MSCPRE-ASSESSMENTREPORT�
FunabashiFisheriesCooperativeSeaPerch(Lateolabraxjaponicus)PurseSeineFishery�
3-20-7-205Minato-cho,Funabashi-shi
ChibaPrefecture,JapanMr.KazuhikoOhnoKaikoBussanCo.Ltd.� �
http://www.daidenmaru.com
Preparedby:� Dr.JocelynDrugan,Consultant� Dr.ReikoOmoto,Consultant�
SustainableSeafood
NaturalResourcesDivision+1.510.452.6392
DATEOFREPORTMarch28,2016
2000PowellStreet,Ste.600,Emeryville,CA94608USA+1.510.452.8000main|+1.510-452-8001fax
www.SCSGlobalServices.com
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Contents� � Glossary..................................................................................................................................................3
1. Executivesummary........................................................................................................................4
2. Introduction...................................................................................................................................6
2.1 Aims/scopeofpre-assessment...........................................................................................6
2.2 Constraintstothepre-assessmentofthefishery..............................................................7
2.3 Unit(s)ofAssessment.........................................................................................................7
2.4 TotalAllowableCatch(TAC)andCatchData......................................................................8
3. Descriptionofthefishery...............................................................................................................9
3.1 ScopeofthefisheryinrelationtotheMSCprogramme....................................................9
3.2 Overviewofthefishery....................................................................................................10
3.3 PrincipleOne:Targetspeciesbackground.......................................................................11
3.4 PrincipleTwo:Ecosystembackground.............................................................................20
3.5 PrincipleThree:Managementsystembackground..........................................................27
4. EvaluationProcedure...................................................................................................................31
4.1 Assessmentmethodologiesused.....................................................................................31
4.2 Summaryofsitevisitsandmeetingsheldduringpre-assessment...................................31
4.3 Stakeholderstobeconsultedduringafullassessment...................................................32
4.4 HarmonisationwithanyoverlappingMSCcertifiedfisheries..........................................32
5. Traceability(issuesrelevanttoChainofCustodycertification)...................................................33
5.1 EligibilityoffisheryproductstoenterfurtherChainsofCustody....................................33
6. Preliminaryevaluationofthefishery...........................................................................................33
6.1 Applicabilityofthedefaultassessmenttree....................................................................33
6.1.1 ExpectationsregardinguseoftheRisk-BasedFramework(RBF).................................34
6.2 Evaluationofthefishery...................................................................................................35
6.2.1 Otherissuesspecifictothisfishery.................................Error!Bookmarknotdefined.
6.3 SummaryoflikelyPIscoringlevels...................................................................................35
References............................................................................................................................................40
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Glossary
Blim LimitreferencepointforspawningstockbiomassCAB ConformityAssessmentBodycm CentimeterCPUE CatchPerUnitEffortDAT DefaultAssessmentTreeETP Endangered,ThreatenedorProtectedFAO FoodandAgricultureOrganization[oftheUnitedNations]FCA FisheriesCooperativeAssociationFCR FisheriesCertificationRequirements[MSC]g Gram(0.001kg)IPI InseparableorPracticallyInseparableIUCN InternationalUnionforConservationofNaturem meterMAFF MinistryofAgriculture,Forestry,andFisheries[Japan]mm millimetermt metrictonMSC MarineStewardshipCouncilNGO Non-GovernmentalOrganizationPI PerformanceIndicatorPRI PointofRecruitmentImpairmentPSA ProductivitySusceptibilityAnalysisRBF RiskBasedFrameworkSCS ScientificCertificationSystemsSG scoringguidepostSICA ScaleIntensityConsequenceAnalysisUS UnitedStatesVME VulnerableMarineEcosystemWWF WorldWildlifeFund
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1. Executivesummary
ThisreportdisclosestheresultsofaMarineStewardshipCouncilpre-assessmentofoneUnitofAssessment(UoA):JapaneseSeaPerch(Lateolabraxjaponicus)harvestedbypurseseineinthegeographicregionofTokyoBay,Japan,aspermittedbytheChibaPrefectureandmanagedbytheFunabashiFisheriesCooperative.Thepre-assessmentwasundertakenbyanSCSGlobalServicesexpertteamviathefisheryclient,KaikoBussanCo.Ltd.,basedoutofFunabashi,ChibaPrefecture,Japan.Toourknowledge,thisisthefirsttimethatanycomponentoftheJapaneseseaperchfisheryhasundergonepre-assessmentagainsttheMSCstandard.
Table1:Descriptionofthefishery’sUnitofAssessment.
Stock/Species
(FCRV2.07.4.7.1)
MethodofCapture
(FCRV2.07.4.7.2)
Fishingfleet
(FCRV2.07.4.7.3)
TokyoBayJapaneseseaperch(Lateolabraxjaponicus)
Theremaybetwostocks,oneintheinnerbayandoneintheouterbay.However,thereisnostock-specificmonitoringofabundanceorcatch,sowesuggestincludingbothstockswithinthisUoA.
Purseseines TheFunabashiFisheriesCooperativeoperatingoutofChibaprefectureoversees6purseseinevesselsthatharvestseaperchinTokyoBay.These6vesselscomprisetheUoA.
Theclientforthispre-assessmentisKaikoBussan,afishingoperatorwith4purseseinevesselsthattargetseaperch,amongotherspecies(SeeOverviewoftheFisherySection3.2).KaikoBussanisamemberoftheNorthernTokyoBayPurseSeineAssociation,whichisinturnamemberoftheFunabashiFisheriesCooperative.TheFunabashiFisheriesCooperativemanagesseveralfisheriesoriginatingfromChibaPrefecture,includingtheoperationof6ChibaPrefecturepurseseinevesselstargetingseaperchintheTokyoBay,includingthoseofKaikoBussan.
InadditiontotheFunabashiCooperative-managedvessels,thereare10otherregisteredpurseseinevesselsregisteredtofishcommerciallyforseaperchinTokyoBay,aswellasothertargetedseaperchfishingbytrawlvesselsandrecreationalfishers.OnlypurseseinevesselsregisteredasamemberoftheFunabashiFisheriesCooperativeareconsideredaspartoftheUoAforthepurposesofthispre-assessmentastheFunabashiFisheryCooperativehasdistinctvoluntarymanagementmeasuresthatwereevaluatedbytheassessmentteamhere.Inaddition,theteamevaluatedcatchdatafromFunabashiFisheriesCooperativevessels.
