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Tipos penales
en los
tribunales
especiales
internacionales
diciembre 5
Universidad de Guadalajara | Derecho Internacional Penal |Presencial | Matutino | 10.00-13.00 | Docente: Arturo Villarreal |Autor: Juan Ramn Gutirrez Olarte (209345868)
Unacomparacin
con el
Estatuto de la
Corte Penal
Internacional
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INTRODUCCINDentro del marco del mltiple avance internacional que existe entre las
naciones en nuestros das; dentro del marco de las mltiples formas de
cooperacin que existen hoy entre los pueblos; dentro del marco de las mltiples
formas de intercambio cultural entre las etnias; pero tambin dentro del marco de
las mltiples y nuevas formas de agresin que se pueden dar en las naciones
modernas y civilizadas, cabe hacer un anlisis de lo que se constituy como un
instrumento eficaz para desterrar la tirana y opresin de los pueblos.
Nos referimos a la Corte Penal Internacional. Pero hemos de aclarar ya desde
el principio que nuestro objetivo no ser estudiar a toda la Corte en cuanto
instrumento; ms bien, para poder demostrar que en efecto esta corte, si bien no
ha sido totalmente eficaz1, puede llegar a serlo, haremos un breve anlisis de los
diferentes tipos penales incluidos en el Estatuto de la Corte Penal Internacional
(CPI) comparndolos con los tipos penales que a lo largo de la historia de la
segunda mitad del siglo XX e inicios del siglo XXI se han configurado en los
distintos tribunales penales especiales internacionales, desde Nremberg hasta
Camboya.
Esta comparacin tiene como objeto llegar a descubrir la valiosa oportunidad
que tuvo la CPI al constituirse en junio de 1998, con la firma del Estatuto de Roma
por varios pases, cuyo nmero actual es de 1202, ya que encontraremos
comportamientos constantes en los diferentes tribunales que nos descubren la
1Y esto no es necesario que lo sustente, simplemente tngase en cuenta las mltiples impunidades de las
naciones que aparecen en cada momento en las noticias televisivas y en las cadenas informativas de mayorrenombre; un ejemplo, Reuters.2
120 pays sont tats Parties au Statut de Rome de la Cour pnale internationale. En http://www.icc-cpi.int/menus/asp/states%20parties/the%20states%20parties%20to%20the%20rome%20statute?lan=fr-FR[Portal de la Corte Penal Internacional, diciembre de 2011]
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frecuencia de tipos penales, constantes, razn por la cual la CPI tiene su validez
histrica el da de hoy.
Por lo dems, los tribunales especiales que tendremos a bien analizar son3:
1. Tribunal Militar Internacional del Nremberg. VIII, 1945.
2. Tribunal Militar Internacional de Tokio. I, 1946.
3. Tribunal Penal Internacional para la Ex-Yugoslavia. V, 1993.
4. Tribunal Penal Internacional de Ruanda. XI, 1994.
3Orden cronolgico segn un autgrafo proporcionado por Arturo Villarreal Palos, docente investigador de
la Universidad de Guadalajara, Mxico. Nos hemos permitido omitir unos cuantos tribunales que por sunaturaleza tienen que ser excluidos a pesar de que los delitos contemplados en ellos has sido de plenocarcter internacional.
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ESTATUTO DE LA CPIBrevemente miremos los tipos penales que de acuerdo al Estatuto estnconfigurados como mbitos de jurisdiccin de la CPI.
Crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court
The jurisdiction of the Court shall be limited to the most serious crimes of concern to the
international community as a whole. The Court has jurisdiction in accordance with this
Statute with respect to the following crimes:
(a) The crime of genocide;
(b) Crimes against humanity;
(c) War crimes;
(d) The crime of aggression4
El anterior extracto es del artculo 5 del Estatuto de la CPI, en l podemos leer los
crmenes que recaen dentro de la jurisdiccin de la Corte. Una caracterstica
esencial de estos crmenes es la de concernir a la comunidad internacional como
un todo; ellos son: genocidio, crmenes contra la humanidad [o comnmente
llamados de lesa humanidad], crmenes de guerra; crimen de agresin.
Por lo dems se nos ha sido muy especficos al determinar que no es nuestro
asunto tratar cada crimen por su propia cuenta.
