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Chemistry & BiochemistryChapters 2 & 3
Honors Biology
Mrs. Gutierrez
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Why studychemistry in
a biologyclass?
Even the most
basic units oflife, cells , aremade of smallerand smallersubunits
The structureand function ofall living thingsare governed bythe laws ofchemistry
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What is Chemistry?
The study of the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of a substance.
All life processes involve chemical changes. Digestion Reproduction Growth
Respiration
Once chemical changes are understood, life processes can be better understood.
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matter energy
atoms mass
elements
92109
molecule
compound
structure
proton neutron electron
nucleus isotope ion
hydrogen
pH
acid base
kineticheat
movement Activationenergy
reactions
potential
position
stored
battery ATP
chemical
bonds
ionic
covalenthydrogen
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What is pH?
pH stands for the potential/power of thehydrogen ion (H +)
pOH is the potential/power of thehydroxide ion (OH -)
pH and pOH add up to14 Ex: if the pOH of a
solution is 7, what is the pH?
A pH of 7 is considered
neutral
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http://www.johnkyrk.com/pH.html
pH scale quantified
http://www.johnkyrk.com/pH.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/pH.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/pH.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/pH.html8/12/2019 Chemistry/ Biochemistry Presentation
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pH Concentrations
What type of a solution has a pH of 5? Acid
Which is a stronger acid, pH 5 or pH 2? pH 2
How much stronger? 103 or 1,000 times stronger The pH scale is logarithmic, each increment being a
multiple of 10 The increments are then multiplied
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Indicators indicate the concentration of a substance
by color. Universal indicator is only one example.
http://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/index.htmhttp://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/index.htm8/12/2019 Chemistry/ Biochemistry Presentation
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ttp: www. g .org g customresources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/scien
ce/acids/index.htm Read the Help section to review Chose Litmus Reactions Type your FULL name Follow directions
http://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/index.htmhttp://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/index.htmhttp://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/index.htmhttp://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/index.htmhttp://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/index.htmhttp://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks3/science/acids/index.htm8/12/2019 Chemistry/ Biochemistry Presentation
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Reaction of Various Materials to
pH & Litmus PapersMaterialTested
Reaction toRed Litmus
Reaction toBlue Litmus
pH accordingto pH paper
HCl
NaOH
H2O
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Other ways of measuring pH
pH meter Hand-held device
pH probe Uses a computer
interface
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pH Lab
You will be using atechnique called titration
An acid or base will be placed in a buret andslowly added to the testsolution Water Buffer Cell homogenate
The computer will assistin recording any changesin pH
Acid or
base
Test soln.
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Chemical Buffers
Chemical substances thatneutralize small amountsor either acid or base
added to a solution BUFFERS DO NOT
NECESSARILY NEUTRALIZE THESOLUTION TO A PH 7!
Ex: stomach acid remainsat a pH of 2 regardless ofwhether you ingest acidicor basic substances
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Application of Buffers
Chemicalreactions willonly occurnormally in asystem thatresists a changein pH
This is part of a process knownas homeostasi s
The pH of many living things tends to be around neutral.
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Monomer vs. Polymer Mono = 1 A monomer is the
basic building block
poly = many A polymer is made up
of many monomers
How do the 2boxcars jointogether to form
a long train?