Therefore,theUnitofAssessmentconsidersall6vesselsintheFunabashiFisheriesCooperative.TheUnitofCertificationhasnotbeendeterminedatthispoint,butmayencompasstheentireUoA,ora
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subsetofvessels(e.g.KaikoBussan-ownedvesselsonly).ThisassessmentwasprimarilyconductedbyDr.JocelynDruganandDr.ReikoOmotoundertheguidanceofSCSGlobalServices.TheassessmentwascarriedoutusingtheMSCCertificationRequirementsv2.0(EffectiveApril1,2015)andtheassociatedV2.0reportingtemplate.
Activitiesconductedforthepre-assessmentincludedon-sitemeetingsheldonFebruary18and19,2016.Theonsitemeetingswereheldatfouragencies/industrywiththefollowingattendees;ChibaPrefecturalOfficewithMr.AyumuNAGANO,FunabashiFisheriesCooperativewithMr.KojiMATSUMOTOandMr.FumioWANOUCHI,ChibaPrefecturalTateyamaExtensionOfficewithMr.NorihikoSHOJIandKaikoBussanwithMr.KazuhikoOHNO(theclient).AllmeetingswerealsoattendedbyMr.Ohno,ShinichiMatsurraandMr.MakotoSuzukiofMSCJapan(onlythe2ndday).Thepre-assessmentteamalsohadregularconversationswiththeclient,KaikoBussan,Ltd.,toaskquestionsaboutthefisheryandobtaindocumentation,facilitatedbyclientliaison,Shin-IchiMatsuura,ofFisheriesTechno-servicesCO.,Ltd.(FIT).
SummaryofFindings
Overall,theFunabashiFisheriesCooperativeJapaneseseaperchfisherydoesnotyetappeartobecompatiblewithachievingapassingscoreagainsttheMSCstandard.Basedonthecurrentstateofthefisheryandevidenceprovidedtotheassessmentteam,thefisherywouldnotpresentlypassanyofthethreeMSCPrinciples(1,2,&3).IneachPrinciplethereisatleast1PerformanceIndicator(PI)thatfallsbelowSG60,representingapre-conditiontocertification.
InordertoachievecertificationafisherymusthavezeroPIsthatfallunderSG60,andeachoneandallofthethreePrinciplesmustscoreanaverageof80orhigher.
ForPrinciple1,fisherystrengthsincludethestockstatusofseaperch,whichappearstobeatlowriskofhavingpoorstatus.However,thereissomeuncertaintybecauseseaperchabundanceandproductivityindicatorsarenotregularlymonitoredorusedformakingmanagementdecisions.Anotherstrengthisthattheclientfisherymakeseffortstoavoidharvestingjuvenileseaperchandreleasingthosethatareincidentallycaught.OnemajorissuethataffectsscoringofPrinciple1PIsisthelackofprecautionaryharvestcontrolstrategiesthatrespondtothestateoftheseaperchstock,whichislinkedtothelackofstockstatusmonitoring.TwoPIsscoredatthe60to80level,whilethreePIsscoredbelowthe60level.
ForPrinciple2,positivesincludethequantitativecatchinformationcollectedonprimaryspeciesstocks,suchasJapanesesardine,whichareregularlyassessedbytheFisheriesResearchAgency.However,thelackofdocumentedmanagementmeasuresorharveststrategiesforprimary,secondary,andETPspeciesloweredscoresofmanagement-relatedPIs(PIs2.1.2,2.2.2,2.3.2).LimitedmonitoringofencounterswithETPspeciesandfishedhabitatsledtolowerscoresforPrinciple2PIsrelatedtoinformationavailability.NinePIsscoredatthe60to80level,whilefivePIsscoredbelowthe60level.WehadinsufficientinformationtoscorePI2.5.1,forwhichrisk-basedframework(RBF)toolsmaybeemployedinfullassessment.ForthePrinciple3,thefisheryhasstrengthsinthatallpurse-seinevesselsoperatingunderFunabashiFisheriesCooperativeareclearlyidentifiedanddefined.Howeverduetotheperceivedabundanceofseaperch,thefisheryislackingprecautionarymeasuresorrulesessentialforalignmentwithsustainablefisheriesmanagementaccordingtotheMSCstandard.AmongPlsunder
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P3,6PIsscoredbetween60-80and1PIsfellbelow60.AllofthePIsscoredbelow60andmanyofbetween60-80dealswithfisheryobjectivesespeciallylong-termobjectivesandmonitoring/surveillancemechanismtomakesuretheobjectivesareachievableinprecautionaryfashion.However,severalofthosePIsbelow60havepotentialstoearnhigherscoresiftheclientandrelatedstakeholdersarecooperativeenoughtoassemblealltheexistinginformalpracticesintoexplicitandtransparentforms.AllscoresandrationalesprovidedareconsideredpreliminaryandarenotbindingtoscoringandrationalesinfuturefullMSCassessment.
2. IntroductionThisreportsetsouttheresultsofaMarineStewardshipCouncilpre-assessmentoftheFunabashiFisheriesCooperativepurseseinefisheryforJapaneseseaperchinTokyoBay,ChibaPrefecture.ThisassessmentreferstotheMarineStewardshipCouncil’s(MSC)PrinciplesandCriteriaforSustainableFishing(the‘MSCstandard’).ProductsoriginatingfromMSCcertifiedfisheriesareeligibletocarrytheblue-eco-labeloftheMSC.Theblueeco-labelisasymbolthatiseasilyrecognizedbyconsumerssothattheycanbeconfidentthattheyarepurchasingaseafoodproductthatoriginatesfromasustainablesource.Thispre-assessmentwillaidindeterminingwhetherthisfisherymaybepreparedforanMSCassessment.Thereportcanprovideguidanceonlyandtheoutcomeofafullassessmentwillbethesubjectofdeliberationbyanassessmentteam.AfullMSCassessmentwouldnotnecessarilybeinfluencedbytheresultsofthispre-assessment.IntheMSCassessmentprocess,theburdenofproofisonthefishery.Theassessmentteammayonlyconsiderinformationthatisalsoavailabletothepublicanditistheclient’sresponsibilitytoassembleaninformationpackagefortheassessmentteam.TheMSCassessmentprocessisalsoapublicprocesswherethepublicisinvitedtoengageincontributingtotheassessment.
