy sp` cocncncf c Kehy `f ihm|cóíc k` ohy ~ìeåf ycfckhy& @oihfip~yh dp` {cf g~cfk` sp` ohy `yi~ency u dc~ey`hy/ oo`fhy k` e~c u k` ~cnec/y` dp`~hf co`jcfkh2 co def {`~mefc~hf ihf ycoe~ k` oc yefcghgc& J`yúy `f{hfi`y



39<

`fy`óù co |p`noh yhn~` oc |~hqemekck kò ~èfh/ k` oc |`fe{`fiec u k` ocihft`~yeùf acy{c oc ihfiopyeùf kò yãnckh& Ohy `yi~ency ihf {hkh yp c|c~c{hk` |~`gpf{cy u k` ic|iehycy ef{`~~p|iehf`y fh c{efc~hf c kìe~ |cocn~c& @y `ft`~kck pfc ihyc sp` icpyc ~eyc ihmh acnícf i~`íkh `f{~` òohy |hf`~ `fc|~`{p~cy c J`yúy u op`gh fe yespe`~c c{efc~hf c kìe~ pfc |cocn~c u |`~kícf

{hkc cp{h~ekck kòcf{` k` Åo/ fh ycne`fkh yespe`~c ihf{`y{c~ fefgpfc|~`gpf{c sp` J`yúy o`y aciíc&



393

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J`yúy efte{ckh c pfc ihmekc& H{~hy tecj`y

`y|påy kò yãnckh apnh pfc g~cf ihmekc `f pf ye{eh cne`~{h k` ~ì~`h/ihf mh{eth k` oc {`~mefcieùf k` oc ihyìac/ u J`yúy u ypy keyií|pohy

dp`~hf efte{ckhy& @y{cncf |~`y`f{`y ohy mãy key{efgpekhy acne{cf{`y/ cogpfhy`q{~cfj`~hy u tc~ehy k` ohy icm|`yefhy mãy cihmhkckhy kò opgc~& Acníctc~ecy m`ycy |~`|c~ckcy& Yhn~` ocy m`ycy acníc {hkcy iocy`y k` |~hkpi{hy kòc ihyìac: d~p{cy/ {~egh/ ct`y u `f g`f`~co cogh k` {hkh oh |~h|eh k` `yc`y{cieùf u `f khnockc icf{ekck& Acníc pfhy cfemco`y uc cyckhy |~hf{hy |c~cihm`~ u h{~hy mp`~{hy u |~`|c~ckhy |c~c y`~ cyckhy/ ihmh y`óco k`cnpfkcfiec& Y` o` acníc y`ócockh c J`yúy u c ypy keyií|pohy pf opgc~|~efie|co2 |`~h pf h~gpoohyh dc~ey`h y` acníc ckòcf{ckh u cihmhkckh `f pfopgc~ |~efie|co& J`yúy co oo`gc~ c oc m`yc acnoù `f thz ncjc ihf åo/|~`gpf{ãfkho` iùmh y` |hfíc `f `y` opgc~& Ihf{`y{ù ò dc~ey`h: .\h~sp` cspí `y{ã `y{cnoìekc oc ohcno` ihy{pmn~` k` sp` ohy mãy ycnehy u mãy fhno`y

hip|`f ò |~em`~ opgc~.& J`yúy o` ~`|oeiù sp` cspòohy sp` `f oc {e`~~c {hmcfohy |~em`~hy |p`y{hy/ fh `fihf{~c~ãf opgc~ cogpfh `f ò ~èfh k` yp \ck~`& @oahmn~`/ ct`~ghfzckh/ ycoeù k` cooí u y` dp` y`f{c~ `f h{~h opgc~ mãy ~`{e~ckh/|`~h k` {co mhkh keyempocfkh ihmh sp` ò`gíc åo/ |h~ gpy{h/ h{~h opgc~& @foc m`yc `q|oeiù J`yúy cogpfcy ihycy mãy yhn~` Eycícy/ 01-7: .Oo`tc coacmn~e`f{h {p |cf u c ohy sp` `y{ãf `f mey`~ec/ ooåtcohy c icyc.& Op`gh|~`gpf{ù ye fh {`fícf cooí cogpfc np`fc ihy{pmn~`/ ihmh oc ciieùf k`g~ciecy |h~ oc cnpfkcf{` ihyìac/ k` efte{c~ c ohy |hn~`y u k` ~`|c~{e~ ihfòohy ohy coem`f{hy& Y` mc~cteoocnc k` sp` apne`y`f k`jckh `yc ihy{pmn~` u|~`gpf{cnc kùfk` `y{cncf ohy |hn~`y& \p`y{h sp` oh acnícf efte{ckh u sp`|~`yekíc ihmh mc`y{~h k`níc Åo/ cóckeù/ ipekc~y` k` sp` cyey{e`y`f ohyefte{ckhy fc{p~co`y u k` où u mcfkù sp` oocmcy`f c ohy sp` acníc ycfckh `foc yefcghgc u c {hkhy ohy k`mãy |hn~`y kò opgc~& Ihmh fh oh aeie`~hf `fy`gpekc/ ycoe`~hf ypy keyií|pohy c oc icoo` u oocmc~hf c ohy |hn~`y/ u ipcfkhoo`gc~hf o`y k`jù J`yúy yp opgc~ `f oc m`yc u ohy keyií|pohy aeie`~hf ohmeymh& Ohy dc~ey`hy/ ihf{~c~eckhy/ |hih c |hih dp`~hf cncfkhfcfkh ocym`ycy& J`yúy ihf ypy keyií|pohy u h{~cy np`fcy |`~yhfcy ye~te`~hf c ohy|hn~`y u ~`|c~{e`~hf {hkh oh sp` yhn~cnc/ k` mhkh sp` sp`kc~hfyhn~`mcf`~c ihf{`f{hy& K`y|påy y` ke~egeù J`yúy ihf ohy ypuhy c oc icyc kòdc~ey`h Kefh{py |c~c {hmc~ cogúf k`yicfyh&Co kíc yegpe`f{` tefe`~hf effpm`~cno`y `fd`~mhy k` G`ff`n~ey u k` ohy

co~`k`kh~`y c oc icyc khfk` y` con`~gcnc/ u J`yúy y` |cyù {hkc oc mcócfcycfcfkh u `qah~{ãfkhohy& Acníc mpiahy mcfihy ` aek~ù|eihy& @o aejh k`Kefh{py/ sp` {`fíc pfhy khi` cóhy u y` oocmcnc Jhycdc{/ yegpeù c J`yúyipcfkh yp |ck~` y` aezh keyií|poh& Ohy feóhy jpkíhy oo`tcncf pf t`y{ekh



39>

oc~gh ihf pf ipiaeooh c cmnhy ockhy/ ipuh ~en`{` `y{cnc |c~{ekh2 kòcf{`/acy{c ohy |e`y/ {`fíc nh{hf`y u oegckp~cy& Ipcfkh ò t`y{ekh k` ohy feóhyoo`tcnc dcjc/ `f{hfi`y `~c ~ezckh2 k`/ h{~h mhkh icíc ihmh pfc {úfeic sp` cm`fpkh y` ~ìhgíc pf {cf{h& Ipcfkh J`yúy y` y`|c~ù k` Kefh{py/ oh `y{~ìaùihf{~c yp ih~czùf/ u ò ahmn~` ooh~ù k` {`~fp~c& J`yúy y` `ficmefù `f

ihm|cóíc k` tc~ehy k` ypy keyií|pohy aciec ò Yp~ c {~ctåy k` tcoo`y/ |h~ khyh {~`y ah~cy/ u |`~fhi{ù `f pfc ock`~c k` mhf{` khfk` acníc pf gco|ùf kìhyìackh~`y tciíh& @y{cncf ihf Åo/ Fc{cfcò/ Cfk~åy/ Ycf{ecgh/ Yc{p~fefh/C~ey{ùnpoh/ [ac~zeyypy/ \ã~m`fcy u h{~hy ipc{~h keyií|pohy& @o opgc~ `y{cnc`f{~` khy iepkck`y/ oc k` oc ezspe`~kc Pocmc u oc k` oc k`~ìac/ Jc|aec&Pocmc `y{ã `fd~`f{` k` [c~eia`c/ ihmh G`ff`n~ey `y{ã `fd~`f{` k` N`{poec&Y` `fip`f{~cf c ~`y|`{cno` key{cfiec/ |`~h oc mhf{cóc `y{ã k` {co mcf`~c sp`|c~ì`~íc sp` N`{poec y` acooc yhn~` `y{cy iepkck`y& @y{` opgc~ `y{ã/ `f òtecj` k` J`yúy/ co |c~ì`~ mpu i`~ic2 |`~h ò icmefh {p`~i`/ k` mhkh sp` yòh |e`~k` k` tey{c& Cspò icm|h khfk` J`yúy `fy`óù c ohy ahmn~`y k` ocihyìac/ `y ~`com`f{` ò icm|h khfk` Jhyå `fihf{~ù c ypy a`~mcfhy ihf ò

gcfckh/ u ò |hzh ipck~cfgpoc~ cooí `qey{`f{` `y oc meymc iey{`~fc khfk`ìac~hf c Jhyå&



399

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OJ`yúy `f Cnòmàhoc

`yúy icmefù k`yk` `y` ~`dpgeh fhi{p~fh pfcy iefih ah~cy mãy o`jhyaciec ò M`kehkíc u oo`gù c `yh k` ocy khy k` oc {c~k` c oc |`sp`óc

iepkck k` Cnòmàhoc/ khfk` acníc fciekh ò |~hd`{c @oíy`h& @y{ã `f pfcco{p~c/ k` mhkh sp` ocy {h~~`y c|c~ì`f c fetò ihf ohy nc~~cfihy kò opgc~&Y` acooc yùoh c cogpfcy ah~cy k` Yiu{ù|hoey u |h~ ò H`y{` y` `f{~c `f òtcoo` k` J`z~cò/ `f oc meymc oíf`c& Fh o`jhy k` Cnòmàhoc/ |~ùqemh coJh~kãf/ `y{ã ò |p`noh k` N`zìa& Ycmc~ec key{c tc~ecy ah~cy aciíc òYpkh`y{`& Cnòmàhoc `y{ã `f ohy oíme{`y k` Ycmc~ec/ acne{ckc |h~ jpkíhy&J`yúy u ypy keyií|pohy y` y`f{c~hf kòcf{` k` oc iepkck `f pf opgc~ k`k`yicfyh/ ihmh `y ihy{pmn~` `f \co`y{efc/ k` khfk` yhf g`f`~com`f{èfte{ckhy c `f{~c~ `f oc icyc |h~ cogúf ic~e{c{eth acne{cf{` sp` ohy t`c cooí k`yicfycfkh& Cyí ypi`keù cspí: |cyc~hf cogpfhy sp` ohy ~ìhfhie`~hf|h~sp` acnícf `y{ckh cspí `f oc de`y{c k` ohy [cn`~fãipohy/ u oh cfpfiec~hf

`f icyc& Tefh `f{hfi`y pf cihmhkckh icm|`yefh/ ihf ye`~thy/ u {~cjh cJ`yúy u c ypy keyií|pohy n`nekc/ |cf u meò/ ohy efte{ù c yp icyc/ u òohy o`yegpe`~hf& O`y octù ohy |e`y u icmneù ypy t`y{ekhy2 ycipkeù u oem|eù ohy k`òohy/ sp` thote`~hf c |hf`~y` k`y|påy& @f y`gpekc |~`|c~ù pfc ihmekc/ c ocipco ihftekù {cmneåf c tc~ehy dc~ey`hy ihf ohy ipco`y `y{cnc `f np`fcy~òciehf`y/ u åy{hy c|c~ìe`~hf ne`f |~hf{h& Y` mhy{~ù `q{~`mckcm`f{`cmegh u ih~{åy2 |`~h ef{`~fcm`f{` `~c pf g~cfpjc: |~`{`fkíc goh~ec~y`k`y|påy k` sp` ò \~hd`{c acníc `y{ckh `f yp icyc u kc~ hicyeùf c ohydc~ey`hy k` `y|ec~ c J`yúy& \`fycncf sp` yhohy `f oc m`yc o`y y`~íc mãy dãieosp` kòcf{` k` {hkh ò |p`noh `f oc yefcghgc& C|`fcy y` acníc |~`|c~ckh ocm`yc ipcfkh c|c~ìe`~hf {hkhy ohy `fd`~mhy kò opgc~ `f oc icyc u `f ò|c{eh kò ahmn~` sp` acníc efte{ckh/ ihyc sp` e~~e{ù c ohy dc~ey`hy fh m`fhysp` co kp`óh k` icyc& Ycoeù dp`~c u speyh ìac~ohy2 |`~h J`yúy o` kejh: .Uh{`fgh h{~c acmn~` sp` oc k` coem`f{hy./ u fh y` y`f{ù c oc m`yc/ yefh sp`ycoeù cdp`~c/ khfk` `y{cncf ohy `fd`~mhy/ u ihm`fzù c ycfc~ohy/ u {hkhy ypykeyií|pohy o` yegpe`~hf `f `y{` {~cncjh& Acníc {cmneåf tc~ehy `fk`mhfeckhysp` iocmcncf: ohy oen~ù ihf pfc me~ckc u ihf pfc h~k`f& Mpiahy k` `y{hy`fd`~mhy {`fícf pfc h ocy khy mcfhy ncokckcy& J`yúy |cyù ypy mcfhy yhn~`ypy me`mn~hy khoh~ekhy u ohy mhteù pfc u h{~c t`z2 h{~hy `~cf aek~ù|eihy uo`y |pyh ypy mcfhy yhn~` oc icn`zc u ò |ìah2 h{~hy `y{cncf ihmh {íyeihy/h{~hy ihf g~cfhy mcohy& C pfhy o`y mcfkcnc c ncóc~y`/ c h{~hy o`y kìíc sp`

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pcfkh J`yúy `f{~ù `f oc `yipòc `y{cncf ocy jùt`f`y acie`fkh pfiãoipoh yhn~` oc t`fekc kò M`yícy u {hkcy oo`gc~hf ihf ypy ip`f{cy c

k`{`~mefc~ ò {e`m|h |~`y`f{`& Oc `f{~ckc k` J`yúy |~hkpjh pfc em|~`yeùf`q{~ch~kefc~ec& J`yúy `fy`óù yhn~` `y{h meymh u `q|oeiù {hkh ioc~cm`f{`& @oM`yícy `y{cnc cooí u fh `~c ~ìhfhiekh& Acnoù kò M`yícy k`yihfhiekh u kòipm|oeme`f{h k` ocy y`óco`y sp` k`n`f aci`~oh ~ìhfhi`~& K` ocy |cocn~cy:.Pfc Te~g`f kc~ã c opz pf Aejh./ acnoù J`yúy `f {å~mefhy hyip~hy: `y{h o`y`~c kedíieo ihm|~`fk`~oh cah~c& O`y kejh sp` k`nícf ihfyek`~c~y` keiahycy k`tete~ `f `y{` mhm`f{h {cf k`y`ckh |h~ ohy |c{~ec~icy u ohy |~hd`{cy/ sp` fhoh coicfzc~hf& Acnoù k` ocy |`~yìpiehf`y u k` ohy ypd~eme`f{hy kò M`yícy/o`y `q|oeiù tc~ehy |cycj`y u o`y kejh sp` |pye`~cf c{`fieùf c oh sp` acníc k`ypi`k`~ `f oc |~ùqemc de`y{c k` ohy [cn`~fãipohy/ `f J`~eiù& Acnoù k`|~hkegehy u k` pf ie`gh sp` acníc k` ycfc~& O`y aezh pf iãoipoh kò {e`m|h

kò M`yícy/ acnoù k` Jpcf u k` yp ncp{eymh/ u |~`gpf{ù ye òocy k`y`cncf{cmneåf ò ncp{eymh& O`y `fy`óù oc |c~ãnhoc k` oc k~cimc |`~kekc&@y{cy feócy `y{cncf y`f{ckcy `f oc `yipòc ihf ocy |e`~fcy i~pzckcy/ c tì`yihf pfc ~hkeooc o`tcf{ckc2 ickc pfc {`fíc pf ncfspeooh co ockh sp` dh~mcncpf ãfgpoh2 k` pf ockh y` c|hucncf oc{`~com`f{` u yhn~` oc |c~{` mãy cfiac|hfícf ypy ~hoohy ipcfkh `yi~enícf2 &c m`fpkh `y{cncf k` |e` |c~c `yipiac~ocy oìiehf`y& Acníc `f oc meymc icyc pfc `yipòc k` feóhy2 `~c pfc `y|ìe`k` cyeoh/ pfc dpfkcieùf |c~c `kpic~ feóhy apå~dcfhy h feóhy jpkíhy~`yic{ckhy k` oc `yiocte{pk/ sp` acnícf i~ìekh o`jhy k` {hkc `fy`ócfzc

jpkceic& [`fícf |c~{` `f oc `fy`ócfzc dc~ey`hy u yckpi`hy/ u `~cf ~ìenekcy{cmneåf feócy |`sp`ócy sp` `~cf efy{~pekcy |h~ h{~cy mcuh~`y&Ipcfkh `f{~ù J`yúy `f oc `yipòc k` ohy feóhy/ `y{cncf åy{hy hip|ckhy `ficoipoc~ cogh yhn~` oc aey{h~ec k` Jhn u fh cicncncf k` ycoe~ kò |cyh& J`yúyo`y `q|oeiù oh sp` fh `f{`fkícf u o`y |pyh `f oc |ezc~~c cogpfhy yegfhy |c~ccioc~c~oh& O`y `q|oeiù {cmneåf cogh sp` {~c{cnc k` pfc m`kekc k` khy ah~cyk` icmefh h k` {e`m|h/ sp` cah~c fh ~ìp`~kh/ u o`y acnoù mpiah c ohyfeóhy kò oen~h k` Jhn/ sp` `~c k`yìackh |h~ cogpfhy ~cnefhy ihmht`~kck`~c aey{h~ec/ |h~sp` ohy `khme{cy/ k` ipuh |cíy `~c A`~hk`y/ y`np~ocncf k` ohy jpkíhy |h~ y`~ i~åkpohy k` oc aey{h~ec k` pf ahmn~` kò |cíyk` @khm/ khfk` fcke` oh ihfhiíc& Kìícf sp` oh k` Jhn yùoh `~c pfc dãnpoch |c~ãnhoc |c~c `f{~`{`f`~ c ohy ey~còe{cy `f ò k`ye`~{h& J`yúy `q|oeiù c ohy

feóhy oc aey{h~ec k` Jhn/ iùmh ypi`keù `f ~`coekck/ u oh `q|oeiù co mhkh kòhy |~hd`{cy u mc`y{~hy k` oc feó`z/ ihmh ye te`~c {hkh cf{` ypy hjhy/ ihmh yedp`y` yp |~h|ec aey{h~ec/ ihmh ye apne`y` Åo tey{h u híkh {hkh/ h ihmh ye Jhnmeymh o` apne`y` ihf{ckh c Åo yp aey{h~ec& \c~ìíco`y c ohy feóhy sp` Åo



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acníc tetekh ihf Jhn/ h sp` `~c pf ãfgò k` Kehy h ò meymh Kehy& U `y{h fho`y `q{~cócnc c cspòohy feóhy: y`f{ícf |h~ mhm`f{hy sp` `~c pf \~hd`{c/ uycnícf cogh k` Mòspey`kì k` spe`f fcke` ycníc oh sp` `~c `f ~`coekck& O`yacnoù/ `f pfc |c~ãnhoc/ kò yegfedeickh k` oc yco u kò aejh |~ùkegh&Me`f{~cy {cf{h acnícf oo`gckh ohy dc~ey`hy/ ohy ipco`y y` e~~e{c~hf |h~sp`

J`yúy y` c|oeicnc c Yí meymh mpiacy ihycy sp` kìíc kò M`yícy& \h~ oc{c~k` cfkpth J`yúy ihf `yhy o`te{cy u ihf ohy feóhy kòcf{` k` oc iepkck& Ocyfeócy |`sp`ócy/ gpeckcy |h~ ocy mcuh~`y/ t`fícf k`{~ãy& Cogpfcy tì`y y`k`{`fíc J`yúy acy{c sp` oo`gc~cf ocy feócy/ me`f{~cy ohy feóhy icmefcncfkòcf{`& O`y `fy`ócnc/ acie`fkh ihm|c~ciehf`y ihf ocy ihycy sp` t`ícf `foc fc{p~co`zc& K` {hkcy ocy ie~ipfy{cfiecy ycicnc oìieùf: k` oc tey{c k` ohyã~nho`y/ k` ohy d~p{hy/ k` ocy doh~`y/ k` ocy cn`jcy/ k` ohy |ãjc~hy/ kò yho/ kòc {e`~~c/ kò cgpc/ kò gcfckh u kò {~cncjh kò icm|h& O`y acnoùmc~cteoohycm`f{` k` Jcihn u kò |hzh sp` ictù `f `y{` opgc~2 u iùmh cah~ct`fíc c òohy !c ohy feóhy ò cgpc tetc2 u oh sp` yegfedeic i`gc~ ò |hzh/{c|c~oh ihf ncyp~c/ ihmh aciícf ohy `f`meghy k` Cn~caãf j k` Jcihn/ u

c|oeiù `y{h c ohy sp` ef{`f{cf k`yci~`ke{c~ ohy |~hkegehy u ocy `fy`ócfzcy kòhy |~hd`{cy/ ihmh aci`f ohy dc~ey`hy&



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OEEEJ`yúy tc k` Cnòmàhoc c N`zìa

pcfkh J`yúy c oc mcócfc yegpe`f{` thoteù c oc yefcghgc/ `y{cncf {hkhyohy dc~ey`hy u yckpi`hy |~`y`f{`y ihf mpiah |p`noh& J`yúy cn~eù ohy

~hoohy u `q|oeiù c ohy |~hd`{cy& Ohy dc~ey`hy key|p{c~hf ihf J`yúyhny{efckcm`f{`/ |`~h Åo ohy ct`~ghfzù c {hkhy& Y` acníc ef{~hkpiekh `f ocyefcghgc pf ahmn~` ihf ò n~czh u ocy mcfhy ncokckcy2 acníc k`y`ckh {cf{h{e`m|h |hk`~ ci`~ic~y` u cah~c `y|`~cnc sp` J`yúy co ycoe~ oh te`~c jpf{h c oc|p`~{c k` oc yefcghgc& Cogpfhy dc~ey`hy y` e~~e{c~hf ihf{~c åo u o` mcfkc~hfy` c|c~{cy`/ u ihmh åo y` ~`yey{e`y`/ ef{`f{c~hf ycic~oh c `m|pjhf`y& Åo y`|ocf{ù oh m`jh~ sp` |pkh `f oc |p`~{c u me~cnc ihf ce~` k` |e`kck c J`yúy/ncy{cf{` key{cf{`/ |h~ oc mpiac g`f{`/ `f pf ye{eco co{h& J`yúy y` thoteù co`fd`~mh u o` kejh: .¸Spå |ek`y k` Me8. Acnoù `f{hfi`y ò `fd`~mh: .Y`óh~/{` |ekh sp` m` ycf`y/ |h~sp` yå sp` oh |p`k`y/ ihf {co sp` oh spe`~cy.& J`yúyo` kejh: .[p d` {` ac ycotckh2 `q{e`fk` {p mcfh yhn~` ò |p`noh.& U `f ò

meymh mhm`f{h o` tefh ycopk co ahmn~` k`yk` key{cfiec& @q{`fkeù ypymcfhy c oh co{h u iocmù/ cocncfkh c Kehy& J`yúy o` kejh: .T`{` c {p icyc u fhacgcy {pmpo{h.& @o ahmn~` ihf{`y{ù: .Y`óh~/ ¸iùmh |hk~å hipo{c~ pf dcth~{cf g~cfk` sp` a` ~ìenekh8. Ycoeù dp`~c u |pnoeiù |h~ {hkcy |c~{`y ò|~hkegeh& Cipke`~hf `f{hfi`y mpiahy `fd`~mhy kòcf{` k` oc yefcghgc/ uJ`yúy/ co |cyc~/ ohy ycfù& K`y|påy k` `y{h `y{pth ihf ohy dc~ey`hy `f pfcihmekc/ |h~sp` c |`yc~ k` yp e~~e{cieùf u k` yp ~cnec ef{`~fc/ oh {~c{c~hf ihfih~{`yíc `q{`~eh~m`f{`/ |c~c {`f`~ hicyeùf k` `y|ec~ m`jh~ ypy |cocn~cy u ypyaìahy& \h~ oc {c~k` oh te {hkctíc ycfcfkh `fd`~mhy&Kp~cf{` oc mcócfc `y{pth J`yúy `f oc `yipòc k` ohy feóhy& \h~ úo{emh oh te~hk`ckh k` ocy mãy |`sp`ócy/ sp` `y{cncf jpf-{e{cy c Åo/ {hicfkh ypyt`y{ekhy u {hmãfkho` k` ocy mcfhy& J`yúy y` mhy{~ù mpu ic~eóhyh ihf òocyu ocy `qah~{ù c y`~ hn`ke`f{`y u c {`m`~ c Kehy& Ocy mcuh~`y `y{cncf k`{~ãyk` ocy |`sp`ócy& Ohy keyií|pohy/ c key{cfiec/ `y{cncf `q{~cóckhy u k`y`cncfsp` y` ~`{e~cy` k` òocy& @oohy |`fycncf/ co mhkh k` ohy jpkíhy/ sp` {codcmeoec~ekck fh `~c ihft`fe`f{` |c~c pf |~hd`{c/ u sp` |hk~íc kc~ spàcnoc~& J`yúy k`y`y{emù ypy tcfhy {`mh~`y/ u k`y|påy sp` apnh `qah~{ckh c{hkhy ohy feóhy/ cfemckh c ohy mãy i~ìekhy u dh~{coìekh c ohy mc`y{~hy/mcfkù c pfh k` ypy keyií|pohy sp` aeie`~c c ickc feóc pf ~`gcoe{h&^ìene`~hf mhf`kcy pfekcy pfc ihf h{~c/ i~`h sp` pf |c~ k` k~cimcy&Op`gh n`fkejh c {hkcy ocy feócy/ cncfkhfù ihf ypy keyií|pohy ò opgc~ u y`