Si el lector quisiera profundizar ms en la materia que concierne a cada uno de los
delitos, le recomendamos vivamente leer los artculos 6-21.
4Artculo 5. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. [Versin digital pdf, cargada desde
http://www.icc-cpi.int] [Diciembre de 2011]
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LA CPI Y NREMBERGEl primer tribunal que compararemos es el que tuvo lugar en Nremberg una vez
finalizada la II Guerra Mundial.
En el mismo podemos constatar que se configuraron los siguientes delitos:
Article 6
The Tribunal established by the Agreement referred to m Article 1 hereof for the trial and
punishment of the major war criminals of the European Axis countries shall have the power to
try and punish persons who, acting in the interests of the European Axis countries, whether
as individuals or as members of organizations, committed any of the following crimes.
The following acts, or any of them, are crimes coming within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal for
which there shall be individual responsibility:
(a) CRIMES AGAINST PEACE: namely, planning, preparation, initiation or waging of a war
of aggression, or a war in violation of international treaties, agreements or assurances, or
participation in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of any of the foregoing;
(b) WAR CRIMES: namely, violations of the laws or customs of war. Such violations shall
include, but not be limited to, murder, ill-treatment or deportation to slave labor or for any
other purpose of civilian population of or in occupied territory, murder or ill-treatment of
prisoners of war or persons on the seas, killing of hostages, plunder of public or private
property, wanton destruction of cities, towns or villages, or devastation not justified by military
necessity;
(c)CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY: namely, murder, extermination, enslavement,
deportation, and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population, before or
during the war; or persecutions on political, racial or religious grounds in execution of
or in connection with any crime within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal, whether or not
in violation of the domestic law of the country where perpetrated.
Leaders, organizers, instigators and accomplices participating in the formulation or execution
of a common plan or conspiracy to commit any of the foregoing crimes are responsible for allacts performed by any persons in execution of such plan
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5Articulo 6. Charter of the International Military Tribunal [at Nuremberg]. [Tomado del portal de la
embajada norteamericana en Alemania, diciembre de 2011] http://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/ga4-trials.htm[Las negrillas son mas, para resaltar los delitos configurados]
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Podemos ver que se configuran los delitos contra la paz [actual delito de agresin],
los delitos de guerra, y los delitos contra la humanidad [entre los cuales vena
incluido el delito de genocidio].
Se configuran plenamente todos los tipos penales que encontramos en el Estatuto
de Roma.
En todo caso al final del documento tenemos pensado hacer una tabla
comparativa entre los distintos tribunales y la CPI.
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LA CPI Y TOKIOEn el caso de Tokio, Japn, despus de la II Guerra Mundial, tenemos otro tribunal
internacional encargado de juzgar los delitos internacionales cometidos en la
regin Asia-Pacfico.
Podemos ver en el artculo 5 de la carta de constitucin del Tribunal Internacional
Militar para el Lejano Oriente, encontrado en el portal jurdico de la Universidad de
Oslo:Article 5
Jurisdiction over persons and offences
The Tribunal shall have the power to try and punish Far Eastern war criminals who as
individuals or as members of organizations are charged with offences which include Crimes
against Peace.
The following acts, or any of them, are crimes coming within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal for
which there shall be individual responsibility:
a.
Crimes against Peace: Namely, the planning, preparation, initiation or waging of a declared
or undeclared war of aggression, or a war in violation of international law, treaties,
agreements or assurances, or participation in a common plan or conspiracy for the
accomplishment of any of the foregoing;
b.
Conventional War Crimes: Namely, violations of the laws or customs of war;
c.
Crimes against Humanity: Namely, murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and
other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population, before or during the war, or
persecutions on political or racial grounds in execution of or in connection with any crime
within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal, whether or not in violation of the domestic law of the
country where perpetrated. Leaders, organizers, instigators and accomplices participating in
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the formulation or execution of a common plan or conspiracy to commit any of the foregoing
crimes are responsible for all acts performed by any person in execution of such plan6
Nuevamente, como en Nremberg, encontramos configurados todos los delitos
que el Estatuto de Roma contempla. Si bien, tanto en Nremberg como en Tokio,
el delito de genocidio no se encuentra todava separado de la concepcin de
delitos contra la humanidad.