2.1 Aims/scopeofpre-assessmentTheprincipalaimofthepre-assessmentistodetermine,onthebasisofinformationmadeavailablebytheclient,thepositionofthefisheryinrelationtotheMarineStewardshipCouncil(MSC)PrinciplesandCriteria.Inparticular,thepre-assessmentwill:
• Outlinethekeycomponentsofthefisheryanddeterminethescopeofthemaincertification• Identifyanyobstaclesorproblemsforcertification• Providearecommendationonwhetherornotthefisherymaybereadytoproceedwith
MSCcertificationItshouldbenotedthatnoverificationofinformationorcontactingofstakeholdershastakenplaceatthisstage.ThiswouldbepartofafullMSCassessmentwhichisopentopublicscrutinyandcomment.Thisreportsetsout:
§ Speciesbiologyanddescriptionofthefishery
§ Geographicrange
§ Life-cycleandreproduction
§ Roleofthefishspeciesintheecosystem
§ Stocksinthearea
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§ TheUnitofCertificationinPre-Assessment
§ Historicalbackgroundofthefisheryandresearch
§ Descriptionoffisherymanagement
§ Otherfisheriesinthevicinity
§ Dispositionoftheproduct
§ Stakeholders
§ PreliminaryevaluationofthefisheryagainsttheMSCPrinciplesandCriteria
§ ObstaclesorproblemstocertificationforthefisheryintheformofpotentialConditionstomeetbeforeenteringfullassessment
§ Arecommendationastowhetherornotthefisheryshouldmovetomainassessmentatthistime
§ DescriptionofnextstepsintheCertificationprocess
2.2 Constraintstothepre-assessmentofthefisheryThefisheryclientandstakeholdersweconsultedweregenerousinsharingavailableinformation,butonelimitationwasthatabundanceofthetargetspeciesisnotregularlymonitoredorassessed.Japan’sMinistryofAgriculture,Forestry,andFisheries(MAFF)collectsandreportscatchdata,butcatchinformationaloneisinsufficientforevaluatingstockstatus.TheNationalInstituteofEnvironmentalResearchconductssurveysinTokyoBayandestimatesCPUEforseaperch,soweincludedthatinformationinthisreport.
2.3 Unit(s)ofAssessmentTheclientcompany,KaikoBussan,harvestsJapaneseseaperchinTokyoBayusingmid-sizedroundhaulnets,whicharealsocalledpurseseines.TherearethreefisheriescooperativesinChibaprefecturethatincludepurseseinevesselstargetingseaperch:theFunabashiFisheriesCooperative,theFuttsuFisheriesCooperative,andtheTateyamaFisheriesCooperative.KaikoBussanbelongstotheFunabashiFisheriesCooperative,whosemembershipincludesatotalof6purseseinevessels,4ofwhichbelongtoKaikoBussan.TheFuttsuandTateyamaFisheriesCooperativesoversee4and2purseseinevessels,respectively.ThusinChibaprefecture,thereareatotalof12purseseinevesselstargetingseaperch.WethereforedefinedtheUnitofAssessment(UoA)asdescribedinTable2.3.Table2.3:DescriptionofthefisheryUoA.Thereis1unitforconsideration.
Stock/Species
(FCRV2.07.4.7.1)
MethodofCapture
(FCRV2.07.4.7.2)
Fishingfleet
(FCRV2.07.4.7.3)
TokyoBayJapaneseseaperch(Lateolabraxjaponicus)
Theremaybetwostocks,one
Purseseines TheFunabashiFisheriesCooperativeoperatingoutofChibaprefectureoversees6purseseinevesselsthat
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intheinnerbayandoneintheouterbay.However,thereisnostock-specificmonitoringofabundanceorcatch,sowesuggestincludingbothstockswithinthisUoA.
harvestseaperchinTokyoBay.These6vesselscomprisetheUoA.
InMSCassessments,theUnitofCertification(UoC)mayencompasstheentireUoA,orincludeonlyasubsetoffishingvessels.Theclientmaydeterminethisatthetimeofenteringfullassessment.IfthisoccursthentheUnitofCertificationwouldbesmallerthantheUnitofAssessment,andtherewillbe“othereligiblefishers”–vessels/operators/fisherswhoseimpactshavebeenassessedintheUnitofAssessment,butwhoarenotallowedbytheclienttobe“onthecertificate”andthereforeeligibletohavetheirproductcarrytheMSCecolabel.TheUnitofCertification(UoC)hasnotyetbeendefined,butislikelytobecomposedoftheKaikoBussanfleetoffourpurseseinevessels.TwoadditionalpurseseinevesselsbelongtotheFunabashiFisheriesCooperativeandareconsideredpartoftheUoA,buttheirownermaynotbeinterestedincertification.OutsideoftheFunabashiFisheriesCooperative,therearetenpurseseinevesselsthatharvestseaperchinTokyoBay.ThreeprefecturesborderTokyoBay:Chiba,Kanagawa,andTokyo.WithinChibaprefecture,2vesselsbelongtotheTateyamaFisheriesCooperative,and4vesselsbelongtotheFuttsuFisheriesCooperative(Ohno,Kazuhiko,pers.comm.03/15/16).WithinKanagawaprefecture,therearetenlicensedsmallpurseseinevesselsthattargetseaperch(Ohno,Kazuhiko,pers.comm.03/15/16).Tokyoprefectureharvestssmallerquantitiesofseaperch(141mtcaughtbyallgeartypesin2014,accordingtoMAFF),andthemetropolitangovernmentdoesnotissuelicensesfortrawlersorpurseseinevessels(TokyoMetropolitanGovernment,pers.comm.,03/26/2016).HarvestsforTokyoprefecturearetypicallyfromgillnetfishers,whodonotrequirelicenses(TokyoMetropolitanGovernment,pers.comm.,03/26/2016).Eachprefecturehasitsownfisheriesmanagementscheme,andmanagementmeasuresmayvaryamongcooperativesaswell.Thus,thesetenpurseseinevesselsarenotconsideredeligiblefishers.TokyoBayseapercharealsoharvestedbyothergeartypes(e.g.trawlsandgillnets)andbyrecreationalfishers,butthesefisheriesshouldnotbeincludedintheUoAbecausegearimpactsdifferandarenotassessedunderthecurrentUoAscope.TheremaybetwoseaperchstockswithinTokyoBay,butwedonotrecommenddefiningaseparateUoAforeachstockduetolackofstock-specificmonitoring.