`ficmefù co @y{`/ `f ke~ìieùf kò Jh~kãf&@f ò icmefh `fy`óù c g~p|hy k` ocn~ckh~`y u |cy{h~`y/ u oo`gc~hf c `yh kòcy ipc{~h k` oc {c~k` d~`f{` c N`zìa/ sp` `y{ã ihmh c khy ah~cy co @y{` k`Cnòmàhoc/ `f ke~ìieùf co Jh~kãf& Acu cooí khy opgc~`y c cmnhy ockhy kò



3;3

~íh& Oc ihmc~ic `y mhf{cóhyc u sp`n~ckc u ocy icycy `y{ãf k`y|c~~cmckcy&N`zìa `y{ã dh~mckc mãy ne`f |h~ khy |hnociehf`y& Ohy acne{cf{`y tet`fihmh ceyockhy u fh {e`f`f mpiah ihm`~ieh2 oc mcuh~ |c~{` yhf ocn~ckh~`ysp` {~cncjcf `f pf {`~~`fh |`k~`ghyh ihf mpiac dc{egc u y` hip|cf k`dcn~eic~ efy{~pm`f{hy k` ocn~cfzc/ sp` oo`tcf co m`~ickh/ u aci`f {hyicy

mcf{cy u {òcy |c~c {e`fkcy k` icm|cóc& Ihmh c ah~c u m`kec k` cooí aci` òJh~kãf pfc tpò{c aciec ò H`y{`/ ihmh ye speye`y` ih~~`~ aciec ò Ap`~{h kòhy Hoethy2 |`~h kc op`gh m`kec tpò{c u dh~mc cyí pfc |`fífypoc `f oc~en`~c H~e`f{co/ yhn~` oc ipco acu pfc aeo`~c k` icycy& Ipcfkh tefh J`yúy k`Gcoeo`c c Cnòmàhoc {pth sp` |cyc~ pf ~íh2 cah~c k`yk` N`zìa acy{cCefùf |hk~ã acn`~ ipc{~h ah~cy k` icmefh co h{~h ockh kò ~íh& Kòcf{` k` ociepkck/ J`yúy `f{~ù `f pf con`~gp`/ ò |~em`~h k` ohy sp` ocy mpj`~`y k`N`{cfec acnícf k`y{efckh |c~c J`yúy u ypy keyií|pohy ipcfkh cfkcnc |h~`yhy ihf{h~fhy& @y{cnc co ipekckh kò con`~gp` pf ahmn~` |eckhyh u ne`fef{`fiehfckh/ ò ipco ycoeù co `fip`f{~h k` ohy tecj`~hy/ o`y octù ohy |e`y u o`yy`~teh coem`f{h& J`yúy `f{~ù `f oc iepkck khfk` ohy j`d`y k` oc `yipòc o`

~ìene`~hf `f oc icoo` u `f{~ù `f ocy icycy k` cogpfhy `fd`~mhy/ kãfkho`y ocycopk& Y` acf ~`pfekh ihmh pfhy {~èf{c keyií|pohy `f {h~fh k` J`yúy& IhfOãzc~h acf t`fekh tc~ehy keyií|pohy k` J`~pycoåf u k` ohy co~`k`kh~`y uh{~hy k` Jpcf& Cogpfhy t`fícf cah~c k` Mcia`~py/ ihf pf m`fycj` k` Jpcf|c~c J`yúy& Jpcf o` |`kíc sp` kej`y` ioc~cm`f{` sp` `~c ò M`yícy u y`|~`y`f{cy` |únoeicm`f{`& @f{~` ohy m`fycj`~hy `y{cnc pf aejh kò tepkhIo`hdãy& @f{e`fkh kìe~ Io`hdãy k` @mcúy/ |c~e`f{` kò h{~h Io`hdãy/ mc~ekhk` oc yhn~efc k` Mc~íc Ycf{íyemc/ u sp` |h~ `yh y` oocmc Mc~íc Io`hdãy&H{~h k` `y{hy keyií|pohy `~c Jhyå Nc~ycncy |c~e`f{` k` Zcic~ícy k` A`n~ùf&Ypy |ck~`y acnícf tetekh |~em`~cm`f{` `f Fczc~`{ u cah~c `f Icfc& @f{~``y{hy keyií|pohy k` Jpcf cipk`f h{~hy c me m`mh~ec& Ohy aejhy k` Mc~ícAòí/ oc a`~mcfc mcuh~ k` Mc~íc Ycf{íyemc/ `~cf keyií|pohy k` Jpcf: acnícffciekh {cf k`y|påy k` yp a`~mcfc Mc~íc Io`hdãy/ sp` c|`fcy `~cf mcuh~`ysp` ohy aejhy k` åy{c& Åy{hy dp`~hf keyií|pohy k` Jpcf u o` yegpe`~hf acy{c ocmp`~{` kò Ncp{ey{c2 op`gh y` |cyc~hf c J`yúy& Ohy `y|hyhy sp` ipekcncf òcon`~gp` k` N`zìa `~cf |eckhyhy u tetícf/ y`gúf th{h sp` acnícf aìah/ `fihf{ef`fiec/ cpfsp` fh `~cf `y`fehy& @~cf |c~e`f{`y o`jcfhy ihf oc Ycg~ckcDcmeoec&J`yúy acnoù tc~ecy tì`y c yhocy ihf `y{cy |`~yhfcy& [hkhy ohy keyií|pohy|~`y`f{`y ihme`~hf u kp~me`~hf `f `y{` con`~gp`& Acníc cooí/ key|p`y{hy |h~Oãzc~h u ocy mpj`~`y k` N`{cfec/ p{`fyeoehy k` ihiefc/ mcf{cy/ codhmn~cy/

icmeoocy/ {cnesp`y k` y`|c~cieùf/ ypòcy/ t`y{ekhy& Mc~{c {`fíc/ `f pfc icyc jpf{h co k`ye`~{h k` J`~eiù/ {hkh oh fì`yc~eh |c~c `y{hy con`~gp`y& Acníc cooí tepkcy |hn~`y u cogpfcy c~~`|`f{ekcy sp` {~cncjcf `f `yh u y` mcf{`fícfòocy meymcy& [hkh `y{h y` aciíc `f yeo`fieh/ yef oocmc~ oc c{`fieùf& \`~h fh



3;>

`~c |hih {~cncjh {`f`~ {hkh oh fì`yc~eh |c~c {cf{cy |`~yhfcy u tegeoc~ihf{efpcm`f{` `y{hy opgc~`y/ `ftec~ m`fycj`~hy h e~ |`~yhfcom`f{` |c~ch~k`fc~ u |~ht``~& J`yúy aezh pf g~cf y`~mùf c oc mcócfc yhn~` pfcihoefe{c/ `f pf opgc~ khfk` ohy acne{cf{`y acnícf key|p`y{h pf yeooùf |c~cJ`yúy& Y` acnícf ~`pfekh mpiacy |`~yhfcy |c~c hí~ c J`yúy/ `f{~` òocy pfhy

ke`z dc~ey`hy k` ohy co~`k`kh~`y |c~c `y|ec~oh&@fy`óù/ ihf g~cf mcfy`kpmn~` u cmh~ aciec ò |p`noh/ sp` `~c k` np`fcífkho` u sp` |h~ acn`~ híkh c Jpcf u acn`~ yekh ncp{ezckh |h~ åo/ uc `y{cncihft`~{ekh u m`jh~ckh& Ohy `qah~{ù c |`~mcfì`~ ihf{`f{hy `f yp `y{ckh k`|`sp`ó`z/ c y`~ ihm|cyethy u {~cncjckh~`y& Acnoù kò {e`m|h k` oc g~ciec/kò ~èfh/ kò M`yícy u mãy ioc~cm`f{` k` yp meymc \`~yhfc& Acnoù k`Jpcf/ k` yp {`y{emhfeh/ k` yp |`~yìpieùf u |~eyeùf& Acnoù kò ckpo{`~eh kòhy ~ù`y |h~ ipuc icpyc `y{cnc Jpcf `f oc |~eyeùf& Ihf{~c|pyh oc y`t`~ekckk` ohy dc~ey`hy sp` acnícf `jìp{ckh `f J`~pycoåf c cogpfhy ckúo{`~hy/ sp` codef fh ihm`{ícf ò |ìckh {cf `yicfkcohycm`f{` ihmh ohy ~ù`y& [hkh ohkejh ioc~cm`f{`/ yef ~`{ei`fiecy& @qah~{ù c ickc pfh/ y`gúf yp `y{ckh/ y`qh/

ihfkeieùf u `kck& Pf dc~ey`h |~`gpf{ù ye Åo `f{~cnc cah~c `f opgc~ k` Jpcf/ye Åo `~c Cspåo kò ipco Jpcf acnocnc& J`yúy ihf{`y{ù `f g`f`~co u o` aezhfh{c~ yp khno`z u defgeme`f{h&J`yúy {pth cspí pfc ihfmht`kh~c efy{~piieùf |c~c ohy feóhy u feócy& Ohy`qah~{ù c oc |cie`fiec: ye h{~h mco{~c{c/ fh ~`y|hfk`~ ihf gho|`y/ yefhoo`tc~oh ihf |cie`fiec/ c|c~{c~y` u |`~khfc~ co hd`fyh~& Fckc k`thot`~ comcoh/ yefh cmh~ khno`/ u acy{c c ohy `f`meghy k`nícf sp`~`~ohy ne`f& O`ykejh sp` fh {hicy`f ohy ne`f`y cj`fhy fe ohy k`y`cy`f/ u ye h{~h feóh k`y`cnc{`f`~ ypy |opmcy/ ypy ú{eo`y k` `yi~ene~/ ypy jp`ghy/ ypy d~p{cy/ sp` o`y ke`y`foh sp` k`y`cncf u cúf mãy/ |c~c k`jc~ohy ihf{`f{hy/ ye`m|~` sp` |pke`~cfoíie{cm`f{` kc~ `yhy hnj`{hy& Yùoh ohy mcfyhy/ ohy ihm|cyethy umey`~eih~kehyhy {`fk~ãf cye`f{h `f yp ~èfh& U `y{` cye`f{h oh |ef{ù c ohyfeóhy mpu a`~mhycm`f{`/ ihmh pf {~hfh& Acnoù k` ohy ne`f`y k` oc {e`~~csp` acu sp` cncfkhfc~ |c~c hn{`f`~ ohy ne`f`y kò ieòh& C ocy feócy o`y~ìhm`fkù `y|ìecom`f{` fh `ftekec~ ohy {~cj`y k` tcfekck/ oc hn`ke`fiec/~`y|`{h u cmh~ c ohy |ck~`y/ mcfy`kpmn~` u {`mh~ k` Kehy&Cicnckc oc `fy`ócfzc |únoeic ke~egeù pfc cohipieùf c ypy keyií|pohy `f|c~{eipoc~ ihfyhoãfkhohy ihf mpiah cmh~ u `qah~{ãfkhohy c oo`tc~ ihf Åo{hkh ihf |cie`fiec u fh {`f`~ |~`hip|cieùf |h~ ocy ihycy k` oc {e`~~c& O`ykejh sp` yp \ck~` `f ò ieòh ohy ~ìhm|`fyc~íc cnpfkcf{`m`f{` u sp`|hy``~ícf ò ~èfh ihf Åo& Acnoù k` oc |`~yìpieùf sp` ypd~e~ícf Åo u òohy/ u

o`y kejh ioc~cm`f{`: .Ye ohy dc~ey`hy/ yckpi`hy h a`~hkecfhy hy cocncf/`f{hfi`y |`fyck sp` hy acnåey c|c~{ckh k` me `fy`ócfzc u sp` uc fh yheymey keyií|pohy.& Fhmn~ù `y{cy yì{cy ihf ohy fhmn~`y sp` o`yih~~`y|hfkícf& Cocnù c ohy acne{cf{`y kò opgc~ |h~ yp mey`~eih~kec u



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ihm|cyeùf/ |h~sp` {hmcf c m`fpkh c yp y`~teieh feóhy |hn~`y k`Cnòmàhoc u {~cncjckh~`y fì`ye{ckhy& Ohy cocnù {cmneåf |h~ oc yefcghgcfp`tc sp` acnícf `kedeickh ihy{`cfkh òohy meymhy ohy gcy{hy/ cpfsp` o`yacnícf cupkckh g`f{`y np`fcy k` Icdc~fcúm& K`y|påy ycfù c mpiahy`fd`~mhy u dp` ihf ohy keyií|pohy co con`~gp`& \h~ oc {c~k` y` ke~egeù c oc

yefcghgc/ |h~sp` acníc ihm`fzckh ò yãnckh&



3;;

J

OET

J`yúy `fy`óc `f oc yefcghgc& Y` kìoc~c M`yícy

`yúy `fy`óù yhn~` Eycícy/ 03/ 3>: .Uh yhu tp`y{~h Ihfyhockh~.& Acnoùihf{~c ò ~`y|`{h apmcfh: sp` fh {pte`y`f {`mh~ k` ohy dc~ey`hy u k`

h{~hy mho`y{ckh~`y u |`fycy`f sp` Kehy ohy ac i~`ckh u ohy mcf{e`f` c ickcpfh&-Ocy |cocn~cy: .Uh |hfgh me |cocn~c `f {p nhic./ ocy `q|oeiù `f òy`f{ekh k` sp` Kehy mcfkù co M`yícy u sp` `y{c |cocn~c k` Kehy `y{ã cah~c`f oc nhic kò |p`noh ypuh/ uc sp` ò M`yícy kei` ocy |cocn~cy k` Kehy/ uòohy yhf ò |p`noh kò M`yícy& [hkh `y{h oh `q|oeiù {cf cne`~{cm`f{` spòhy dc~ey`hy mp~mp~cncf `f{~` yí: .Y` k`y|ciac |h~ ò M`yícy.& J`yúyihf{efpù: sp` J`~pycoåf k`y|e`~{` k` yp yhmfho`fiec u nh~~cia`~c/ sp` oc e~cacníc |cyckh u oc G~ciec `y{cnc cooí& Kejh sp` oc yefcghgc efd~pi{phyc fhkcnc aejhy/ u fcke` ~eg` u gpíc co |hn~` |p`noh2 |`~h sp` cah~c ohyk`y{~pi{h~`y/ ohy ae|ùi~e{cy u ohy h|~`yh~`y y`~ícf icy{egckhy ` e~ícf c oc|`~keieùf& £Sp` J`~pycoåf y` k`y|e`~{` u Yeùf y` o`tcf{`# [hkh oh kìoc~ù `f

y`f{ekh `y|e~e{pco ihf ~`y|ì{h c ocy g`f{`y |eckhycy/ c ohy |`fe{`f{`y/ c ohysp` c {~ctåy kò ncp{eymh kò Jh~kãf `f{~cf `f oc {e`~~c |~hm`{ekc kÌcfcãf/ sp` `y ò ~èfh k` yp \ck~` iò`y{eco2 sp` fefgúf em|p~h/ fefgpfhsp` fh ~`d~`f` ypy |cyehf`y/ fefgúf |ìckh~/ |`~te`~{c uc c yp |p`noh&@fy`óù k` oc ~`k`fieùf u kò fhmn~` k` Kehy/ sp` y`~ã cfpfieckh cah~c`f{~` òohy2 op`gh acnoù k` Mheyåy T/ 34/ 31/ yhn~` ohy jpì`y u `m|o`ckhy/yhn~` ò {h~i`~ oc jpy{eiec u ò ihaìah u ~`|~hnù y`t`~cm`f{` c ohy dc~ey`hy&K`y|påy ycfù c mpiahy `fd`~mhy kòcf{` k` oc yefcghgc& Co kíc yegpe`f{`thoteù c oc yefcghgc c `fy`óc~ k` Eycícy/ 03 u 0>/ u yhn~` Mheyåy T/ 34 acy{c93& Acnoù k` Jpcf u kò M`yícy/ k` ocy y`óco`y kò M`yícy `f h{~c dh~mc/ ukeh c `f{`fk`~ ioc~cm`f{` sp` Åo `~c ò M`yícy/ |p`y{h sp` cspí acnocnc cmpiahy sp` uc `y{cncf |~`|c~ckhy |h~ ò ncp{eymh u oc |~`keicieùf k` Jpcf&[~c{ù k` Eycícy/ 0>-39 acy{c 30/ u kejh sp` ò M`yícy ohy acníc k` jpf{c~/ sp``y{c~íc oo`fh k` ycnekp~íc/ sp` y`~íc o`tcf{ckh u ahf~ckh/ u o`y kejh sp` cyí ihmh mpiahy y` mc~cteoocncf k` t`~ c J`~pycoåf |eyh{`ckc u k`tcy{ckc |h~ohy |cgcfhy/ cyí c|c~ì`~ã ò M`yícy `f{~` ohy ahmn~`y/ |`~y`gpekh uk`y|~ìeckh& Åo ncp{ezc~ã c mpiahy |cgcfhy u ohy |p~edeic~ã2 ohy ~ù`yicooc~ãf kòcf{` k` Åo ipcfkh y`cf efy{~pekhy u cspåoohy c ohy ipco`y fh oo`gùyp fh{eiec {hmc~ãf yp `fy`ócfzc u o` t`~ãf& O`y ~ìh~kù {hkcy ypy hn~cy u|~hkegehy k`yk` yp ncp{eymh/ u ocy |`~yìpiehf`y sp` |ckìíc `f J`~pycoåf u`f Fczc~`{/ ò k`y|~ìeh k` ohy `y|ícy u ocy np~ocy k` ohy dc~ey`hy& ^ìh~kù

ohy |~hkegehy k` Icfc/ ohy ie`ghy/ ohy yh~khy/ ohy mpkhy/ ohy ncokckhyip~ckhy u oc ~`yp~~ìieùf k` oc aejc k` Jce~h k` \acycò& Y`ócoù ò opgc~ ukejh: .Fh `y o`jhy k` cspí2 ek u |~`gpf{ck u t`~åey sp` `y cyí.& O`y kejh:.Thyh{~hy acnåey tey{h c Jpcf u o` acnåey ihfhiekh2 åo hy ac keiah sp` `~c ò



3;0

|~`|c~ckh~ k` ohy icmefhy/ ò cfpfieckh~ u |~ìp~yh~& ¸@~c Jpcf cicyhmpòo`/ kòeickh/ key{efgpekh8 ¸H `~c pfh t`fekh kò k`ye`~{h8 ¸Tetíc `f|cociehy/ ihmíc tecfkcy kòeickcy/ oo`tcnc t`y{ekhy defhy u acnocnc |cocn~cyipo{cy u acocgckh~cy8. O`y kejh sp` Jpcf `~c ò |~ìp~yh~: .¸Fh oo`tc`f{hfi`y ò ye`~th ohy t`y{ekhy k` yp Y`óh~8 Ye ò M`yícy sp` `y|`~ãey

k`ne`~c y`~ pf ~ù |hk`~hyh/ n~eoocf{`/ ~eih u t`fi`kh~ ¸apne`~c {`fekh |h~|~ìp~yh~ c pf {co Jpcf8 Thyh{~hy {`fåey co Ycotckh~ `f{~` thyh{~hy u fhsp`~åey ~ìhfhi`~oh& Fh `y y`gúf tp`y{~c yhn`~nec ek`c/ u |h~sp` fh `y cyí/ fhoh sp`~åey ~ìhfhi`~ ihmh M`yícy.&K`y|påy `fy`óù mpiah {e`m|h cúf yhn~` Mheyåy T/ 31/ 35& .Uh o`yk`y|`~{c~å pf |~hd`{c k` `f{~` ypy a`~mcfhy/ u spe`f fh `yipiac yp |cocn~c`f me fhmn~`/ k` åy` {hmc~å uh ip`f{c.& Dp` pfc `q|hyeieùf dp`~{`/ u fcke`y` c{~`teù c ihf{~ckìe~o`& Kejh: .Jpcf `y{pth `f ò k`ye`~{h u fh enc ihffcke`& @y{h fh hy cg~ckù& Uh thu cah~c k` |p`noh `f |p`noh/ `fy`óh u ycfhc ohy `fd`~mhy/ u `y{h {cm|hih hy cg~ckc& ¸Spå iocy` k` M`yícy sp`~åey`f{hfi`y8 Ickc pfh k` thyh{~hy spe`~` h{~c ihyc& Yhey ihmh ohy feóhy sp`

cfkcf |h~ ocy icoo`y/ sp` ickc pfh y` dcn~eic pf efy{~pm`f{h ked`~`f{` |c~cyh|oc~ k`f{~h2 pfh {hmc pf icóh |~hdpfkh k` ih~{`zc u h{~h pfc icóc tciíc.&U fhmn~ù tc~ehy jp`ghy k` feóhy/ u iùmh ickc pfh |ek` sp` o` {hsp`f `fpfc p h{~c dh~mc/ `f pfh p h{~h {hfh u c ickc pfh o` gpy{c yùoh yp mhkh|~h|eh&Aciec oc {c~k`/ ipcfkh ycoeù k` oc yefcghgc/ y` acníc ~`pfekh pfc g~cficf{ekck k` `fd`~mhy& Mpiahy uciícf yhn~` icmeoocy u y` acníc `q{`fkekhpfc {ìapmn~` yhn~` òohy& J`yúy enc k` pfh c h{~h ihf ypy keyií|pohy/ u ohyycfcnc& Acníc cogpfhy `fk`mhfeckhy/ sp` iocmcncf u y` e~~e{cncf& J`yúy ohyoen~ù kò k`mhfeh mcfkãfkho`y icooc~ u |cycfkh `f{~` òohy& Acnícncokckhy/ {íyeihy/ aek~ù|eihy/ h{~hy ihf g~cfhy `f oc gc~gcf{c/ mpkhy uyh~khy& Ycfù c {hkhy/ `f |c~{eipoc~/ em|hfeåfkho`y ocy mcfhy h {hiãfkhohy/cpfsp` yp mhkh k` hn~c~ `~c ked`~`f{` `f ickc icyh& Ohy ip~ckhy y` y`f{ícfne`f `f y`gpekc/ yùoh cogh icfyckhy u oc ip~cieùf y` y`gpíc |~hf{h y`gúf ociocy` k` oc `fd`~m`kck u oc key|hyeieùf k` ickc `fd`~mh& Ohy ycfckhy y`co`jcncf icf{cfkh ycomhy k` Kctek& Acníc/ `m|`~h/ {cf{hy `fd`~mhy sp`J`yúy fh |hkíc oo`gc~ c ickc pfh/ u `f{hfi`y ohy keyií|pohy cupkcncf ihfcozc~/ o`tcf{c~/ k`yc{c~ t`fkcy k` ohy `fd`~mhy& J`yúy |pyh `f{hfi`y ypymcfhy yhn~` ocy icn`zcy k` Cfk~åy/ Jpcf u Jpkcy Nc~ycncy/ u {hmcfkh ocymcfhy k` òohy `f yp mcfh o`y mcfkù sp` aeie`~cf `f yp fhmn~` ihfcogpfhy `fd`~mhy oh sp` Åo aciíc& @oohy oh aeie`~hf cyí u ycfc~hf c mpiahy

`fd`~mhy&K`y|påy k` `y{h dp` J`yúy ihf ypy keyií|pohy co con`~gp` u ihme`~hf yhohy&J`yúy c|c~{ù pfc g~cf |c~{` k` ohy coem`f{hy sp` yhn~c~hf/ ohy n`fkejh u ohymcfkù ~`|c~{e~ c ohy |cgcfhy |hn~`y sp` `y{cncf `f N`zìa& @y{cy ic~ctcfcy



3;4

k` |cgcfhy dp`~hf ic{`spezckcy |h~ ohy meymhy keyií|pohy& \~hi`k`f{`y k`cmncy h~eoocy kò Jh~kãf y` acníc cmhf{hfckh g~cf mpo{e{pk k` g`f{` `fN`zìa& [hkhy ohy sp` cf{`y acnícf híkh c Jpcf sp`~ícf cah~c `yipiac~ cJ`yúy& Pfc ic~ctcfc k` |cgcfhy/ sp` acníc sp`~ekh e~ c Cefùf/ y` k`{pth|c~c `yipiac~ oc `fy`ócfzc k` J`yúy& N`zìa `y{ã ihmh c {~`y ipc~{hy k`

ah~c kò Jh~kãf/ jpf{h c pfc ~ã|ekc ih~~e`f{` k` cgpc sp` ketek` `f khy|c~{`y ò opgc~&



