blnt clwsf/sf nflu gofF /0fgLlt 1
;dtf gLlt–kq (@)&#
blntM y/ uf]q e|d / oyfy{
2 blnt clwsf/sf nflu gofF /0fgLlt
© ;dtf gLlt–kq ( @)&#
n]vgljZjeQm b'nfn …cfx'ltÚ
;Dkfbgkbd ;'Gbf;ch'{g ljZjsdf{
;xof]uL/fhg kl/of/k|sfz g]kfnL
uf]kfn g]kfnL
6]s]Gb| ljZjsdf{
;fg]kf, nlntk'/, g]kfn
kmf]g M )!–%%@)*%!E-mail: [email protected]
o; gLlt–kqsf] k|sfzgsf] nflu g];gn OG8f]d]G6 km/ 8]df]qm];L (NED) / cf]k]g ;f];fO6L kmfp08]zg (OSF) n] cfly{s ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . o; gLlt–kqdf JoQm larf/, ljZn]if0f / lgisif{df cfly{s ;xof]u lbg] ;+:yfsf] ;xdlt clgjfo{ 5}g .
blnt clwsf/sf nflu gofF /0fgLlt 3
k|sfzsLo
g]kfn Ps ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s / ax';f+:s[lts tyf k|fs[lts
;'Gb/tfn] el/Psf] b]z xf] . sl/a kf}g] tLg s/f]8 hg;+Vof ePsf] of] ;fgf]
b]zdf !@% eGbf a9L hfthftLsf] a;f]jf; /x]sf] 5 / !)@ eGbf a9L efiff
af]lnG5 . ;of}+ jif{b]lv ;Qf;'v ef]lu/x]sf Psy/L zf;s ju{n] o; b]znfO{
rf/ j0f{ 5lQ; hftsf] km"naf/L eG5g\ / g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ;fdflhs ;befjsf]
k|z+;f u/]/ yfSb}gg\ . rf/ j0f{ 5lQ; hftsf] ;'Gb/ km"naf/Ldf slt hftn]
km'Ng kfPsf 5g\ / slt hftsf km"nx? cf]OnfP/ hfts} sf/0fn] ;'s]sf
5g\ of em/]sf 5g\ ca To;sf] n]vfhf]vf ;'? ePsf] 5 . jf:tjdf g]kfnL
l;ª\uf] ;dfh s§/ hft Joj:yfdf l6s]sf] 5 / oxfF /x]sf !@% hfthftL ;a}
Ps cfk;df sf] 7"nf] sf] ;fgf] hft eGg] ¿9tfdf ljeflht 5g\ . laefhgsf]
o; /]vfdf sf] ;fgf] sf] 7"nf], sf] z'4 sf] cz'4, sf] 5't sf] c5"t, s;sf]
kfgL rNg] s;sf] grNg] ofjt lrGtg kl/kf6Ln] l;ª\uf] ;dfh leqleq}
IftljIft 5 t/ o;df /dfpg]x? o;nfO{ l;ª\uf], Pstfa4 ;x–cl:tTjdf
/x]sf] ;fdflhs ;b\efjn]o'Qm ;'Gb/ ;dfh b]lv/x]5g\ / o; ljeQmLnfO{ s'g}
g s'g} ?kdf arfO /fVg rfxG5g\ . t/ ;r]t blnt ;d'bfoaf6 ca o;sf]
sf/stTjsf] vf]hL e}/x]sf] 5 . hft Joj:yfn] ;a} eGbf kL“wdf kfl/Psf
blnt ;d'bfodfly x'g] e]befj, cGofo, cTofrf/sf] km]xl/:t cj0f{gLo 5g\ .
g]kfndf /x]sf ;/sf/L tYofª\s cg';f/ !#=@ k|ltzt t/ blnt ;d'bfon]
cf+sng u/]sf] @) k|ltzt blnt hgtf ;fdflhs ;befjsf] gofF kl/efiff
vf]lh/x]5g\ / hft Joj:yfn] l;h{gf u/]sf] txut ;+/rgfnfO{ eTsfpg
rfxG5g\ . lsgeg] e]befjsf] :ki6 ?k blnt ;d'bfosf] kl/ro;Fu hf]l8Psf]
5 h;sf] ckdfgaf]w blnt ;d'bfon] ghflgbf] ?kdf hLjg ko{Gt ;xg'
k/]sf] 5, ef]Ug afWo 5g\ . oxL hft Joj:yfn] Psy/L pRr hft x'F eGg]nfO{
cfkm" k"j{hGdsf] k"0osd{n] ;j{>]i7 x'F eGg] cxd\tfsf] sf/0f :jfyL{ agfO
4 blnt clwsf/sf nflu gofF /0fgLlt
lbPsf] / ToxL :jfy{ arfpg g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ gfd ljz]ifn] g} p;sf] 7"nf]
/ ;fgf] hft lrGg ;lsof];\ eg]/ To:t} ;fdflhs / k|zf;lgs k|k~r sfod
ul/lbPsf 5g\ .
à JolQmsf] ef}lts z/L/ x]/]/ s'g hftsf] xf] eGg ufÃf] kb{5– To;}n]
ufpF3/lt/ / zx/ahf/sf klg kfsf dfG5]n] kl/rosf] ;'?jft
gfdaf6 xf]Og …s;df x'g' eof] <Ú s] y/L x'g' eof] eg]/ ul/g] k|rng
cem} 5 . JolQmsf] k|wfgtf gfddf xf]Og hftdf sfod ul/Psf] 5 .
à g]kfnLx?sf] gfd k5fl8 ljz]if0f h:t} k|;fb, axfb'/, aL/, s'df/,
gf/fo0f–s'df/L, dfof, b]jL / To;kl5 y/ of hft n]Vg] k|rng
5 . tyfslyt pRrhftn] dfq k|;fb n]Vb5g\, blntn] kfpFb}gg\ /
cGon] axfb'/ aL/ cflb . ;se/ blnt ;d'bfonfO{ aLrsf] laz]if0f
g/fVg] / gfdnfO{ klg x]nfxf]rf] x'g] u/L …PÚ sf/ nufP/ gfdfs/0f
ul/GYof] . h:tf] sfnLaxfb'/ bdfO{nfO{ sfn] bdfO{, rGb|axfb'/
sfdLnfO{ rGb|] sfdL– To;/L g} blnt dlxnfnfO{ klg ;'GtnL sldgL,
sfG5L bldgL=== cflb . :ynut gful/stf ljt/0f ul/“bf ;/sf/L
sd{rf/L / :yfgLo ;fdGt 7fn'af6 o:tf lj7\ofO y'k|} ePsf 5g\ .
To;avt blntx?nfO{ y/df cfgf] kl/ro lngaf6 jl~rt ul/Psf]
5 . o;sf ;fy} ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] x]nr]S|ofOF / ckx]ngfn] gfd
dfq xf]Og 9fF6, rf]/, la6'nf], efF8h:tf ckdfghgs hft / y/df
gful/stf agfO lbPsf 5g\ . c;Qm cgk9 / k|ltsf/ ug{ g;Sg]
blntx? r'krfk To:tf] kl/ro af]s]/ a:g afWo ePsf 5g\ .
o:tf Jojxf/n] blnt ;d'bfodf oltlj£g lxgtfaf]w hGdfO lbof]
ls ;se/ p;n] cfkm"nfO{ cfgf] gfdkl5 hft of y/af6 kl/ro
lbg' gk/f];\ egL lrgfkl/ro k|;+u cfpbf ts]{/ efUg] k|oTg ug{
afWo x'G5g\ . ltgsf ;GttL cfh tL ckdfghgs agfj6L y/ hft
abNg lbgx"F k|zf;g wfO/fVg afWo 5g\ .
à sltko lhNnfdf blntsf gfd k5fl8 eujfgsf] gfd …/fdÚ hf]l8lbg]
rng 5– h:tf] uf]kfn /fd, r08L/fd, k|tfk/fd, === l;tf/fd .
dw];lt/ klg u+uf/fd, /Iff/fd cflb . /fd ljz]if0faf6 p blnt xf]
eg]/ ;lhn} lrlggsf nflu k|rngdf NofOPsf] xf] .
4 ;dtf gLlt–kq
blnt clwsf/sf nflu gofF /0fgLlt 5
à blntx?sf] cfgf] P]ltxfl;s yftynf] of j+z;Fu hf]l8Psf df}lns
y/ -hf] u}/blntsf klg x'G5g\_ x'G5g\ eGg] oyfy{tf kl/ro k|df0f
lbg /fHo;+oGqdf a:g] xflsdnfO{ 1fg gx'Fbf w]/} h;f] blnt
;d'bfon] -vf;u/L kxf8] v;–cfo{ blntn]_ cfgf] df}lns y/df
gful/stf gkfP kl5 cfkm" klg ;fj{ef}d g]kfnL x'F eGg] lhls/ u/L
gfd k5fl8 …g]kfnLÚ n]v]/ k|df0fkq lng afWo ePsf 5g\ . lj8Dagf
cfh …g]kfnLÚ kl/ro blnt kof{oL ePsf] 5 / blntleqsf] s'g
hft xf] eg]/ k|Zg ul/g yflnPsf] 5 . of] hft k|yf arfO /fVg]
/fHooGqn] u/]sf] csf]{ lje]bn] l;h{gf u/]sf] ;d:of xf] . …g]kfnLÚ
y/ blntsf] kof{oL ePsf] sf/0f klxn] klxn] s]xL k|ultlzn
/fi6«k|]dL u}/blnt JolQmn] /fv]sf] …g]kfnLÚ pkgfd 5f]8]/ cfhsfn
cfgf] df}lns hft / y/ n]Vg yfn]sf] b]lvG5 .
cgle1tfn] lxgtfaf]w l;h{gf ub{5 / lxgtfaf]wn] knfog x'g clek|]l/t
ub{5 . hftLo prgLrdf cfwfl/t ;fdGtL /fHoJoj:yfn] oL b'a} c:q
;of}+ jif{b]lv s;/L k|of]u u/L /x]sf 5g\ To;k|lt xfdL blnt ;d'bfo
;r]t e} ;dofg's"n cfkm"nfO{ kl/jt{g u/fpg h?/L 5 .