2.4 TotalAllowableCatch(TAC)andCatchDataThereisnoTACorofficialcatchlimitforseaperch.However,catchinformationfromtheclient,theFunabashiFisheriesCooperative,andMAFFisshowninTable2.4.TheclientfisheryisbasedinFunabashi,acitywithinChibaprefecture.Recreationalcatchesarenottypicallymonitored,sothereisinformationforonlyoneyearwhenastudywasconducted(MAFF2008).CatchstatisticsforChiba,KanagawaandJapantotalincludeanotherseaperchspecies(Lateolabraxlatus)andaquacultureproduction.BasedoncatchdatafromtheFunabashiFisheriesCooperative,UoAseaperchharvestsaveraged436mtperyearfrom2003to2014,whileclient(KaikoBussan)harvestsaveraged279mtperyearfrom2007to2014(Table2.4).Theclientcatchthereforerepresentsabout64%ofUoAcatch.KaikoBussanusespurseseinevesselsthatare13tonnes.
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ThetwomaingeartypesusedbytheUoAtoharvestseapercharepurseseineandtrawl,particularlysince2008(seeTable2.4).Asmentionedpreviously,16purseseinevesselsbasedinChibaandKanagawaprefecturestargetseaperchinTokyoBay.AccordingtotheChibaandKanagawaprefecturalgovernments,thereare239smalltrawlers(eachvessel<15tons)inChibaand93smalltrawlersinKanagawathatarelicensedtofishinTokyoBay(KatanoandKato,pers.comm.,03/16/16).However,notalllicenseholdersfish.OutofTokyoPrefecture,therearenolicensedpurseseineortrawlvessels,butthereisanactivegillnetfishery.Table2.4Seaperchcatchdata(inmetrictons).‘MAFF’referstodatafromMAFF,whichcovercommercialcatches,while‘rec.’referstorecreationalcatches.Sources:catchrecordsfromKaikoBussan,FunabashiFisheriesCooperative,andallPrefectureleveldata(Chiba,Kanagawa,andTokyo)arefromMAFF.
Year
KaikoBussan(seine)
FunabashiFCA(seine)
FunabashiFCA(trawl)
FunabashiCity(total)
Chiba(MAFF)
Chiba(rec.)
Kanagawa(MAFF)
Tokyo(MAFF)
Japantotal(MAFF)
2003 376 329 2000 686 105 101362004 494 202 833 1964 814 123 100522005 517 365 1138 2426 844 152 105782006 468 439 1532 2887 955 141 114422007 305 490 422 1529 2803 756 159 107662008 305 439 586 1033 2659 19 674 134 102512009 238 361 5296 871 2140 723 114 89502010 288 424 5206 950 2316 561 109 89682011 277 390 4336 841 2053 678 95 84122012 250 377 440 822 2158 630 117 85182013 296 476 475 891 1978 503 131 78012014 272 429 401 2168 711 141 8065
3. Descriptionofthefishery3.1 ScopeofthefisheryinrelationtotheMSCprogrammeTheFunabashiFisheriesCooperative JapaneseSeaPerch fisheryhasbeen foundtomeetscope requirements(FCRv2.07.4)forMSCfisheryassessmentsasit
§ Does not operate under a controversial unilateral exemption to an international agreement, usedestructive fishingpractices, targetamphibians,birds, reptilesormammalsand isnotoverwhelmedbydispute;(FCR7.4.1.1,7.4.1.2,7.4.1.3,7.4.2)
§ Thefisherydoesnotengageinsharkfinning,hasmechanismsforresolvingdisputes(FCR7.4.2.1),andhasnotpreviouslypre-conditionedassessmentorhadacertificatewithdrawn.
§ Isnotanenhancedor IPIfishery, isnotbasedonan introducedspecies(FCR7.4.3,7.4.4,7.4.13-15).Although aquaculture of sea perch is still practiced in some parts of Japan, there has been noaquacultureorjuvenilereleasesinTokyoBayforatleastthepasttenyears.
§ DoesnotoverlapwithanotherMSCcertifiedorapplicantfishery(7.4.16),
§ Anddoesnotincludeanentitysuccessfullyprosecutedforviolatingforcedlaborlaws(7.4.1.4)
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Duringfullassessment,theUnitofAssessment,theUnitofCertification,andeligiblefisherswillbeclearlydefined,traceabilityriskscharacterized,andtheclientwillgiveaclearindicationoftheirpositionrelativetocertificatesharing(7.4.6-7.4.12).
3.2 OverviewofthefisherySeaperchareaculturallyimportantfishthathavehistoricallybeenusedasreligiousofferings(AssociationforPromotionofNationalRichOceans2015).Theyarehighlydesirableforhumanconsumption,andinadditiontobeingfishedcommercially,seaperchareapopulartargetspeciesforrecreationalfishermen.Recreationalharvestsaresmallcomparedtocommercialharvests(Table2.4).TokyoBay(Figure1)producesthelargestproportionofJapan’stotalwildcaptureseaperchharvestinChibaprefecture(averageof85%from1958to1997;OceanPolicyResearchFoundation2012).Seapercharecaughtusinggillnets,smallbottomtrawls,purseseines(includingroundhaulnets),poleandline,andsetnets.Seaperchmayalsobecaughtonlonglines,althoughlonglinecatchesarerelativelysmall(Nagano,Ayumu,pers.comm.02/18/2016).Theassessmentteamreceiveddataonclientpurseseinecatches,FunabashiFisheriesCooperativecatches(purseseineandtrawl),aswellastotalcommercialcatchesforFunabashiCityandChibaprefecture.SomegillnetfishingtakesplaceunderChibaprefecturalmanagement,andsmall-scalepoleandlinefishingmayoccuraswell.Informationonallgeartypesused,includingrecreationalgeartypes,andtheirlandingswouldrequireverificationinfullassessment.TherelativeimportanceofseaperchtoTokyoBayfisherieshasincreasedovertime,ascatchesofsomeotherspecies(e.g.marbledsoleandmantisshrimp)havedecreased(IshiiandKato2005).