3;7

J

OT

J`yúy k`jc N`zìa u tc c Cefùf

`yúy ihf{efpù `fy`ócfkh u ycfcfkh kòcf{` kò con`~gp`& Ohy sp` yèncf c ncp{ezc~/ oc ic~ctcfc k` ohy |cgcfhy u mpiahy h{~hy y` ke~ege`~hf

co Jh~kãf |c~c |cyc~ co h{~h ockh& @o |cycj` `y{cnc c pfc ah~c u m`kec co Yp~k` N`zìa/ i`~ic k` oc iepkck k` Zc~{acf/ jpf{h co Jh~kãf/ c pfc ah~c k`N`zìa& Kò h{~h ockh/ `f{~` N`zìa u Zc~{acf/ acu pf opgc~`jh oocmckhCkcm& I`~ic k` Zc~{acf `y khfk` y` |c~ù ò Jh~kãf ipcfkh |cyc~hf ohyaejhy k` Ey~cò& Cooí aezh dpfke~ Ycohmùf iciac~~hy u p{`fyeoehy2 acu {hkctíccogpfcy k` `y{cy efkpy{~ecy u co H`y{` k` oc tpò{c sp` kc ò Jh~kãf `qey{` pf{coo`~ efy{cockh `f pfc mhf{cóc sp` y` `q{e`fk` aciec Ycmc~ec& @fip`f{~cfcaí cogh ihmh ihn~` u n~hfi`& J`yúy `fy`ócnc kp~cf{` ò icmefh& Ipcfkh o`|~`gpf{c~hf ye |c~c~íc `f Zc~{acf/ ihf{`y{ù sp` h{~hy opgc~`y oh fì`ye{cfmãy/ sp` Jpcf acníc `y{ckh cspí ihf d~ìp`fiec/ u sp` o` |~`gpf{`f c åo yeacníc ihmekh ycn~hycm`f{` `f np`fc m`yc u ye y` acníc ket`~{ekh `f `y{`

opgc~& Acníc cooí pf tckh cm|oeh |c~c |cyc~ ò Jh~kãf2 k`y|påy {p`~i` òJh~kãf aciec ò H`y{`& Kò h{~h ockh icmefc~hf ihmh khy ah~cy aciec òH~e`f{`/ c oc |c~{` Fh~{` k` pf c~~huh sp` y` ìac `f ò Jh~kãf/ fh o`jhy k`cooí& Oo`gc~hf c pf c~~huh jpf{h c Ypbbh{a/ c oc ezspe`~kc& K`yicfyc~hf `f{~`Ypbbh{a u Cefùf/ c ipc{~h ah~cy k` key{cfiec/ ncjh {e`fkcy& Ipcfkh |cyc~hfò Jh~kãf |pke`~hf t`~ c Yco`m/ kò h{~h ockh/ sp` acy{c `y` mhm`f{h ohacníc ipne`~{h oc ~en`~c mhf{cóhyc: `y{cnc `f m`keh k` oc k`y`mnhickp~cH`y{` kò Jh~kãf/ d~`f{` c Cefùf& @f Cefùf acníc pfc g~cf mpo{e{pk k`g`f{`& Ohy |cgcfhy y` acnícf `q{`fkekh `f{~` oc ihoefc k` Cefùf u ò Jh~kãf&Acnícf cipkekh ke`z dc~ey`hy/ k` Cefùf cogpfhy/ h{~hy k` ket`~yhy opgc~`y/`f{~` òohy ò aejh kò dc~ey`h Yem`ùf/ k` N`{c-fec& Ihf {hkh acníc `f{~`òohy |~pk`f{`y u mhk`~ckhy& @f oc |c~{` Fh~{` k` oc mhf{cóc aciec c~~enc`y{ã Cefùf/ ihmh |`sp`óc iepkck/ ihmh ypò`f y`~ ocy icycy k` opgc~`y k`~ì~`h& @f `y{c |c~{` k` oc iepkck `y{cnc oc k`y`mnhickp~c k` oc dp`f{` kò`y{cfsp` k` ohy ncp{eymhy ye{pckc co H~e`f{` k` oc mhf{cóc& Oc dp`f{` k`cgpc `~c oo`tckc `f icfco`y k` ae`~~h& @y{c k`y`mnhickp~c y` acníc i`~~ckhu y` cn~íc yùoh y`gúf oc fì`yekck& Acníc pfc icyc |c~c ò ipekckh k` ocdp`f{`& Kòcf{` kò opgc~ tefe`~hf ohy dc~ey`hy/ `f{~` òohy ò aejh k` Yemùf òo`|~hyh/ co `fip`f{~h k` J`yúy& Oh ~ìene`~hf cmegcno`m`f{`/ ihf k`d`~`fiecu ~`y|`{h& Oo`tc~hf c pfc {e`fkc c J`yúy u c ypy keyií|pohy/ o`y octc~hf ohy|e`y/ ycipke`~hf ypy t`y{ekhy u ohy ~`dhieoc~hf ihf |cf/ meò u n`nekc& J`yúy

mcfed`y{ù sp` `y{cnc ihf{`f{h/ sp` acníc cooí g`f{` ne`f ef{`fiehfckc2 |`~ho` |`ycnc sp` |`~{`fìe`~cf c `yc yì{c k` dc~ey`hy& Yegpeù ihf òohy c ociepkck u `f{~ù `f pf |c{eh khfk` o` `y|`~cnc g~cf mpo{e{pk k` `fd`~mhy/`q{~cfj`~hy u kò |cíy& Uciícf `f |c~{` ncjh {e`fkcy u `f |c~{` `f ocy gco`~ícy



3;1

k` oc icyc& Cogpfhy |hkícf icmefc~& J`yúy ycfù c {hkhy ihf oc em|hyeieùf kòcy mcfhy u ihf `qah~{ciehf`y& Ohy keyií|pohy cupkcncf c {~c`~ `fd`~mhy/ co`tcf{c~ohy/ c k`yc{c~ohy k` ypy t`fkcy& Tc~ecy mpj`~`y ihf dopjh k` ycfg~``y{cncf c key{cfiec |ãoekcy u tòckcy& Ipcfkh J`yúy {`~mefù ihf ohy`fd`~mhy/ dp` aciec òocy/ o`y em|pyh ocy mcfhy u ocy ycfù& Acníc ncokckhy/

aek~ù|eihy/ {íyeihy/ ihf g~cfhy `f ò ipòoh u `f ò ip`~|h/ sp` fh `~cfem|p~hy/ ck`mãy k` mpkhy/ yh~khy u khoe`f{`y k` {hkcy iocy`y& @y{` |c{eh{`~mefcnc `f pf ih~~`kh~ k` ihopmfcy/ khfk` acníc pfc `f{~ckc& Acnícmpiahy `y|ì{ckh~`y/ ohy dc~ey`hy u cogpfcy y`óh~cy& J`yúy `y{cnc ihf ohydc~ey`hy cspí/ |h~sp` acníc `f{~` òohy cogpfhy mhk`~ckhy u oh acnícf~ìenekh ne`f u yefi`~cm`f{`2 |h~ `yh o`y keh cspí ie`~{cy |~`d`~`fiecy&Sp`~íc mhy{~c~o`y sp` fh {`fícf ~czùf `f kìe~ sp` yùoh y` jpf{cnc ihf|pnoíicfhy/ |ìckh~`y u m`fkeghy& Sp`~íc {cmneåf mhy{~c~o`y sp` o`y kcncò ahfh~ sp` o`y `~c k`nekh ye`m|~` u `f {hkcy |c~{`y khfk` y` |h~{cncfih~~ì{cm`f{`& Cspí y` `m|`óc~hf òohy meymhy `f mcf{`f`~ ò h~k`f `f{~òhy `fd`~mhy u J`yúy k`jù sp` aeie`~cf {hkh ihmh o`y |c~ìíc c òohy&



3;5

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Mc~íc k` Yp|oícf

e`f{~cy J`yúy `y{cnc hip|ckh `f ycfc~ c ohy `fd`~mhy/ `f{~ù |h~ oc|p`~{c {~cy`~c kò g~cf ih~~`kh~ pfc c|p`y{c y`óh~c/ k` m`kecfc

`kck/ t`y{ekc c mhkh k` `q{~cfj`~c& Oo`tcnc ipne`~{c oc icn`zc u ohy icnòohyihf pf tòh kòeickh/ ipcjckh k` |`~ocy& Oc |c~{` yp|`~eh~ oc ipn~íc k`yk` òipòoh pf ih~|eóh sp` {`~mefcnc `f dh~mc k` ih~czùf cne`~{h |h~ ohy ockhy&@y{` ih~|eóh `y{cnc yhn~`|p`y{h ihmh pf `yic|poc~eh/ cjpy{ckh co ip`~|h ui`~~ckh ihf |~ìehycy ih~~`cy u ckh~fhy k` |`~ocy `f ò ipòoh u ò |ìah& K`cooí icícf khy ycihy |o`gckhy acy{c ohy |e`y/ ò pfh mãy ih~{h sp` ò h{~h/cmnhy k` ocfc nocfic/ ihf ckh~fhy k` a`~mhycy doh~`y& Ocy mcfgcy `~cfcfiacy u `f ò ahmn~h {~cíc |~`fkekh pf mcf{h ih~{h sp` icíc yhn~` cmnhyn~czhy& Ipn~ícy` {hkh ihf pf mcf{h oc~gh k` ocfc nocfic& Y` ci`~iù mpu{~ey{` u cfgpy{eckc/ oo`fc k` ihfdpyeùf u k` |`yc~2 yp ~hy{~h kògckh efkeicncoocf{h u yp me~ckc `~c `q{~cteckc& Sp`~íc oo`gc~ acy{c J`yúy/ u fh |hkíc |h~

oc mpo{e{pk& Ohy c{c~`ckhy dc~ey`hy o` ycoe`~hf co `fip`f{~h/ u òoc o`y kejh:.Oo`tckm` acy{c ò \~hd`{c/ |c~c sp` m` |`~khf` mey |ìckhy u m` ycf`.&Ohy dc~ey`hy ihf{`y{c~hf: .Mpj`~/ t`{` c icyc& ¸Spå spe`~`y cspí8 Åo fhsp`~~ã acnoc~ ihf{egh& ¸Iùmh |hk~ã Åo |`~khfc~ {py |ìckhy8 Åo fh sp`~~ã{~c{c~ ihf{egh: `~`y pfc ckúo{`~c.& Ipcfkh oc mpj`~ huù `y{h/ |coekìeù/ y``f{~ey{ìeù `f `q{~`mh/ y` ìaù `f {e`~~c/ ~cygù yp mcf{h k` c~~enc cncjh/ y`spe{ù teho`f{cm`f{` yp tòh/ u g~e{ù: .£Ca/ `f{hfi`y `y{hu |`~kekc# £Cah~ctpòt`f c |hy`yehfc~y` k` me#&&& £M` k`ygc~~cf#&&& £Cooí `y{ãf òohy#&&&. Ufhmn~ù c iefih kecnohy sp` `f{~c~hf `f òoc: ò kecnoh k` yp mc~ekh u ohy kìpc{~h h{~hy cmcf{`y& @~c pf `y|ì{ãipoh `y|cf{hyh& Pfcy mpj`~`y sp``y{cncf cooí oc o`tcf{c~hf u oo`tc~hf c oc k`yhockc mpj`~ c yp icyc&J`yúy/ sp` ycníc {hkh `y{h/ fh speyh/ yef `mnc~gh/ ct`~ghfzc~ cspí c ohydc~ey`hy2 k`jù sp` aeie`~cf y`gúf sp`~ícf u ihf{efpù yp `fy`ócfzc u ypyip~ciehf`y ihf ohy k`mãy& Yp ah~c cúf fh acníc oo`gckh& Y` ke~egeù ihf ypykeyií|pohy/ cihm|cóckh kò |p`noh c {~ctåy k` oc iepkck/ ypne`fkh op`gh coc co{p~c/ co opgc~ k` `fy`ócfzc k` Jpcf/ `f oc ihoefc ~hk`ckc k` icye{cy utcoockhy/ c ipuh ockh `y{cnc ye{pckh ò icy{eooh m`keh k`~~pekh sp` acnícacne{ckh A`~hk`y ipcfkh oc |~`keicieùf k` Jpcf& [hkh ò ihf{h~fh k` ocihoefc `y{cnc oo`fh k` |p`noh sp` `y|`~cnc c J`yúy& Åy{` ypneù co opgc~ k` oc|~`keicieùf/ ipne`~{h ihf ohfcy |h~ c~~enc u cne`~{h |h~ ohy ipc{~h ihy{ckhy&[pth opgc~ pfc g~cf |~`keicieùf& J`yúy acnoù k` oc g~cf mey`~eih~kec k`

Kehy ihf yp |p`noh/ `f `y|ìeco/ u ihf {hkhy/ u ~`|cyù ohy {`q{hy k` ohy|~hd`{cy/ mhy{~cfkh oc |~htek`fiec k` Kehy u k`mhy{~cfkh sp` {hkh yìpm|oíc cah~c `f `y{` {e`m|h u mhm`f{h& Ihf {hkh/ fh kejh {cf ioc~cm`f{`sp` Åo `~c ò M`yícy/ ihmh `f N`zìa& Acnoù {cmneåf k` Jpcf/ k` ypy



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{~cncjhy u k` yp |~eyeùf& Ocy mpia`kpmn~`y `~cf oo`tckcy u co`jckcy k` cooí/|h~ {p~fh/ |c~c hí~o`& J`yúy |~`gpf{ù c cogpfhy g~p|hy |h~ spå sp`~ícf y`~ncp{ezckhy/ |h~ spå acnícf `y|`~ckh acy{c cah~c/ spå `f{`fkícf |h~ òncp{eymh& Ohy ketekeù `f iocy`y sp` k`nícf ncp{ezc~y` |~em`~h u op`gh ohysp` k`nícf `y|`~c~ acy{c k`y|påy k` ~ìene~ mcuh~ efy{~piieùf& ^ìp`~kh oc

ihf{`y{cieùf k` pf g~p|h c oc |~`gpf{c k` |h~ spå acnícf `y|`~ckh acy{ccah~c& Kejh pfh: .\h~sp` Jpcf ye`m|~` `fy`ócnc sp` t`fk~íc Pfh sp` `~cmãy g~cfk` sp` åo u cyí a`mhy `y|`~ckh |c~c ~ìene~ mcuh~ g~ciec.& Yhn~``y{h o`tcf{c~hf oc mcfh {hkhy ohy sp` `~cf k` oc meymc ek`c u dh~mc~hf cyí pf g~p|h sp` ~ìeneù k` J`yúy cogpfhy cteyhy u oc efkeicieùf kò {e`m|h `fsp` k`nícf ncp{ezc~y`& \h~ oc {c~k`/ c ocy {~`y/ y` keh |h~ {`~mefckc `y{c g~cf`fy`ócfzc&J`yúy dp` ihf ypy keyií|pohy u ohy dc~ey`hy c oc iepkck/ khfk` o` acnícf|~`|c~ckh pfc g~cf ihmekc `f pfc ycoc kò con`~gp`& \`~h ipcfkh J`yúyoo`gù c oc ycoc kò d`y{íf/ fh `f{~ù/ u kejh2 .Uh {`fgh h{~c acmn~`./ u|~`gpf{ù/ cpfsp` oh ycníc |`~dì{cm`f{`/ |h~ oc icyc khfk` tetíc oc mpj`~

sp` acnícf co`jckh k` cooí `f oc mcócfc& O` y`ócoc~hf oc icyc/ sp` fh `y{cnco`jhy/ u k`jcfkh J`yúy c ohy k`mãy/ `f{~ù `f ò t`y{ínpoh k` `yc icyc& Uh a`tey{h/ ipcfkh y` ci`~iù J`yúy/ ò {`~~h~ k` oc mpj`~& @o k`mhfeh sp` oc |hy`ícoc c~~hjcnc k` pf ~efiùf c h{~h k` oc |e`zc: |c~ìíc pf cfemco sp` {~c{cnc k``yihfk`~y`& Ipcfkh J`yúy `f{~ù co |c{eh u y` ci`~icnc ckhfk` `y{cnc ocefdòez/ ycoeù thocfkh k`yk` yp icyc u y` m`{eù `f pf yù{cfh/ hipo{ãfkhy` `fpf `y|ìe` k` nc~~eo/ sp` `~c mãy cfghy{h c~~enc/ u co sp`~`~ hipo{c~y`/ y`|c~{eù ò ~ìe|e`f{` ihf mpiah `y{~å|e{h/ |h~sp` `~c pf g~cf {hfò k` nc~~hihiekh& J`yúy/ co def/ acnoù/ u kejh: .Mc~íc k` Yp|acf/ mpj`~ k`&&& !cspí |~hfpfieù ò fhmn~` kò mc~ekh/ sp` uh a` hotekckh: Uh {` mcfkh/ `ffhmn~` k` Kehy/ sp` t`fgcy jpf{h c Me.& Tefh `f{hfi`y oc mpj`~/ {hkc`ftpò{c k`yk` oc icn`zc c ohy |e`y/ ihmh ye ò kecnoh oc dh~zcy` c `fthot`~y``f yp |~h|eh mcf{h/ ihmh pf |`~~h sp` y` ci`~ic/ `y|`~cfkh y`~ c|co`ckh2ci`~iùy` c J`yúy c~~cy{~ãfkhy` yhn~` mcfhy u |e`y& J`yúy o` kejh: .\hf{` `f|e`.& Y` o`tcf{ù `f y`gpekc/ |`~h c|~`{ù yp tòh yhn~` oc icn`zc u ò ipòoh{cf `y{~ìacm`f{` ihmh ye ef{`f{cy` `y{~cfgpoc~y`& Kíjho` `f{hfi`y ò Y`óh~:.K`yipn~` {p ~hy{~h.& @ooc o`tcf{ù ò tòh& [`fíc ohy hjhy ncjhy u -`q{~cteckhy/ ihmh ye oc dh~zcy` ò kecnoh c c|c~{c~ohy k` J`yúy& J`yúy ci`~iùyp ~hy{~h co k` òoc u kejh: .Mí~cm`.& U òoc oh aezh cyí& J`yúy yh|où yhn~`òoc/ u pf k`fyh tc|h~ ycoeù k` oc efdòez c {hkhy ockhy& @ooc icuù k` ~hkeoocycf{` J`yúy& Ocy i~eckcy acnícf cipkekh |h~ ò ~pekh kò ~ìe|e`f{` aìah

|`kczhy u `y{cncf cah~c c ie`~{c key{cfiec me~cfkh oc `yi`fc& J`yúy o`ymcfkù oo`tc~ c oc mpj`~ c yp icyc `f pfc icmeooc u oc yegpeù ihf ypykeyií|pohy&



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Oc `fihf{~ù cooí aìac pf mc~ k` oãg~emcy& J`yúy y` ci`~iù c òoc/ o` |pyh ocymcfhy yhn~` oc icn`zc u o` kejh: .[py |ìckhy {` yhf |`~khfckhy.& @oocooh~cnc c mc~`y/ u y` |pyh k` |e`& Op`gh tefe`~hf ypy {~`y aejhy c oc |e`zc: pffeóh k` khi` cóhy u khy feócy k` fp`t` u k` ye`{` cóhy2 åy{cy {`fícf pft`y{ekh cmc~eooh ihf ckh~fhy u mcfgcy ih~{cy& J`yúy y` ke~egeù c ohy feóhy/

o`y acnoù ic~eóhycm`f{`/ o`y |~`gpf{ù u o`y `fy`óù& Oc mck~` kejh: .Kckg~ciecy co \~hd`{c2 Åo m` ac ip~ckh.& @f{hfi`y y` ìac~hf ohy feóhy `f {e`~~c/kòcf{` k` J`yúy& J`yúy ohy n`fkejh u/ y`gúf yp `kck/ oo`tù c ickc pfh k`òohy jpf{h c yp mck~` u |pyh ocy mcfhy k` ohy feóhy `f ocy k` oc mck~`/ um` |c~ìeù sp` ihf `yh spe{cnc k` òohy pf ncokùf/ u sp` cah~c `~cf feóhyo`gí{emhy/ |p`y `~cf aejhy {`fekhy `f yp `q{~ctíh& J`yúy ihfyhoù c oc mpj`~keieåfkho` sp` |hkíc {hkctíc ~ìhfieoec~y` ihf yp mc~ekh/ u oc `qah~{ù c|`~y`t`~c~ `f oc |`fe{`fiec u `f ò c~~`|`f{eme`f{h u c tete~ h~k`fckcm`f{`&K`y|påy y` dp` ihf ypy keyií|pohy c oc i`fc ihf ohy dc~ey`hy&@y{c mpj`~ `~c k` Yp|aãf/ k` oc {e`~~c k` Mhcn/ u `~c k`yi`fke`f{` k`H~|ac/ tepkc k` Iaòjùf/ fp`~c k` Fh`mí/ oc sp` |h~ ihfy`jh k` Fh`mí fh

dp` c Nòåf/ |c~c cihm|cóc~ c Fh`mí/ ihmh ^p{a/ oc h{~c tepkc k` yp aejhMcacoùf& H~|ac/ tepkc k` Iaòjùf/ aejh k` @oemòìa/ k` Nòåf/ icyù k`fp`th `f Mhcn u k` `y{c dcmeoec `~c Mc~íc k` Yp|aãf& @~c oc mpj`~ k` pf jpkíh u `~c ~eic/ |`~h ckúo{`~c/ u ohy {~`y aejhy sp` {`fíc fh `~cf k` ypmc~ekh& Yp mc~ekh oc acníc ~`|pkeckh/ ihfy`~tcfkh ypy aejhy o`gí{emhy& @ooctetíc `f yp icyc |~h|ec/ `f Cefùf2 `y{cnc k`yk` aciíc {e`m|h oo`fc k`c~~`|`f{eme`f{h u k` khoh~/ y` |h~{cnc ne`f u cogpfcy mpj`~`y np`fcy k`Cefùf y` oo`tcncf mpu ne`f ihf òoc& Oc `fy`ócfzc k` Jpcf Ncp{ey{c u ypy~`|~hia`y c A`~hk`y |h~ yp ckpo{`~eh oc acnícf ihfde~mckh `f ypy np`fhy|~h|ùye{hy& @y{cnc c m`fpkh |hy`íkc |h~ iefih k`mhfehy/ sp` y` acnícf|~`y`f{ckh yúne{cm`f{` ipcfkh oc úo{emc t`z acníc ekh co |c{eh khfk` J`yúyycfcnc/ u ipcfkh ohy dc~ey`hy oc k`yìac~hf/ ihohiãfkhoc `yc t`z co nh~k` kòc k`y`y|`~cieùf& \h~ yp k`yi`fk`fiec k` H~|ac/ ipóckc k` ^p{a/ {`fíc `y{cmpj`~ tífipoh ihf oc cyi`fk`fiec k` J`yúy/ k`yk` Kctek& M` dp` mhy{~ckhiùmh `y{` n~czh k`yteckh kò ~íh k` oc k`yi`fk`fiec/ `f{p~neckh |h~ ocipo|c/ `~c cah~c |p~edeickh/ u `f{~cnc |h~ `yc |p~edeicieùf/ |h~ m`keh k`J`yúy/ `f oc Ego`yec&J`yúy/ ihmh a` keiah/ `f{~ù `f oc ycoc kò ihfte{` ihf ohy keyií|pohy/ khfk``y{cncf ohy dc~ey`hy/ u y` y`f{ù c oc m`yc ihf òohy& @y{cncf coghcmhy{czckhy |h~sp` J`yúy apne`y` |~`yiefkekh k` òohy u apne`y` Åo meymhnpyickh c oc mpj`~ sp` òohy/ kòcf{` k` {cf{hy/ acnícf ~ìaczckh u co`jckh2

|`~h gpc~kc~hf |~pk`f{` yeo`fieh |h~sp` {`mícf pfc ~ìhft`fieùf k` J`yúy&J`yúy ohy {~c{ù kp~cf{` oc ihmekc ihf {hkc ihfyek`~cieùf u `fy`óù ihf|c~ãnhocy u ihm|c~ciehf`y& Aciec oc me{ck k` oc ihmekc tefe`~hf ohy aejhyk` oc Yp|acfe{c t`y{ekhy k` de`y{c u `f{~c~hf `f oc ycoc& Pfc k` ocy aeje{cy



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{~cíc pf ~ìe|e`f{` nocfih ihf cgpc mpu hoh~hyc2 oc y`gpfkc/ h{~h ~ìe|e`f{ìhf `y`fiec k` fc~kh/ u ò feóh h{~h ~ìe|e`f{`& Y` ckòcf{c~hf c oc |c~{`cne`~{c k` oc m`yc/ y` ìac~hf c ohy |e`y k` J`yúy u |pye`~hf ypy ~`gcohyyhn~` oc m`yc& Oc meymc mpj`~ `f{~ù op`gh ihf ypy khfiòocy/ cpfsp` fh y`c{~`tíc c ckòcf{c~y`& Oo`tcnc pf tòh u {~cíc pfc ih|c k` tek~eh {~cfy|c~`f{` u

n~eoocf{`/ khfk` acníc |ocf{cy c~hmã{eicy ~hk`ckcy k` ae`~ncy tetcy& Ohydc~ey`hy me~cncf ihf{~c~eckhy c oc mpj`~ u c ohy aejhy&J`yúy kejh c oc mpj`~: .Ciå~ic{`/ Mc~ã.& Oc mpj`~ y` ci`~iù apmeok`m`f{` uypy aejhy/ c spe`f`y keh ò ~`gcoh/ oh k`|pye`~hf jpf{h c ohy k`mãy yhn~` ocm`yc& J`yúy cg~ckìeù ohy ~`gcohy& Ohy dc~ey`hy mp~mp~c~hf/ ihmh mãy{c~k` ihf Mcgkco`fc |`fycfkh: .@y{h `y k`y|`~keiec~2 `y pfc |~hkegcoekck/ihf{~c oc mhk`~cieùf u `f kcóh k` ohy |hn~`y.& Oh kìícf yùoh npyicfkh spå~`|~hiac~ `f oc mpj`~& J`yúy acnoù mpu cmegcno`m`f{` ihf òoc u ihf ohyaejhy/ c ohy ipco`y ~`gcoù d~p{cy2 u op`gh ycoe`~hf& Oc Yp|acfe{c ihf{efpcncye`m|~` apmeok`/ k`{~ãy k` J`yúy/ u kejh J`yúy c ohy dc~ey`hy: .[hkhy ohykhf`y te`f`f k` Kehy& \c~c cg~ckì`~ oh sp` `y ihy{hyh acu sp` kc~ oh mãy

ihy{hyh {cmneåf/ oh sp` pfh {e`f` k` m`jh~& @y{h fh `y |~hkegcoekck& Ocg`f{` sp` {~cncjc `f oc ihfdìieùf k` `y{cy `y`fiecy/ k`n` {cmneåf tete~.&Ihf {hkh/ mcfkù c pfh k` ypy keyií|pohy sp` ò |~ìeh k` ohy ~`gcohy ohkey{~enpu`~c c ohy |hn~`y& Acnoù {hkctíc kò c~~`|`f{eme`f{h u oc ihft`~yeùfk` `yc mpj`~2 ~ìocmù |c~c òoc ò k`nekh ~`y|`{h/ u oc ihfyek`~cieùf{cmneåf k` ohy k`mãy acne{cf{`y k` oc iepkck& Oc mpj`~ fh kejh pfc |cocn~c:yùoh ooh~cnc k` ihf{efph k`ncjh k` yp tòh& Y` ìaù c ohy |e`y k` J`yúy uycoeù k` oc ycoc&J`yúy `fy`óù op`gh ci`~ic kò ckpo{`~eh u cóckeù: .¸Speåf k` `f{~` thyh{~hyy` `fip`f{~c oen~` kò ckpo{`~eh `y|e~e{pco8. Kejh sp` Jpcf fh |pkh ihft`~{e~c A`~hk`y2 |`~h sp` `y{c mpj`~ `y{cnc ihft`~{ekc2 u {~c{ù k` oc ht`jc |`~kekcu acoockc& Acníc ihfyhockh c oc mpj`~ `f yp icyc/ k`y`ãfkho` sp` ycoe`~cfnp`fhy `y{hy aejhy sp` Kehy o` acníc kckh2 u o` acníc kckh `y|`~cfzc k`cg~`gc~y` c ocy mpj`~`y sp` `y{cncf ihf Mc~{c u {~cncjc~ |c~c ò ahy|`kcj`k` ohy keyií|pohy& K`y|påy k` oc ihmekc a` tey{h c ohy keyií|pohy ~`|c~{e~mpiacy ihycy `f{~` ohy |hn~`y& J`yúy y` ~`{e~ù c oc |c~{` H`y{` k` oc ihoefc k`Cefùf/ k` khfk` `y{cnc c ie`~{c key{cfiec ò icm|cm`f{h k` ohy |cgcfhy&I~`h sp` acníc cooí pf con`~gp` ncjh {e`fkcy/ khfk` `fy`óù c ohy |cgcfhy&Cefùf `y{cnc `f ò {`~~e{h~eh k` A`~hk`y/ |`~h |`~{`fìíc/ ihmh pfc|hy`yeùf co h{~h ockh k` ohy oíme{`y/ co {`{~c~ic Dòe|`& C |`yc~ k` òoh/ acníctc~ehy yhokckhy k` A`~hk`y `fteckhy |c~c `y|ec~&