6Artculo 5. Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. [Tomado del portal de la
Universidad de Oslo, Noruega, diciembre de 2011]http://www.jus.uio.no/english/services/library/treaties/04/4-06/military-tribunal-far-east.xml [Las negrillasson mas, para resaltar los delitos]
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LA CPI Y LA EX-YUGOSLAVIADespus de los dos tribunales de pos-guerra, es necesario dar un salto de casi 50
aos para encontrar un nuevo tribunal anterior a la creacin de la CPI.
Los delitos que encontramos configurados esta vez son:
Article 1
Competence of the International Tribunal
The International Tribunal shall have the power to prosecute persons responsible for serious
violations of international humanitarian law committed in the territory of the former Yugoslavia
since 1991 in accordance with the provisions of the present Statute.
Article 2
Grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions of 1949
The International Tribunal shall have the power to prosecute persons committing or ordering
to be committed grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, namely the
following acts against persons or property protected under the provisions of the relevant
Geneva Convention:
(a) wilful killing;
(b) torture or inhuman treatment, including biological experiments;
(c) wilfully causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health;
(d) extensive destruction and appropriation of property, not justified by military necessity andcarried out unlawfully and wantonly;
(e) compelling a prisoner of war or a civilian to serve in the forces of a hostile power;
(f) wilfully depriving a prisoner of war or a civilian of the rights of fair and regular trial;
(g) unlawful deportation or transfer or unlawful confinement of a civilian;
(h) taking civilians as hostages.
Article 3
Violations of the laws or customs of war
The International Tribunal shall have the power to prosecute persons violating the laws or
customs of war. Such violations shall include, but not be limited to:(a) employment of poisonous weapons or other weapons calculated to cause unnecessary
suffering;
(b) wanton destruction of cities, towns or villages, or devastation not justified by military
necessity;
(c) attack, or bombardment, by whatever means, of undefended towns, villages, dwellings, or
buildings;
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(d) seizure of, destruction or wilful damage done to institutions dedicated to religion, charity
and education, the arts and sciences, historic monuments and works of art and science;
(e) plunder of public or private property.
Article 4
Genocide
1. The International Tribunal shall have the power to prosecute persons committing genocide
as defined in paragraph 2 of this article or of committing any of the other acts enumerated in
paragraph 3 of this article.
2. Genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in
part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:
5
(a) killing members of the group;
(b) causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
(c) deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physicaldestruction in whole or in part;
(d) imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
(e) forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
3. The following acts shall be punishable:
(a) genocide;
(b) conspiracy to commit genocide;
(c) direct and public incitement to commit genocide;
(d) attempt to commit genocide;
(e) complicity in genocide.Article 5
Crimes against humanity
The International Tribunal shall have the power to prosecute persons responsible for the
following crimes when committed in armed conflict, whether international or internal in
character, and directed against any civilian population:
(a) murder;
(b) extermination;
(c) enslavement;
(d) deportation;
(e) imprisonment;
(f) torture;
(g) rape;
(h) persecutions on political, racial and religious grounds;
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(i) other inhumane acts7
Estos son los artculos extrados del Estatuto del Tribunal para la antigua
Yugoslavia.
Podemos ver que se encuentran configurados todos los tipos penales que
actualmente la CPI contempla. Esto lo hacemos ver resaltando con negrillas
aquellas palabras claves que nos hablan de los tipos penales.
A excepcin del tipo penal de agresin, ya que en ste caso no encontramos el
inicio de una guerra de una nacin contra otra, sino no ms bien entre etnias
internas a una nica nacin. Hoy en da es aceptado que ya son varias lasrepblicas derivadas de la disolucin de la antigua Yugoslavia, pero eso no
legitima que se pueda hablar del delito de agresin.
7Artculos 1-5. Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. [Tomado del portal
del mismo Tribunal especial para la Ex-Yugoslavia, diciembre de 2011]http://www.icty.org/x/file/Legal%20Library/Statute/statute_sept09_en.pdf[Las negrillas son mas]
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LA CPI Y RWANDAPasemos a ver ahora rpidamente el caso de la Repblica africana de Rwanda.