Figure1.MapofTokyoBayarea,includinglocationsandgeographicfeaturesrelevanttothefishery.Someeditsmadetooriginalimagefromhttp://www.geo4u.net/jpkanynb.html
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Theclientfisheryunderassessmentusesmediumsizepurse-seinevesselstargetingmainlyseaperchoperatingunderlicensesissuedbytheGovernorofChibaPrefecture.TheclientvesselsbelongtotheFunabashiFisheriesCooperative,whichisoneof32fisheriescooperativeassociations(FCAs)underChibaPrefecturalmanagement(knownastheFisheriesFederation).FunabashiFCA’smembershipencompassesmultiplefishingactivitiesandincludesthefollowingindividualhumanmembers:43fromtrawlfisheries,3frompurseseinefisheries,16fromseaweed(nori)cultivation,52fromshellfishproduction,3fromclamproduction,and41youngergenerationmembers(FunabashiFCA,pers.comm.,03/24/2016).Theyoungergenerationmembersarefishermenunderage60whomeettodiscussthefutureofthefishery.Theyarenotaffiliatedwithaspecificgeartype.Threeindividualpurse-seineoperatorsunderFunabashiFisheriesCooperativeformedtheTokyoBayNorthernPurseSeineOperators’Cooperative(Tokyo-wanHokubuMakiamiJigyoKyoudoukumiai)(FunabashiFCA).TwooftheseoperatorscompriseKaikoBussan:Mr.KazuhikoOhno(holdstwofishinglicencesfortwovessels)andMr.Nakamura(holdstwofishinglicencesfortwovessels).Thethirdoperator,Mr.KazutoshiOhno(holdstwofishinglicencesfortwovessels),isnotpartofKaikoBussanbutisincludedintheUnitofAssessment.TheTokyoBayNorthernPurseSeineOperators’Cooperativeisthedirectmanagementgroupofthefisheryinscope,butitmainlydealswiththemanagementofsharedshipwaysandmooringposts.Fisheriesmanagementishandledprimarilybythehighmanagementauthority:theFunabashiFisheriesCooperative.TokyoBaypurseseinefisheriestargetseaperch,Japanesesardine(Sardinopsmelanostictus,マイワシ),dottedgizzardshad(Konosiruspunctatus,コノシロ),chubmackerel(Scomberjaponicus,マサバ),andJapanesejackmackerel(Trachurusjaponicus,マアジ),althoughcatchesofchubmackerelandjackmackerelarerelativelysmall(Table3.4.1).Otherspeciesthatarenottargetedbutareretainedincludeflatheadgreymullet(Mugilcephalus,ボラ),redbarracuda(SphyraenapinguisGunther,カマス),silvercroaker(Pennahiaargentata,シログチ),spotnapeponyfish(Nuchequulanuchalis,ヒイラギ),Japaneseblackseabream(Acanthopagrusschlegeli,クロダイ),andJapaneseamberjack(Seriolaquinqueradiata,ブリ).
3.3 PrincipleOne:Targetspeciesbackground
BackgroundBiology
ThespeciesunderassessmentisJapaneseseaperch(Lateolabraxjaponicus;alsocommonlycalledJapaneseseabass),hereafterreferredtoasseaperch.InJapan,seapercharedistributedincoastalareasfromsouthernHokkaidoandsouthward.TheycanbefoundonoffthecoastintheEastChinaSea,aroundreefs,andwithinbays(KatoandIkegami2004).SeapercharealsofoundaroundtheKoreanpeninsula,Taiwan,andChina(AssociationforPromotionofNationalRichOceans2015).AnotherLateolabraxspecies,blackfinseabass(L.latus),isalsofoundinJapan.Nationalfisheriesstatisticsincludebothspecies,butmostoftheseaperchcatchinTokyoBayisL.japonicus.Accordingtotheclient,seaperchandblackfinseabasscanbeeasilydistinguishedbybodyshape,sothesearenotlikelytobeinseparableorpracticallyinseparable(IPI)species.Japanesenomenclatureforseaperchvariesbyfishsize,roughlyasfollows:koppa(fry),hakura(lessthan15cm),seigo(15-40cm),fukko(40-60cm),andsuzuki(>60cm).Malesmatureatage3aroundabodylengthof24.5cm,whilefemalesmatureatage4atalengthof34to37cm(AssociationforPromotionofNationalRichOceans2015).Seaperchareprotandrous,withmalesturninginto
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femalesastheybecomeolderandlarger(FroeseandPauly2015).Themaximumobservedsizeisabout90cm,andthemaximumage7years.Atalengthof51-61cm,femalefecundityis177,000to233,000eggs(AssociationforPromotionofNationalRichOceans2015).Thetrophiclevelis3.4accordingtoFishbase.org(FroeseandPauly2015).Japaneseseaperchcantoleratevaryingsalinityfromopenoceantofreshwater,andtheysometimesinhabitrivers(OceanPolicyResearchFoundation2012).AccordingtotheKanagawaFisheriesResearchInstitute,seaperchspawnfromautumntowinterincoastalreefareas.Spawningfemalesreleaseeggsatdepthsof30to40m.Eggsarebuoyantandhatchinaboutfourtofivedaysatawatertemperatureof14°C.Hatchedlarvaefloatforabouttwomonthsbeforedevelopingintoseigo,whentheyenterseagrassbedsand/ornearshoreriverstorear.Fryconsumezooplanktonsuchascopepodsandcladocerans,polychaetes,andlarvalshrimp.Adults(>20cminbodylength)consumeayu(Plecoglossusaltivelis),Japaneseanchovy(Engraulisjaponicus),Japanesejackmackerel(Trachurusjaponicus),Japanesesardine(Sardinopsmelanostictus),chubmackerel(Scomberjaponicus),Japanesetigerprawn(Marsupenaeusjaponicus),andJapanesehalfbeak(Hyporhamphussajori).Adultseaperchalsoconsumecrustaceans.Seaperchfryarepreyeduponbyacyprinid(���,Hemibarbusbarbus),Japanesedace(���,Tribolodonhakonensis),spinygoby(��,Acanthogobiusflavimanus),andlargerconspecifics(AssociationforPromotionofNationalRichOceans2015).Informationonpredatorsofadultseaperchwasnotprovided,buttheyarelikelyconsumedbylargerpiscivorousspeciessuchassharks(Shoji,Nakahiro,pers.comm,02/19/2016).InTokyoBay,mostspawningisthoughttooccurnearthemouthofthebay.Inaddition,eggshavebeenobservedoffthecoastsofMiurapeninsula,Uchibou,Futtsumisaki,andKannonzaki.Fromspringtofall,fishfromthebaymayinhabitthelowerreachesofriversincludingtheTamaRiver,ArakawaRiver,andEdoRiver.Seaperchhavebeenobservedasfaras154kmupstreamoftheToneRiverestuaryattheToneDam(OceanPolicyResearchFoundation2012).JuvenilesrearintheBanzutidalflatsandeelgrassbedsoftheFuttsutidalflats.AccordingtoahabitatstudyconductedinTokyoBay,seaperchusefreshwater,tideland,sandy,reef/rocky,anddeephabitats,withthelattertwohabitattypesusedforspawning(Akiyamaetal.2014).TokyoBayseaperchhavebiologicalcharacteristicsthatsuggestsomeresiliency(maturingatlessthanfiveyearsofage,highfecundity),butavailabilityofrearinghabitatandpreyspeciesmayconstrainproductivity.Additionally,TokyoBayseaperchstockshavebeensubjectedtohighlevelsofexploitationforsometime.Althoughthestocksappearsuitableforcommercialharvest,itisimportanttomonitorabundancetoavoidoverfishing.