à /fHokIfn] / ;dfhn] u/]sf] ckdfgn] cflht eP/ lxgtfaf]wj;
cfgf] P]ltxfl;s y/k|lt df]xe+u ePsf] 5 / df}lnstnfO{ 5f]8]/
gofF y/ klg l;h{gf u/]sf 5f}+ . d';ndfg ;d'bfodf l;nfO{sf] sfd
ug]{ JolQmnfO{ æbhL{Æ elgG5 . xfd|f lai6j/fh'x?af6 xfdLn] …bdfO{Ú
eg]sf] eGbf …bhL{Ú eg]sf] s0f{lk|o / cfb/fyL{ 7fGof}+ – clxn] …bhL{Ú
bdfO{ hftsf] kof{oL y/ x'g k'Uof] . o;/L g} c+u|]hLdf l;nfO{ sfd
ug]{nfO{ …6]n/Ú (Tailor) elgG5 . cem cfb/efjn] 6]n/ dfi6/ elgFbf s]xL n] cfgf] y/ 6]n/ clg dfi6/ agfPsf 5g\ . o;/L klg cfgf
df}lns y/ la:yflkt ePsf] 5 .
à …l;jfÚ af6 ;]jf, ;]jfg / l;jfsf]6L -l;jfsf]6L blntsf] cnu
df}lns y/ klg xf]_ ;dofg's"n JolQmsf] ¿rL cg';f/ cke|+z
agfof}+ . /0fkx]nLaf6 /0fkfn, /0fkf}nL o:t} pbfx/0f x'g\ . kf}/fl0fs
wfld{su|Gy cf}hf/ / lgdf{0fsf b]jtf ljZjsdf{ sfdL, ;'gf/, nf]xf/
;a}sf] kof{o aGof] .
k|sfzsLo 5
6 blnt clwsf/sf nflu gofF /0fgLlt
à blnt ;d'bfodf g]kfn ;/sf/ /fli6«o blnt cfof]uaf6 kxf8Ld"nsf
& / dw]zL d"nsf !( u/L @^ hft ;"rLs[t 5g\ . hghftL g]jf/
;d'bfoleqsf !(!) sf] d'n'sL P]gdf kfgL grNg] t/ 5f]Ol56f]
xfNg gkg]{ / 5f]Ol56f] xfNg kg]{ s]xL hftn] blnt ;"rLaf6 x6fpg
rfx]sf t/ g]jf/leqs} kf]8] / Rofd]sf ;Gbe{df ;f] ;d'bfoleq blnt
elgg] ls geGg] eGg] s'/fdf Psdt gePsf / blnt ;"rLleq /xg
rfxg] ;d"xsf] dfu cg';f/ g]jf/leq blnt eg]/ cnUu} ;"rLs[t
gu/L ;f] hftx? kxf8Ld"nsf blnt ;d"xleq ;"rLs[t ug]{ /fli6«o
blnt cfof]usf] k|df0fsf] cfwf/df -cg';"rL #_ oxfF g]jf/ blnt egL
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} dw];L blntleq /xg rfxg] ljjfbdf
ePsf] lg0f{o klg cg";'rL # df g} pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
à hft Joj:yfn] l;h{gf u/]sf] blnt ;d:of olt las/fn 5 ls
o;af6 pGd'lQm kfpg nfdf] ;ª\3if{, w}o{tf, ;'ha'em / Tofusf] vfFrf]
5, o;sf] Ifl0fs cfj]udf slxn] xfdL pTkLl8t dfq slxn] kf}/vL
/ cfhsn lzNkL gfdaf6 pGd'QmL vf]hL /x]5f}+ . blntkgfaf6
d'lQm e]befjhGo l:yltaf6 d'lQm x'g' xf]– zAbaf6 of gfd km]l/“bf
d'lQm x'g] xf]Og eGg] s'/f xfdLn] u/]sf] cg'ejaf6 l;4 e};s]sf]
5 . xfd|f] ;d:of klxrfg, kx'Fr / k|ltlglwTj;Fu ufFl;Psf 5g\ .
xfd|f] cfgf] df}lns klxrfg 5g\ . xfd|f] cfGbf]ngsf] clGtd uGtJo
cfgf] d"nwf/;Fu cGt/3'ng xf] . xfd|f] cfGbf]ng tyfslyt 7"nf]
hft x'g vf]Hg] xf]Og t/ ljgf e]befj ljgf 5nsk6, ljgf cfu|x
;a} g]kfnL gful/s ;dfg / ;Ddflgt x'g';Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . blnt
;d'bfon] g]kfnL ;dfh rnfodfg / hLjGt /fVg cfgf]tkm{af6
k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfgn] xfdLnfO{ lxgtfaf]w dfGg' kg]{ s'g} sf/0f 5}g .
xfd|f] kl/>d, kl;gf / w}o{tfk|lt uf}/j ug]{ / ;dofg's"n cfkm"nfO{
pEofpg] ;lx ;do cfPsf] 5 . xfd|f] klxrfg– xfd|f] y/ uf]qk|lt
w]/}nfO{ vf;u/L k|zff;gdf a:g] JolQmnfO{ 7"nf] e|d 5– :jod blnt
;d'bfo klg o; s'/fdf ;r]t 5}gf}+– To;}n] o; e|dnfO{ yf]/} eP
klg lrg{ ;lsG5 eg]/ ;dtf kmfp08]zgaf6 of] gLltkq k|sflzt
ug]{ hdsf]{ u/]sf 5f} . y/sf cfwf/df ePsf lje]blj?4 blnt
;d'bfon] @))# ;fnb]lv s'g} g s'g} ?kdf cfjfh p7fO /x]sf
6 ;dtf gLlt–kq
blnt clwsf/sf nflu gofF /0fgLlt 7
x'g\ . blnt ;d'bfosf] tTsfnLg Psdfq ;femf ;ª\u7g g]kfn
pTkLl8t blnt hftLo d'lQm ;dfhn] cfgf] dfudWo] blnt ;d'bfon]
cfgf] df}lns y/df gful/stf kfpg'k5{ egL @)%! ;fn k'; !(
ut] tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL ;dIf /fv]sf] dfunfO{ @)%@÷$÷$ sf] dGqL
kl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ tTsfnLg u[xdGqLsf] lgb]{zgdf @)%@÷$÷@!
df krxQ/} lhNnfsf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ blnt ;d'bfonfO{
y/sf cfwf/df gful/stf lbg / ckdfgaf]w x'g] lx;fan] klxn]
lbPsf gful/stf ;d]t dfu cg';f/ ;RrfO lbg' eGg] kl/kqsf]
ldlt @)^*÷)(÷@* df k'gM tfs]tf ePsf] -cg';"rL ! x]g'{xf]nf_ tyf
u[xdGqfnosf] @)%@÷)$÷@! kl/kqdf 6]s]/ blnt u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf
dxf;ª\3sf] tkm{af6 bfo/ ePsf] ;Dat\ @)^! ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #)@!
df ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^#÷)@÷)! df ePsf] k/dfb]znfO{
u[xdGqfnoaf6 ;a} lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nonfO{ ldlt @)^#÷)&÷!$
df kl/kq ul/Psf] -cg';"rL @_ x'Fbf x'Fb} klg lg/fs/0f gx'Fbf /
To;af/] k6s k6s k'gM kl/kq Pjd k}/jL x'Fbf;d]t of] ;d:of cem}
Ho"FsfTo"F 5 . b]zdf zflGt, ;'zf;g / ;fdflhs ;befj rfxg]x?n]
g]kfndf ljBdfg hftLo ;d:ofnfO{ gofF 9ª\uaf6 ;dfwfg ug{ l9nf
ug{ x'Fb}g– laikmf]6g x'gaf6 arfpg kb{5 .
à /fhgLlt1, ;dfh ljZn]ifs cfb/0fLo ljZjeQm b'nfn …cfx'ltÚ af6
tof/ ePsf] …blnt ;d'bfosf] y/ uf]qaf/] e|d / oyfy{Ú gfds gLltkq
k|sflzt ug{ kfpbf ;dtf kmfp08]zg / o;sf] cWoIfsf] x}l;otn]
d cfkm"nfO{ uf}/jflGjt 7fGb5' . blnt ;d'bfo cGt/ut hft /
ltgLx?sf] y/af/] /fli6«o blnt cfof]uaf6 k|fKt ;"rLsf cltl/Qm
cGo ;ª\3, ;+:yf / JolQmaf6 ;ª\slnt k|sflzt ;Gbe{sf cfwf/df
of] ;"rL tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . ;"rLdf s]xL y/ 5'6\g uPdf kf7sx?sf]
;'emfj / tYosf cfwf/df k"gM ;RrfOg] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w ub{5' . gLltkq
tof/ ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ d]g]lhª 8fO/]S6/ pHHjn ;'Gbf;, k|f]h]S6
sf]cl8{g]6/ /fd rd{sf/ / k|lj0f ltjf/LnfO{ wGojfb .
kbd ;'Gbf;cWoIf
;dtf kmfp08]zg
k|sfzsLo 7
8 blnt clwsf/sf nflu gofF /0fgLlt
ljifo ;"rL
! blnt ;d'bfosf] y/ uf]qaf/] e|d / oyfy{ (
@= uf]q s] xf] < !!