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Dehydration Synthesis or
Condensation Reaction
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Condensation/Hydrolysis
Demonstration http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi
oac/biochem/condense.htm
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htm8/12/2019 Chemistry/ Biochemistry Presentation
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Note: Glucose and fructose are isomers
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Review
Monosaccharide #2Monosaccharide #1
Disaccharide
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Formation of a polysaccharide
http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htm
http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.htmlhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/condense.htmhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html8/12/2019 Chemistry/ Biochemistry Presentation
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LipidsType of
Compound
Examples Elements Subunit
(monomer)
Functions
Triglycerides Fats,
Oils
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen
3 fatty acids and aglycerol
Stored energy(9Cal/g), insulation,nerve impulses,
protectionSecondary solvent ofcell
Waxes Ear wax Same 1 fatty acid andalcohol chain
Protection,waterproofing
Steroids Hormones,
cholesterol
Same Fused carbon rings Regulate chemical
reactions
Phospholipids Cellmembranes
same 2 fatty acids and aglycerol
Regulates what entersand leaves a cell
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Formation of a Triglyceride
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/triglyc.htm
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/triglyc.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/triglyc.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/triglyc.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/triglyc.htm8/12/2019 Chemistry/ Biochemistry Presentation
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P i
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ProteinsType ofCompound
Examples Elements Subunit(monomer)
Functions
Hemoglobin
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen
Amino acid General function of a protein is building andrepair. (May be used asan energy source as alast resort (4Cal/g)?Binds gases in red
blood cellsInsulin Same Same Regulates blood sugar
levels
Albumin Same Same Nourishing componentof egg whites
Keratin Same Same Structural componentof hair, skin, and nails
Enzymes Same Same Act as a catalyst byregulating chemical
reaction rates
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Formation of a polypeptide
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/amino.htm
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/amino.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/amino.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/amino.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/amino.htm8/12/2019 Chemistry/ Biochemistry Presentation
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Enzymes
Most enzyme are proteins Three characteristics
Reusable Specific Catalyst (lower the activation energy (E a)of a
reaction) http://www3.fhs.usyd.edu.au/bio/homeostasis/C
ontrol_Systems.htm (read from theintroduction to the definition of homeostasis)
ttp: www m e com p yssc c
http://www3.fhs.usyd.edu.au/bio/homeostasis/Control_Systems.htmhttp://www3.fhs.usyd.edu.au/bio/homeostasis/Control_Systems.htmhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/lockandkeymodel.gif&imgrefurl=http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/cell_respiration_bi.htm&h=94&w=81&sz=3&tbnid=AkaohPO76zcJ:&tbnh=75&tbnw=64&hl=en&start=36&prev=/images%3Fq%3Denzyme%2Bsubstrate%2Bcomplex%26start%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DNhttp://www3.fhs.usyd.edu.au/bio/homeostasis/Control_Systems.htmhttp://www3.fhs.usyd.edu.au/bio/homeostasis/Control_Systems.htmhttp://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/activa2.swfhttp://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/activa2.swf8/12/2019 Chemistry/ Biochemistry Presentation
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ttp: www.m e.com p yssc cemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/
activa2.swf Short video clip of exothermic reactions.
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/activa2.swfhttp://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/activa2.swfhttp://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/activa2.swfhttp://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/activa2.swfhttp://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/activa2.swfhttp://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/activa2.swf8/12/2019 Chemistry/ Biochemistry Presentation
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2H 2O2 2H 2O + O 2
catalase
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Catalase An enzyme found in any
living tissue, plant oranimal
Catalase works best underconstant conditions(homeostasis) oftemperature and pH
Predict what the graphwould look like if the
liver, containing catalase,is Boiled Acidified
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Type ofcompound
Examples Elements Subunits(monomers)
Functions
Nucleic Acids DNA
RNA
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,
phosphorus
Nucleotide Stores geneticinformation formaking proteins
Directlyinvolved in
proteinsynthesis
Water Ice, liquidwater,vapor
Hydrogen,oxygen
H2O Primary solventof the cell
-polar
-cohesive
-adhesive
ttp: programs nort an co ege
http://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/Biology1111/animations/hydrogenbonds.htmlhttp://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/Biology1111/animations/hydrogenbonds.html8/12/2019 Chemistry/ Biochemistry Presentation
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ttp: programs.nort an co ege.edu/biology/Biology1111/animati
ons/hydrogenbonds.html Short video clip about waters polarity and
hydrogen bonding properties.
http://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/Biology1111/animations/hydrogenbonds.htmlhttp://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/Biology1111/animations/hydrogenbonds.htmlhttp://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/Biology1111/animations/hydrogenbonds.htmlhttp://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/Biology1111/animations/hydrogenbonds.htmlhttp://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/Biology1111/animations/hydrogenbonds.htmlhttp://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/Biology1111/animations/hydrogenbonds.html8/12/2019 Chemistry/ Biochemistry Presentation
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