Stockstatus
TherearethoughttobetwoseaperchstocksinTokyoBay,oneintheinnerbayandoneintheouterbay.Thetwostocksshowsomephysicaldifferencesincolorationandbodyshape,withtheouterbaystocklookingsomewhatsimilartoblackfinseabass,butthereappearstobenopreferentialharvestofonestockovertheother.TheTokyoBayseaperchstockshavenotbeenassessedinrecentyears,andChibafisherymanagementandresearchagencieshavenotconsistentlymonitoredabundance.Forthepurposesofthepre-assessment,thestockshavebeenconsideredtogether,butinafullassessmentpotentialdifferentialimpactsofthefisheryonthetwostocksmaybeevaluated.TheMinistryofAgriculture,Forestry,andFisheries(MAFF)collectsandpublishesnationalandprefecturalcatchstatistics.MAFFcollectsinformationbyhiringstatisticsinvestigatorswhodistributequestionnairesandgatherresponses,typicallyfromFCAs.MAFFstatisticsaggregatecatchesofthe
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twoLateolabraxspeciesfoundaroundJapan,Japaneseseaperch(L.japonicus)andblackfinseabass(L.latus),butseaperchcatcheswithininnerTokyoBayarealmostall(~99%)L.japonicus(Shoji,Norihiko,pers.comm.02/19/2016).AlthoughChibagovernmentagenciesdonotmonitorseaperchabundancedirectly,theNationalInstituteofEnvironmentalStudiesconductsresearchsurveysofmanyspecieswithinTokyoBay,includingseaperch.ProfessorMakotoShimizuofTokyoUniversitystartedthesurveyprogramin1977andcontinuedituntilhisretirementin1995.Therewasabreakinsamplinguntil2002,whenthesurveyprogramwastakenoverbytheNationalInstituteforEnvironmentalStudies.Surveyorssample20locationswithinTokyoBayfourtimesperyear:onceinthespring,summer,fall,andwinter.Theyuseabeamtrawlthatis5.5mwideand0.6mhigh,withameshsizeof3cminthecodend.Theytrawlfor10minutesataspeedoftwoknots,collectingfish,crustaceans,molluscs,andurchins(NationalResearchInstitute2015).Theythenestimatecatchperuniteffort(CPUE)foreachspecies,inbothnumbersandweight.CPUEestimatessuggestedthatseaperchabundancewashighin2004and2007,butthenstarteddecreasingin2012(Fig.2).Thesurveysalsosuggestthatsomecrustaceanspecies,whichareimportantpreyforseaperch,havedeclinedsharplyinabundanceafterthe1990s.
Figure2.CPUEofseaperchinTokyoBaybasedonresearchsurveys.TheyellowbarsrepresentCPUEinnumbersoffish(numbercaughtper10minutesoftrawling;lefty-axis),andthereddotsrepresentCPUEinvolume(gcaughtper10minuteoftrawling;righty-axis).Yearsareshownonthex-axis.Source:NationalResearchInstitute2015.
Thesesurveysdonotfocusonseaperchspecifically,andtheCPUEdatadonotappeartobeusedforseaperchmanagementbecausetheChibagovernmentgenerallyclaimsthatabundancesappearhighandstable.However,thesesurveydataarequitevaluablebecausetheyaretheonlyabundance-relatedinformationavailablethathasbeencorrectedforfishingeffort.Duetothelimitedabundanceinformationandlackofstockreferencepoints,weevaluatedTokyoBayseaperchstockstatususingtheProductivitySusceptibilityAnalysis(PSA)protocoldescribedinMSC’sRiskBasedFramework(RBF).ThePSAlooksattwomainelements,productivityandsusceptibility,eachofwhichisscoredbasedonrisktothestockinvolved.Productivityreflectstheabilityofaspeciestoreproducesuccessfully.Theassessmentteamusesstakeholderinputtoscoretheproductivityofeachdata-deficientspeciesonathree-pointriskscale:low(1),medium(2)orhigh(3),usingthecut-offsinthetablebelow.
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Table 2. PSA Productivity Attributes and Scores. Source MSC FCR V2.0: Table PF4.
Susceptibilityconsidersthevulnerabilityoffishtocaptureandmortalityfromfishing.Theteamscoresthesusceptibilityofeachdata-deficientspeciesusingfoursusceptibilityattributes(arealoverlap(availability),encounterability,selectivity,andpost-capturemortalityona3-pointriskscale:high(3),medium(2)orlow(1),usingthecut-offsshowninthebelow.
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Table PF4: PSA Productivity attributes and scores
Productivity determinant High productivity (Low risk, score=1)
Medium productivity (medium risk, score=2)
High productivity (high risk, score=3
Average age at maturity <5 years 5-15 years >15 years
Average maximum age <10 years 10-25 years >25 years
Fecundity >20,000 eggs per year
100-20,000 eggs per year
<100 eggs per year
Average maximum size (not to be used when scoring invertebrate species)
<100 cm 100-300 cm >300 cm
Average size at maturity (not to be used when scoring invertebrate species)
<40 cm 40-200 cm >200 cm
Reproductive strategy Broadcast spawner Demersal egg layer Live bearer
Trophic Level <2.75 2.75-3.25 >3.25
Density dependence
‼ (to be used when scoring invertebrate species only)
Compensatory dynamics at low population size demonstrated or likely
No depensatory or compensatory dynamics demonstrated or likely
Depensatory dynamics at low population sizes (Allee effects) demonstrated or likely
PF4.4 PSA Step 2: Score the susceptibility attributes ◙
PF4.4.1 The team shall score the susceptibility of each data-deficient species. ‼
PF4.4.2 The team shall score 4 susceptibility attributes (areal overlap (availability), encounterability, selectivity and post-capture mortality) on a 3-point risk scale: high (3), medium (2) or low (1), using the cut-offs in Table PF5.