#= hft s] xf] < !$
$= y/ s] xf] < !%
%= g]kfnsf blntsf] y/ !&
^= blntx?n] hft jf y/ 9fF6] eGg] k|;ª\u !*
& lgisif{M y/sf] cfwf/df hflt jf hftsf] lrgf/L ;Dej 5}g Û @)
blnt hftLo cg';"rL / y/ @@
blnt hft / y/ cg';"rL @$
cg';"rL – ! #^
cg';"rL – @ #&
cg';"rL – # #*
blnt clwsf/sf nflu gofF /0fgLlt 9
!
blnt ;d'bfosf] y/ uf]qaf/] e|d / oyfy{
g]kfnL ;dfhdf uf]q / y/ h:tf ljifodf cem} klg sfkmL xb;Dd e|d
/ cGof}n /x]sf] 5 . o;f] x'g'sf] k5fl8 d"ntM b'O{ j6f sf/0fn] d'Vo e"ldsf
v]n]sf] b]lvG5 . Ps, g]kfnL ;dfh Pp6} ;Eotf / k/Dk/fsf] ;dfh xf]Og
a? g]kfnL ;dfh ljZjdf kfFr xhf/ jif{eGbf cl3b]lv ljsl;t eO{ cfh;Dd
cfOk'u]sf kfFr j6f dxf;Eotfsf] dxf;ª\ud ePsf] ;dfh xf] .
s_ pQ/sf] Xjfª\xf] / ofª\;L gbLsf] d}bfgdf ljsl;t eO{ ltAat x'Fb}
g]kfn k|j]z u/]sf] dª\uf]n ;Eotf .
v_ o'/f]kaf6 dWo Plzofsf] ss]l;of x'Fb} d:6f]k'hs ;+:s[lt;lxt
klZrd g]kfn cfOk'u]sf] v; ;Eotf .
u_ o'/f]kaf6 O/fg x'Fb} l;Gw'3fF6L k|j]z u/L uª\uf d}bfgdf k'u]/ j]bsf]
/rgf u/L g]kfn cfOk'u]sf] j}lbs cfo{ ;Eotf .
3_ df]x]ghf]bf/f] / x8Kkf h:tf eJo ;Eotf lgdf{0f u/]sf b|lj8 /
cfl:6«s hfltsf] ;Eotfdfly cfo{x?sf] xdnfkl5 k/flht eP/ Pj+
k6s k6s n8\b} g]kfn cfOk'u]sf] b|lj8 / cfl:6«s ;Eotf . oL
rf/} j6f kfFr xhf/ jif{eGbf cl3b]lv ljsl;t dxf;Eotf x'g\ .
ª_ rf}w ;o jif{cl3 c/aaf6 yfngL eO{ g]kfn cfOk'u]sf] O:nfd
;Eotf . of] kl5Nnf] xf] t/ of] Pp6f dxf;Eotf g} xf] .
10 ;dtf gLlt–kq
oL km/s km/s kfFr dxf;Eotf;Fu ;DjlGwt bh{gf} hflt / ;d'bfo /x]sf]
;dfh xf] g]kfnL ;dfh . pgLx?sf cf—cfg} j+z k/Dk/f, cf—cfg} k'vf{
;DaGwL dfGotf Pj+ ljZjf; / cf—cfg} hLjg b[li6sf]0fx? 5g\ . tL ljifox?
Ps cfk;df km/s 5g\ . Pp6f hflt jf ;d'bfosf uf]]q, y/, j+zfjnL jf
k'vf{ ;DaGwL b[li6sf]0faf/] csf]{ hflt jf ;d'bfonfO{ 1fg x'Fb}g jf cToGt}
sd 1fg x'G5 . uf]q, y/, j+z k/Dk/f h:tf ljifodf Ps ;d'bfon] csf]{
;d'bfo;Fu cGt/lqmof gu/L gx'g] l:ylt hghLjgdf cToGt sd cj:yfdf
dfq cfpg] ePsf]n] klg To:tf] csf]{ ;d'bfosf] af/]df cgle1tf /xg d2t
k'¥ofpF5 . cem o;f] eGbf emg} ;xL xf]nf ls g]kfnL ;dfhdf rNb} cfPsf]
;du| cy{–/fhg}lts 9fFrfsf sf/0fn] g} g]kfnL ;dfhdf uf]q, y/ cflb af/]
e|dx? /lx/x]sf 5g\ . /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxåf/f uf]/vf /fHosf] lj:tf/
u/L cfhsf] g]kfndf lxGb" pRr hftLo kxfl8of cfo{–v; cxª\sf/jfbdf
cfwfl/t /fHo ;Qf ;~rfng ug{ ;'? u/L k~rfotsfn;Dd cfpFbf h;/L
lzIff, ;+:s[lt, sfg'g, /fhgLlt / cy{tGqdf Ps 5q kxfl8of lxGb" pRr
hftLo b[li6sf]0f / d"No dfGotf nflbof], To;af6 o:tf] e|d hlGdg k'Uof] ls
kxfl8of lxGb" pRr hftsf] dfq} Jojl:yt uf]q x'G5, pgLx?sf] dfq} ;Ddflgt
y/ x'G5, pgLx?sf] dfq} ;Ddflgt j+z k/Dk/f x'G5 cflb cflb .
o;k|sf/sf] /fHosf] anft\ x:tIf]ksf/L gLltsf sf/0f lxGb" pRr
hftafx]ssfsf] To:tf ljifodf hfgsf/L lng c?nfO{ jf:t} gx'g], ?lr g}
ghfUg], pgLx?sf y/ uf]q ;'Gbf klg c;Eo dfG5]sf] sd;n kl/ro h:tf]
efg x'g] l:ylt aGg k'Uof] . /fHosf] To;k|sf/sf] gLlt cl3 a9\b} hfFbf
pTkLl8tx?nfO{ y/ n]Vg glbg], y/ g} km]/]/ n]Vg afWo kfg]{ cflb sfd
x'Fb} cfP . o;sf] ;a} eGbf a9L df/ blntdfly k¥of] h;sf] sf/0f sltko
:yfgsf blnt kl/jf/n] cfgf] jf:tljs y/ uf]q g} lal;{;Sg] l:ylt;Dd
k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L lxGb" pRr hftafx]ssf hghflt, blnt, d'l:nd
;d'bfosfn] klg cfgf] uf]q, y/, j+z k/Dk/fnfO{ uj{sf ;fy eGg dg gnfUg],
lxgtfjf]w x'g] jf sDtLdf cfkm}leq dfq r'krfk cEof; ul//xg] b'ef{Uok"0f{
kl/36gf 36\b} cfof] .
blntM y/ uf]q e|d / oyfy{ 11
@=
uf]q s] xf] <
k|l;4 ;dfhzf:qL n'O; df]u{gn] cfgf] …cflbd ;dfhÚ gfds k':tsdf
sljnf o'udf ;fd'lxs kl/jf/df a:g] lglZrt Pp6} xh'/cfdfsf ;GtfgnfO{
Pp6f uf]qleqsf dflg;x?sf ?kdf pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ -df]u{g ;g\ !(^$_ .
cyf{t uf]q eGgfn] Pp6} xh'/cfdfsf ;Gtltx?sf] dfgj em'08 xf] . Tolta]nf
afa'sf] klxrfg cfjZos geO;s]sf]n] xh'/cfdfsf ;GtfgnfO{ dflgPsf] xf],
lsgls cfdf dfq lglZrt klxrfg x'g] cj:yf lyof] . To;kl5sf ;a} h;f]
;dfhzf:qLn] klg dfgj ;dfhdf b]vfk/]sf] ;'?sf] uf]q k|0ffnLnfO{ Pp6}
xh'/cfdfsf /Qm gftfsf ;Gtltsf] em'08 lyP eGg] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ .
o;k|sf/ dfgj ;dfhdf ;'?df uf]q eGgfn] Pp6} k'Vof{}nL /Qmvnssf
dflg;sf] em'08 lyof] . t/ dfgj ;dfh ;ft xhf/ jif{eGbf a9L nfdf] ofqf
ug]{ qmddf ;of}+ hflt, xhf/f}+ pkhfltdf ljeQm / ljsl;t e};s]sf] 5 .
To;}n] uf]qsf] Tof] z}zjsfnLg cj:yf, kl/efiff / a'emfO cfh h:tfsf] h:t}
/x]sf] 5}g . csf]{ s'/f, dft[k|wfg ;dfh eTs]/ lkt[;QfTds o'usf] klg cfh
sl/j ;ft xhf/ jif{ lalt;s]sf] l:yltdf cfhsf dfgjzf:qLx?n] eg] em}+ s'g}
klg hfltdf /Qmz'4tf eGg] afFsL 5}g, st} g st} 5\of;ld; e};s]sf] 5 .
To;}n] uf]q jf y/x?af/] 5nkmn ca /Qmz'4tf jf j+zLo >]i7tfsf lglDt
ul/g' xf:of:kb ljifo x'g k'Ub5, h:tf] ls cem} sltkon] To:tf] ug]{ k|oTg
ub{5g\ -?kfv]tL @)^*M$_ .
cfhsf] ljZju|fdsf] o'udf / k|]d ljjfx xfjL x'Fb} uPsf] ;dodf uf]q /
y/sf] ljifo Pp6f ;fdfGo kfl/jfl/s jf JolQm kl/rosf] cy{df dfq sfo{sf/L
12 ;dtf gLlt–kq
x'g yfn]sf] 5 . uf]q jf y/ a9Ldf dfuL ljjfxdf cy{k"0f{ cem} 5 / ;f/df
ljjfx ubf{ glhssf] j+zdf vlK6g gk'uf];\ eGgfsf nflu dfq pkof]u eO/x]sf]
5 . eljiodf y/x? s]jn kl/jf/ / JolQm kl/rodf dfq ;Lldt x'g] l:ylt
cfhaf6 x]bf{ :ki6 b]Vg ;lsG5 . o;y{, cfh uf]q / y/x?sf] cWoog
cfgf k"j{hsf] nx/f] klxNofpg];Ddsf] ofqf xf], Tof] klg afa'af6 dfq j+z
rNb} cfPsfn] k'?if k"j{hsf] dfq nx/f] km]nf kg]{ ofqf xf] . g]kfndf uf]q
/ y/ h:tf ljifonfO{ klg pTkL8g, ckdfg, zf]ifs juL{o d'No dfGotf
lgdf{0fsf ;fgfltgf snk"hf{ agfOPsf] P]ltxfl;stf /x]sfn] pTkLl8t ;d'bfon]
oL ljifosf oyfy{nfO{ klg ;txdf NofP/ ;dtf / clwsf/sf] n8fOFsf] cË
agfpg' eg] cjZo kb{5 . s'g} klg dfgj ;d'bfo csf]{ eGbf sd;n xf]Og
egL k'li6 ug{ o:tf ljifon] klg u+eL/ dxÎj /fVb5g\ .