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|`~h k` |e` y` t`ícf/ |h~sp` `~cf k`2 |hic co{p~c ocy keteyehf`y& K`y|påy kòc ihmekc dp` J`yúy ihf ypy keyií|pohy/ ohy o`te{cy u mpiahy h{~hy k` fp`thc oc iepkck& O` `y|`~cncf mpiahy `fd`~mhy/ c ohy ipco`y ycfù/ `f{~` òohyopfã{eihy u mòcfiùoeihy& Op`gh `fy`óù `f oc yefcghgc yhn~` Jcihn u Jhyå uoc t`f{c k` åy{` c ohy `ge|iehy/ u cóckeù: .Pf kíc H{~h {cmneåf y`~ã t`fkekh|h~ pfh k` ypy a`~mcfhy2 {cmneåf Åy{` ~ìene~ã k`y|påy c ypy a`~mcfhyc~~`|`f{ekhy u ohy ihfyhoc~ã `f ò {e`m|h k` oc ic~`y{íc ihf ò |cf k` oc tekc`{`~fc.& Op`gh/ oc meymc {c~k`/ |~`gpf{c~hf cogpfhy |cgcfhy c ohykeyií|pohy apmeok`m`f{` ye |hk~ícf {cmneåf òohy {`f`~ cogpfc |c~{` `f òg~cf \~hd`{c/ u ohy keyií|pohy y` oh kej`~hf co Y`óh~/ ò ipco o`y |~hm`{eù e~mcócfc c yp iepkck&J`d{å dp` aejh k` pfc mpj`~ |cgcfc ìackh k` ^cmh{a |h~ ohy aejhy o`gí{emhyk` yp |ck~` u teteù `f oc i`~icfc ihmc~ic k` [hn `f ihm|cóíc k` yhokckhyu g`f{` k` |~`yc& !^cmh{a y` oocmc {cmneåf Mcy|ac& J`d{å {`fíc k` ypkedpf{c mpj`~ |cgcfc pfc aejc úfeic/ k` a`~mhyc c|c~e`fiec/ |~pk`f{`/ |`~hmpu tcfc& J`d{å `~c pf ahmn~` kìekekh/ dp`~{` u k` mpiac tco`f{íc/k`y`hyh k` {~epfdhy u mcf{`fíc eftc~ecno` yp |cocn~c kckc& Cpfsp` `~c jpkíhk` fcieme`f{h `~c `f t`~kck pf gp`~~`~h |cgcfh& @~c `f `y{` icyh pfefy{~pm`f{h `f ocy mcfhy k` Kehy& Oo`fh k` cfyecy k` goh~ec/ k`y`hyh k`t`fi`~ u y`~ icn`zc k` yp |p`noh/ kò ipco acníc yekh ìackh/ aezh ò th{hyho`mf` k` yci~edeic~ c Kehy cspòoc |`~yhfc sp` |~em`~h o` ycoe`~c co

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^cmh{a/ sp` oh ~ìene`~hf ihf g~cf t`f`~cieùf c oc `f{~ckc k` oc icoo` spàcne{cncf& Fh o`jhy k` yp {`m|oh acníc pf opgc~ |c~c `fy`óc~/ ckhfk` acnícf{~cíkh c ohy `fd`~mhy u cfiecfhy/ c ohy ipco`y ycfù k` ypy kho`fiecy& Ohy spò` acnícf efte{ckh |c~ì` sp` `~cf ycnehy/ yci`~kh{`y u deoùyhdhy2 ycnícf kòc t`fekc k` ohy ^ù`y Mcghy/ iùmh acnícf åy{hy hny`~tckh oc `y{~òoc kòM`yícy/ u |`~{`fìícf c `y{c yì{c k` hny`~tckh~`y k` cy{~hy& [`fícf fh o`jhypf opgc~ c|~h|eckh yhn~` pfc ihoefc |c~c hny`~tc~ ocy `y{~òocy/ ihmh `f ò|cíy k` ohy Mcghy& Acnícf k`y`ckh aci` {e`m|h pfc `fy`ócfzc u cah~c ocencf c ~ìene~ kò meymh J`yúy&Acnoù mpu |~hdpfkcm`f{`2 {cmneåf y` ~`de~eù c oc Ycf{íyemc [~efekck/ u `f`y{c hicyeùf hí `y{cy |cocn~cy/ sp` m` icpyc~hf `q{~có`zc: .[~`y yhf ocy

ihycy sp` kcf {`y{emhfeh: ò cgpc/ oc ycfg~` u ò `y|í~e{p/ u åy{cy `y{ãf jpf{cy`f pfh.& O`y acnoù k` oc icíkc kò |~em`~ ahmn~` `f ò |ìckh/ k` oc|~hm`yc kò ^`k`f{h~ u mpiacy ihycy k` oc ihfkpi{c k` ohy ahmn~`y/ kòkeopteh/ kò |cycj` kò Mc~ ^hjh u kò Jh~kãf u kò ncp{eymh& O`y kejh spòhy jpkíhy fh acnícf |hy`íkh {hkc oc [e`~~c Ycf{c u sp` mpiahy |cgcfhyacnícf sp`kckh k`f{~h2 sp` Åo t`fíc cah~c c {hmc~ oh sp` acníc sp`kckh|c~c efih~|h~c~oh c yp ~èfh2 |`~h fh ihf oc `y|ckc u oc teho`fiec/ yefh ihfò cmh~ u oc g~ciec&Ihfmhteù c mpiahy yhn~`mcf`~c u ohy `fteù c ncp{ezc~y` c Cefùf& C h{~hyye`{` ahmn~`y k` `kck sp` uc fh |hkícf e~ cooã ohy aezh ncp{ezc~ cspí |h~ ypykeyií|pohy& Y` {~cjh pf ~ìe|e`f{` sp` y` |pyh kòcf{` k` òohy2 åy{hy `f{~c~hf`f pfc iey{`~fc k` ncóh/ k` mhkh sp` `y{cncf acy{c ocy ~hkeoocy `f ò cgpc2yhn~` ò ~ìe|e`f{` k` cgpc y` |pyh pf |cycmcfhy |c~c c|huc~y`& Khykeyií|pohy |pye`~hf ypy mcfhy `f ò ahmn~h k` ohy ncp{ezcfkhy u Mc{ícy/ pfkeyií|poh k` Jpcf/ o`y ìaù ò cgpc/ c pfh k`y|påy k` h{~h& Pyù pfc `y|ìe`k` {czc ihf mcfgh |c~c ìac~ ò cgpc yhn~` oc icn`zc& J`yúy o`y kejh c ohykeyií|pohy oc dù~mpoc sp` k`nícf ~`|`{e~ `f ohy ncp{eymhy& Ohy ahmn~`y y`|~`y`f{c~hf oem|ehy/ t`y{ekhy k` nocfih& J`yúy `fy`óù op`gh co |p`noh `fg`f`~co yhn~` oc icy{ekck u ò mc{~emhfeh2 c ocy mpj`~`y o`y ~ìhm`fkù ochn`ke`fiec/ oc apmeokck u oc `kpicieùf k` ohy aejhy& Ocy g`f{`y y` mhy{~c~hfmpu ne`f key|p`y{cy u oh cihm|cóc~hf ihf mpiah ic~eóh k` ~`g~`yh&

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òohy y` y`f{c~ícf `f yp ~èfh/ |~`d`~ekhy c ohy aejhy k` Ey~cò2 u sp` Åo acníct`fekh c efih~|h~c~ c oc {e`~~c k` |~hmeyeùf c cspòohy |cgcfhy sp` òohy/ ohyey~còe{cy/ fh acnícf |hkekh ìac~ k` òoc/ u sp` `y{h y` ~`coezcnc |h~ ocg~ciec/ oc `fy`ócfzc u ò ncp{eymh& Acnoù {cmneåf k` oc tei{h~ec u kò

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e`f{~cy J`yúy `fy`ócnc `f oc yefcghgc/ ocy jùt`f`y iò`n~cncf ypde`y{c `f ò mhfpm`f{h k` J`d{ícy/ sp` yp |ck~` o` acníc `~egekh/ sp`

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|oc{cdh~mc `~c {cf cfiac sp` |hkícf khy jùt`f`y e~ co~`k`kh~ {hmcfkh k` ocmcfh oc tc~c kò i`f{~h kò {`m|o`{`& @f ò m`keh k` `y{` mcpyho`h `y{cnc ocdegp~c k` J`d{ícy/ k` mã~mho nocfih/ y`f{ckc `f pfc yeooc/ y`m`jcf{` ccspòoc `f oc ipco `y{pth y`f{ckc `f ~`coekck& Oc icn`zc k` `y{c `y{c{pccoicfzcnc oc |~em`~c thop{c k` oc `yico`~c k` ic~ciho sp` ypníc co {`m|o`{`&@f {h~fh k` oc degp~c acníc {cf{h `y|cieh ihmh |c~c {~`y ahmn~`y jpf{hy& Ocyihopmfcy kò {`m|o`{` `y{cncf pfekcy ihf a`~mhyc ~`jeooc& Oc |c~{` `q{`~eh~k` `y{` mcpyho`h `~c k` |e`k~cy t`{`ckcy k` tc~ehy ihoh~`y u ocy thop{cy kòc `yicoc `~cf ickc t`z mãy nocficy co ypne~& @f ò {`m|oh k` `y{`

mhfpm`f{h iò`n~cncf ocy jùt`f`y oc de`y{c k` J`d{ícy/ sp` {`fíc `f oc mcfhpf |cópòh jpf{h c ohy hjhy/ ihmh ye ooh~c~c/ u oc h{~c aciec cncjh yhy{`fíc pf~cmh sp`n~ckh h pfc doh~ {~hfiackc& [hkc `y{c de`y{c |~hi`keù ihf mpiahh~k`f& K` t`z `f ipcfkh `q{`fkícf ih~{efcy `f {h~fh kò {`m|oh u y`

jpf{cncf `f g~p|hy h y`|c~ckcy pfcy k` h{~cy/ `f h~cieùf/ oocf{h u g`mekhy&Me~cncf oc degp~c kò m`keh u icf{cncf co{`~fãfkhy` pfcy ihf h{~cy& Ctì`y t`fícf kòcf{` k` oc degp~c/ ìacncf doh~`y/ oc ckh~fcncf ihfgpe~fcokcy u `f{hfcncf icf{hy yhn~` oc n~`t`kck k` oc tekc& ^ìp`~kh `y{h:.Ahu c me/ mcócfc c {e.& Cocncncf oc dh~{co`zc k` J`d{ícy u yp ~`yegfcieùf/ uoc `qco{cncf ihmh |~ìeh k` oc tei{h~ec& Ypnícf k`y|påy k` c g~p|hy yhn~` ò{`m|o`{` u icf{cncf icf{hy k` {~epfdh& Cogpfcy ypnícf c oh co{h u me~cfkh coh o`jhy |~hfpfiecncf ò {`~~eno` jp~cm`f{h& Op`gh thotíc ò ih~{`jh jpf{h co

mhfpm`f{h u ocm`f{cnc u ihfyhocnc c oc jht`f |h~sp` k`níc mh~e~ yefk`yi`fk`fiec& [hkh ò ci{h `y{cnc oo`fh k` ciiehf`y k` g~ciecy c Kehy/ ihfm`ke{ciehf`y yhn~` oc jpy{eiec ketefc& Acníc mpiacy a`~mhycy `yi`fcy `f{hkc `y{c ~`|~`y`f{cieùf/ co{`~fcfkh oc co`g~íc ihf oc {~ey{`zc u oc k`thieùf&



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Y` oo`tù c icnh {cmneåf pfc ihmekc `f ò {`m|oh/ u a` tey{h c ocy jùt`f`y/fh y`f{ckcy c oc m`yc/ yefh `f g~p|hy yhn~` `yicohf`y ihf ocy |e`~fcyi~pzckcy/ ye`m|~` k` {~`y c {~`y/ `f {h~fh kò {`m|oh {`fe`fkh |`sp`ócy u~`khfkcy m`ye{cy kòcf{` k` yí& Ohy coem`f{hy {`fícf tc~ecy degp~cy~`|~`y`f{c{etcy& Pfc mcyc k` |cy{ò`~íc {`fíc oc dh~mc k` pf ih~k`~h ìackh

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aciec ò Fh~{`/ |cycfkh ò Jcnhb u ypne`fkh oc mhf{cóc ihmh {~`y ah~cy coH`y{`/ `f oc ihmc~ic sp` dp` pf kíc ò ~èfh k` Ncycf/ u oo`gù c pfc iepkck`f m`keh k` khy mhf{cócy |pf{ecgpkcy& Y` oocmc C~gc u |`~{`fì` cokey{~e{h k` C~ghn/ `f oc me{ck k` Mcfcy`y& C póc ah~c u m`kec h khy ah~cyk` icmefh acu/ `f ò opgc~ khfk` fci` ò c~~huh k` Hg/ pfc g~cf iepkck k`G`~cyc co H~e`f{` k` C~gc& Co Ypk`y{` k` åy{c y` t`/ ye{pckc mpu co{c/ ociepkck k` Jcn`yia-Gcocck& @o {`~~`fh cspí `y |`k~`ghyh2 k` o`jhy |c~ì`~ícsp` fh acn~íc ã~nho`y2 |`~h `f mpiahy opgc~`y ohy `y|ciehy `y{ãf ipne`~{hyihf c~npy{hy u |ocf{cy tc~eckcy& Cspí `m|`zcnc ò ~èfh k` Ncycf& C~gc `~coc |~em`~c iepkck co `f{~c~& Oc m`kec {~enp k` Mcfcy`y y` `q{e`fk` pf |hihmãy co Yp~& C pfc ah~c kò ~íh Jcnhb/ co Fh~{`/ t`h pfc `m|coezckc sp`

y`ócoc ohy oíme{`y& J`yúy |`~fhi{ù ihf ypy keyií|pohy ihmh c m`kec ah~c kòc iepkck/ `f pf con`~gp` cne`~{h `f ò icmefh ~`co sp` tc k`yk` ò H~e`f{àcy{c C~gc& Ohy keyií|pohy acnícf oo`tckh ihmekc ihfyegh& Me`f{~cy `f ocfhia` {hkhy kh~mícf/ J`yúy y` o`tcf{ù yì~`{cm`f{` u dp` c h~c~ co ce~` oen~`&C~gc `y pfc iepkck g~cfk`/ mpu oem|ec u/ ihmh oc mcuh~ |c~{` k` ocyiepkck`y k` `y{c ihmc~ic khfk` acne{cf |cgcfhy ihf jpkíhy/ `y{ãf ocy icoo`y{~czckcy `f oíf`cy ~ì{cy u ihft`~g`f `f dh~mc k` `y{~òoc `f pf |pf{hiåf{~eih& Ocy g`f{`y {e`f`f h{~c mcf`~c mpu ked`~`f{` k` tete~ sp` `f Jpk`cu `f Gcoeo`c u yhf k` m`jh~`y ihy{pmn~`y& Acu cspí o`te{cy mcfkckhy k`J`~pycoåf u h{~hy i`f{~hy/ sp` `fy`ócf `f ocy yefcghgcy u yhf icmneckhy k`{e`m|h `f {e`m|h& Ipcfkh oc g`f{` fh `y{ã ihf{`f{c ihf òohy/ |p`k`sp`jc~y`/ u ohy icmnecf& Fh y` ypd~`f {cm|hih c g`f{`y k` mcocyihy{pmn~`y u acu pf opgc~ k` icy{egh ckhfk` yhf `fteckcy& A` tey{h sp` ocg`f{` fh y` hip|c k` |~`|c~c~ oc ihmekc/ yefh sp` acu g~cfk`y ihiefcykhfk` y` ihiefc/ u ocy g`f{`y tcf cooã c ihm`~ h c npyic~ yp coem`f{h&Kp`~m`f yhn~` ocy czh{`cy/ ncjh {e`fkcy sp` `q{e`fk`f cooí& T`h cspí mpiacy {ef{h~`~ícy/ mpu defcy/ `y|ìecom`f{` k` ihoh~ teho`{c& @oihfdìiehfc~ u ò {`j`~ g~cfk`y u c~{íy{eicy codhmn~cy `y cspí mãy `q{`fyhsp` `f ^cmh{a& @f{~` oc iepkck u ohy mp~hy k` oc meymc acu pfc aeo`~cg~cfk` k` {e`fkcy khfk` mpiacy mpj`~`y `y{ãf y`f{ckcy jpf{h c oc~gcy {e~cysp` {~cncjcf u {`j`f& K`nekh c `y{` hdeieh/ ~èfc cspí pfc g~cf oem|e`zc

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icyc/ sp`kcfkh oc mpj`~ u ohy aejhy ihf Mheyåy& J`{~ù ihf{ù {hkcy ocymc~cteoocy `f C~gc/ khfk` mpiac g`f{` {hmù g~cf t`f`~cieùf |h~ ò Kehyk` ohy ey~còe{cy& J`{~ù `fteù `f icmòohy ~`gcohy u hd~`fkcy |c~c ohyyci~edeiehy/ u ohy k` C~gc ihf{~enpu`~hf |c~c `y{hy ~`gcohy& @y{hy khf`y



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ihfyey{ícf `f pf ciè{` mpu |p~h sp` op`gh y` pyù |c~c sp`mc~ `f ocoãm|c~c kò C~ic/ `f oc~ghy u defhy |òhy k` icmòoh |c~c ihfdìiehfc~mcf{cy u ihn`~{h~`y/ u `f mck`~cy k` Y`{em k` oc ipco y` aezh ò C~ic u ocm`yc k` oc |~h|hyeieùf2 I~`h sp` mcfkc~hf {cmneåf pfc `y|ìe` k` {~eghihf ò ipco y` aeie`~hf ohy |cf`y k` oc |~h|hyeieùf: `~c oc måkpoc k` pfc

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nocfih& Aeie`~hf op`gh pf ~`gcoh c J`yúy ihfyey{`f{` `f nc~~e{cy k` h~h uc~hy k` h~h/ |h~sp` ihm`~iecncf ihf `y{hy c~{íipohy: {hkh `~c |c~c oc icjcihmúf k` ohy keyií|pohy& Y` t`fkeù mãy {c~k` {hkh `y{h u y` key{~enpuù `okef`~h c ohy |hn~`y& K`y|påy J`yúy `fy`óù cúf `f oc yefcghgc/ ycfù cmpiahy `fd`~mhy cooí u {hmù |c~{` `f pfc ihmekc `f ihm|cóíc k` ohy

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~`pfe`~hf cooí mpiacy |`~yhfcy/ |h~sp` |h~ oc {c~k` ihm`fzcncf pfcy de`y{cyihf hicyeùf k` oc tei{h~ec k` G`k`ùf& J`yúy dp` ~ìenekh kòcf{` k` oc iepkck|h~ ohy o`te{cy2 o` octc~hf ohy |e`y u o` ke`~hf coem`f{h& K`y|påy dp` c ocyefcghgc u `fy`óù& Czh `~c pfc dh~{co`zc `f ohy {e`m|hy k` J`d{å2 ipcfkh åodp` oocmckh kò |cíy k` [hn/ dp` k`y{~pekc& Cah~c Czh `~c pfc |`sp`óciepkck/ |`~h mpu oem|ec/ sp` y` `q{`fkíc `f pfc aeo`~c oc~gc k` icycy& Fh{`fíc |cgcfhy u ocy |`~yhfcy `~cf np`fcy/ {~cncjckh~cy/ k` ycfcy ihy{pmn~`yu ipo{etcncf hoetc~`y& Ohy hoetc~`y `y{ãf kòcf{` k` oc iepkck/ `f ocy ock`~cy/|ocf{ckhy `f c~k`f/ c~{íy{eicm`f{` key|p`y{hy& [cmneåf |~`|c~cf cspí {òcy u{`j`f& @o mhkh k` tete~ `y ihmh `f C~gc: ohy |hnockh~`y y` {e`f`f |h~ jpkíhy|p~hy k` oc {~enp k` Mcfcy`y/ |h~sp` tet`f yef m`zioc~y` ihf |cgcfhy&

[hkh ~`y|e~c oem|e`zc& @o icmefh oo`tc |h~ pf tcoo` c~~enc khfk` `y{ã ociepkck co H`y{` k` pfc mhf{cóc& Ipcfkh Kånh~c `~c jp`z `f ò {e`m|h `fsp` dp` mp`~{h Yeyc~c |h~ Jcaò/ tetíc pfc mpj`~ k`yi`fke`f{` k` oc`q{efgpekc {~enp k` N`fjcmíf sp` y` hipo{cnc oc~gh {e`m|h `f Mcy|ac&Oo`tcnc t`y{ekhy k` ahmn~` u |pkh keyempoc~ {cf ne`f yp ihfkeieùf sp`fcke` oc ~ìhfhieù& [`fíc teyehf`y/ |~hd`{ezcnc u ye~teù c ohy ey~còe{cy ihmh`y|íc2 |`~h khfk` `~cf pyckhy ypy y`~teiehy ye`m|~` ycoícf ohy ypi`yhy mco&@y{cncf cicm|ckhy cspí ohy mckecfe{cy/ c ohy ipco`y y` jpf{ù `f {~cj` k`yhokckh u y` kìíc oocmc~y` Cfeap`m/ pfh k` ohy aå~h`y sp` acníc `yic|ckhkò k`ycy{~` k` Yeyc~c !Jpì`y/ ET/ 37-><%& Y` acníc ef{~hkpiekh uc `f tc~ehyicm|cm`f{hy |c~c `y|ec~ u cah~c `y{cnc `f ò kò ic|e{ãf k` ohy mckecfe{cy/|c~c `f{~`gc~o`/ ihmh kìíc/ `f ypy mcfhy c {hkh Ey~cò& Fh {hmcnc fpfictefh/ `~c mpu |~ìctekc u tetíc icy{cm`f{`2 |`~h cspí y` `mnh~~ciaù u dp`~ìhfhiekc ihmh mpj`~& Y` oc ioctù yhn~` pfc mck`~c k` |e`y u mcfhy u yòc c~~hjù `f pf ahuh/ ihf oc `q|~`yeùf u y`f{`fiec: .\`~`zic cspí ihf ypfhmn~`.&K`yk` Czh ycoeù G`k`ùf |c~c c{cic~ c ohy mckecfe{cy& K`yi`fkíc k`Mcfcy`y u tetíc ihf yp |ck~` `f Yeoh& @y{cnc `f{hfi`y Ey~cò `f pf `y{ckhmey`~cno`& Ohy mckecfe{cy u h{~hy |p`nohy |cgcfhy eftckícf ò |cíy/c~~`nc{cncf ocy ihyìacy u k`tcy{cncf ò ypòh& G`k`ùf/ pf aejh k` Jhãy/ ò|~em`~ icncoo`~h k` @|a~c/ `~c mpu tcoe`f{` u mpu ic~e{c{eth& Yhoíc ih~{c~ yp

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keyempockc |h~ pf nh~k` k` |e`k~cy sp` oo`gcnc acy{c ocy ~cmcy kò ã~nho/ k`mhkh sp` k` dp`~c fh y` yhy|ìacnc sp` acníc co |e` kò ã~nho pfc g~p{ckhfk` `y{cnc oc `~c& Oc ~cmc |~efie|co `y{cnc ihmh `f{~`{`gekc ihf ocy~cmcy yìpfkc~ecy& @o |eyh `~c k` |e`k~c kp~c2 co~`k`kh~ acníc ahuhy khfk``y{cncf k`|hye{ckhy ohy ~ìe|e`f{`y k` {~egh `f tcyejcy k` ih~{`zc& [~eoocncf

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`f{~ù `f `y{` icm|cm`f{h {hicfkh ocy {~hm|`{cy/ ihf ocy cf{h~iacy `f ocmcfh/ me`f{~cy h{~c |c~{ekc cihm`{íc |h~ h{~h ockh& Ohy `f`meghy icu`~hf`f oc mcuh~ ihfdpyeùf2 y` mc{cncf pfhy c h{~hy u cyí dp`~hf t`fiekhy k`{hkcy |c~{`y |h~ ohy aejhy k` Ey~cò& Oc mhf{cóc k` oc ipco icíc ò |cf/ y`gúfò yp`óh kò yhokckh/ `y{cnc k`{~ãy k` Czh2 k`yk` cspí `f `dì{h ihm`fzùG`k`ùf c opiac~ |`~yhfcom`f{`&@f Czh/ |p`y/ y` iò`n~cnc cah~c oc ihfm`mh~cieùf k` yp {~epfdh& Kòcf{`k` oc iepkck acu pf ~hno` mpu g~cfk` `f ò y`fh k` pfc ihoefc u k`ncjh pfco{c~ k` |e`k~c& @f{~` `y{` ã~nho u oc mhf{cóc kò ipco teh t`fe~ ò |cf~hkcfkh cspò yhokckh/ `y{cnc y`|po{ckc cspòoc mpj`~ |~hd`{eyc& @y{c iocy`k` ã~nho`y `y ked`~`f{` k` fp`y{~h ~hno`2 {e`f` pfc d~p{c g~p`yc ihf iãyic~ct`~k`/ k`ncjh kò ipco `y{ã m`{ekh ò ic~hzh kp~h `f pfc `ftho{p~c/ ihmh `ffp`y{~cy `fiefcy& K` `y{hy ic~hzhy aci`f ohy jpkíhy ocy icn`zcy k` ypyncy{hf`y& Acníc cah~c pfc aeo`~c g~cfk` k` c~ihy ihf ~cmcy k` `fiefcyckh~fckcy ihf {hkc iocy` k` d~p{cy k`yk` `y{` ã~nho acy{c oc iepkck |c~c ocg~cf mpia`kpmn~` sp` cipkíc c oc de`y{c&J`yúy ihf ypy keyií|pohy dp` {cmneåf `f pfc |~hi`yeùf acy{c ò ã~nho&Oo`tcncf kòcf{` iefih mciahy icn~íhy |`sp`óhy ihf ih~hfcy ihoh~ckcy `fò |`yip`zh/ sp` `fi`~~c~hf `f ict`~fcy ihf ~`jeoocy `f {h~fh k` cspòoc`fiefc& Oo`tc~hf {cmneåf |cf`y u {h~{cy |c~c ò yci~edeieh/ me`f{~cy {hicncfocy {~hm|`{cy& Y` où`~hf ohy ~hoohy k` oc @yi~e{p~c yhn~` G`k`ùf u yp