Los delitos que encontramos contemplados, segn el Estatuto del Tribunal
Internacional Penal para Rwanda, encontrado en el portal de las Naciones Unidas:
Article 1: Competence of the International Tribunal for Rwanda
The International Tribunal for Rwanda shall have the power to prosecute persons responsible
for serious violations of international humanitarian law committed in the territory of
Rwanda and Rwandan citizens responsible for such violations committed in the
territory of neighbouring States between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 1994, in
accordance with the provisions of the present Statute.
Article 2: Genocide
1.The International Tribunal for Rwanda shall have the power to prosecute persons
committing genocide as defined in paragraph 2 of this article or of committing any of the other
acts enumerated in paragraph 3 of this article
2.Genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in
part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:
a) Killing members of the group;
b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical
destruction in whole or in part;
d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
3.The following acts shall be punishable:
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a) Genocide;
b) Conspiracy to commit genocide;
c) Direct and public incitement to commit genocide;
d) Attempt to commit genocide;
e) Complicity in genocide.
Article 3: Crimes against Humanity
The International Tribunal for Rwanda shall have the power to prosecute persons responsible
for the following crimes when committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack againstany civilian population on national, political, ethnic, racial or religious grounds:
a) Murder;
b) Extermination;
c) Enslavement;
d) Deportation;
e) Imprisonment;
f) Torture;
g) Rape;
h) Persecutions on political, racial and religious grounds;
i) Other inhumane acts.
Article 4: Violations of Article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions and of Additional
Protocol II
The International Tribunal for Rwanda shall have the power to prosecute persons committing
or ordering to be committed serious violations of Article 3 common to the Geneva
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Conventions of 12 August 1949 for the Protection of War Victims, and of Additional Protocol
II thereto of 8 June 1977. These violations shall include, but shall not be limited to:
a) Violence to life, health and physical or mental well-being of persons, in particular murder
as well as cruel treatment such as torture, mutilation or any form of corporal punishment;
b) Collective punishments;
c) Taking of hostages;
d) Acts of terrorism;
e) Outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment, rape,
enforced prostitution and any form of indecent assault;
f) Pillage;
g) The passing of sentences and the carrying out of executions without previous judgment
pronounced by a regularly constituted court, affording all the judicial guarantees which are
recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples;
h) Threats to commit any of the foregoing acts8
Podemos ver configurados de nuevo todos los delitos que conoce la CPI a
excepcin del delito de agresin, porque ya no estamos hablando de guerras entre
pases sino guerras ad intro de los mismos, slo que por la naturaleza de los
delitos que s se configuran, compete al derecho internacional, por ms que el
problema sea simplemente interno.
8Artculos 1-4. Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. [Encontrado en el portal de las
Naciones Unidas, diciembre de 2011] http://www.un.org/ictr/statute.html [Las negrillas son mas]
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TABLA COMPARATIVACPI Nremberg Tokio Ex-
Yugoslavia
Rwanda
GENOCIDE S locontempla
Lo contempladentro delgrupo decrmenescontra lahumanidad
Locontempladentro delgrupo decrmenescontra lahumanidad
S lo contempla S locontempla
AGAINSTHUMANITY
S locontempla
S lo contempla S locontempla
S lo contempla S locontempla
WARCRIMES S locontempla S lo contempla S locontempla S lo contempla,crmenes contralos protocolos Iy II de laconvencin deGinebra
Lo contemplacomoviolaciones alos protocolosI y II de laConvencinde Ginebra
AGGRESSION S locontempla
Lo contempladentro delgrupo decrmenescontra la paz
Locontemplacomo delitoscontra lapaz
No locontemplacomo tal, yaque no se tratade una guerraentre naciones
No locontempla,pues no setrata de unaguerra entrepases
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ContenidoINTRODUCCIN .................................................................................................... 1
ESTATUTO DE LA CPI .......................................................................................... 3
LA CPI Y NREMBERG......................................................................................... 4LA CPI Y TOKIO ..................................................................................................... 6
LA CPI Y LA EX-YUGOSLAVIA............................................................................. 8
LA CPI Y RWANDA .............................................................................................. 11
TABLA COMPARATIVA....................................................................................... 14