dfgj ;dfhdf uf]q h;/L ;'?cft eP klg / ltgn] ;dfh ljsf;df
h:tf] e"ldsf v]n]sf eP klg cfh ltgsf] ?k / cj:yf ToxL ?kdf 5}g
eGg] k|i6} 5 . To; ;Gbe{df x]bf{ g]kfndf /x]sf ;a} hflt ;d'bfosf] uf]q
k/Dk/fsf] cj:yf, cjz]if / ?k s'g cj:yfdf 5 egL u+eL/ cWoog h?/L
5 / d"ntM x'g afFsL 5 . To;dWo] lxGb" uf]q k/Dk/f eg] Ps k|sf/n] /f]rs
klg 5 . jf:tjdf lxGb" k/Dk/f h;nfO{ elgG5, Tof] lxGb" pRr hftLo uf]q
k/Dk/f xf] lsgls To;leq blntx?nfO{ /flvGg . lxGb" pRr hftLo uf]q
eg]sf Clifx?sf gfd x'g\ cyf{t lxGb" km/s km/s Clifsf ;Gtfgx? g} lxGb"
pRr hft x'g\ eGg] bfjL To;df kfOG5 -?kfv]tL @)^*_ .
tL d'Vo Clifsf r]nf jf pkClifx?sf] gfdnfO{ rfFlx k|j/ eGg] ul/G5 .
o;/L hf] Clifsf ;Gtfg x'g\, tL ;a} pRr hftLo dflgG5g\Ù ta gLr dflgPsf
hftsf] j+z vnsnfO{ Clif;Fu hf]8\g ldNg] s'/} ePg . To;}n] blntx?sf]
uf]q / k|j/ Clifsf] gfd;Fu ;DalGwt ug{ lbOPsf] 5}g . hf] hft 36'jfdf
k/]/ c5"t aGg k'Uof], To;sf] klg k'/fgf] uf]q qmdzM vf]:b} nu]/ cfd …c5"tÚ
sf] k/Dk/fut uf]qd} sfod ul/lbg] k|rng rNof] -lzjfsf]6L ;g\ @)!$_ .
o;k|sf/ lxGb" pRr hftLo uf]q jf:tjdf lxGb" j0f{ Joj:yfdf cfwfl/t
hftLo >]i7tf sfod ug{ lgld{t ldys dfq x'g\Ù dfgj ;dfhsf] ;Eotfsf]
z}zjsfnLg Pp6} j+z k/Dk/fdf cfwfl/t uf]qsf] lg/Gt/tf xf]Og . of] ljifonfO{
;fdfGo ljZn]if0faf6 klg :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 lsgeg] Clifx? :jodsf] uf]q s]
blntM y/ uf]q e|d / oyfy{ 13
lyof] < s] Clifx? eGbf klxn] uf]qdf cfwfl/t ;dfh lyPg < ;dfhdf Clif
:jtM yf]/} x'Gy] eg] Clifafx]ssf ax';ª\Vos dflg; hf] lxGb" g} lyP, ltgsf]
uf]q s] lyof] < Clifkl5sf t cfhsf tfufwf/L ;d'bfo eP t/ Clifx?;Fu}
afFr]sf dflg;x? hf] Clifsf ;Gtfg xf]Ogg t/ lxGb" g} x'g, tL tdfd a|fXd0f
/ If]qLo afx]ssf j}Zox?sf] uf]q klg s;/L Clifs} gfddf /xg uof] <
o:tf s}og k|Zgx? 5g\, h;sf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ lxGb" pRr hftLo Clif
gfdsf uf]q / k|j/x? pRr hftLo >]i7tf l;h{gf ug{ agfOPsf ldys dfq
x'g\ eGg ;lhn} ;lsG5 . t/ lxGb" ;dfhdf blntx?sf] uf]q, cem 7f]; u/L
eGbf cfo{–v;leqsf blntsf] uf]q rfFlx slNkt ldyseGbf a9L j+z k/Dk/fsf]
7f]; TofGb|f]nfO{ ;ª\s]t ug]{ vfnsf 5g\ . cfo{–v;leqsf blntsf] d"ntM tLg
j6f uf]q 5g\ . Ps, sfzL . b'O{, sf]zn jf sf}zNo . / tLg, sfzL sf]zn .
sfzL eg]sf] lxGb" tLy{ sfzL xf]Og . a? sfzL eg]sf] v; hfltsf] Pp6f zfvf
jf Ps ;dosf] k|frLg gfd xf] h'g hfltnfO{ 5fun klg elgGYof] . To;}u/L
sf]zn klg v;leqsf] 5fu hflts} csf]{ gfd xf] . sfzL sf]zn eGbf b'O{ j6}
v;leqsf k|frLg hflt a'emfpF5 -lzjfsf]6L ;g\ @)!$M @%!_ . uf}td a'4sfndf
ef/t jif{df ePsf ;f]Ãj6f dxfhgkbx?dWo] b'O{ j6f sfzL / sf]zn hgkbx?
lyP eGg] tYon] klg sfzL / sf]zn zAbn] k|frLg k"vf{ g} hgfpF5g\ egL k'li7
ub{5 -g]kfn @)%%M *_ . o;/L x]bf{ cfo{–v;leqsf] …c5"tÚ jf k'x'gL uf]qn] a9L
j+z k/Dk/fsf] TofGb|f] ;dft]sf] 5 . of] uf]q a|fXd0fdf gx'g' / v;af6 lxGb"
agfOPsf s]xL If]qLdf rfFxL kfOg'n] klg oL uf]q v; j+z k/Dk/fnfO{ ;ª\s]t
ug]{ :t/sf x'g\ egL eGg ;lsG5 -lzjfsf]6L ;g\ @)!$_ .
To;}u/L cfo{–v;leqsf blntdf k|j/ x'Fb}g h'g Clifs} gfd xf] a?
zfvf eGg] x'G5 . y/;Fu} zfvf ;f]Wg] rng g} lyof] / clwsf+zsf] a|Xd zfvf,
plbdf zfvf, ;fO{ zfvf cflb x'g] ub{5 . of] a|Xdsf] cy{ lxGb" a|XdfhL xf]Og
a? of] a|Xdk'q gbL;Fu ;DjlGwt 5 . v;x? ljleGg af6f]af6 lxdfno sf6]/
blIf0flt/ nfu]sf lyP . To;dWo] Pp6f zfvf a|Dxk'q gbL;Fu} dfg;/f]j/af6
uËf d}bfglt/ nfu]sf] a'lemG5 . To;}n] uf]q / y/;Fu} ltgsf] zfvf a|Xd aGg
k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . uf]q;Fu} cfo{–v; blntx?df zfvf klg eGg] rngn] zfvf
k|frLg v;x?sf] ljleGg ofqL em'08nfO{ ;ª\s]t ug]{ kl/ro a'lemG5 h'g
j}lbs cfo{ pRr hftLo uf]q k|0ffnLdf kfOGg .
14 ;dtf gLlt–kq
#=
hft s] xf] <
lxGb" j0f{Joj:yf cg';f/ tf]lsPsf] k]zfut gfd / tx g} hft xf] . ;'?df
rf/ j0f{ a|fXd0f, If]qLo, j}Zo / z"b| eg]sf] k]zfut If]qsf] dfgj ;d'x / txut
Joj:yf lyof] . To;df s|dzM k]zf ylkb} uP / ToxL cg';f/ k]zfs} cfwf/df
hftsf] gfd / To;sf] tx lgwf{/0f ub}{ nluof] . a|fXd0f / If]qLo h'g d"n
zf;s x'g\, pgLx?sf] k]zf / tx l:y/ /flvof] cyf{t 1fg / ;Qfsf] k]zf .
To;afx]s j}Zo / z"b|x?sf] k]zfut If]qx? a9\b} uP . >d If]q a9\b} hfFbf
j}Zo cGt{ut / z"b| cGt/ut cfjZostf cg';f/ hft / tx klg a9fpFb}
nluof] . a|fXd0fleq pkfWofo, h}zL, k"jL{of, s'dfO{ h:tf s]xL e]b eP klg
w]/} txut hft x'Fb}gg\ . To;}u/L If]qLdf klg em/f]{, 3tL{ s]xL e]b eP klg w]/}
txut hft x'Fb}gg\ . To;sf] Pp6} sf/0f xf] ls pgLx?sf] 1fg / zf;gsf]
d"n >d If]q sfod /flvof] . j}Zo / z"b|leq dfq} txut cfzosf hft lsg
agfOof] t eGbf pgLx?af6 g} ;a} y/L >dsf] sfd u/fOof] . sf/0f oxL g}
xf] . hft cyf{t\ >d If]q jf k]zf . o; k|sf/ hftsf] gfd klg >d jf :yfg
ljz]if;Fu ;DalGwt x'g] u/]sf 5g\ / clxn] klg k|rlnt hftsf] gfdsf] rl/q
To:t} sfod g} 5 . h:t}, sdL{af6 sfdL, bdfx ahfpg] bdfxLaf6 bdfO{,
h'Dnfsf]1 ;/fs eGg] :yfgaf6 km}lnPsf ;/fsLaf6 ;fsL{, jfB cyf{t afhfsf]
sfd ug]{ jfB]oLaf6 afbL, ufpg]af6 ufOg], B -b]ptf_ sf] dlGb/ ;kmf ug]{,
/vjf/L ug]{ BnfÙ rd{ cyf{t\ 5fnfsf] sfd ug]{ rdf/ cflb cflb .