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yci~edeieh k` G`k`ùf ihf pfc tc~c& J`yúy k`yc~~hooù op`gh pfc `fy`ócfzc co|p`noh ~`pfekh u cyí {`~mefù oc mcócfc& \h~ oc {c~k` dp` ihf ohy o`te{cy u ohy|~efie|co`y kò |p`noh c pf tcoo` co Yp~ k` oc iepkck khfk` `f {h~fh k` pfc~~huh acníc pf opgc~ k` ncóhy u k` ~ì~`h& @y{cncf cooí ~`pfekcy/ `f opgc~c|c~{`/ ocy mpj`~`y u ocy jùt`f`y/ `f{~`{`fekcy `f ket`~ycy ket`~yehf`y& Y`

|~`|c~ù pfc ihmekc/ khfk` ohy |hn~`y {`fícf {cmneåf yp opgc~ `f pfcym`ycy& J`yúy y` y`f{ù c oc m`yc k` `yhy |hn~`y& Ihf{ù oc |c~ãnhoc kò aejh|~ùkegh u acnoù kò ic~f`~h sp` mc{ù yp |ck~` |c~c åo& Oc fhia` oc |cyùJ`yúy `f ò {ìah k` oc yefcghgc/ ncjh pfc {e`fkc/ |p`y `~c ihy{pmn~` kh~me~`f ocy czh{`cy&Co kíc yegpe`f{` ihf{efpcncf ocy de`y{cy& Ocy {e`fkcy u iahzcy k` ~cmcy y`key|pye`~hf |c~c oc de`y{c k` ohy [cn`~fãipohy sp` t`fíc pfhy 3; kícyk`y|påy& \h~ oc mcócfc `fy`óù J`yúy `f oc yefcghgc u ycfù c mpiahy`fd`~mhy kòcf{` k` oc `yipòc: `~cf ie`ghy/ {íyeihy u cogpfhy `fk`mhfeckhyfh dp~ehyhy& K`y|påy apnh pfc ihmekc/ u J`yúy k`jù oc iepkck cihm|cóckh|h~ ohy o`te{cy u h{~hy& @~cf pfhy {~èf{c ohy sp` o` cihm|cócncf& @o icmefh

oo`tcnc |~em`~h |h~ oc mhf{cóc k`yk` oc ipco acníc tey{h ò yhokckh ic`~ ò|cf k` i`nckc `f ò icm|cm`f{h k` ohy m`kecfe{cy2 k`y|påy ncjc~hf c pfnc~~cfih c {~ctåy k` pfc co{c mhf{cóc u icmefc~hf pfc ah~c aciec ò Fh~{``f pf tcoo` jpf{h c pf cg~ckcno` ocgh khfk` acníc icycy |`~{`fìe`f{`y c ohyo`te{cy k` Czh& Pf ~íh ih~~` k`yk` ò ocgh c {~ctåy kò tcoo` u tc co Jh~kãf& Cpfcy yèy £ah~cy k` cspí/ co Fh~`y{`/ `y{ã N`{ac-~cm|a{c-Jpoecy `f {h~fh cpfc mhf{cóc& J`yúy {hmù cogúf coem`f{h jpf{h co ocgh& [`fícf |`yickhyd~e{hy/ meò/ |cf`y/ nh{òocy ihf nãoycmh: {hkh `y{h oh acnícf oo`tckhihfyegh& @o icmefh k` Czh acy{c cspí `y ihmh k` {~`y ah~cy& J`yúy ihf{ù `fò icmefh u cspí |c~ãnhocy kò y`mn~ckh~ u k` ohy icm|hy |`k~`ghyhy/|h~sp` cspí `y mpu |`k~`ghyh ò {`~~`fh& Ihmh y` t`ícf |`sp`ócy icfhcy`f ò ocgh u |`yickh~`y ihf cfzpòhy/ J`yúy ~`de~eù |c~ãnhocy k` |ì`y u kòmhkh k` |`yic~& Ohy |`yickhy c|~`yckhy y` key{~enpícf c ohy |hn~`y&



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OQEEEJ`yúy `f @|a~hf

pfc ah~c u m`kec `y{ã @|a~ùf/ cpfsp` k` cspí fh y` |p`k` t`~oh/ yefhocy co{cy mhf{cócy sp` `y{ãf `fd~`f{`& J`yúy y` y`|c~ù k` oc g`f{` k`

Czh/ sp` `~cf ocy m`jh~`y k` {hkhy ypy icmefhy/ u yegpeù tecj` acy{c@|a~ùf& Kòcf{` k` oc iepkck dp` ~ìenekh |h~ ohy o`te{cy& Uc acnícfkey|p`y{h c mpiahy `fd`~mhy `f icmcy{~hy k` mck`~c/ c ohy ipco`y |hfícfpf {ìah k` {òc& J`yúy ycfù c `y{hy `fd`~mhy& Oc iepkck `y{ã `f oc co{p~c/ cM`kehkíc k` pf |cycj` `y{~ìah `f ò ipco ih~~` pf c~~huh sp` y` k`ynh~kc cm`fpkh aciec ò Jh~kãf/ ò ipco y` |p`k` t`~ k`yk` cspí `f ò nc~~cfih mpuo`jhy& @fd~`f{` acu pfc mhf{cóc co{c u cfghy{c/ khfk` oc aejc k` J`d{å ihfypy ihm|có`~cy `y|`~cnc c yp |ck~` t`fi`kh~/ u op`gh c pfc y`óco sp`~ìeníc ihf apmh k`yk` o`jhy/ thoteù c|~`yp~ckc c ^cmh{a |c~c ycoe~ ihfg~cfk` cogczc~c u `y|o`fkh~ co `fip`f{~h k` yp |ck~`& Cspí `fy`óù J`yúy uycfù c mpiacy |`~yhfcy& @y{hy o`te{cy |`~{`fìícf c pfc cf{egpc yì{c k` ohy

~ìcne{cy& J`yúy o`y ~`|~hiaù yp k`mcyeckc y`t`~ekck u oc kp~`zc k` cogpfcyk` ypy ek`cy u kejh co |p`noh sp` `f `yh fh k`nícf eme{c~ohy& J`yúy ~ìh~kù`f `y{c hicyeùf c cspòohy o`te{cy sp` acnícf `qcmefckh u me~ckhefjpy{cm`f{` !ihf k`mcyeckc ip~ehyekck ò C~ic k` oc Coecfzc sp`k`thotícf ohy deoey{`hy/ u sp` dp`~hf icy{egckhy&Ohy ~ìcne{cyí 37 k`yie`fk`f k` J`{~ù/ ò yp`g~h k` Mheyåy& Tetícf ncjh{e`fkcy `f pf {e`m|h/ fh ipo{etcncf oc {e`~~c u fh |~hncncf ò tefh& @~cfg`f`~com`f{` ohy icf{h~`y u ohy |h~{`~hy kò {`m|oh k` J`~pycoåf& Cspòohysp` `f N`{aycm`y acnícf me~ckh/ ihf{~c oc |~haeneieùf k` Kehy/ ò C~ic sp`thotíc u dp`~hf icy{egckhy ihf oc mp`~{`/ `~cf ~ìcne{cy sp` tetícf cooí ncjh{e`fkcy !^ù`y/ E/ 4-30%& J`~`mícy ef{`f{ù pfc t`z `f tcfh aci`~o`y |~hnc~tefh `f ò {`m|oh u yp hny`~tcfiec c ohy |~ì`|{hy k` oc yì{c `~c pf `j`m|oh|c~c ohy ey~còe{cy& Cah~c/ `f {e`m|hy k` J`ypi~ey{h/ uc fh tetícf ncjh{e`fkcy/ |`~h {`fícf cúf ihy{pmn~`y ked`~`f{`y k` ohy k`mãy& Oo`tcncf pf`dhk !`yic|poc~eh k` |òhy ihmh ieoeieh yhn~` oc ic~f` u pf t`y{ekh k`|eò`y u h{~h nocfih u a`~mhyh ihf pfc dcjc mpu cfiac& \h~ `y{hy {~cj`y y`key{efgpícf k` ohy `y`fehy& Hny`~tcncf `qcg`~ckcy fh~mcy k` oem|e`zc ucogpfcy ihy{pmn~`y `q{~cócy `f ohy icycme`f{hy u jpzgcncf |h~ oc ycfg~`k`~~cmckc ye pfc |`~yhfc k`níc icyc~y` h fh u y`gúf `y{cy y`óco`y icycncf h|~haenícf ò icycme`f{h& Cogpfhy tetícf `f C~ghn/ `f Jcn`ya u `f oc Jpk`c&Fh ihf{~ckìícf c J`yúy: `~cf apmeok`y u ~ìenícf ohy ~`|~hia`y sp` o`y

aciíc& J`yúy o`y ~`|~hiaù yp k`mcyeckc y`t`~ekck ihf{~c ohy ckúo{`~hy ucy`yefhy/ ipuh |`~kùf u c~~`|`f{eme`f{h fh sp`~ícf òohy ~ìene~& Ohycupfhy ohy hny`~tcncf ~egp~hycm`f{`& Jpf{h c oc mhf{cóc a` tey{h tc~ecy



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dãn~eicy u {coo`~`y k` dpfkeieùf u a`~~`~ícy& Dcn~eicncf hoocy u icóhy |c~c `ocgpc/ sp` aciícf `f khy |c~{`y u ocy yhokcncf op`gh&



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Cnegceo/ oc mpj`~ ~`|pkeckc |h~ ̀ o {`{~c~ic Dòe|`

`yk` @|a~ùf cfkpth J`yúy ihf ypy keyií|pohy u cogpfhy ~ìcne{cy pfcyiefih ah~cy co Fh~`y{`/ aciec N`{ac~cm|a{c-Jpoecy/ a`~mhyc iepkck

ye{pckc `f oh co{h& Kp~cf{` ò icmefh `fy`óù ihf mh{eth k` pf {coo`~ k`m`{co`y khfk` y` `q{~cíc ò ihn~` sp` y` {~cncjc `f @|a~ùf& @fN`{ac~cm|a{c acníc {cmneåf ~ìcne{cy u cogpfhy yci`~kh{`y& Ohy k` @|a~ùfm` |c~ì` sp` `y{ãf ypnh~kefckhy c åy{hy& Oc iepkck `y g~cfk` u `y|ciehyc`f {h~fh c oc mhf{cóc& Oc |c~{` H`y{` `y{ã acne{ckc |h~ ohy jpkíhy u oc kò@y{`/ `f ocy co{p~cy/ |h~ ohy |cgcfhy& Cmncy `y{ãf y`|c~ckcy |h~ pf icmefhk` mp~coocy u |c~sp` k` ~ì~`h ihf ct`fekcy& C~~enc/ yhn~` oc mhf{cóc/ acupf a`~mhyh icy{eooh ihf {h~~`y/ jc~kef`y u ã~nho`y& Cooã tet` pfc mpj`~~`|pkeckc |h~ ò {`{~c~ic Dòe|`/ sp` ~ìen` k` ohy em|p`y{hy ~ìcpkckhy `foc iepkck& [e`f` iefih aejcy uc i~ìekcy ihfyegh u k`yie`fk` k` ohy ~ù`y k`G`yyp~& Y` oocmc Cnegceo2 `y pfc mpj`~ k` `kck/ k` a`~mhyc |~`y`fiec/

dp`~{` u k` ic~ãi{`~ mpu nhfkckhyh u ihm|cyeth&Dòe|` `~c k` mãy `kck sp` A`~hk`y k` \`~`c u Gcoeo`c& @~c pf ahmn~` k`mhkco`y |ciídeihy u np`fh/ co mhkh k` ohy |cgcfhy/ u m`keh a`~mcfh kòh{~h A`~hk`y fciekh k` h{~c mck~`& Acníc icyckh |~em`~h ihf pfc tepkc sp`{`fíc pfc aejc& \h~ `y` {e`m|h ò mc~ekh k` Cnegceo {pth sp` e~ c oc gp`~~c hc ^hmc u k`jù `f oc ih~{` k` Dòe|` c yp mpj`~& Åy{c dp` `f{~` {cf{h y`kpiekc|h~ Dòe|`/ spe`f op`gh icyù ihf òoc/ ~czùf |h~ oc ipco ò mc~ekh mp~eù k`|`fc u khoh~& Ipcfkh k`y|påy k` cogpfhy cóhy `y{pth |h~ mh~e~ oc |~em`~cmpj`~ ~`|pkeckc |h~ Dòe|`/ ~hgù åy{c co {`{~c~ic sp` y` aeie`~c ic~gh com`fhy k` yp aejc& Dòe|`/ icfyckh uc k` Cnegceo/ icyù ihf yp aejcy{~c u~ò`gù c Cnegceo ihf ypy iefih aejcy c N`{ac~cm/ sp` y` oocmcnc {cmneåfJpoecy `f ahfh~ k` pf @m|`~ckh~ ~hmcfh& Cnegceo tetíc |p`y cspí `f{~`gckcc hn~cy np`fcy2 `~c mpu cmegc k` ohy jpkíhy/ ihf pf g~cf k`y`h k` oc ycopk uk` ihfhi`~ oc t`~kck& @y{cnc ye`m|~` ncjh oc tegeocfiec k` cogpfhy`m|o`ckhy k` Dòe|`& Dòe|` {`fíc {cmneåf pf aejh2 yp fp`tc mpj`~ `~cmpiah mãy jht`f sp` åo&J`yúy dp` ~ìenekh ne`f `f N`{ac~cm u y`~tekh& @f oc mcócfc k` yp oo`gckcycfù c mpiahy `fd`~mhy k` ohy jpkíhy2 |h~ oc {c~k` `fy`óù `f oc yefcghgc/ uc oc mcócfc yegpe`f{` yhn~` ohy ke`zmhy u ohy |~emhgåfe{hy k` Mheyåy !T/>4->5/ u yhn~` Eycícy !ic|& 4<& Cnegceo `y{cnc `f mpu np`fcy ~òciehf`yihf ohy acne{cf{`y/ sp` oc `y{emcncf2 `ftecnc c m`fpkh ~`gcohy c ohy jpkíhy

|c~c y`~te~ c ohy keyií|pohy k` J`yúy& \h~ ò |~em`~ kíc k` [ey~e

31

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acníc tey{h `f Icdc~fcúm: `~c k` dpòo`y u y` yh|ocnc k`f{~h& [hkh `y{cncckh~fckh ihf d~p{hy/ ahjcy u doh~`y& Acníc ket`~ycy ihy{pmn~`y y`gúf ocykey{ef{cy ~czcy h {~enpy k` |p`nohy& Kp~cf{` oc fhia` ocy mpj`~`y/ t`y{ekcy kòc~gcy {úfeicy/ h~cncf yhn~` ocy {pmncy/ ihf ocy opi`y `fipne`~{cy& A` tey{hsp` {hkhy y` ncócncf/ ocy mpj`~`y `f ypy icycy u ohy ahmn~`y `f ohy ncóhy

|únoeihy& @y{cncf ye`m|~` y`|c~ckhy ohy ahmn~`y icyckhy k` ohy jùt`f`y/ihmh ocy mpj`~`y icyckcy k` ocy jùt`f`y& @y{hy d~ìp`f{`y ncóhy `f{~` ohy jpkíhy |~hi`kícf ihf ìhfhmíc/ |p`y fh cnpfkcnc ò cgpc `f {hkcy |c~{`y&\h~ `y{h a` tey{h sp` c tì`y y` {`fkícf k` `y|cokcy `f pf ~ìe|e`f{` uk`~~cmcncf ò cgpc yhn~` ò ip`~|h ihf pfc {czc: mãy ne`f y` octcncf sp`y` ncócncf& Ahu y` ncócncf dp`~c k` oc iepkck/ `f cgpc ihm|o`{cm`f{` d~íc&[cmneåf a` tey{h sp` ahu {hkhy y` aci`f ~`gcohy pfhy c h{~hy: ohy |hn~`ydp`~hf g`f`~hycm`f{` yhih~~ekhy& Y` o`y keh |~em`~h pfc g~cf ihmekc/ acníccooí oc~gcy aeo`~cy k` ~`gcohy `f t`y{ekhy/ mcf{cy u coem`f{hy sp` y` o`y~`|c~{e`~hf& Ickc pfh sp` ~ìeníc ~`gcohy k` pf cmegh kcnc cogh c ohy|hn~`y& Ohy ~ìcne{cy |~`y`f{`y h~k`fcncf {hkh u me~cncf oh sp` ickc pfh

~`|c~{íc c ohy |hn~`y& [`fícf {~`y ~hoohy k` `yi~e{hy/ khfk` cfh{cncf ocyte~{pk`y k` ickc khfckh~ yef sp` òohy oh ckte~{e`y`f& C pfh k` ohy ~hoohy ohoocmcncf ò oen~h k` oc tekc/ c h{~h ò oen~h k` oc y`fkc kò m`keh/ u co{`~i`~h ò k` oc mp`~{`& Ohy ~ìcne{cy {`fícf tc~ecy k` `y{cy hip|ciehf`y/ u`f ò {`m|oh `~cf ohy |h~{`~hy/ ohy `fic~gckhy k` ihf{c~ u icoipoc~/ u`y|ìecom`f{` icf{h~`y/ ihmh oh aciícf `f oc de`y{c k` ahu& [cmneåf J`yúy~ìeneù ~`gcohy k` t`y{ekhy/ mcf{cy u mhf`kcy/ sp` aezh ~`|c~{e~ `f{~` ohy|hn~`y&



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jpkíhy/ c ohy ipco`y o`y aciíc mpiahy dcth~`y/ o` acnícf |`kekh sp` dp`~c cacnoc~ ihf òoc& Oh a` tey{h/ ihf cogpfhy k` ypy keyií|pohy/ i~pzcfkh ociepkck k` ohy jpkíhy/ ` e~ c oc k` ohy |cgcfhy/ |h~ `f{~` pf |c~sp`/ `f òi`f{~h k` oc iepkck/ sp` `~c ò opgc~ k` `fip`f{~h k` jpkíhy u |cgcfhyipcfkh y` t`ícf |h~ ip`y{eùf k` ihm`~ieh& Cooí y` acníc k`{`fekh Cnegceoihf ypy iefih aejcy/ ihf yp yåspe{h u ihf h{~cy mpiacy jùt`f`y |cgcfcy&Cnegceo `~c pfc mpj`~ dp`~{`/ k` ò`tckc `y{c{p~c/ k` pfhy iefip`f{c cóhy/ihmh Dòe|`& [`fíc `f yp ~hy{~h cogh k` {~ey{` u k` cfyehyh/ k`y`cnc ycopk u`fy`ócfzc2 |`~h fh ycníc spå k`níc aci`~2 y` `fihf{~cnc `ftpò{c `fihm|~hmeyhy u `~c tegeockc |h~ ohy `y|ícy k` Dòe|`& Y` ìaù c ohy |e`y k`J`yúy/ sp` oc o`tcf{ù2 op`gh oc ckhi{~efù c òoc u c {hkcy ocy |~`y`f{`y/

me`f{~cy enc u t`fíc k` pf ockh c h{~h& Acnoù kò ipm|oeme`f{h k` ocy|~hdìícy/ kò oocmcme`f{h k` ohy |cgcfhy u kò ncp{eymh& K` {hkhy ohy|pf{hy khfk` acníc `y{ckh J`yúy encf g~p|hy k` |`~yhfcy c Cefùf u `~cfncp{ezckcy |h~ ohy keyií|pohy sp` J`yúy acníc k`jckh cooí: acníc `f{~` òohy jpkíhy u |cgcfhy/ sp` |`kícf y`~ ncp{ezckhy& Cfk~åy/ Ycf{ecgh ò M`fh~/Jpcf u ohy keyií|pohy kò Ncp{ey{c ncp{ezcncf cooí& Kò opgc~ khfk` `y{cnc|~`yh ò Ncp{ey{c encf u t`fícf m`fycj`y&J`yúy ~ìeneù k` Cnegceo ocy cihy{pmn~ckcy mp`y{~cy k` ~`t`~`fiec& Acníckey|p`y{h y`~tekh~`y jpkíhy sp` o` octc~hf ohy |e`y u o` ke`~hf oc ne`ft`fekc&O` |ekeù apmeok`m`f{` |`~kùf |h~ acn`~ k`y`ckh ihft`~yc~ ihf Åo/ |p`y{hsp` aciíc {e`m|h cfyecnc oc ycopk u yp `fy`ócfzc/ u o` |`kíc {cmneåf {hmc~c|c~{` `f pfc de`y{c sp` acníc |~`|c~ckh& J`yúy y` mhy{~ù ypmcm`f{` np`fhaciec {hkhy u aciec òoc `f |c~{eipoc~& Ocy |cocn~cy k` J`yúy/ ihmh ypme~ckc/ oc ihfmhte`~hf |~hdpfkcm`f{`& Oc `fy`ócfzc kckc c ohy |cgcfhykp~ù acy{c oc {c~k`& J`yúy ci`|{ù oc efte{cieùf k` Cnegceo u y` ke~egeù c oc|c~{` h~e`f{co k` oc iepkck/ fh o`jhy kò {`m|oh k` ohy |cgcfhy/ opgc~ k`mpiahy ncóhy/ khfk` y` acníc h~gcfezckh pfc de`y{c& Ohy |cgcfhy {cmneåfiò`n~cncf ò fhteopfeh ihf `y|ìeco yho`mfekck& Cf{`y k` oo`gc~ J`yúy/ òicmefh oo`tcnc c oc icoo` keteyh~ec k` jpkíhy u |cgcfhy& Cooí teh mpiahy`fd`~mhy {`fkekhy `f icmcy{~hy k` mck`~c/ `f ocy icycy cne`~{cy `f ohymp~hy: `~cf |cgcfhy u `y{cncf {`fkekhy `f{~` |cjc u {cmh& Ohy |cgcfhy

{e`f` cspí mpiahy |hn~`y& \h~ ò mhm`f{h fh ycfù c fefgpfh& @f `y` opgc~k` ~ì~`h k` ohy |cgcfhy `fy`óù J`yúy oc~gh {e`m|h c ohy |cgcfhy/ `f |c~{ìcmefcfkh u `f |c~{` kp~cf{` oc ihmekc& Acnoù `f |c~ãnhocy k` ohy |ãjc~hy/|c~c mhy{~c~ ypy {~cncjhy efú{eo`y ` efd~pi{phyhy2 acnoù k` ocy c~cócy sp` y`



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k`y`f{~cócf yef |~htìah/ k` oc yhoeie{pk k` ocy ah~megcy u k` ocy ctey|cy2 uihf{~c|pyh ò {~cncjh h~k`fckh u d~pi{phyh k` ocy cn`jcy& Oc ihmekc `f ocipco {hmù |c~{` Cnegceo/ {`fkekc ihmh ocy k`mãy c oc m`yc/ dp` k` |~htìah|c~c ohy |hn~`y/ |h~sp` J`yúy h~k`fù sp` y` ~`|c~{e`y` `f{~` òohy& Acníc{cmneåf g~cfk`y de`y{cy `f ò {`m|oh k` ohy |cgcfhy/ sp` `~c ncy{cf{`

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ip~yh kò fp`th cóh& Oc nhoc n~eoocf{` icmefcnc k`y|cieh u ipcfkh oo`gcnc coc h{~c |c~{`/ i`ycncf ohy icf{hy k` `y{` ockh u ihm`fzcncf kò h{~h khfkòo`gcnc oc opfc& Fh o`jhy k` khfk` J`yúy acníc {hmckh |c~{` `f oc ihmekc/acníc pf opgc~ k` ~ì~`h khfk` a` tey{h jpgc~ c ocy khfiòocy: `y{cncfi`óekcy/ ocy |e`~fcy ihf c{ckp~cy u oo`tcncf c~ihy ihf doìacy u |eicy|`sp`ócy ckh~fckcy ihf doh~`y2 ih~~ícf `f pf `y|cieh ckh~fckh ihf doh~`y uh{~hy c~{edeiehy2 {e~cncf doìacy u c~~hjcncf ocy |eicy ihf{~c ct`y ypj`{cy uihf{~c tc~ehy cfemco`y/ ihmh icn~íhy u |`sp`óhy cyfhy cmc~~ckhy co |coihkòcf{` kò ipco ih~~ícf& Acníc cooí/ i`~ic kò opgc~ k` oc de`y{c/ pf íkhoh`y|cf{hyh ihf ocy dcpi`y cne`~{cy/ ihmh pfc n`y{ec/ u `f oh k`mãy |c~ìekh cpf ahmn~` ihf ocy mcfhy |p`y{cy kòcf{`2 `y{cnc tciíh u k`ncjh c~kíc dp`gh&Ohy cfemco`y sp` coicfzcncf c mc{c~ ohy |hfícf `f ypy dcpi`y u y`sp`mcncf cooí/ icu`fkh ohy ~`y{hy cncjh& Ohy cfemco`y sp` fh `~cfcoicfzckhy/ `~cf {`fekhy |h~ ycg~ckhy u c|c~{ckhy k` ohy k`mãy: y` o`yic~gcnc/ |h~ m`keh k` ohy yci`~kh{`y/ ohy |ìckhy k` ohy acne{cf{`y u ohoc~gcncf co k`ye`~{h& @~c cogh y`m`jcf{` c oh sp` |~ci{eicncf ohy jpkíhy ihfò mciah icn~íh& C fh acn`~ cooí ò ypd~eme`f{h k` ohy cfemco`y u `y` íkhoh`y|cf{hyh/ m` acn~íc cg~ckckh ypmcm`f{` oc oeg`~`zc u oc acneoekck k` `ycympiaciacy `f ò ih~~`~ u {e~c~& Oc de`y{c kp~ù acy{c oc {c~k`/ u ipcfkh ycoeùoc opfc y` yci~edeic~hf ohy cfemco`y&\h~ oc fhia` `y{cnc {hkh ò {`m|oh |cgcfh u ò icy{eooh k` Cnegceo oo`fh k`

cf{h~iacy opmefhycy& J`yúy `fy`óù k`y|påy k` oc i`fc u y` ihfte~{e`~hfmpiahy |cgcfhy/ sp` encf op`gh co ncp{eymh c Cefùf& \h~ oc fhia` ypneùJ`yúy/ c oc opz k` ocy cf{h~iacy/ acy{c ò icy{eooh k` Cnegceo u acnoù ihf òoc`f ò t`y{ínpoh k` yp |cocieh/ ncjh ihopmfcy& @y{cncf cooí cogpfhy `m|o`ckhy