PF4.4.2.1 The team shall enter the 3-point scores into the “MSC RBF Worksheet” to calculate the overall susceptibility score.
PF4.4.2.2 Where there is limited information available to score a susceptibility attribute, the more precautionary score shall be awarded.
PF4.4.3 When scoring susceptibility, the team shall take into account the impacts of fisheries other than the UoA according to the following requirements:
PF4.4.3.1 When scoring PI 1.1.1, all fisheries impacting the given target stock shall be identified and listed separately. ◙
PF4.4.3.2 When scoring PI 2.1.1, all MSC UoAs impacting each main primary species shall be identified and listed separately. ◙
PF4.4.3.3 When scoring PI 2.2.1, if the UoA has main species with catches at 10% or more of the total catch by weight of the UoA, all MSC UoAs having a catch of the same species that is 10% or more of the total catch of the UoAs shall be identified and listed separately. a. If the UoA does not have main species with catches at 10% or more of
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Table3.PSASusceptibilityAttributesandScores.SourceMSCFCRV2.0:TablePF4.
OverallscoringofthePSA:oncethescoreshavebeendetermined,theteamusesanExcel-basedspreadsheetavailablefromMSC(the‘MSCRBFWorksheetv2)tocalculatea‘PSAScore’andthenconverttoaMSCscoreasfollows:Score Assessmentoutcome Risk 0–59 Fail High 60–79 Pass(withconditions) Medium 80–100 Pass(noconditions) Low ToscorethePSA,weusedavailableinformationgatheredduringthesitevisits.Forafullassessment,scoringwouldrequiremoreexplicitstakeholderinputandassistance(seeFCRPF4.2).Althoughtheremaybemorethanonestockofseaperchwithinthebay(innerbayandouterbaystocks),wegroupedthemforthisanalysisduetothelackofstock-specificinformation.ForthesusceptibilityportionofthePSA,weconsideredthepurseseineandbottomtrawlfisheriesconductedoutofFunabashi,becausetheyrepresentthetwomajorgeartypesusedtoharvestseaperchcommercially,andtheircombinedcatchesmakeupthethetotalUoAcatch(Table2.4).PSAscoresandrationalesaredescribedinTable3.3.
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the total catch by weight of the UoA, the team may elect to conduct the PSA on the UoA only.
PF4.4.3.4 When scoring PI 2.3.1, only the UoA shall be taken into account.
Table PF5: PSA Susceptibility attributes and scores
Susceptibility attribute Low susceptibility (Low risk, score=1)
Medium susceptibility (medium risk, score=2)
High susceptibility (high risk, score=3
Areal overlap (availability) Overlap of the fishing effort with a species concentration of the stock
<10% overlap 10-30% overlap >30% overlap
Encounterability The position of the stock/species within the water column relative to the fishing gear, and the position of the stock/species within the habitat relative to the position of the gear
Low overlap with fishing gear (low encounterability)
Medium overlap with fishing gear
High overlap with fishing gear (high encounterability) Default score for target species (P1)
Selectivity of gear type Potential of the gear to retain species
a Individual < size at maturity are rarely caught
a Individuals < size at maturity are regularly caught
a Individuals < size at maturity are frequently caught
b Individuals < size at maturity can escape or avoid gear
b Individuals < half the size at maturity can escape or avoid gear
b Individuals < half the size at maturity are retained by gear
Post-capture mortality (PCM) The chance that, if captured, a species would be released and that it would be in a condition permitting subsequent survival
Evidence of majority released postcapture and survival
Evidence of some released postcapture and survival
Retained species or majority dead when released Default score for retained species (P1 or P2)
PF4.4.4 Where the impacts of fisheries other than the UoA are taken into account each fishery affecting the given stock shall be identified and listed separately. ◙
PF4.4.4.1 To account for impact of other fisheries on a given stock the team shall determine the contribution of each fishery on the total catch of the given stock. a. If precise catch data are available, weights for each fishery shall be
assigned according to known proportions of total catch of the given stock. ◙
b. If catch data are not available, a qualitative information-gathering process shall be used and documented to apply a weight to each fishery according to
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Table3.3.InformationusedtoconductProductivitySusceptibilityAnalysisforseaperch.PInumber1.1.1 StockStatus
A.ProductivityScoringelement(species)
Attribute Rationale ScoreAverageageatMaturity
3.5years.Seaperchmalestypicallymatureatage3,afterwhichtheymayturnintoadultfemalesaroundage4(AssociationforPromotionofNationalRichOceans2015)
1
Averagemaximumage
7years(FroeseandPauly2015) 1
Fecundity Estimatesoffemalefecundityrangefrom177,000to233,000eggs.Iftotallifespanisintherangeof7years,andfemalesmatureatage4,theywilllikelyreleaseatleast30,000eggsperyear(AssociationforPromotionofNationalRichOceans2015)
1
Averagemaximumsize
90cm(FroeseandPauly2015) 1
AveragesizeatMaturity
Malesmaturearoundabodylengthof24.5cm,whilefemalesmatureatalengthof34to37cm(AssociationforPromotionofNationalRichOceans2015)
1
Reproductivestrategy
Seaperchspawnfromautumntowinterincoastalreefareas.Eggsarebuoyantandhatchinaboutfourtofivedaysatawatertemperatureof14°C(OceanPolicyResearchFoundation2012).Thisinformationsuggestsbroadcastspawning.
1
Trophiclevel Thetrophiclevelis3.4basedonfooditems(FroeseandPauly2015). 3
DensitydependenceNotapplicable --
B.Susceptibility
Fisheryonlywherethescoringelementisscoredcumulatively
WhenscoringPI1.1.1,allfisheriesimpactingthegiventargetstockshallbeidentifiedandlistedseparately[FCRPF4.4.3].
Forthepurposesofthisanalysis,weconsideredallmajorcommercialgeartypesusedtoharvestseaperchinFunabashi(purseseine,bottomtrawl).