1 sltko ljåfgn] ;/fs eGg] :yfg h'Dnfsf] geO x'Dnfsf] xf] eGg] dfg]sf 5g\ -lzjfsf]6L
;g\ @)!$_ .
blntM y/ uf]q e|d / oyfy{ 15
$=
y/ s] xf] <
y/ jf:tjdf lglZrt JolQmsf] kfl/jfl/s kl/ro xf] . j+z / y/ k'?ifaf6
;Gtfgdf hfg] lkt[;QfTds kl/kf6Lsf sf/0f y/ oyfy{df k'?if j+zut
nx/f]sf] ?kdf Ps k':tfaf6 csf]{ k':tfdf hfg] u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf Pp6}
y/leq ljjfx ug}{ gx'g], cfg} y/leq dfq ljjfx ug{ ldNg]b]lv y/nfO{
gfd;Fu} hf]8]/ eGg] k/Dk/f g} gePsf hflt;Dd a:b5g\ . g]kfnsf lxGb"x?df
;fdfGotof s"nsf] cy{ af]s]sf Pp6} y/sfaLr ljjfx x'Fb}g . g]jf/df Pp6}
y/leq dfq ljjfx x'G5 . lxdfnL ef]6] hfltdf gfd;Fu} y/ eGg] k/Dk/f g}
lyPg t/ clxn] gfd;Fu} y/ eGg] c?;Fusf] cGt/lqmofn] ubf{ pgLx?n] klg
gfd;Fu} y/ n]Vg yfn]sf 5g\ .2 hghfltdf / d'l:nd ;d'bfodf klg y/n]
dxÎjk"0f{ :yfg cf]u6]s} 5 . To;}n] g]kfndf /x]sf km/s km/s ;d'bfosf
lglDt y/sf] cy{ / pkfb]otf km/s km/s x'G5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fVg
h?/L 5 .
y/x? o;k|sf/n] lgDgfg';f/ ag]sf 5g\ .
s_ pb\ud :yfg;Fu ;DalGwt h:t}, b'Nn'af6 lx“8]sf b'nfn, kf}8Laf6
lx8]sf kf}8]n .
v_ k]zf;Fu ;DalGwt h:t}, k|zf;gsf] sfd ug]{ sfsL{ .
2 t]lGhu gf]u]{ z]kf{sf] y/ z]kf{ xf]Og . t]lGhu gf]u]{ dfq n]Vg] rng xf], y/ klg gfd;Fu}
hf]8]/ atfpg] rng ef]6] hfltdf lyPg . z]kf{ eg]sf] t k'jL{of eg]sf] xf] .
16 ;dtf gLlt–kq
u_ kb;Fu ;DalGwt h:t}, dGqL vns cdfTo .
3_ kb\jL;Fu ;DalGwt h:t}, bLlIft ug]{ cfrfo{, nfdf .
ª_ ;fdflhs x}l;otsf] ;ª\qmd0fsfn;Fu ;DalGwt h:t} lj6'nf .
r_ hflt jf hft;Fu ;DalGwt, ;Lw} hft g} gfd y/sf] ?kdf k|of]u
o;leq k5{g .
5_ /fli6«otf;Fu ;DalGwt h:t}, ef/tL, g]kfnL .
h_ cf:yf, dfGotf;Fu ;DalGwt h:t} lzjelQm, v]jf .
em_ P]ltxfl;s 36gf jf s"n;Fu ;DalGwt h:t} jd{zfvf .
blntM y/ uf]q e|d / oyfy{ 17
%=
g]kfnsf blntsf] y/
g]kfnsf cfo{–v;, dw]zL / g]jf/leqsf blntx?sf] y/ lgdf{0fsf]
k|lqmof / ljBdfg y/x? klg cGo ;a} hflt ;d'bfosf] h:t} g} xf] . oL ltg}
hflt÷;d'bfoleqsf blntsf] y'k|} y/x? / tL hflt ;d'bfoleqsf u}/blntsf]
y'k|} y/x? ldN5g xf]Og a? Pp6} x'g\ . To;}u/L k|To]s hflt÷hft÷;d'bfodf
dfq kfOg] y/ eP h:t} blntleqsf ljleGg hftx?df dfq kfOg] y/ klg
5g\ . blntx?sf y/ / u}/blntsf y/ ldNg'sf tLg j6f sf/0f 5g\ . Ps,
pb\ud :yn Pp6} ePsf]n] . h:t}, kf}8L If]qaf6 lx8]sf x'gfn] a|fXd0f klg
kf}8]n / blnt klg kf}8]n egL lrlgof] . b'O{, kb\jL;Fu ldNg uPsfn] . h:t},
d08n, ldemf/ h:tf kb blnt, hghflt / dw]zsf j}Zo cGt/utsf sltko
hftsf] d'lvofnfO{ lbOGYof] . ToxL kb\jL blnt, u}/blntn] y/ agfpFbf ldNg
uof] . / tLg, u}/blnt k'?ifnfO{ hft emf/]/ ;hfo lb“bf y/ rflx“ slyt
dflyNnf] hfts} afFsL /xg k'Uof] .
18 ;dtf gLlt–kq
^=
blntx?n] hft jf y/ 9fF6] eGg] k|;ª\u
g]kfndf blntx?dfly s}of}“ k6s nfUg] u/]sf] cf/f]k s] 5 eg] pgLx?n]
hft 9fF6] . s] of] cf/f]k ;xL 5 t < Ps, hft glrg]sf] 7fpFdf s]xL ;do
n'sfpg ;lsG5 t/ lrg]sf] 7fpFdf s;/L 9fF6\g] < glrg]sf] 7fpFdf bdkr
n's]/ hft 9fF6]/ ckjfbdf t s;}n] h'gL sf6\g ;Snf t/ cfd ?kdf ;Dej
g} 5}g lsgls hftaf6 x'g] ;d:of / kmfObf lrg]sf] 7fpFdf tyf hft Joj:yf
dfGg] 7fpFdf x'g] xf] . c:yfoL ?kdf hft 9fF6\g]x? gePsf xf]Ogg\, hft
v'Nbf 7"nf] ckdfg / c;lhnf] ef]Ug' kg]{ x'gfn] To:tf] x'g] u/]sf] 5 . t/
cGttM hft t v'n}/} 5f8\5 / x'g] h] hlt 5 ;fdgf ug{ g} k5{ . To;}n]
hft 9fF6\g] eGg] cf/f]ksf] d"n ?kdf vf; cy{ 5}g .
b'O{, hft 9fF6] egL nufpg] cf/f]ksf] csf]{ ;Gbe{ rflx“ s] xf] eg]
blntx?n] klxn] klxn] u}/blntn] dfq n]Vg] / eGg] u/]sf] y/ n]Vg yfn]
eg]/ xf] . of] rfFlx c1fgtfsf] ;d:of xf] . g]kfndf @)$^ ;fn eGbf klxn]
cfd ?kdf blntnfO{ y/ n]Vg g} lbOFb}gYof], ;f]em} y/sf] :yfgdf hft n]Vg
afWo kfl/GYof] / cfh;Dd klg sltko :yfgdf afWo kfl/b} 5 . Pp6f a|fXd0f
gful/stf lng uP y/sf ?kdf p;n] a|fXd0f n]Vg kb{}gYof], a? cfgf]
y/ ;fksf]6f asfObf n]Vg kfpFYof] t/ Pp6f uf}td y/jfnf bdfO{ gful/stf
lng hfFbf y/ bdfO{, bhL{, gurL{ o:t} k|i6 hft lrlgg] u/L n]Vg'kYof]{, p;n]
cfgf] uf}td y/ n]vfpg kfpFb}gYof] . jf:tjdf uf]tfdsf]6af6 lx“8]sf] bdfO{
blntM y/ uf]q e|d / oyfy{ 19
/ a|fXd0f b'a}sf] lrgf/L y/ uf]tfd]÷uf}td xf] t/ n]Vg] clwsf/ tfufwf/LnfO{
dfq lyof] . To;}n] uf}td y/sf] bdfO{ jf zfxL y/sf] afbL lax]jf/L ubf{ dfq
Tof] y/ cfg} ;d'bfoaLr k|of]u ug{ afWo lyof] .
@)#^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ng / ljz]iftM @)$^ sf] kl/jt{g;Fu} cfPsf] :jtGqtf
/ kf6L{ /fhgLltn] blntx?df XjfQ} r]tgf / clwsf/sf nflu n8\g ;Sg]
agfof] . To;kl5 km6fkm6 blntx?n] cfgf] jf:tljs y/ n]Vg yfn] .
To;/L blntn] y/ n]Vg ;'? ubf{ cfkm"n] dfq n]v]sf] jf u}/blntsf] dfq
egL a'em]sf] y/ blntn] n]v]sf] b]v]kl5 u}/ blnt sltko ljåfg\ klg
lrRrfP, ……blntn] lsg hft 9fF6]sf] <Æ oyfy{df hft 9fF6]sf] lyPg Tof], Tof]
t p;n] cfgf] y/ kf] n]v]sf] lyof] . jf:tjdf blntn] olb y/ km]g]{ xf]
eg] p;sf] ;d'bfodf s;/L j}jflxs hLjg rnfpF5 < c?n] s;/L :jLsf/
u5{g < ;d'bfodf a;]/ y/ km]g'{ Tolt ;lhnf] s'/f g} x}g . of] s'/f ca
g]kfnL ;dfhdf ;a}n] a'Eg] u/L, ;'Gg] u/L eGg' kg]{ a]nf e};s]sf] 5 .
xf], csf]{ Pp6f ;fgf] k|j[lQ eg] ;dfhdf 5, oyfy{df g} xfSsfxfSsL
cfgf] x}l;ot dfly b]vfpg y/ kl/jt{g ug]{ . t/ Tof] ;fÃ} ;fgf] :t/sf]
k|j[lQ xf] / Tof] k|j[lQ blntdf eGbf a9L u}/blntdf kfOPsf] 5 . h:tf],
kb\jLjfnf y/ blntn] ;fÃ} sd k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5, u}/blntn] a9L u/]sf]
kfOG5 . rf}w/L, ;'Ajf, /fO{, bLlIft cflb cflb h'g pgLx?sf j+zut y/
xf]Ogg\ . To;}u/L cfhsf uf}td y/sf a|fXd0fx? uf}td Clif;Fu hf]l8Psf]
k|;ª\u xf]Og a? uf]tfdsf]6af6 lx“8]sf] uf]tfd] kl/rosf x'g\Ù kl5 uf]tfd]af6
uf}td agfPsf x'g\ . n]vs w|'jrGb| uf}tdsf ;xf]b/ bfh'sf] wg'ifrGb| uf]tfd]
y/ x'g'n] klg Tof] s'/f ;lhn} k|i6 ub{5 . csf]{, k|;ª\u x]/f}+, ;fdfGotof
sf7df8f+}af6 aflx/ uP/ a;]sf y'k|} u}/ >]i7 g]jf/n] cfgf] y/ >]i7 agfPsf
5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu l;Gw'nLsf] dl/g If]qsf g]jf/ eQmk'/af6 uPsf
Bf}e8]n y/sf x'g\ t/ ToxfF k'u]/ cfgf] y/ >]i7 agfPsf 5g\ . o:tf
cgluGtL pbfx/0f 5g\ .