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k` Dòe|`& Oc mpj`~ y` acoocnc cyí ihf{~c~eckc `f {hkh/ |h~sp` `~c `y|eckc/ ukeh c `f{`fk`~ c J`yúy yp ye{pcieùf ihf pfc me~ckc sp` ke~egeù c ohy ahmn~`ysp` oc hny`~tcncf& J`yúy ihfhiíc {hkh yp ef{`~eh~ u {cmneåf oc ncfkc sp` octegeocnc2 {`fíc ihm|cyeùf k` òoc& @ooc |~`gpf{ù ye |hkíc ~ìhfieoec~y` ihfKehy& Pf |pf{h `~c ò sp` oc {`fíc ye`m|~` cdoegekc: yp cf{`~eh~ ckpo{`~eh u oc

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ihfy`~tc~ocy d~`yicy& Ihmh acu kòcf{` k` `y{c de`y{c tc~ehy kícy k` cupfh/uc y` aci`f |~`|c~c{ethy |c~c ocy ihmekcy k` `f{hfi`y u ohy mpiahyefte{ckhy& Ocy |~hteyehf`y `y{ãf ~`|c~{ekcy `f{~` tc~ehy `fic~gckhy u y`|cgcf c ohy |hn~`y sp` cupkcf/ u co def k` ocy de`y{cy y` o`y kc pfc ihmekc uyhf ~ìhm|`fyckhy |h~ yp {~cncjh& Fh y` t`f `f `y{hy opgc~`y |únoeihy icycy|c~c ihm|~c~ h t`fk`~ m`~ick`~ícy& @f J`~pycoåf/ ck`mãy k` ohy opgc~`y kò{`m|oh/ acu ye{ehy c|~h|eckhy ihf f`ghiehy u comci`f`y2 `f ocy h{~cyiepkck`y/ c oh mãy/ acu i`~ic k` oc |p`~{c pfc {e`fkc khfk` t`fk`f mcf{cy/`y|ìecom`f{` |h~ khfk` |cycf ocy ic~ctcfcy2 fh y` t`f g`f{`y sp` `y{åfy`f{ckcy `f dhfkcy n`ne`fkh jpf{cy2 c oh ypmh y` t` cogpfh sp` h{~h ahmn~` jpf{h c pfc {e`fkc/ c oc `f{~ckc k` oc iepkck/ ihf pf jc~~ùf k` tefh p h{~cn`nekc& \cyc pf tecj`~h/ {hmc cogpfc n`nekc u yegp` yp icmefh& ^c~h y`~ãsp` y` sp`k` cooí y`f{ckh/ {hmcfkh2 |h~ `y{c icpyc jcmãy y` t` pf nh~~ciah|h~ oc icoo`& Acu |`~yhfcy sp` t`fk`f cgpc: oo`tcf ~ìe|e`f{`y k` ip`~hy|p`y{hy yhn~` pf |coh/ sp` c|hucf `f oc `y|cokc/ c cmnhy ockhy& Ohyp{`fyeoehy k` ihiefc u k` {~cncjh k` ae`~~h ickc ipco ohy tc c ihm|~c~ cooí khfk` y` dcn~eicf2 tecjcf `f cyfhy& Co kíc yegpe`f{` |cyù J`yúy `f{~` oc |c~`kketeyh~ec k` ohy jpkíhy u k` ohy |cgcfhy u ycfù c {hkhy ohy |hn~`y `fd`~mhy|cgcfhy sp` uciícf `f ocy ip`tcy u cf{~hy mey`~cno`y/ c spe`f`y ohykeyií|pohy ~`|c~{ícf oemhyfcy& Mãy {c~k` J`yúy `fy`óù/ c mhkh k` k`y|`kekc/`f oc yefcghgc& Ihmh `f `y{c de`y{c hip~~` {cmneåf oc ihfm`mh~cieùf kò

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kò k`ye`~{h u y`|po{ckc& Ocy mpj`~`y hd~ìícf c ohy o`te{cy c~hy u jhucyket`~ycy `f m`mh~ec k` oc mp`~{c& J`yúy acnoù u cocnù c `y{c mpj`~/ u y`~`de~eù {cmneåf c oc ihm|cyeùf k` yp mck~` Y`gùoc/ `fy`ócfkh k`yk` ò ye{ecok` @oícy& Ocy mpj`~`y hícf ocy |cocn~cy k` J`yúy/ k`{~ãy k` ohy ahmn~`y& @foc ihmekc/ `f `y` opgc~ k` ~ì~`h u k` ncóhy/ `y{cncf |~`y`f{`y mpiahy|hn~`y/ u ickc ihm`fyco {`fíc sp` kc~o`y pfc |c~{` k` yp |h~ieùf&Co kíc yegpe`f{` a` tey{h c ohy o`te{cy oo`tc~ c J`yúy c pf g~cf |c{eh ihfmpiacy iòkcy `f k`~~`kh~/ khfk` acníc pfhy tèf{` ie`ghy k` fcieme`f{h uyh~khmpkhy/ ipekckhy |h~ `fd`~m`~hy u måkeihy/ |h~sp` `~c pfc `y|ìe` kàhy|e{co& Ohy yh~khmpkhy `~cf ihmh feóhy: ickc pfh {`fíc pf ~`{czh k`spef{c khfk` |ocf{cnc h y` ket`~{íc& Y` ci`~ic~hf {hkhy c J`yúy u ihf ohyk`khy efkeicncf oc nhic& J`yúy y` efioefù u `yi~eneù ihf ò k`kh ket`~yhyyegfhy `f oc c~`fc& @oohy me~cncf ihf c{`fieùf u y`gúf oh sp` `yi~enícefkeicncf cogúf hnj`{h k` ohy co~`k`kh~`y: cyí o`y aezh `f{`fk`~ cogh k`Kehy& Fh yå ye aciíc J`yúy degp~cy h o`{~cy/ u ye cf{`y acnícf yekh uc coghefy{~pekhy& K`y|påy J`yúy |pyh ohy k`khy `f ypy híkhy u o`y {hiù ihf ò|pogc~ u ò ífkei` k`ncjh k` oc o`fgpc& Y` yef{e`~hf ihfmhtekhy dp`~{`m`f{`/me~cncf `f {h~fh/ hícf& Ooh~c~hf k` co`g~íc/ acnoc~hf u y` ìac~hf c ohy |e`yk` J`yúy/ {`~mefcfkh |h~ `f{hfc~ pfc mòhkíc y`fieooc k` |hicy |cocn~cy&\c~ìíc cogh c oh sp` icf{cncf ohy ^ù`y Mcghy `f yp tecj` c Nòåf& J`yúydp` `f{hfi`y jpf{h c ohy ie`ghy/ sp` `y{cncf yeo`fiehyhy `f pfc aeo`~c& H~ù u

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`fip`f{~h/ ipcfkh ycoeù J`yúy ihf ohy ycfckhy/ c ohy ipco`y mcfkù sp` y`ncócy`f u octcy`f& K`y|påy dp` ihf ohy keyií|pohy u o`te{cy/ c {~ctåy k` ociepkck/ aciec oc iã{`k~c k` @oícy&Y` acníc |~hkpiekh pf g~cf mhteme`f{h `f {hkc oc iepkck& Acnícf yho{ckh{cmneåf/ |h~ ò cfpfieh k` ohy |~hkegehy hn~ckhy/ c cogpfhy `fk`mhfeckhy&

Ih~~ícf c pf ~efiùf k` oc icoo` cogpfcy mpj`~`y m`f{ìc{cy sp` iac~ocncf/g`y{eipocncf u g~e{cncf aciec Åo: .£J`yúy k` Fczc~`{2 [ú `~`y ò |~hd`{c2 [ú`~`y J`yúy2 [ú `~`y ò I~ey{h/ ò |~hd`{c#. @~cf m`f{ìc{cy u ohicy/ k` ífkho`{~cfspeoc& J`yúy o`y h~k`fù sp` icooc~cf/ u hn`kìe`~hf co efy{cf{`& O`y |pyhocy mcfhy yhn~` oc icn`zc/ òocy y` ìac~hf c ypy |e`y/ u ooh~c~hf/ y` |pye`~hfyeo`fiehycy/ y` ct`~ghfzc~hf k` yí meymcy/ u dp`~hf ycickcy k` cooí |h~ ypy|c~e`f{`y& [cmneåf cogpfhy `fk`mhfeckhy dp~ehyhy y` cn~e`~hf |cyh `f{~` ocmpo{e{pk u aciícf ck`mãf ihmh ye speye`~cf k`y|`kczc~ c J`yúy& Åo ohy me~ùu òohy cipke`~hf ihmh |`~~hy cihyckhy c ìac~y` c ypy |e`y& Ihf pfmcfkc{h aezh ycoe~ ohy k`mhfehy k` òohy& Icu`~hf ihmh `f pf k`ymcuh/me`f{~cy ycoíc pf hyip~h tc|h~ k` ohy ip`~|hy& \~hf{h thote`~hf åf ye:

ooh~c~hf/ ke`~hf g~ciecy u dp`~hf oo`tckhy |h~ ypy |c~e`f{`y& H~kefc~ecm`f{ò`y mcfkcnc J`yúy sp` y` |p~edeic~cf& Op`gh `fy`óù k` fp`th yhn~` ò ye{ecok` @oícy/ yhn~` ò ~íh/ acnocfkh k` @oícy/ k` Mheyåy u k` oc ycoekc k` @ge|{h&Ihf hicyeùf k` ohy ycfckhy/ acnoù k` ocy |~hdìícy sp` cfpfiecncf sp` `f{e`m|hy kò M`yícy/ ohy yh~khy he~ícf/ ohy mpkhy acnoc~ícf u ohy ie`ghyt`~ícf& ^`de~eùy` c cspòohy sp`/ te`fkh ohy yegfhy/ fh sp`~ícf i~``~&



31<

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OQTEE

K`yi~e|ieùf k` @oícy

f `y{c hicyeùf a` tey{h mpiacy ihycy yhn~` @oícy& @~c pf ahmn~` co{h ukògckh/ k` m`jeoocy ~hjezcy cogh icíkcy/ me~ckc |`f`{~cf{` u tetcz/

nc~nc oc~gc u ~c~c/ icn`zc icotc ihf yùoh pfhy icnòohy k`{~ãy ihmh pfcih~hfc& C~~enc `f oc icn`zc {`fíc {~`y g~p`yhy fpkhy `f dh~mc k` i`nhooc:pfh `f ò m`keh k` oc icn`zc/ u ohy h{~hy khy mãy ckòcf{`/ aciec oc d~`f{`&Oo`tcnc pf t`y{ekh ihm|p`y{h k` khy |eò`y pfekcy |h~ ohy ahmn~hy/ `y{cnccne`~{h c ohy ockhy u |h~ oc ief{p~c c{ckh ihf pfc ip`~kc& Kò ahmn~h u ocy~hkeoocy ihogcncf ohy mìahf`y k` ocy |eò`y k` yp t`y{ekh& [`fíc pf ncy{ùf`f oc mcfh u ypy {enecy `~cf mãy hyip~cy sp` yp ~hy{~h& @oícy `y{pth fp`t`m`y`y `f `y{` opgc~/ u `f Yc~`|{c/ `f icyc k` oc tepkc/ `y{pth khy cóhy u {~`ym`y`y& Teteù cspí `f pfc ip`tc/ `f oc |c~{` @y{` kò tcoo`/ fh o`jhy kò ~íh&A` tey{h iùmh ò |ãjc~h o` {~cíc ò coem`f{h& \~em`~h t`fíc pfc degp~c|`sp`óc u hyip~c/ ihmh pfc yhmn~c k` oc {e`~~c/ sp` {~cíc `f ypy mcfhy pfc

{h~{c kògckc: fh `~c åy{` fefgúf ahmn~` fe cfemco: `~c ò `f`megh !òk`mhfeh% sp` o` {`f{cnc& @oícy fh {hmcnc `y{` |cf/ yefh sp` oh ~ìaczcnc&K`y|påy t`íc uh c pf |ãjc~h sp` t`fíc i`~ic k` yp ip`tc ihf |cf ucoem`f{hy/ sp` `yihfkíc `f{~` ò dhoocj`35& \c~ìíc ihmh sp` oh `yihfkíc |c~cye meymh: k`níc y`~ pf ct` cipã{eic/ |p`y{h sp` {`fíc m`mn~cfcy `f{~` ocygc~~cy& Yp icn`zc `~c cogh cfiac u o` ihogcncf ihmh pfcy nhoycy co ockh kò|eih/ u k`ncjh ihmh pf npia`2 {cno`{`cnc c y`m`jcfzc k` oc iegÿ`óc& A`tey{h sp` `y{` |ãjc~h y` acníc dcmeoec~ezckh mpiah ihf @oícy/ k` mhkh sp`åy{` o` efkeicnc c k`~ìac h ezspe`~kc/ ihmh ye oh mcfkc~c e~ u t`fe~ c cogúfopgc~& @y{c meymc iocy` k` |ãjc~hy ohy a` tey{h ihf d~ìp`fiec ihf ohyyhoe{c~ehy/ |h~ `j`m|oh/ ihf Zùyemh u ihf Mc~íc k` @ge|{h& Ipcfkh @oícy`y{pth ihf oc tepkc k` Yc~`|{c/ ck`mãy k` acn`~y` mpo{e|oeickh oc ac~efc uò ciè{`/ `~cf {cmneåf {~cíkhy coem`f{hy |h~ cogúf ip`~th&J`yúy dp` ihf ohy o`te{cy c `y{c ip`tc k` @oícy2 `y{cnc `f oc |c~{` @y{` k` ocock`~c k` oc mhf{cóc& Ncjh pf nohsp` k` |e`k~c/ sp` yhn~`ycoíc/ acníc pf|`sp`óh cye`f{h k` |e`k~c/ khfk` @oícy/ ipne`~{h |h~ oc ~hic/ {hmcnc ypk`yicfyh `f oc fhia`& @o opgc~ `y{cnc ipne`~{h k` mpygh&Ipcfkh `m|`zcnc ò yãnckh kò ipc~{h [ey~e u y` acníc {`~mefckh ò cupfh/y` aezh pfc ihmekc `f ò |c~sp` u opgc~ k` ncóhy/ u ohy |hn~`y dp`~hffp`tcm`f{` hny`speckhy& Ipcfkh J`yúy c oc mcócfc yegpe`f{` `fy`óù k`fp`th `f oc yefcghgc u ycfù c ohy `fd`~mhy/ icmefù ihf ohy keyií|pohy/ ohy

o`te{cy/ ohy ~ìcne{cy u cogpfhy k` oc iepkck aciec oc ock`~c H`y{` k` ocmhf{cóc/ kp~cf{` pfc ah~c/ `f{~` teó`khy& Yhn~` `y{cy mhf{cócy acy{cGckc~c acníc mhf{íipohy k` |e`k~cy/ pfcy fc{p~co`y u h{~cy ihohickcy c|~h|ùye{h/ c ocy ipco`y `y{cncf c|huckcy ocy tek`y& @y{cy teócy `~cf g~p`ycy/



313

ihmh ò n~czh k` pf ahmn~`/ `y{cncf mpu y`|c~ckcy pfc k` h{~cy u ypy~cmcy y` `q{`fkícf c key{cfiec& Ohy ~ciemhy `~cf g~p`yhy u oc~ghy ihmh pfn~czh/ u ohy g~cfhy g~cfk`y ihmh ie~pòcy& Ocy ahjcy `~cf mãy g~cfk`y sp``f{~` fhyh{~hy/ |`~h mãy |`sp`ócy sp` ohy ~ciemhy& Ohy o`te{cy |~`gpf{cncfket`~yhy |pf{hy k` ohy ycomhy sp` y` ~`d`~ícf co M`yícy& Kìícf: .[ú `~`y ò

mãy i`~icfh co M`yícy2 [ú fhy oh |p`k`y kìe~.& @f{~` h{~hy acníc `y{`t`~yh: Keqe{ Khmefpy Khmefh m`h/ u k` Eycícy ohy t`~yhy sp` acnocf kòocgc~ u k` ohy t`y{ekhy mcfiackhy k` ycfg~` !Eycícy/ 49-9%& J`yúy o`y `q|oeiù{hkhy `y{hy |pf{hy/ ~`de~eåfkhohy c yp |~h|ec \`~yhfc& @y{cncf y`f{ckhy `f`y` mhm`f{h yhn~` pfc ihoefe{c k` `y{hy teó`khy u ihmícf ptc& Ohy~ìcne{cy fh acnícf sp`~ekh ihm`~ ihf òohy ocy ptcy/ |h~sp` o`y `y{cnc|~haenekh ò tefh& J`yúy o`y kejh sp` ihme`y`f/ u y` oh mcfkù/ cócke`fkhsp` ye |ìcncf `f `yh Åo {hmcnc yhn~` yí ò |ìckh& Ihmh tefe`y` ocihft`~ycieùf yhn~` `y{c |~haeneieùf y` acnoù k` iùmh J`~`mícy o`y mcfkùpfc t`z/ |h~ h~k`f k` Kehy/ sp` oh aeie`~cf/ u òohy fh3 acnícf sp`~ekhhn`kì`~& Cah~c/ sp` y` oh mcfkcnc J`yúy/ oh aeie`~hf& C oc {c~k`

~`g~`yc~hf/ apnh pfc ihmekc u ohy |hn~`y dp`~hf y`~tekhy& K`y|påy `fy`óùJ`yúy `f oc yefcghgc u |`~fhi{ù `f icyc k` ohy o`te{cy/ yhn~` oc czh{`c/ ncjhpfc {e`fkc&



31>

C

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J`yúy y` ke~eg` c Gckc~c

ihm|cóckh |h~ ohy o`te{cy y` ke~egeù J`yúy k`yk` Cneoc c Gckc~c/ckhfk` oo`gù |h~ oc {c~k` kòcf{` k` oc |c~{` k` oc iepkck acne{ckc |h~

ohy jpkíhy/ y`|c~ckc k` oc acne{ckc |h~ ohy |cgcfhy/ sp` `~c mcuh~ u {`fícipc{~h {`m|ohy k` íkhohy& Ihfhií sp` Gckc~c `~c pfc iepkck k` |cgcfhy/|h~sp` cooí `y{cnc ò íkhoh k` Ncco ncjh pf g~p`yh ã~nho& C J`yúy oh~ìene`~hf ne`f& Acníc pf ycf`k~íf |c~c `y{c ihmc~ic u dc~ey`hy u yckpi`hy/cpfsp` fh |cycncf k` {~`yie`f{hy c ipc{~hie`f{hy ohy ahmn~`y jpkíhy&Oo`gc~hf cogpfhy keyií|pohy k` Gcoeo`c: Fc{cfcò Iacy`k/ Jhfc{ãf u i~`hsp` Dòe|`& J`yúy y` ahy|`kcnc `f pf con`~gp` kòcf{` k` oc iepkck jpkceic/khfk` y` acníc key|p`y{h pfc g~cf icf{ekck k` ~cmcy/ |ocf{cy u ahjcy |c~cocy de`y{cy k` ohy [cn`~fãipohy& C oc mcócfc yegpe`f{`/ ipcfkh J`yúy y`ke~egíc c oc yefcghgc |c~c `fy`óc~/ acnícf ~`pfekh pfc g~cf icf{ekck k``fd`~mhy u cogpfhy `fk`mhfeckhy dp~ehyhy& Ohy dc~ey`hy u yckpi`hy/ sp`

|c~ìícf ne`f ef{`fiehfckhy cspí/ sp`~ícf ycic~ c ohy `fd`~mhy: sp` fhdp`y`f ic~ghyhy/ sp` fh `~c {e`m|h {hkctíc& J`yúy/ `f icmneh/ o`y acnoùic~eóhycm`f{`/ mcfkãfkho`y sp` y` sp`kcy`f/ sp` acníc t`fekh |c~c òohy/u ycfù c mpiahy k` ohy `fd`~mhy& @o ycf`k~íf jpkíh y` acníc ~`pfekh u acníc{~c{ckh ye oh k`jc~ícf `fy`óc~ h fh/ |h~sp` y` o`tcf{cncf `f {hkcy |c~{`y|~h{`y{cy2 |`~h kìeke`~hf pfãfem`m`f{` sp` |hkíc aci`~oh& Acnícf híkhacnoc~ mpu t`f{cjhycm`f{` k` J`yúy u ycnícf k` oc ip~cieùf kò aejh kòi`f{p~eùf k` Icdc~fcúm& Ohy keyií|pohy ~ìeåf t`fekhy o` acnoc~hf c J`yúyk` h{~h mpu fì`ye{ckh k` cupkc k` Icdc~fcúm/ sp` m`~ìíc y`~ cupkckh&J`yúy acnoù `f oc yefcghgc k` @oícy/ k` Ciacn/ k` J`zcnò u kò íkhoh Nccoo`tcf{ckh `f Ycmc~ec& [cmneåf acnoù3 k` Jhfãy/ sp` fh ~ìeneù |cf k` pfip`~th |h~sp` acníc yekh k`yhn`ke`f{`& Y` ~`de~eù co ~ù k` Ncneohfec/Nco{cyc~/ sp` |~hdcfù ohy ycg~ckhy tcyhy kò {`m|oh u sp` teh |h~ `yh oc`yi~e{p~c `f oc |c~`k& Yhn~` ò |~hd`{c Eycícy acnoù oc~gcm`f{` u ihf dp`~zc/u c|oeiù ckme~cno`m`f{` c Yí meymh ypy |cocn~cy acnocfkh k` ypy|ckìeme`f{hy u k` yp {~epfdh& Acnoù kò ocgc~/ k` oc t`y{ekp~c {`óekc `fycfg~`/ kò {~cncjh yhoe{c~eh u kò |`fyc~ k` ohy |p`nohy& \~em`~h {~c{ù k` oc~`fhtcieùf k` Yeùf/ k` ohy gpc~kecf`y yhn~` ohy mp~hy k` Yeùf/ u y`f{í ocem|~`yeùf k` sp` acnocnc k` oc Ego`yec& J`yúy acnoù {cf ioc~h/ |c~c mí/ |`~h{cf ahfkc u y`~ecm`f{`/ sp` ohy ycnehy jpkíhy y` yef{e`~hf ihfmhtekhy u{hickhy/ cpfsp` yef ohg~c~ `f{`fk`~oh& Tefe`~hf cúf k` fhia` c jpf{c~y`

`f{~` òohy/ ~`thote`fkh u ihfypo{cfkh ~hoohy u `yi~e{hy/ u acnocncf u kcncfket`~yhy |c~ì`~`y& \`fycncf: .K`n` `y{c~ Åo `f ihmnefcieùf ihf pf |p`nohi`~icfh/ |c~c t`fe~ ihf pf g~cf `jå~ie{h k` yhokckhy u c|hk`~c~y` k` ocJpk`c.& @o íkhoh Ncco/ sp` `y{cnc kòcf{` k` oc |p`~{c k` oc iepkck |cgcfc/



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`~c k` m`{co& @y{cnc k`ncjh k` pf cóhyh ã~nho2 {`fíc pfc g~cf icn`zc u ocydcpi`y cne`~{cy& Oc icn`zc {`~mefcnc cogh `f |pf{c/ ihmh pf |eoùf k`czúic~/ u {`fíc pfc ih~hfc k` ahjcy& @y{` íkhoh g~p`yh u cfiah/ cpfspìh~{h/ `y{cnc ihmh pf npù `~gpekh& @f pfc mcfh {`fíc pfcy `y|egcy k`{~egh u `f oc h{~c cogh ihmh ~ciemh k` ptcy h cogpfc |ocf{c& [`fíc ye`{`

cn`~{p~cy `f ò ip`~|h u `y{cnc y`f{ckh ihmh yhn~` pf icok`~h/ k`ncjh kòipco y` aciíc dp`gh& @f ypy de`y{cy y` o` ckh~fcnc ihf t`y{ekhy& Gckc~c `ypfc dh~{co`zc& Oc iepkck |cgcfc `y ncy{cf{` g~cfk` u `y{ã mãy ncjc sp` oc|c~{` mãy co{c k` oc mhf{cóc& @f ò Fh~{` k` oc ock`~c acu ncóhy {`~mco`y ua`~mhyhy `kedeiehy& C oc mcócfc yegpe`f{`/ ipcfkh J`yúy ycfù c mpiahy`fd`~mhy/ tefe`~hf ohy yci`~kh{`y& Åo o`y kejh: .¸\h~ spå acnåey `y{ckh {cf|~`hip|ckhy cfhia` |h~ mey |cocn~cy k` cu`~8 ¸\h~ spå {`måey pf `jå~ie{h/ipcfkh Kehy |~h{`g` c ohy jpy{hy8 Ipm|oek oc où u ohy |~hd`{cy/ u fh {`fgãeyme`kh.& Op`gh `fy`óù ihmh cu`~ `f oc yefcghgc&



31;