20 ;dtf gLlt–kq
&
lgisif{M y/sf] cfwf/df hflt jf hftsf] lrgf/L ;Dej 5}g Û
g]kfn o:tf] b]z xf] hxfF gfd / y/sf] cfwf/df Pp6f ;d'bfonfO{ dfq
k|i6 lrGg ;Dej 5 — Tof] xf] d'l:nd . c? s;}sf] klg klxrfg ;Dej 5}g .
nfdf y/ n]Vg] g]kfndf bh{g eGbf a9L hflt 5g\ . nfdf y/sf cfwf/df
hflt s;/L lrGg] < d08n, rf}w/L, nufPtsf y/ n]Vg] y'k|} hft÷hflt 5g\ .
y/sf cfwf/df s;/L hft lrGg] < zdf{ y/ n]Vg] cfo{–v;, g]jf/ / dw]zdf
5g\ . y/sf cfwf/df s;/L lrGg] < ls/fFt /fO{ of /fo b'j} kbLo y/ x'g\
h'g bg'jf/, ls/fFt, ofbj, g]jf/ / If]qLsf] x'G5 . ca s;/L 5'6\ofpg] <
a'9fyf]sL du/, sfdL, If]qL x'G5g\ . ca y/sf cfwf/df s;/L ls6fg ug]{ <
kf}8]n pkfWofo a|fXd0fb]lv afbL;Dd x'G5g\ . /fpt kxfl8of If]qL, dw]zL j}Zo
/ wf]jL blnt;Ddsf] x'G5 . s;/L hft 5'6\ofpg] <
t;y{, y/x?sf] cfwf/df dfq g]kfndf hflt jf hft k|i6 x'G5 egL a'em\g]
a'emfO g} unt 5, To; a'emfOnfO{ km]g'{ cjZoDefjL 5 . g]kfndf hflt jf hft
hfGg jf v'nfpg vf]Hbf y/ dfq eg]/ k'Ub}g a? hflt jf hft klg clgjfo{
?kdf v'nfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . y/sf] cfwf/df dfq JolQmsf] ;Dk"0f{ kl/ro v'Ng]
cj:yf g]kfndf 5}g .
blntM y/ uf]q e|d / oyfy{ 21
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
pkfWofo, p4jb]j / dx]Gb| k|sfz lzjfsf]6L, ;+= . @)&) . cfo{ v;sf !%)))
jif{ . sf7df8f}+M dw'jg k|sfzg .
r'FbfnL, sdn . @)&! . j+z ljsf;sf] Oltxf; . a'6jnM hg;]jf k|sfzg .
g]kfn, 1fgdl0f . @)%% . g]kfn lg?k0f, k[= * . sf7df8f}+M g]kfn /fhsLo k1f
k|lti7fg .
d'sf¿ª, a'n' . @)^^ . xfd|f] hflt xfd|f] y/ . nlntk'/M cflbjf;L hghflt pTyfg
/fli6«o k|lti7fg, h]= Pd= s]= d]df]l/on :s"n, gfDrL, l;lSsd .
?kfv]tL, >Lxl/ . @)^* . g]kfnL y/—uf]q—k|j/ sf]z . sf7df8f}+M /Tg k':ts
e08f/ .
lzjfsf]6L, k|f= 8f= uf]kfn . ;g\ @)!$ . v; hfltM :jTjsf] n8fOF . sf7df8f}+M
k}/jL k|sfzg . Morgan, Lewis Henry.1964. Ancient Society. Cambridge (Mass) The Belknap
Press.
22 ;dtf gLlt–kq
blnt hftLo cg';"rL / y/
!= blnt hftLo cg';"rL
s_ cfo{–v;
!= sfdL -ljZjsdf{, nf]xf/, ;'gf/, cf]8, r'+g/f, kfsL{, 6d6f_
@= uGwj{ -ufOg]_
#= bdfO{ -kl/of/, bhL{, ;'lrsf/, gurL{, 9f]nL, x'8\s]_
$= afbL
%= ;fsL{ -ldhf/, rd{sf/, e"n_
v_ g]jf/ 3
!= Rofd] -s'rLsf/, RofDvn_
@= kf]8] -b]pnf, k'hf/L, hnf/L_
u_ dw]zL -a}lbs cfo{, b«la8_
!= sn/ @= ss}lxof
#= sf]/L $= vl6s
%= vTj] -d08n, vË_ ^= rdf/ -/fd, df]rL, xl/hg, /ljbf;_
&= lrl8df/ *= 8f]d -dl/s_
3 hghflt g]jf/ ;d'bfoleq hftLo e]befj gePsfn] g]jf/leq blnt 5}gg\ egL @)@)
;fncl3 blnt ;d'bfoleq /x]sf s]xL hfltn] blnt ;"rLaf6 x6fpg dfu u/]sf] cfwf/df
/fli6«o blnt cfof]un] ;"rLaf6 x6fPsf] t/ Rofd] / kf]8] hflt ;d"xsf clwsf+zn] rflx“ blnt ;"rLleq} /xg] dfu u/]sf cfwf/df /fli6«o blnt cfof]un] g]jf/leqsf blnt ;"rL
x6fO{ kxfl8 blnt ;d'bfoleq oL b'O{ hftnfO{ ;'rLs[t u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
blntM y/ uf]q e|d / oyfy{ 23
(= 9f+8L !)= tTdf -tf+tL, bf;_
!!= b';fw -kf;jfg, xhf/f_ !@= wl/sf/
!#= lxGb" wf]jL -/hs_ !$= g6'jf
!%= kf;L !^= afFt/
!&= d';x/ !*= d]:t/ -xnvf]/_
!(= ;/eË -;/al/of_
24 ;dtf gLlt–kq
blnt hft / y/ cg';"rL
s_ cfo{–v;
!= æsfdLÆ -ljZjsdf{_ hftsf k|rlnt y/x?
!= c;'/kftL @= cof{n #= cfq]o
$= cfu|L %= cfrfo{ ^= cfkmnwf]tL
&= OZj/kftL *= O{Zj/ ktL (= cf]v]8f
!)= cf]8 -cf]/_ !!= cf]nL !@= s8/f -s8f/f], s/f8f_
!#= sk'/kftL !$= sdf}nf !%= s;/f
!^= sfsL{ -d'8'nf, ;'tf/_ !&= sfnfnf]xf/ !*= sfnLsf]6]
!(= sfln/fh @)= s'dfsL{ @!= s'dfsf]
@@= s}gL @#= sf]O/f{nf @$= sf]nL
@%= v8\sf @^= v8\sfyf]sL @&= vgfn
@*= vkfËL @(= vftL #)= u+ufw/
#!= uhd]/ #@= uxt/fh -uxt]_ ##= ubfn -ubfOnL_
#$= uh'/]n #%= uf]jf #^= lu/L
#&= uf]tfd] -uf}td_ #*= 3dfn #(= 3tfgL -3tfg_]
$)= 3tL{ $!= 3fd3f]Tn] $@= 3fd3f]n]
$#= l3ld/] $$= rGb $%= r'gf/f -rbfF/f]_
$^= r'bfF/f -r'F8f/f_ $&= lrlnd] $*= l5:tn
$(= hfF8sfdL %)= hfg sfdL %!= 6d6f
%@= 7uGgf %#= 76]/f %$= 9+'ufgf
%%= tfd|fsf/ %^= ltjf/L %&= lt?jf
blntM y/ uf]q e|d / oyfy{ 25
%*= yfkf %(= yf]sL ^)= bgf{n
^!= bofn ^@= lbofnL ^#= bnf{dL
^$= b]pkft] ^%= b]pkftL ^^= b]jn
^&= b'w/fh ^*= b'/fn ^(= wdnf
&)= wfdL &!= gu/sf]6L &@= lg/f}nf
&#= g]kfn &$= g]kfnL &%= kGy
&^= kGyL &&= kNn &*= kNnof
&(= kj{t] *)= kx/L *!= k/fh'nL
*@= kfWojtL *#= kfXojtL *$= kf/
*%= kfsL{ *^= kfu|L *&= k'nfdL
**= kf]v/]n *(= kf]t]{n ()= kf}8]n
(!= kf}8]nL (@= aufn] (#= a/fn
($= a6f}nf (%= a/fO{nL -a/fnL_ (^= a:g]t
(&= af:sf]6f (*= lakfnL ((= a'r]efn]
!))= a'r]efnf !)!= a'9fyf]sL !)@= e§
!)#= e§/fO{ !)$= e/ !)%= e"n
!)^= e';fn !)&= d/ -dx/_ !)*= du|fGtL
!)(= dflxnL !!)= dflxnLkf/ !!!= ldemf/
!!@= /xkfn !!#= /;fO{nL !!$= /;f}nf
!!%= /fdbfd -/fd'bfd'_ !!^= /fhLn'xf/ !!&= /fhLnf}xf/
!!*= l/hfn !!(= l/dfn !@)= l/;fn
!@!= ?rfn !@@= /}sfn !@#= /f]/fnf
!@$= nf6f]kL !@%= nsfGb|L
!@^= nfdufb] -nfdfsfsL{, nfld5fg], kf}8]nL_ !@&= nfa8
!@*= Njfu'g -n'jfu'g_ !@(= nf]xf u'0f !#)= nf]xf/ -n'xf/_
!#!= nf]xgL !#@= zdf{ !##= zfx
!#$= zfs" !#%= z]/]nf !#^= ;dnf
!#&= ;dfvftL !#*= ;fksf]6f
!#(= ;fz+s/ -;bfz+s/, z+s/_ !$)= l;ufp/]
!$!= l;kf{nL ->LkfnL, >LkfOnL_ !$@= l;njfn
!$#= l;+x !$$= l;jf ktL !$%= l;hfktL
26 ;dtf gLlt–kq
!$^= ;'gf/ !$&= ;'g rLp/L !$*= ;'gw'jf
!$(= ;'gL -;f]gL_ !%)= ;]tLkf/ !%!= ;]tL;'?jfn
!%@= ;]tLdx/f !%#= ;f]a !%$= ;f]gfd
!%%= xdfn !%^= x/d]n !%&= x]dr'/L -lxdr'/L_
@= ufOg] -uGwj{_ hftsf k|rlnt y/x?
!= clwsf/L @= sfdL #= sfnfzfx
$= sfnfsf}l;s %= sfnfkf}8]n ^= sfnfkf}8]nL
&= sflnrg *= ufOg] (= ufGwf/L
!)= ufos !!= ufog !@= uf];fO{
!#= hf]uL !#= hf]uL a}sf/ !$= 7s'/L
!%= t'sL{ a}s !^= t'sL{ !&= aufn]
!*= afx'g !(= a'9fyf]sL @)= a}uf/
@!= a}sf/ -afWos/_ @@= af]u6L @#= a}i7 -lai6_
@$= ef6 @%= e';fn @^= e';fnkj{t]
@&= e§]:j/ @*= d]3gfy @(= ?b|/f]kgLef6
#)= /;fOnL #!= ljZjsdf{ #@= lji0f'kb
##= ;d'Gb|L #$= ;fxL #%= ;"/
#^= ;'/;dfg #&= ;]tfkj{t] #*= ;]tfkf}8]nL
#(= ;]tL;'?jfn $)= x'slrª/fgf
#= bdfO{ -kl/of/_ hftsf k|rlnt y/x?
!= clwsf/L @ c;;fO{ #= cfphL
$= cfrfo{ %= cfk6f/] ^= cfljvf]n]
&= s6jfn *= s7}a/L (= s8]“n -sgfn_
!)= s6'jfn !!= s0f{a]/L -s0f{a]o/L_ !@= sfnfv]tL
!#= sfnfvfgL !$= sfnfyf]sL
!%= sfsL{ -d'8'+nfsfsL{, nfdfsfsL{, v'nfnsfsL{, ;'tf/sfsL{_
!^= sfsL{8f]nL -sfsL{9f]nL, 9f]nL_ !&= sfnLbf;
!*= sf]O/fnf !(= sf]6fh/L @)= sf]6fGhnL
@!= sf]6fgh/L @@= vgfn @#= vltj8f
blntM y/ uf]q e|d / oyfy{ 27
@$ vftL @%= uhd]o/ @^= u'O{b] -u'O{b]n_
@&= u'?Ë @*= uf]/vgfy @(= uf]/]rGb«]
#)= uf}/jfu #!= uf}/L #@= 3tfgL
##= 3n] #$= 3]n] #%= 3n]v
#^= r08'rf/ #&= rfxf/ #*= lrqsf/
#(= r'8fn $)= 56'Gh]n $!= hg}bf/
$@= h}? $#= hf]/L $$= 6]n/
$%= 76fn $^= 7u'Ggf $&= 8}0f]
$*= 8f}+8] $(= 9\ofsL %)= 9+'ufgf
%!= ltvqL -lqvqL_ %@= ltnSofgL %#= ltjf/L
%$= yfkf %%= bsf; %^= bhL{
%&= bgf{n %*= bdfO{ %(= bjf8L
^)= bf; ^!= b]psf8L -b]puf8L, b]ps/_
^@= b]jn ^#= wufn] ^$= gurL{ -guhL{_
^%= gfu/L ^^= lg/~hg ^&= g]uL
^*= g]kfn ^(= g]kfnL
&)= gf}afu -gsaf3, guafu, guafg_ &!= kGt &@= k§]nL
&#= kl/of/ -c5fd] kl/of/, l5gfn kl/of/, bdfO{sf] kl/of/, /Tg]÷/Tg kl/of/_
&$= kxf8L &%= k/]n &^= kfrsf]6L -k+rsf]6L_
&&= kfrs'/L &*= kf7s &(= kfNkfnL
*)= k'/e'lt *!= kf]v|]n *@= km'8s]
*#= ab]{jf *$= a/fn *%= a|Xdbf; -ad{bf;_
*^= a|xdzfvf -ad{zfvf_ *&= afu **= afurGb
*(= afxs ()= afubf; -af3bf;, afU3f;_
(!= a'9flk|yL -a'9fkf]yL, a'8flkyL{_ (@= a]8'jfn
(#= a}hgfy ($= a}slk (%= a}hfsf]6L
(^= a}h' (&= leqLsf]6L -leqfsf]6L, leqsf]6L, lel:qsf]6L_
(*= e';fn ((= e]l/sf/ !))= du/
!)!= dx/f -df]x/f_ !)@= dfn] !)#= dfNaf]s
!)$= dfi6/ !)%= df]t] -dxt], df]xt]_ !)^= df}n]
!)&= /rgf !)*= /haf; !)(= /gf
28 ;dtf gLlt–kq
!!)= /0fkx]nL -/gkx]nL, /gkOnL, /gKofnL, /gkf}nL, /ga]xnL, /0fkfn_
!!!= /fO{ !!@= /fO{ufO{ !!#= /fhufO{
!!$= /fdhfnL !!%= ?sd]nL !!^= /}sf -/}sfcfphL_
!!&= ¥ofO{‰of/ !!*= nfv] !!(= nfld5fg]
!@)= nfk|] !@!= nfd3ft] !@@= nfa/
!@#= n'O6]n !@$= jf:tfsf]6L !@%= lj6fn'
!@^= zfxL;d'Gb| -zfxL;d'Gb|L, zfxL_ !@&= ;fO{tkfr
!@*= ;fps] !@(= ;fksf]6f !#)= l;up/] -l;uf}/]_
!#!= l;nfn !#@= l;nfw/ !##= l;nfhf]zL
!#$= l;Nksf/ !#%= l;+-l;+x_
!#^= l;jf -uf}td÷uf]tfd] l;jf, e]8] l;jf, s'v'/]÷sv/] l;jf, :ofjf_
!#&= ;'hL -;'hf_ !#*= ;'gfd !#(= ;'gfn
!$)= ;'Gbf; !$!= ;'kofn !$@= ;'s'/ofn
!$#= ;'s'Rofn -;'s'jf6\ofn_ !$$= ;'Fu'/]
!$%= ;'u/] !$^= ;'Gr]p/L $&= ;]tL;'?jfn
!$*= ;]g !$(= >lds !%)= lxªdfË
!%!= x'8s], !%@= x+;d'v] !%#= 1jfnL
$= afbL hftsf k|rlnt y/x?
!= sZok @= sfnLofg #= s'dfn
$= s"n' %= s];/L ^= vgf}6]
&= vftL *= uf}td (= ufO{g]
!)= lu/L !!= rGb !@= l5gfn
!#= l5Gjofn !$= l5nfn !%= l5n]n
!^= h'Dn]nL !&= hf]uL !*= hf]uL/fhof]u
!(= 7s'/L @)= bdfO{ @!= bf;
@@= b'dfsL @#= gurL{ @$= g]kfn
@%= g]kfnL @^= kxf8L @&= kf]v/]n
@*= kf}8]n @(= a;]n #)= a'9fyf]sL
#!= af9f #@= afWosf/ ##= afbL
#$= afxo #%= afx'g #^= af]/];fx
#&= a}sf/ #*= a}uf/ #(= efF8
blntM y/ uf]q e|d / oyfy{ 29
$)= du/ $!= /fgf $@= n]sfnL
$#= j}Zo zfxL $$= ;'gf/ $%= l;dfn
$^= l;+x $&= ;'Gr]p/L $*= xdfn
$(= xl/y+uf %)= x'8\s]lwtfn
%= ;fsL{ -ldhf/_ hftsf k|rlnt y/x?
!= cR5fdL -c5fdL_ @= cfrfo{ #= clwsf/L
$= pk|]tL %= pk/sf]6L ^= sdf/
&= sfnf] -sfnf_ *= s'lNrof/ (= sf]O{/fnf
!)= sf]Nxfn !!= v8\sL !@= vltj8f
!#= vl/af]6] !$= lvn'+u] !%= lu/L
!^= u}/] !&= u}/Llkkn !*= uf}td -uf]tfd]_
!(= uf]y] @)= l3ld/] @!= l3tfË
@@= rdf/ @#= rGb @$= rd{sf/
@%= r'8fn @^= r'xfg @&= 5Gt]n
@*= 5ts"nL @(= 5dfsL{ #)= l5gfn
#!= 6f]6nfËL #@= 7u'Ggf ##= 78f]/
#$= 7fs'/:o #%= 7f/f/fO{ #^= 8fn]
#&= tf]nfËL -tf]nfË]_ #*= tf]nf+uL;'on #(= tf];fnL
$)= yklnof $!= yfs $@= yfkf
$#= b/fO{ -9/fO{_ $$= bfxfn $%= bfa]
$^= b'nfn $&= b]pnf $*= b]pnfkftL
$(= wd]n %)= w'/d+u|fGtL %!= wf}nfsf]6L -bfpnfsf]6L_
%@= g3fnL %#= gu/sf]6L %$= g]kfn
%%= g]kfnL %^= Gof}kfg] %&= k/nL
%*= kxf8L %(= kx]nL -ko]nL_ ^)= lkknaf]6]
^!= k'/sf]6L -k/sf]6L_ ^@= k'nfdL ^#= kf]v/]n
^$= kf}8]n ^%= aghf8] -ar], agh]8_
^^= ad/]n -a+u|]n, aª\/]n_ ̂ &= a;]n -a:ofn, aT:ofn_
^*= aonsf]6L -a}nsf]6L, ansf]6L_ ^(= a:tfsf]6L
&)= a|Xdzfvf &!= af¥x3/] &@= la;'+v] -la;'+s], la;+v_
30 ;dtf gLlt–kq
&#= ljd'Gv] &$= a'9fyf]sL &%= af]u6L
&^= af]x/f &&= lekfn &*= leofn
&(= e"n *)= e't]{n *!= du/
*@= du/ftL÷d+u|ftL -cf7yfn], sfnf, lvln+u], b'w, w'/, af¥xyfg]_
*#= dhfsf]6L dhaf]6L,dhf/sf]6L_ *$= dhfj/L
*%= d/fl;gL *^= dx/f *&= dfna'n, dfnaf]s, dfna's]
**= ldhf/ -ldemf/ 9sfn ldhf/_ *(= d'ªb]n -d'b]n_
()= d'xn (!= df]6] (@= /d\t]n
(#= /fdhfnL ($= /f7fn] (%= /f7f]/ -/f7f}/_
(^= l/dfn (&= ?rfn (*= /}sfn
((= /f]Onf÷/f]OnflxtfË !))= /f]sf -/f]sfof, /f]Ssf_
!)!= /f]SsfzfxL !)@= ndh]n !)#= nd;fn
!)$= ;Tofn !)%= ;fsL{ !)^= ;fksf]6f
!)&= ;fdt !)*= l;s]= !)(= l;/f}t]
!!)= >LkfnL !!!= >LdfnL -l;/Ldfn_
!!@= >Ljf:tj !!#= l;+x !!$= ;'v]{tL
!!%= ;'on !!^= ;'/fgf !!&= ;]hjfn
!!*= ;]7L !!(= ;]tf] !@)= ;]xL
!@!= ;+u|fd !@@= ;ukfn !@#= xdfn
!@$= lxtfË !@%= x]h'jfn !@^= Ifq]n
!@&= Ifqkfn !@*= Ifqofn
v_ g]jf/
!= Rofd] hftsf k|rlnt y/x?