A

OQEQ

J`yúy ihf pfc yci`~kh{eyc k` ohy íkhohy

ciec ò m`kehkíc/ tefh pfc mpj`~ |cgcfc/ {`m`~hyc/ ~hgcfkh c ohykeyií|pohy kej`~cf c J`yúy y` kegfcy` oo`gc~y` acy{c yp icyc/ sp` {`fíc

pf aejh c |pf{h k` mh~e~& J`yúy dp` ihf tc~ehy keyií|pohy c oc iepkck |cgcfc&@o mc~ekh k` `y{c mpj`~ ~ìeneù c J`yúy `f oc |p`~{c u oh ef{~hkpjh `f oc icyc&Oc mpj`~ y` ìaù c ypy |e`y u o` kejh: .Y`óh~/ a` híkh acnoc~ k` {py hn~cy usp` aci`y mcuh~`y mc~cteoocy k` ocy sp` aezh @oícy& Me~c/ me úfeih aejh `y{ã|h~ mh~e~ u fp`y{~c ycnec yci`~kh{eyc fh oh |pkh ycfc~& [`f |e`kck k`fhyh{~hy.& @f `dì{h/ ò feóh `y{cnc ~ìhy{ckh `f pfc `y|ìe` k` icjùf `f pfãfgpoh k` oc icyc: |c~ìíc ihmh k` {~`y cóhy k` `kck& Yp |ck~` acníc `y{ckhcu`~ `f oc teóc ihf ò feóh2 acníc ihmekc |hicy ptcy/ u {pth sp` {~c`~ c icycco feóh sp` y` sp`jcnc k` khoh~& Oc mck~` oh acníc {`fekh acy{c cah~c `f yp~`gczh/ {~c{cfkh efú{eom`f{` k` coetec~oh& \c~ìíc mp`~{h/ spezãy uc oh`y{cnc& @f{hfi`y oc mck~` ih~~eù c oc iepkck jpkíc u |ekeù t`~ c J`yúy/

|h~sp` acníc híkh acnoc~ k` ocy ip~ciehf`y hn~ckcy cu`~ ihf ohy jpkíhy&J`yúy o` kejh: .Kåjcm` yhoh ihf {p aejh u mãfkcm` khy k` mey keyií|pohy.&@f{~c~hf Jpkcy Nc~ycncy u Fc{cfcò ò k` Icfc& J`yúy {hmù co feóh kò oìah`f ypy n~czhy/ u ci`~iù ò |ìah kò feóh c yp |ìah/ u yp ~hy{~h co kò feóh/u yh|où yhn~` åo& @f{hfi`y ò feóh cn~eù ohy hjhy2 y` efih~|h~ù op`gh/ u J`yúy|pyh co feóh kòcf{` k` Yí/ u kejh c ohy keyií|pohy sp` |pye`~cf ypy mcfhyyhn~` oc icn`zc kò feóh u oh n`fkej`~cf& Cyí oh aeie`~hf& @o feóh y` yef{eùihm|o`{cm`f{` ycfh u J`yúy oh oo`tù c ypy cfyehyhy |ck~`y/ sp` ohcn~czc~hf/ u y` ìac~hf c ohy |e`y k` J`yúy& Oc mpj`~ `qiocmù: .G~cfk` `y òKehy k` Ey~cò& @y yhn~` {hkhy ohy kehy`y& Me mc~ekh uc m` oh acníc keiah/ uuh fh spe`~h y`~te~ yefh c `y` Kehy yùoh.& Y` acnícf ~`pfekh `f{~`{cf{hmpiacy |`~yhfcy/ sp` o` {~cj`~hf ypy feóhy& C pf feóe{h k` pf cóh ycfù ihfoc em|hyeieùf k` ocy mcfhy& H{~h k` ye`{` cóhy {`fíc ihftpoyehf`y/ `~cm`f{ìc{h u `y{cnc `fk`mhfeckh2 |`~h yef c{csp`y dp~ehyhy u c tì`yem|`kekh u mpkh& J`yúy oh n`fkejh u mcfkù octc~oh `f pf ncóh k` {~`ycgpcy: ocy cgpcy {`~mco`y k` oc dp`f{` Cmc{apy/ co Fh~{` k` Gckc~c2 k` ocdp`f{` k` Bc~e{a/ i`~ic k` Cneoc/ u `f ocy cgpcy kò Jh~kãf& Ohy jpkíhy k`cspí yhoícf {`f`~ ihfyegh cgpc kò Jh~kãf kò opgc~ khfk` @oícy |cyù ò ~íh/ uoc pycncf |c~c ohy `fd`~mhy k` o`|~c&Y` sp`jcncf ocy mck~`y sp` {`fícf {cf{cy k`yg~ciecy ihf ypy i~ec{p~cy u sp`yp yci`~kh{eyc fh |hkíc cupkc~o`y `f {hkhy ohy icyhy& Mcfkù J`yúy sp`

oocmcy`f c `yc yci`~kh{eyc& Tefh åy{c k` mcoc gcfc/ u fh sp`~íc `f{~c~&@y{cnc ipne`~{c ihf yp tòh& J`yúy oc mcfkù ci`~ic~y`& @ooc fh sp`~ícme~c~oh k` d~`f{`/ u c|c~{cnc ò ~hy{~h: yp ihm|h~{cme`f{h `~c ihmh ò k` ohy`fk`mhfeckhy/ sp` `~cf hnoegckhy |h~ pfc dp`~zc ef{`~eh~ c c|c~{c~ yp



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me~ckc k` oc k` J`yúy2 ihf {hkh/ y` y`f{íc hnoegckc |h~ ò mcfkc{h k` J`yúy cci`~ic~y`& J`yúy kejh `f{hfi`y c ohy |cgcfhy ~`pfekhy cooí/ ahmn~`y umpj`~`y: .Uh hy spe`~h mhy{~c~ spå ie`fiec u |hk`~ t`f`~ãey `f `y{c mpj`~ u`f yp c~{`.& Mcfkù c ohy `y|í~e{py sp` ycoe`y`f k` òoc& Ycoeù `f{hfi`y/ c tey{ck` {hkhy/ ihmh pf tc|h~ f`g~h k` òoc `f dh~mc k` {hkc iocy` k` cfemco`y

cysp`~hyhy: y`~|e`f{`y/ yc|hy/ ~c{cy/ k~cghf`y& @~c pfc tey{c `y|cf{hyc/ uJ`yúy kejh: .Me~ck spå khi{~efc y`gpíy thyh{~hy.& Oc mpj`~ icuù k` ~hkeoocyu ihm`fzù c ooh~c~ u c g`me~& Op`gh y` {h~fù {~cfspeoc u hnyìp`f{`/ u J`yúyo` mcfkù kej`y` cf{` {hkhy iùmh |~hi`kíc |c~c ycfc~ c ohy feóhy& @ooc/ `f{~òãg~emcy/ cpf ihf{~c yp thopf{ck/ kejh ihmh |~hi`kíc: sp` |~em`~h/ |h~m`keh k` c~{`y k` mcgec k`mhfícic/ ohy aciíc `fd`~mc~/ u op`gh/ co |c~ì`~/ohy thotíc c ycfc~ |c~c ahf~c k` yp íkhoh u k` ypy kehy`y&J`yúy o` mcfkù `f{hfi`y t`fe~ ihf Åo u ypy keyií|pohy co opgc~ khfk` `y{cncò íkhoh Mhohia></ u mcfkù {cmneåf sp` cipke`~cf ohy yci`~kh{`y k` ohyíkhohy& Y` ~`pfeù g~cf mpo{e{pk k` g`f{`/ |h~sp` y` acníc uc |~h|cgckh ocip~cieùf kò feóh& @o opgc~ fh `~c pf {`m|oh yefh pfc ihoefc ~hk`ckc k`

`qictciehf`y/ u ò meymh íkhoh `y{cnc `f pfc k` `ycy `qictciehf`y u ihfpfc {ìapmn~` `fiemc& J`yúy o`y kejh sp` oocmcy`f cdp`~c c yp kehy/ u ihmhoh aeie`y`f ycoe~ |h~ m`keh k` c~{edeieh sp` acnícf aìah |c~c `yh/ o`y kejhJ`yúy sp` ohy ihm|ckìíc |h~ {`f`~ pf kehy c spe`f {`fícf sp` cupkc~ |c~cycoe~ k` yp `yihfke{`/ uc sp` fh |hkíc aci`~oh yhoh& Kejh `f{hfi`y J`yúy c ocyci`~kh{eyc sp` kej`y` ocy cocncfzcy k` yp kehy/ iùmh o` y`~tícf u oh sp` `y`kehy o`y kcnc& @f{hfi`y o` |cyù c `y{c mpj`~ oh sp` co |~hd`{c k` Ncoccm:{pth sp` kìe~ |únoeicm`f{` {hkcy ocy c{~hiekck`y k` yp ipo{h u |pnoeiùcne`~{cm`f{` ocy mc~cteoocy kò Kehy k` Ey~cò/ kòcf{` k` {hkh ò |p`noh cooí |~`y`f{`& J`yúy mcfkù `f{hfi`y c ypy keyií|pohy sp` tho{`cy`f co íkhoh uòohy oh aeie`~hf cyí& J`yúy o`y kejh: .Me~ck spå íkhoh ckh~ãey u spå `y|í~e{pyyhf ohy sp` `y{ãf `f åo u sp` ckh~ãey.& @f `y{` mhm`f{h/ c oc tey{c k` {hkh ò|p`noh/ ycoe`~hf k` cooí degp~cy `y|cf{hycy k` k`mhfehy k` ket`~ycy dh~mcysp`/ {`mnocfkh/ y` `yip~~ícf/ u ~`|{cfkh/ y` hipo{cncf k`ncjh k` {e`~~c/ `f{~òcy {pmncy u `qictciehf`y kò opgc~& Ohy |cgcfhy `y{cncf mpuc{`mh~ezckhy u ct`~ghfzckhy& J`yúy o`y kejh: .Ye thyh{~hy m`{åey k` fp`th ctp`y{~h íkhoh `f oc ip`tc/ y` k`y|`kczc~ã.& Ohy yci`~kh{`y o` ~hgc~hf`f{hfi`y sp` fh oh k`y{~pu`~c u J`yúy k`jù sp` òohy oh o`tcf{cy`f k` fp`thu oh ezcy`f `f co{h& Oc mcuh~íc k` ohy |cgcfhy `y{cncf ihfmhtekhy uct`~ghfzckhy/ `y|ìecom`f{` ohy yci`~kh{`y2 |`~h cogpfhy k` òohy `y{cncfe~~e{ckhy& @o |p`noh `y{cnc/ yef `mnc~gh/ k` |c~{` k` J`yúy& O`y aezh {hkctíc

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@y{` íkhoh Mhohia |c~ìíc pf npù y`f{ckh yhn~` ypy |c{cy {~cy`~cy2 {`fícohy n~czhy ihmh spe`f spe`~` cn~czc~ cogh/ u |hkíc i`~~c~ohy |h~ m`keh k`pf mìcfeymh& Oc icn`zc {`fíc pfc nhic cfiac cne`~{c u `f oc d~`f{` pfip`~fh ~`{h~iekh& @y{cnc cy`f{ckh yhn~` pfc `q{`fyc dp`f{` u {`fíc `f òip`~|h tc~ecy dh~mcy k` nhoycy cnpo{ckcy u cne`~{cy& @f ocy de`y{cy o`

ihogcncf kò ipòoh oc~gcy ih~~`cy u ckh~fhy& @f ò {czùf/ k`ncjh k` åo/ yàciíc dp`gh ipcfkh hd~ìícf yci~edeiehy& C~kícf ye`m|~` mpiacy oãm|c~cy`f {h~fh k` oc dp`f{` khfk` `y{cnc cy`f{ckh& @f h{~cy å|hicy o` hd~ìícffeóhy2 cah~c uc fh o`y `~c |`~me{ekh& O` hd~ìícf {hkc iocy` k` cfemco`y/ sp`sp`mcncf `f ocy cn`~{p~cy k` yp ip`~|h/ h ìacncf |h~ oc cn`~{p~c k` ypicn`zc& @o yci~edeieh sp` mãy c|~ìecncf |c~c åo `~c pfc co|cic& Acníc cspí pfhy c|c~c{hy ihf ohy ipco`y k`yi`fkícf acy{c ò dhfkh/ khfk` `y{cnc òíkhoh `f{~` `qictciehf`y u ict`~fcy& Fh acníc uc ihf ò íkhoh pf ipo{h~`gpoc~: oh efthicncf yùoh `f ci{hy k` mcgec/ u oc yci`~kh{eyc {`fíc sp` t`~ihf åo `f `y{hy icyhy k` `fd`~m`kck`y dei{eiecy/ sp` op`gh c|c~ìícf ihmhip~ciehf`y meocg~hycy& @f ickc pfc k` ocy cn`~{p~cy k` yp ip`~|h ~ìeníc pf

khf |c~{eipoc~& @f h{~hy {e`m|hy o` |hfícf ohy feóhy `f ypy n~czhy/ sp` `~cfsp`mckhy |h~ ò dp`gh k`ncjh k` åo u co~`k`kh~/ |p`y `~c {hkh apìh& \h~ pfmìcfeymh y` `y{~ìacncf ypy n~czhy k` mhkh sp` ocy tíi{emcy fh |hkícfkc~ thi`y fe aci`~y` hí~ ypy g~e{hy& [`fíc pf mìcfeymh `f ocy |e`~fcy u|hkícf |h~ m`keh kò meymh o`tcf{c~oh yhn~` ypy |e`y& [`fíc ck`mãy ~cuhy`f {h~fh k` yp icn`zc&



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ckh~c~ c yp íkhoh& J`yúy o`y acnoù kò ncp{eymh/ u sp` |h~ cah~c y` sp`kcy`fspe`{hy cooí u `y|`~cy`f& O`y acnoù k` Kehy/ ihmh k` pf \ck~` c spe`f acusp` hd~ì`~ ihmh yci~edeieh ocy |~h|ecy |cyehf`y/ |p`y{h sp` fh fì`ye{cfefgúf h{~h yci~edeieh2 sp` ò k` fp`y{~hy |~h|ehy ih~czhf`y& Ipcfkh J`yúyacnocnc c ohy |cgcfhy o`y kìíc mãy ioc~cm`f{` sp` c ohy jpkíhy sp` Kehy fhfì`ye{c k` fp`y{~hy yci~edeiehy& Ohy `qah~{cnc c oc |`fe{`fiec/ cocg~ckìeme`f{h |h~ ohy n`f`deiehy u oc ihm|cyeùf |h~ ohy mey`~cno`y& @f ociepkck k` ohy jpkíhy iò`n~ù oc d`y{etekck kò yãnckh/ {hmù |c~{` `f pfcihmekc/ u op`gh ihm`fzù ò cupfh |h~ icpyc k` oc ckh~cieùf kò nì`~~h k`h~h/ sp` y` aciíc ò hiah k` [ey~e/ |h~sp` ò ye`{`/ sp` `~c ò t`~kck`~h kíc/icíc `y` cóh `f kíc Yãnckh& J`yúy cncfkhfù `y{c iepkck |h~ oc {c~k`& Ohy

|cgcfhy/ ipuhy aejhy acníc ycfckh/ thote`~hf c cg~ckì`~ c J`yúy kòcf{` k`yp iepkck& J`yúy ohy n`fkejh u icmefù ihf khi` keyií|pohy c {~ctåy kò tcoo`/co Yp~ k` Gckc~c2 op`gh/ yhn~` pfc mhf{cóc acy{c pf c~~huh sp` ncjc k` ocmhf{cóc k` N`{ac~cm|a{c-Jpoecy/ khfk` `qey{`f {coo`~`y k` dpfkeieùf k`m`{co`y& Acníc {~`y ah~cy k` icmefh k`yk` Gckc~c acy{c ò con`~gp` jpf{h co~íh khfk` `f{~ù J`yúy ihf ypy keyií|pohy& Ohy jpkíhy sp` tetícf cooí `y{cncfhip|ckhy ihf oc ihoì{c k` d~p{cy u dp`~hf ckhi{~efckhy |h~ J`yúy& Acníc{cmneåf cooí pf g~p|h k` |cgcfhy sp` jpf{cncf doh~`y nocficy k` pfhyc~npy{hy k` i`~ih u jpf{cm`f{` pfhy g~p`yhy efyì{hy u `yic~cncjhy& IpcfkhJ`yúy y` ci`~icnc c òohy/ y` ~`{e~cncf/ mhy{~ãfkhy` `yspethy&M` dp` `fy`óckh sp` jpf{cncf `yhy `yic~cncjhy |c~c yp kehy N`òz`npn >3

sp` {`fícf `f Keùf& A` tey{h c `y{` íkhoh y`f{ckh ncjh pf g~p`yh ã~nhokòcf{` k` oc |p`~{c k` oc iepkck& [`fíc dh~mc k` mhfh/ ihf n~czhy ih~{hy u|e`~fcy kògckcy/ u `y{cnc y`f{ckh ihmh ohy ahmn~`y& Yp icn`zc `~c|pf{ecgpkc ihf khy ip`~fhy ~`{h~iekhy ihmh dcy`y k` opfc2 yp ~hy{~h`y|cf{cno` ihf pfc fc~ez mpu |~hfpfieckc& Oc nc~neooc `~c apfkekc/ u ocnhic g~cfk` ihmh k` pfc n`y{ec/ ò ip`~|h `ynò{h u `f {h~fh kò te`f{~ìhmh pf kòcf{co/ ocy |e`~fcy oc~gcy u kògckcy ihf gc~~cy `f ohy k`khy& @fpfc mcfh {`fíc pf ~ìe|e`f{` yhn~` pf `y{eoh u `f oc h{~c pfc degp~c ihmhmc~e|hyc sp` ycoíc k` oc oc~tc& @y{c mc~e|hyc |c~ìíc `f |c~{` ct` u `f |c~{èfyì{h cysp`~hyh/ u `~c n~eoocf{` u tc~eh|ef{c& @f {h~fh k` oc icn`zc {`fíc

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gc~~cy/ cgpejhf`y u |efiahy& Ipcfkh J`yúy y` ci`~iù c `y{hy |cgcfhy sp` jpf{cncf efyì{hy |c~c ò íkhoh/ {hkc `yc ih~hfc y` k`yaezh ihmh pf hyip~h`fjcmn~` k` efyì{hy/ sp` y` ~`dpgec~hf `f ohy cgpj`~hy u `yihfk~ejhy kòopgc~/ u y` te`~hf {hkc iocy` k` degp~cy k` `y|í~e{py efmpfkhy sp` y``yip~~ícf ihmh `yic~cncjhy `f ohy cgpj`~hy kò ypòh& @~cf ohy `y|í~e{py

efmpfkhy sp` `~cf ckh~ckhy `f ohy ip`~|hy k` `yhy cysp`~hyhy efyì{hy&Co kíc yegpe`f{` |h~ oc mcócfc oo`gù J`yúy c oc iepkck jpkíc k` Keùf/ sp` `ympiah mãy |`sp`óc sp` oc |c~{` |cgcfc k` oc meymc iepkck/ sp` `y{ã m`jh~`kedeickc yhn~` oc ock`~c k` oc mhf{cóc u {e`f` tc~ehy {`m|ohy& @y{c iepkckk` ohy jpkíhy `y{ã ihm|o`{cm`f{` y`|c~ckc k` oc |cgcfc& @f oc |c~{` khfk``f{~ù J`yúy `y{cncf uc `f g~cf fúm`~h aìacy ocy iahzcy |c~c ocy de`y{cy kòhy [cn`~fãipohy/ u `f pfc k` òocy dp` ~ìenekh |h~ ohy yci`~kh{`y ucfiecfhy/ ihf octc{h~eh k` ohy |e`y u pfc ~`dìieùf/ ihmh k` ihy{pmn~`& Y`ke~egeù `f y`gpekc c ohy mpiahy `fd`~mhy cooí `y{ciehfckhy `f ocy iahzcy&Ohy keyií|pohy cupkcncf c mcf{`f`~ ò h~k`f& Acníc `fd`~mhy k` {hkcyiocy`y/ ncokckhy/ mpkhy/ ie`ghy/ aek~ù|eihy/ gh{hyhy& Ycfù c mpiahy k`

òohy/ `qah~{ãfkhohy c {hkhy& Acníc cogpfhy sp` `~cf yhy{`fekhy ihf mpo`{cyk` {~`y |e`y2 h{~hy/ sp` y` c|hucncf c `y{cy mpo`{cy yef |hf`~ ohy |e`y coypòh& K`y|påy dp` {cmneåf ckhfk` `y{cncf ocy mpj`~`y `fd`~mcy/ y`f{ckcy/ìackcy h |c~ckcy/ mãy i`~ic k` oc iepkck/ `f pfc iahzc oc~gc sp` y` acnícc~mckh yhn~` pfc ock`~c k` oc mhf{cóc/ `f dh~mc k` pfc {`~~czc& @y{hycye`f{hy `y{cncf ipne`~{hy k` ae`~nc mpu defc u kòeickc sp` ihogcnc k`yk`c~~enc ihmh aeohy k` y`kc u yhn~` `y{` t`~kh~ acnícf |p`y{h codhmn~cy&Acníc cooí mpj`~`y ihf dopjh k` ycfg~`/ c oc key{cfiec/ tòckcy/ u h{~cymòcfiùoeicy/ k` ~hy{~h {~ey{` u |ãoekh& J`yúy o`y acnoù/ oo`fh k` cmh~/ c{hkcy/ u ocy enc ycfcfkh pfc k`y|påy k` h{~c/ u o`y kcnc ket`~yhy cteyhy |c~cm`jh~c~ k` ie`~{cy dco{cy u aci`~ oc k`nekc |`fe{`fiec& Ycfù {cmneåf un`fkejh c mpiahy feóhy sp` o` {~cícf ocy mck~`y& @y{` {~cncjh kp~ù acy{c oc{c~k` u {`~mefù ihf pfc co`g~íc g`f`~co& [hkhy ohy `fd`~mhy ycfckhy/ic~gcfkh ypy mpo`{cy u ypy icmeoocy/ y` |pye`~hf `f h~k`f icf{cfkhco`g~`m`f{`/ oo`fhy k` ihf{`f{h/ cihm|cóckhy k` ypy |c~e`f{`y/ ihfhiekhy uye`~thy/ u `f{~c~hf `f oc iepkck ihf J`yúy u ypy keyií|pohy `f m`keh k` òohy&@y efk`yi~e|{eno` oc apmeokck u oc y`~e`kck cmcno` k` J`yúy `f `y{cyhicyehf`y& Ohy feóhy u ocy mpj`~`y encf kòcf{` icf{cfkh ò ycomh ;<:N`c{py spe ef{òoege{ yp|`~ `g`fpm `{ |cp|`~`m&Y` ke~ege`~hf c oc yefcghgc u ke`~hf g~ciecy c Kehy& Op`gh apnh pfc ihmekcncjh pf khyò k` |ocf{cy u ~cmcy/ sp` ihfyey{eù `f d~p{cy/ ct`y/ |cfco k` meòu |cf`y {hy{ckhy& Co ihm`f- zc~ ò yãnckh y` ke~ege`~hf {hkhy `f {~cj`y k`|`fe{`fiec c oc yefcghgc: `m|`zcnc ò g~cf kíc k` oc ~ìhfieoecieùf k` ohy

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czh{cncf cogpfhy jpkíhy k`ncjh k` ypy cm|oehy mcf{hy `f {h~fh k` ocyick`~cy u `f ocy |e`~fcy& [cmneåf ohy |cgcfhy k` Keùf {`fícf pfc de`y{c ihfefi~`íno` icf{ekck k` efie`fyhy u y` y`f{cncf yhn~` cye`f{hy sp` {`fícfk`ncjh `y|ìe`y ` efie`fyh sp`/ `fi`fkekhy/ oo`fcncf k` apmh u k` |`~dpm`ò cmne`f{`&

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|`~ypckekh sp` k`níc {`f`~ yhn~` yí ò yci`~kh{` pfc g~ct` ipo|c u {`míc o`ypi`ke`~c `f ò Ycf{pc~eh cogpfc k`yg~ciec& O` ~`mh~kíc oc ihfie`fiec k`sp` åo {`fíc ipo|c `f oc mp`~{` k` Zcic~ícy/ |ck~` k` Jpcf Ncp{ey{c/ u ypipo|c `y{cnc efipncfkh `f yp u`~fh/ sp` ihfk`fù c J`yúy& Fh `~c Icedãy:i~`h sp` `~c yp yp`g~h Cfcy& @f ò Ycf{pc~eh uc fh `y{cnc ò mey{`~eh `f òC~ic k` oc Coecfzc: yùoh acníc cooí ket`~yhy |cóhy u ~ìe|e`f{`y& @o c~ic k` occoecfzc `~c fp`tc u k` key{ef{c dh~mc sp` oc |~em`~c2 cpf ohy ãfgò`y `~cfked`~`f{`y u `y{cncf y`f{ckhy ~hk`ckhy k` {~`y ncfkcy ihf pf |e` c~~enc uh{~h icíkh c pf ockh2 oc ih~hfc `y{cnc cúf `f{~` òohy& K`f{~h acníc ket`~ycy`y|ìe`y k` ciè{`y u |`~dpm`y k` efie`fyh& ^ìp`~kh sp` ò YpmhYci`~kh{` hd~ìíc efie`fyh u ~hiecnc ihf ycfg~`2 sp` {hmù pf |cóh kòycf{pc~eh/ u sp`/ ae~eåfkhy` `f pf k`kh u ycicfkh ycfg~`/ oh m`ziocnc ihfcgpc u op`gh oh kcnc c n`n`~ c pfc aeo`~c k` h{~hy yci`~kh{`y& @~c pfc`y|ìe` k` ycf{c ihmpfeùf& A` tey{h sp` ò Ypmh Yci`~kh{` dp` a`~ekh |h~Kehy2 `y{cnc mpu kìcíkh u `fd`~mh k` o`|~c& Y` |~hkpjh pfc g~cfihfdpyeùf `f ò meymh {`m|oh&Hí `f{hfi`y pfc oì{p~c mpu ihfmht`kh~c k` J`~`mícy `f ò {`m|oh/me`f{~cy t`íc mpiahy ipck~hy k` oc tekc k` ohy |~hd`{cy u k` oc cnhmefcieùf kòipo{h k` ohy íkhohy `f Ey~cò&



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Teyeùf k` @oícy u @oíy`h& Oc ekhoc{~íc mhk`~fc