!= s'rLsf/ @= Rofd] #= Rofdvn
@= kf]8] hftsf k|rlnt y/x?
!= hnf/L @= b]pnf #= k'hf/L
$= kf]8]
blntM y/ uf]q e|d / oyfy{ 31
u_ dw]zL -a}lbs cfo{, b|lj8_
!= sn/ hftsf k|rlnt y/x?
!= ljsfp @= ;/jl/of
@= ss}lxof hftsf k|rlnt y/
!= /fo
#= sf]/L hfltsf k|rlnt y/
!= s'l/n @= uf}td #= ef/tL
$= vl6s hftsf k|rlnt y/
!= sf]nL @= ;f]gs/
%= vTj] hftsf k|rlnt y/
!= vªu @= wfg's #= a]Nbf/
$= d08n %= zdf{
^= rdf/ hftsf k|rlnt y/
!= dx/f @= df]rL #= /ljbf; -/f]lxbf;, ?Obf;_
$= /fd %= /}bf; ^= x/Lhg
&= rdf/ *= /fdbl;of
&= lrl8ofdf/ hftsf k|rlnt y/
!= s/f}/Lof @= g6 #= av'
$= ;/gl/of %= ;/g]/Lof ^= ofbj
*= 8f]d hftsf k|rlnt y/
!= u';/fd @= dl/s #= dlNn
$= dNnLs % dlxn -df}xfnL_
(= 9fF8L hftsf k|rlnt y/
!= 9fF8L
!)= tTdf hftsf k|rlnt y/
!= tTdf @= tfFtL #= bf;
32 ;dtf gLlt–kq
$= kft %= agf}lhof ^= d08n
&= dx/f
!!= b';fw hftsf k|rlnt y/
!= b';fb -b';fw_ @= kf;dfg -kf;jfg_ #= xhf/f -xhf/L_
!@ wl/sf/÷wGsf/ hftsf k|rlnt y/
!= wl/sf/÷wGsf/
!#= wf]jL hftsf k|rlnt y/
!= cfo{ @= cfof{ #= P;/
$= sg]lhof÷sgf}lhof %= s'zjl8of ^= bf;
&= wjn *= wfjL (= wf]jL
!)= lgd]nsf/ !!= kTy/s§f !@= klys
!#= a]7f !$= j}¶f !%= dutf
!^= d+w];Lof !& dw}of !*= dfemL
!(= dfx't @)= d]xtf @!= d+uL
@@= /Tgf @#= /dg-/d0f_ @$= /hs
@%= /fpt @^= /fhwf]j @&= jflNdsL
@*= zfsL @(= ;fkmL #)= ;DwL
!$ g6'jf hftsf k|rlnt y/
!= g6÷g6'jf
!%= kf;L hftsf k|rlnt y/
!= uf}td @= rf}w/L #= t/;'lxof
$= dxtf] %= ;"of{
!^= afFt/ hftsf k|rlnt y/
!= 9f]s]jfh @= wf]s]jfn #= dfOtL
$= dfemL %= /fhj+zL ^= ;/bf/
!&= d';x/ hftsf k|rlnt y/
!= Clifb]j @= sxl/“of #= 9f]nafhf
blntM y/ uf]q e|d / oyfy{ 33
$= lt/f;s %= lt?x'ltof ^= eb/L
&= dw}of *= dfemL (= l/lvs'n÷Clifs'n
!)= ;bf !!= x]d/fh
!*= xnvf]/ -d]:t/_ hftsf k|rlnt y/
!= hDbf/ @= af;kmf]/ #= d+uL
$= d]:t/ %= d]xt/ ^= /fpt
!(= ;/eË hftsf k|rlnt y/
!= wfdL @= g6 #= afFt/
$= ;/eË %= ;/ef]/ ^= ;/j/Lof
34 ;dtf gLlt–kq
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
pk]lIft pTkLl8t / blnt ju{ pTyfg ljsf; ;ldlt a'n]l6g, @)&! .
vqL, k|f= 8f= k|]d . @)&) . g]kfnsf hftLo ;+:sf/ -v08 @_ . sf7df8f}+M g]kfn
k|1f k|lti7fg .
uf]n], df]xg . @)&@ . tYofª\sdf cflbjf;L hghflt . cfzfdfof tfdfËåf/f
k|sflzt, lqo'uf *, pbok'/ .
rf}w/L, lbks . @)^% . g]kfnsf] dw]zL ;dfh . sf7df8f}+M /Tgk':ts e08f/ .
bgf{n, k|sfz . @)%# . bdfO{ hfltsf] ;fdflhs tyf wfld{s k|yfM Ps cjnf]sg .
xfd|f] lrgf/L xfd|f] ;+:s[lt . hLjgrGb| sf]O/fnf, ;+=, k[= !(^–@)) .
sf7df8f}+M sd{of]uL ab|L laqmd yfkf :d[lt ;]jf u'7L .
blnt hftLo cg';"rL cWofjlws cWoog k|ltj]bg . @)^&÷)^* . /fli6«o blnt
cfof]uM sf7df8f}+ .
kl/of/ ;]jf ;dfh s]Gb|Lo ;ldltaf6 ldlt @)^&÷!@÷!# df sf7df8f}“df ePsf]
cGt/lqmofsf] ck|sflzt l6kf]6 .
kf08], dw';"bg . @)^$ . g]kfnsf blntx? . sf7df8f}+M k}/jL k|sfzg .
a/fn, af;' . @)$$÷@)%) . lxGb" ;fdflhs ;ª\u7gsf] k|f¿k . sf7df8f}+M ;femf
k|sfzg .
a/fnL, /0f]Gb| . @)&@ . xfd|f] ;+:s[lt / ;+:sf/ . sf7df8f}+M g]kfn blnt ;flxTo
tyf ;+:s[lt k|lti7fg .
d'sf¿ª, a'n' . @)^^ . xfd|f] hflt xfd|f] y/ . nlntk'/M cflbjf;L hghflt pTyfg
/fli6«o k|lti7fg, h]= Pd= s]= d]df]l/on :s"n, gfDrL, l;lSsd .
/;fO{nL, :j= dfglj/ l;+x . bf];|f] ;+:s/0f ;g\ !((^, !& ;]K6]Da/ . ljZj a|fXd0f
j0f{gM ljZjsdf{sf] y/ / uf]qfjnL . l;lSsdM Pd= Pd= /;fO{nL .
blntM y/ uf]q e|d / oyfy{ 35
?kfv]tL, >Lxl/ . @)^* . g]kfnL y/—uf]q—k|j/ sf]z . sf7df8f}+M /Tg k':ts
e08f/ .
ljZjsdf{ …b'MvLÚ, ld7f/fd . @)^* . blnt / xfd|f] ;dfh . cf]dk|sfz v/]n,
;Dkfbs . sf7df8f}+M 8Ls'/f klJns]zg .
zdf{, hgsnfn . @)#( . xfd|f] ;dfh Ps cWoog . nlntk'/M ;femf k|sfzg .
zdf{, hgsnfn . @)@) . hf];dgL ;Gt k/Dk/f . nlntk'/M ;femf k|sfzg .
;'gf/ uf]dtL / cGo . ldlt pNn]v gePsf] . blnt ;jfndf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf
d'2fx? / ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] e"ldsf, blnt u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf dxf;+3 /
sfg'gL ;xfotf tyf k/fdz{ ljefu, sf7df8f}“ .
>]i7, kbd . @)^* . hfthflt / ;ª\3Lotf . k|sfzs, :jod .
>]i7, kbd . g]= ;+= !!## -@)&)_ . blnt . k|sfzs, :jod .
Dahal, Dilli Ram, Seema Viswakarma. 2014. Dom of Nepal. Kathmandu: Central Department of Sociology/ Anthropology (CDSA), Tribhuvan University.
Dahal, Dilli Ram, Madhu Giri, Surendra Mishra. Musahar of Nepal. 2014. Kathmandu: Central Department of Sociology/ Anthropology (CDSA), Tribhuvan University.
Dahal, Dilli Ram, Swarna Kumar Jha. Chamar of Nepal. 2014. Kathmandu: Central Department of Sociology/ Anthropology (CDSA), Tribhuvan University.
Kisan, Yam Bahadur, Gopal Nepali. 2014. Badi of Nepal. Kathmandu: Central Department of Sociology/ Anthropology (CDSA), Tribhuvan University.
Kisan, Yam Bahadur, Devendra Kumar Rasaili. 2014. Kami of Nepal. Kathmandu: Central Department of Sociology/ Anthropology (CDSA), Tribhuvan University.
Pathak, Dr. Bishnu et al. 2006. Intra-Dalit Discrimination (A Study Report: STATUS OF TARAI DALITS). Kathmandu: LANCAU Nepal.
Risal, Subash and others. 2006. Ethnographic Study of Hill Dalits in Nepal. Lalitpur: NNDSWO.
36 ;dtf gLlt–kq
cg';"rL – !
blntM y/ uf]q e|d / oyfy{ 37
cg';"rL – @
38 ;dtf gLlt–kq
cg';"rL – #
-g]kfn ;/sf/ /fli6«o blnt cfof]u afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}“af6 k|sflzt blnt
hftLo cg';"rL cWofjlws cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^&÷)^*_
blntM y/ uf]q e|d / oyfy{ 39
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