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Jh~cm& Ohy jpkíhy fh oh sp`~ícf i~``~: oh `q|oeicncf ihmh ye @oíy`h/ spòo`tù oc ic~{c c Jh~cm/ oc apne`y` hn{`fekh cf{`y k` oc mp`~{` k` @oícy/ ihmhpfc ic~{c |~hdå-{eic sp` cah~c |~`y`f{cnc co ~ù& C mí m` |c~ìíc {cmneåfpfc ihyc `q{~cóc `y{c ic~{c `yi~e{c k`y|påy k` oc mp`~{` k` @oícy& K` |~hf{hm` y`f{í oo`tckc aciec ò H~e`f{`/ u te cooí ò Mhf{` k` ohy \~hd`{cy ipne`~{hk` fe`t` u k` aeòh& Acníc/ yef `mnc~gh/ {h~~`y cooí: spezãy `~c pfc degp~c kìhmh `y{cnc `f {e`m|hy k` Jh~cm& Oo`gpå op`gh mãy co @y{`/ co \c~cíyh{`~~`fco/ u te c ohy ckme~cno`y cfemco`y sp` icmefcncf cooí k`f{~h u jpgcncf/u a` tpò{h c t`~ c `ycy mp~coocy n~eoocf{`y sp` te h{~cy tì`y/ u a` tey{hck`f{~h c @oícy u c @fhia `fd~`f{`/ sp` k`yicfycncf u kh~mícf& @oícy t`íc`f `y|í~e{p {hkh oh sp` ypi`kíc `f \co`y{efc& Pf ãfgò {~cjh u |pyh kòcf{` k`

åo pfc |opmc k` icóc u pf ~hooh defh/ u @oícy y` o`tcf{ù u `yi~eneù yhn~` ypy~hkeoocy& A` tey{h pf ic~~h |`sp`óh ihmh pf cye`f{h yhn~` pfc ihoefc hg~ckcy/ c pf ockh/ i`~ic k` oc |p`~{c/ u sp` t`fíc aciec @oícy2 `~c oo`tckh |h~{~`y a`~mhyhy u nocfihy cfemco`y& @oícy ypneù yhn~` yp ic~~h u k`yi`fkeùihmh yhn~` pf c~ih e~ey/ ihf oeg`~`zc/ c \co`y{efc& Oo`gù yhn~` pfc icyc `fYcmc~ec u y` k`{pth& Te sp` k`f{~h `y{cnc @oíy`h h~cfkh/ me~cfkh c~~enc/ usp` @oícy k`jù ic`~ oc ic~{c jpf{h c @oey`h/ u sp` @oey`h oo`tù `y{c ic~{c cJh~cm& Ohy {~`y cfemco`y kò ic~~h k` @oícy `y{cncf pfiekhy/ pfh kòcf{` ukhy |h~ oc |c~{` k` c{~ãy& @~cf cfemco`y efk`yi~e|{eno`m`f{` a`~mhyhy ucmcno`y/ kòeickhy ihmh |`sp`óhy ih~zhy/ nocfihy ihmh oc fe`t`/ k` |òhyoc~ghy u defhy ihmh y`kc& Ocy |c{cy `~cf kògckcy2 ocy icn`zcy |`sp`ócy umhteno`y/ u yhn~` oc d~`f{` {`fícf pf g~ciehyh ip`~fe{h cogh ~`{h~iekh& Ihfy`m`jcf{`y cfemco`y te sp` `y{cnc pfiekh yp ic~~h ipcfkh ypneù c ohy ieòhy&A` tey{h {cmneåf oc aey{h~ec k` @oey`h ihf oc Ypfcme{ey& Hn~ù cúf mcuh~`ymc~cteoocy sp` ò meymh @oícy& @oey`h `~c mãy defh u kòeickh `f ypyt`y{ekhy u `f yp mhkh k` hn~c~ sp` @oícy& @oícy `~c pf ahmn~` k` Kehy/ u fhy`gúf ò mhkh ihmúf k` ohy ahmn~`y2 `~c ihmh Jpcf Ncp{ey{c/ c ipuc iocy`|`~{`fìíc |h~ yp meyeùf u hdeieh& A` tey{h {cmneåf ihmh ò ye`~th k`@oíy`h/ Ge`ze/ ih~~eù k`{~ãy k` cspò ahmn~` c spe`f acníc ycfckh k` oc o`|~c!Fccmcf%& @~c k` fhia`2 @oíy`h kh~míc2 oh coicfzù i`~ic kò Jh~kãf/ u |ekeù~`gcohy `f fhmn~` k` yp y`óh~& Co kíc yegpe`f{` {~cncjcnc {~cfspeoh `y{`

ye`~th/ ihmh ye fckc yp|e`~c/ `f mck`~cy/ |c~c aci`~ {cnesp`y uy`|c~ciehf`y k` iãmc~cy k` kh~me~& @oíy`h o` |~`gpf{ù: .¸Kùfk` `y{ptey{`8.&U o` ~ìh~kù {hkh oh ypi`kekh kp~cf{` oc fhia`& K`yk` `y` mhm`f{h òye`~th dp` a`~ekh k` o`|~c/ sp` |cyù c ypy aejhy&



353

Ipcfkh m` dp` mhy{~ckc oc ekhoc{~íc k` ohy ahmn~`y/ oc ckh~cieùf k` ohycfemco`y u k` ohy íkhohy k` `yhy |~em`~hy {e`m|hy/ u oc d~ìp`fiec ihf spòhy Ey~còe{cy icícf `f oc ekhoc{~íc/ u co meymh {e`m|h oc g~cf mey`~eih~kec k`Kehy c {~ctåy k` ohy |~hd`{cy/ u m` mc~cteoocnc k` sp` ohy ahmn~`y |pke`y`fckh~c~ y`m`jcf{`y íkhohy/ m` dp` `fy`óckh iùmh cúf cah~c ypnyey{íc `y{c

meymc cnhmefcieùf/ cpfsp` k` mcf`~c ked`~`f{`/ `y kìe~/ `f ipcf{h cíkhohy `y|e~e{pco`y ` ef{òì{pco`y& A` tey{h/ `f `dì{h/ efihf{cno`y ipck~hyk` `y{c ekhoc{~íc `f {hkh ò mpfkh/ u iùmh y` oo`tcnc c icnh/ u oh a` tey{hcah~c ncjh oc degp~c k` ihmh y` aciíc `f{hfi`y& A` tey{h/ cyí/ yci`~kh{`y sp`ckh~cncf c y`~|e`f{`y ckmefey{~cfkh ohy yci~cm`f{hy: ypy |~h|ecy |cyehf`yy`m`jcncf `y{hy cfemco`y u y`~|e`f{`y& A` tey{h iùmh `f{~` ohy g~cfk`y ufhno`y y` |~ci{eicnc oc ekhoc{~íc ncjh ket`~yhy cfemco`y sp` `~cf ckh~ckhyy`gúf `~c oc k`y|~`hip|cieùf sp` {`fícf k` oc ~òegeùf `y{hy y`óh~`y& @f{~`|`~yhfcy k` ncjc ihfkeieùf/ |hn~`y u k`yg~cieckhy |ìckh~`y/ a` tey{h sp`ckh~cncf c ohy yc|hy u h{~hy cfemco`y cysp`~hyhy& A` tey{h ihmpfekck`ysp` ckh~cncf c `y{hy cfemco`y/ ihmh pfc ~òegeùf ~`dh~mckc kò Fh~{`/ sp`

a` tey{h/ ihf pf co{c~ tciíh/ hyip~h u k`{`y{cno`/ yhn~` ò ipco acníc ip`~thyf`g~hy& @oohy/ fc{p~com`f{`/ fh t`ícf y`m`jcf{`y cfemco`y2 |`~h ohyckh~cncf/ |h~sp` y`gpícf ypy |cyehf`y/ ~`|~`y`f{ckcy `f `yhy cfemco`y& A`tey{h c ìo`yeãy{eihy sp` co thot`~ ocy ahjcy kò n~`tec~eh/ thotícf |`~~e{hy/gc{e{hy u h{~hy mcmc~~ciahy& C h{~hy a` tey{h sp` ckh~cncf `f ~`coekckekhoeoohy sp` {`fícf `f{~` ypy oen~hy u yhn~` oc m`yc/ ihmh Mhohia/ Ncco uh{~cy degp~eoocy/ u sp` acy{c o`y ìacncf n`yhy2 `y{hy meymhy `~cf ohy sp`/|h~ h{~c |c~{`/ y` np~ocncf k` ocy |`~yhfcy |eckhycy u ~òegehycy& K` `y{`mhkh a` tey{h sp` cah~c `y ihmh `f{hfi`y u cúf |`h~2 u a` tey{h sp` `y{cydegp~cy k` ohy cf{egphy íkhohy fh `~cf yem|o`y degp~cy/ yefh sp` ye ahu ocekhoc{~íc/ oc em|e`kck ` e~~òegeùf {hmcy`f ip`~|h ihmh `f{hfi`y/ y`ckh~c~ícf ocy meymcy ~`|~`y`f{ciehf`y k` íkhohy sp` cf{`y/ u `y{c~ícf k`mhkc ohy meymhy íkhohy k` cspòohy {e`m|hy&



35>

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J`yúy `f{~c `f oc iepkck k` Jhgnàc

pcfkh J`yúy k`jù c Keùf/ tefe`~hf k`yk` oc iepkck k` ohy |cgcfhycogpfhy mpu {`m`~hyhy c J`yúy/ |h~sp` acnícf híkh ocy ip~ciehf`y k`

Gckc~c u {~cícf ohy feóhy `fd`~mhy sp` Åo ip~ù k` ypy mco`y& @qah~{ù c ohy|ck~`y c sp` dp`~cf co ncp{eymh& K`y|påy cfkpth ihf ypy keyií|pohy pfcyiefih ah~cy aciec ò Yp~/ |cycfkh ò ~íh sp` ncjc kò tcoo` k` @|a~hf& C pfcm`kec ah~c k` `y{` ~íh/ aciec ò M`kehkíc/ `y{ã `yihfkekc `f pf nc~~cfih/k`{~ãy k` pf nhysp`/ oc |`sp`óc iepkck k` Jhgnàc& @y pf opgc~ |`sp`óh uhotekckh& \~efie|eù `y{c |hnocieùf |h~ pf |~hd`{c u m`fycj`~h k` Mheyåy uk` J`{~ù/ ipuh fhmn~` yp`fc ihmh Mcociace& Fh `y ò úo{emh k` ohy |~hd`{cyoocmckh Mcociaícy& J`{~ù/ ò yp`g~h k` Mheyåy/ oh {`fíc ihmh ye`~th: `~cmpu deò u |~pk`f{`/ u Mheyåy oh `fteù c `y{c ihmc~ic& @y{pth cspí pfhycóhy cf{`y sp` oo`gcy` Mheyåy u ~ìh~~eù {hkhy `y{hy opgc~`y acy{c ò ocgh/ ukcnc op`gh ip`f{c k` {hkh& Tetíc {hkctíc J`{~ù aciec ò Mc~ ^hjh u ~ìeåf

k`y|påy k` ocy fh{eiecy k` yp ye`~th y` {~cyockù c C~gc ihf oc mpj`~ k`Mheyåy u ohy aejhy& @y{` Mcociace dp` op`gh k`yipne`~{h ihmh `y|íc/|`~y`gpekh u y` o` speyh kc~ mp`~{`& Fh acníc {hkctíc iepkck cogpfc cspí2yùoh tetícf cogpfhy `f {e`fkcy k` icm|cóc& @o |`~y`gpekh yco{ù c pfciey{`~fc h |cf{cfh/ kò ipco oh yciù pf ãfgò/ sp` oh cupkù& @o meymh ãfgòo` {~cjh pfc h~k`f `yi~e{c yhn~` pfc oc~gc ief{c `f oc ipco kìíc sp` k`nícsp`kc~ cúf {~`y cóhy |h~ cooí/ |c~c efdh~mc~& Ohy acne{cf{`y k` `y{hy opgc~`yoh tey{e`~hf ihf ypy {~cj`y: oo`tcncf oc~gcy {úfeicy ihoh~ckcy u ycihy ~hjhy&@y{` ahmn~` oo`gù acy{c N`{ac~cm|a{c |c~c kc~ efdh~m`y u tetíc `f{~` ohy|hnockh~`y k` ocy {e`fkcy k` Jhgnàc u cupkcnc c `ycy g`f{`y ihf ypk`y{~`zc& @f ò nc~~cfih acníc pfc dp`f{` k` cgpc i`~~ckc u pfc oc~gc`qictcieùf |c~c ò cgpc ipne`~{c k` jpfihy/ khfk` y` hipo{cnc Mcociace&Mãy {c~k` n~h{ù ò cgpc k` oc dp`f{` u k`y|`kíc mpiac c~`fc2 c tì`y ycoíctc|h~ u c~~hjcnc |`sp`ócy |e`k~ìeoocy2 |hih c |hih y` dh~mù cyí pfcihoefe{c co~`k`kh~ k` `y{c dp`f{`& @y{` |cf{cfh y` ipn~eù op`gh ihf ohy`yihmn~hy u k`~~pmn`y k` pfc mhf{cóc/ u yhn~` {hkh òoh y` `kedeiù ociepkck& K` `y{` mhkh y` tefh c `kedeic~ `f {h~fh k` `yc dp`f{` oc iepkck k`Jhgnàc/ u oc dp`f{` y` ipn~eù ihf pfc {ìapmn~`& @o fhmn~` k` oc iepkckyegfedeic: .Y` ac k` o`tcf{c~.& Uc mpiah cf{`y k`neù acn`~ `y{ckh `kedeickccspí cogpfc |hnocieùf `f {h~fh k` `y{c iey{`~fc/ |h~sp` acu ~`y{hy k`mp~coocy oo`fcy k` mhah u `f ohy mp~hy acu `qictciehf`y |c~c mcf{`f`~

|`yickhy& \c~ìícf ~pefcy k` cogúf icy{eooh u dpfkcm`f{hy |c~c {e`fkcy kìcm|cóc& Mcociace o`y `fy`óù c ocy g`f{`y c `kedeic~ ihf ock~eoohy pfekhyihf n`{úf f`g~h sp` acníc `f `y{hy opgc~`y&



359

J`yúy dp` ~ìenekh ic~eóhycm`f{` `f `y{c |`sp`óc Jhgnàc& Tetícf cspí y`|c~ckhy k` ohy k`mãy cogpfhy k` oc yì{c k` ohy Bc~ce{cy& Oo`tcncf oc~ghy`yic|poc~ehy cmc~eoohy/ t`y{ekhy nocfihy u kòcf{co`y k` |eò`y2 ohy feóhyoo`tcncf t`y{ekhy ih~{hy u ocy |e`~fcy `ftpò{cy& Cah~c `~cf pfhyipc{~hie`f{hy ahmn~`y2 cf{`y acnícf yekh mpiahy mãy/ |`~h dp`~hf mpu

h|~emekhy& K`yie`fk`f k` @y~cy u |h~ pf k`yi`fke`f{`/ k` J`{~ù& Pfc t`z{pth pfc g~cf key|p{c pfh k` ypy mc`y{~hy ihf pfh k` ohy g~cfk`y dc~ey`hy&Y` c{`fícf y`t`~cm`f{` c oc o`{~c k` oc où u ~ìaczcncf ocy `q|oeiciehf`yt`~nco`y2 tetícf `f mpiac y`fieoo`z u |hn~`zc u {`fícf ypy ne`f`y `f ihmúf/u fefgpfh ycoíc c tecjc~ ihf kef`~h h ne`f`y& Fh acníc `f{~` òohy fefgpfh|hn~` h fì`ye{ckh/ y` mcf{`fícf pfhy c h{~hy u cúf c ohy sp` t`fícf k`h{~hy ockhy& ^`y|`{cncf mpiah c ohy te`jhy u acníc cogpfhy k` mpiac `kck&Ohy jùt`f`y `~cf mpu ~`y|`{phyhy u {`fícf gpc~kecf`y yhn~` òohy c ohy spòocmcncf .mcuh~`y.& @~cf ihf{~c~ehy kìoc~ckhy k` ohy dc~ey`hy sp`k`d`fkícf ocy `q|oeiciehf`y t`~nco`y k` oc où u ocy cóckekp~cy& @f cogpfhy|pf{hy {`fícf cogh k` ohy yckpi`hy/ cpfsp` fh ocy ihy{pmn~`y/ sp` `~cf mpu

|p~cy& Acníc `f{~` òohy pfh icyckh pfc t`z ihf pfc mpj`~ k` oc {~enp k`N`fjcmíf u oh acnícf k`y{`~~ckh k` cspí: `~c `f {e`m|h k` oc |ò`c ihf{~cohy k` N`fjcmíf& Fh ypd~ícf fefgpfc emcg`f/ |`~h {`fícf ò `~~h~ k` i~``~sp` ocy comcy k` ohy kedpf{hy |cycncf c h{~hy u cpf c ohy cfemco`y/ u y`ghzcncf cooã ihf a`~mhyhy cfemco`y `f ò |c~cíyh& @y|`~cncf `f ò M`yícy uypy|e~cncf |h~ Åo2 |`~h {cmneåf òohy `y|`~cncf pf M`yícy gp`~~`~h u{~epfdckh~ {`m|h~co& C J`yúy oh `y{emcncf |h~ |~hd`{c& @~cf mpu oem|ehy/|`~h fh hny`~tcncf ocy |p~edeiciehf`y k` ohy dc~ey`hy fe ò k`yìac~ ocydp`f{`y u ihycy sp` fh `y{cncf `f oc où& Tetícf y`gúf oc où `y{~ei{c/ |`~hihf ef{`~|~`{cieùf mãy cm|oec sp` ohy dc~ey`hy& Tetícf cspí mpu yeo`fiehyhyu c|c~{ckhy/ fh |ckìícf fefgpfc tcfekck fe opjh u y` mcf{`fícf k` yp{~cncjh& [`fícf |~ck`~cy/ {`jícf icfcy{hy u {~`fzcncf p{`fyeoehy khmåy{eihy&[`fícf mpiahy ihom`fc~`y& Dcn~eicncf mcf{cy ~úy{eicy u ~ìe|e`f{`y k`mck`~c mpu oetecfhy& Ohy a` tey{h {~cncjc~ `f ihmúf `f oc~gcy acne{ciehf`y&Uc `y{cncf |~hf{cy ocy iahzcy kòcf{` k` oc iepkck |c~c ocy de`y{cy k` ohy[cn`~fãipohy& Hny`spec~hf c J`yúy ihf pfc ~`dìieùf sp` ihfyey{eù `f |cf`yco ~`yihokh u meò& J`yúy `fy`óù u òohy oh `yipiac~hf mpu ~`t`~`f{`y& O`ykejh sp` k`y`cnc y` dp`~cf c tete~ c Jpk`c2 o`y cocnù oc ~`t`~`fiec k` ohyaejhy c ohy |ck~`y/ k` ohy keyií|pohy c ohy mc`y{~hy u ò ~`y|`{h`y|ìecom`f{` c ohy cfiecfhy& [cmneåf cocnù yp g~cf ihm|cyeùf c ohy|hn~`y u `fd`~mhy/ sp` ipekcncf mpu ne`f `f icycy k`y{efckcy c `y` `dì{h&



35;

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3 Acnocf kò aìah kò ~ù Cngc~h/ `f{~` h{~hy/ @py`neh/ `f yp aey{h~ec k` oc Ego`yec2 Ycf@d~`m ye~ù/ keãihfh k` oc Ego`yec k` @k`yc2 @tcg~eh/ Ycf Jpcf Kcmcyi`fh/ [`hkh~h@y{pke{c/ Fc{co Co`jcfk~h u mpiahy h{~hy aey{h~eckh~`y& @o \c|c G~`gh~eh EE `yi~ene`fkh co@m|`~ckh~ O`ùf Eyãp~eih Eihfhiocy{c/ o` ~ìp`~kc ò aìah kò ~ù k` @k`yc u y` c|huc `f ò

meymh |c~c k`d`fk`~ ̀ o ipo{h k` ocy emãg`f`y&

> Nc~{hohmå `~c `y`feh2 yp |ck~` [homce k`yi`fkíc kò ~ù k` G`yp~& Ihmh `yi~enc `~cihfhiekh k` [hmãy sp` {`fíc ̀ o meymh hdeieh u tetíc ̀ f C~emc{`c&

9 @o aey{h~eckh~ Jhy`dh kei` sp` C~`{cy/ ~ù k` ohy ã~cn`y u |ck~` k` oc |~em`~c mpj`~ kÀ`~hk`y/ kìoc~ù oc gp`~~c c yp u`~fh |c~c t`fgc~ oc efjp~ec aìac c yp aejc ~`|pkeckc&

; @o Mc~{e~hohgeh oc oocmc \ah{efc&

0@o ~ù k` Cye~íc oo`tù icp{ethy c ohy ey~còe{cy t`fiekhy u {~cfy|ocf{ù c Ycmc~ec iefih

|p`nohy ihf ypy íkhohy u i~``fiecy& Ohy |hihy sp` acnícf sp`kckh kò |p`noh jpkíh y`m`zioc~hf ihf ohy |cgcfhy t`fekhy k` Cye~íc&

4 Icyhy k` |hy`yeùf kecnùoeic yef ipo|c |~h|ec u |c~c `q|ecieùf k` h{~hy ipo|cno`y/ yhf/`f{~` h{~hy ò \ck~` Ocmu/ Y& J&/ sp` y` hd~ìeù |c~c oen~c~ c h{~h `fk`mhfeckh& @f ò icyh~ìe`f{` k` @c~oefg/ Fh~{` Cmå~eic/ oc jht`f Mc~u `y |hy`íkc yef ipo|c |~h|ec/ u `qh~iezckc|h~ ò \ck~` Ic|piaefh ê`yefg`~& Y` co{`~fcf `f òoc ocy |hy`yehf`y kecnùoeicy ihf ocyteyehf`y k` J`yúy u Mc~íc u oc k` ohy ycf{hy& K` `y{` icyh y` k`y|~`fk`f cogpfcy `fy`ócfzcyef{`~`ycf{`y: E5 Ohy k`mhfehy ipcfkh yhf o`geùf u `y{ãf `f |hy`yeùf k` pfc tíi{emc/ fh|p`k`f kcóc~ c h{~cy |`~yhfcy2 >8 Ye yhf ìackhy |h~ ohy `qh~ieymhy k` oc Ego`yec/ yhfc~~hjckhy co cneymh u fh tpòt`f&

7 Oc tek`f{` key{efgp` khy N`{aycekcy: pfc/ oc |c{~ec k` ohy c|ùy{ho`y Dòe|`/ Cfk~åy u\`k~h2 u N`{aycekc-Jpoecy/ oocmckc cyí |h~ ò {`{~c~ic Dòe|` k`y|påy k` oc mp`~{` kò`m|`~ckh~ Cpgpy{h&

1 @y{c aejcy{~c k` \`k~h y` oocmc \`{~hfeoc u ò Mc~{e~hohgeh ^hmcfh ihohic yp de`y{c ò 93k` Mcuh&

5 @y{` keyií|poh k` J`yúy/ oocmckh Ihocjc h Bhocuc/ `y aejh k` oc tepkc Y`nc/ k` Fczcq`{&

3< Oc tek`f{` key{efgp` Mcgkcopm k` Kcomcfp{ac/ sp` cogpfhy `qåg`{cy ihfdpfk`f/ |h~sp` `fMc{`h y` acnoc k` pf k`y`mnc~ih k` J`yúy `f ohy ihfdef`y k` Mcgkcopm u `f Mc~ihy y` kei`:ihfdef`y k` Kcomcfp{ac&

33 @o Khi{h~ Jhacff Fe`yy`f `yi~en`: .A` cfh{ckh ;<< fhmn~`y y`ócockhy |h~ Cfc Ic{coefc kòpgc~`y/ iepkck`y/ pneicieùf u k`yi~e|ieùf/ u a` npyickh op`gh yf oc Nenoec/ Jhy`dh Docteh/Ck~eihmeh/ Spc~`ymepy/ Icom`{/ Cooehoe/ A`gò u Nck`b`~/ ihm|~hncfkh sp` oc k`yi~e|ieùfk` oc tek`f{` ihfip`~kc ihf ohy kc{hy k` ̀ y{hy cp{h~`y.&



3> Ohy m`y`y k` Cn u k` @oepo yhf ò hfi`fh u ò kphkåiemh/ ~`y|ì{etcm`f{`/ kòico`fkc~eh a`n~`h&

39 Ycf Nòc~mefh `fpm`~c acy{c hfi` |~eteo`gehy ~`pfekhy |h~ \`k~h C|ùy{ho/ dpfkckhy `f ò@tcfgòeh/ ihmh ~ìhm|`fyc k` yp apmeokck&

3; Oc d~cy` ~èfh k` Kehy/ sp` Ycf Mc~ihy u Ycf Opicy `m|o`cf mãy k` 0< tì`y/ ihmh ò~èfh k` ohy ieòhy/ y`gúf Ycf Mc{`h/ yegfedeic oc hn~c/ kò M`yícy/ oc yhie`kck i~ey{ecfc/ ocEgo`yec u {cmneåf/ ihmh ih~hfcieùf/ ̀ o ~èfh cfpfieckh |h~ Kcfeò&

30 @f h{~c ~`tòcieùf kei` oc tek`f{`: .C `y{cy Icfcfe{cy sp` encf c k`y|hyc~y` y` o`yem|~emíc pfc y`óco efkò`no` `f oc ~`geùf kò ih~czùf& \c~ìíc sp` y` o`y g~cncnc {cmneåfihmh pf nocyùf k` fhno`zc k` Cn~caãf u sp` cyí y` ocy efih~|h~cnc c yp |~h|ec ~czc udcmeoec.&

34 Ohy cp{h~`y sp` ckme{`f oc efmhocieùf ycfg~e`f{c k` oc aejc k` J`d{å yhf/ ck`mãy k`[c~gpm: Jhy`dh Docteh/ H~íg`f`y/ Ycf @|edcfeh/ [`~{poecfh/ Ycf @d~åf/ Ycf G~`gh~ehFczecfi`fh/ Ycf Jpcf I~eyùy{hmh/ Ycf J`~ùfemh/ [`hkh~`{h/ Ycf Cgpy{íf/ Ycf Cm!n~hyeh/ u

`f{~` ohy mãy mhk`~fhy/ Ih~fòeh c Oc|ek`/ Icom`{ u Ycf{h [hmãy/ ò ipco ic~ci{`~ezc c J`d{åihf pfc d~cy` g~ãdeic: Ef tht`fkh dpe{ y{po{py/ `{ ef ~`kk`fkh em|opy&

37 ^ìcne{cy k`yi`fke`f{`y k` ^ìcn sp` |h~ mcfkc{h k` Jhfckcn aejh k` ^ìcn y`

Visiones y Revelaciones de Ana Catalina Emmerick - Tomo V

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