Fishery Funabashipurseseinefisheryforseaperch
Attribute Rationale Score
ArealOverlap
ThepurseseinefisherytargetsseaperchwithinTokyoBay,likelywithatleast30%arealoverlapbetweenfishingeffortandthestock.
3
Encounterability Purseseinesaretypicallyoperatedat10to30mdepth(Ohno,Kazukhiko,pers.comm.02/18/2016),whileseaperchareoftenfoundatdepthsofatleast5m.Thereislikelyhighoverlapwithfishinggear.
3
Selectivityofgeartype
Juveniles(<20cminbodylength)areregularlycaught,butthefishers 2
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releasethem(Ohno,Kazuhiko,pers.comm.02/18/2016).
Postcapturemortality
Therearenoquantitativeestimatesofpost-capturesurvival,butsomeofthereleasedindividualslikelysurvive.
2
Catch(weight)onlywherethescoringelementisscoredcumulatively
Averagecatchwas436mtfrom2003to2014(basedonFunabashiFisheryCooperativecatchrecords).
--
Fishery Funabashibottomtrawlfisheryforseaperch
Attribute Rationale Score
ArealOverlap
ThebottomtrawlfisherytargetsseaperchwithinTokyoBay,likelywithatleast30%arealoverlapbetweenfishingeffortandthestock.
3
Encounterability Thereislikelyhighoverlapbetweenthefishinggearandseaperchwithinthewatercolumn.
3
Selectivityofgeartype
Juvenilesaresometimescaughtintrawls,andtheclienthasheardthatfishersreleasethem.Verificationofreleaseswouldbeneededforafullassessment.
2
Postcapturemortality
Therearenoquantitativeestimatesofpost-capturesurvival,butsomeofthereleasedindividualslikelysurvive.
2
Catch(weight)onlywhere�thescoringelementisscoredcumulatively
Averagecatchwas428mtfrom2003to2014(basedonFunabashiFisheryCooperativecatchrecords).
--
ThePSAscoringworksheetgaveascoreof90forTokyoBayseaperch,whichsuggestslowriskandapre-assessmentscoreof≥80forPI1.1.1(seeAnnex1).Overall,itappearedthattheTokyoBayseaperchstockislikelyresilient,butthedecliningCPUEobservedinrecentyears(Figure2)isaconcern.Inthecaseofafullassessment,thefullRBFwouldbeappliedtothefishery,includingbothaconsequenceanalysis(CA)andaPSA.TheCABconductingtheassessmentwouldusestakeholderinputtocomplementanyavailablefishery-specificdataandscientificliteratureforscoringtheseanalyses.FormorebackgroundontheMSCRiskBasedFramework,seeSection6.1.1andtheMSCwebsite:https://www.msc.org/about-us/standards/fisheries-standard/msc-risk-based-framework.
PresentdayfisherymanagementTokyoBayproducesthelargestproportionofChiba’stotalwildcaptureseaperchharvest(averageof85%from1958to1997;OceanPolicyResearchFoundation2012).Seapercharecaughtusinggillnets,smallbottomtrawls,purseseines(includingroundhaulnets),poleandline,andsetnets.Seaperchmayalsobecaughtonlonglines,althoughlonglinecatchesarerelativelysmall.TherelativeimportanceofseaperchtoTokyoBayfisherieshasincreasedovertime,ascatchesofsomeotherspecies(e.g.marbledsoleandmantisshrimp)havedecreased(IshiiandKato2005).
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SeapercharecurrentlyharvestedinTokyoBaybycommercialandrecreationalfisheries.Recreationalharvestsaresmallcomparedtocommercialharvests(seeTable2.4),andasignificantproportionofrecreationalfishers(perhapsabout50%)practicecatchandrelease,especiallyforsmallerseaperchlessthan30-40cminlength(OzakiandShoji2001;Nagano,Ayumu,pers.comm.02/18/2916).Therearenoofficialcatchlimitsforseaperch,althoughsomefishers,includingtheclient,attempttoreleasesmalljuveniles(Shoji,Norihiko,pers.comm.02/19/2016).Fishershaveexpressedinterestinmaintainingabundanceofseaperch,possiblythroughrestrictionsonfishingeffort(Nagano,Ayumu,pers.comm.02/18/2016).FishingareaswithinTokyoBayareshowninFigure3.RelevantfisherycooperativesmanagefishingactivitieswithinthesetnetandjointfisheriesrightsareasforallfisheriesinTokyoBay(Ohno,Kazukhiko,pers.comm.03/18/16).LicensedfishersthatbelongtoChibaprefecturecanoperatewithintheChibaharborboundariesontheeastsideofTokyoBay,whilefishersthatbelongtoKanagawaprefecturecanoperatewithinKanagawaharborboundariesonthewestsideofTokyoBay(seeFigure3).Fisherswithalicensefromeitherprefecturecanfishinthemiddleofthebayundertherespectivefishingregulationsstipulatedbytheirlicense,prefecture,localfisherycooperativeassociation(FCA)(e.g.FunabashiFisheriesCooperativevesselscontinuetofishviaChibaPrefecturelicenserequirementsandtheCooperativemanagementplanregulationswhileinfishingoutsideofChibaPrefecturewaters)(Ohno,Kazukhiko,pers.comm.03/18/16).TheclientfisheryhaspurseseinelicensesfromChibaprefectureandcanfishinthemiddleandeasternpartsofTokyoBay.Somefishersintheclientcompanykeeplogbooks,recordinginformationsuchasvesseldeparture/arrivaltime,fishinglocations(areadescriptionsratherthanGPScoordinates),catchvolumes,weatherinformation,andnumberofnetcasts(Ohno,Kazukhiko,pers.comm.03/18/16).Logbooksarenotmandatory,andtherearenoofficiallogbookregulations(Ohno,Kazukhiko,pers.comm.03/18/16).Logbookdataarenotverifiedbyexternalparties.TheChibaandKanagawaprefecturalgovernmentsoverseeTokyoBayfisheriesbasedonnationallegalframeworksandareresponsibleforissuingfishinglicenses.TheKantoAgriculturalAdministrationBureau(KantoNoseiKyoku),whichistheKantoarea’sbranchofMAFF,isresponsibleforcollectingcatchstatisticsbygeographicarea,speciesandgeartype.ThisbureaucollectsstatisticsfromeachFCA,whileFCAscollectdatafromtheirwholesalers.Howevertheremaybesomemissingcatchdatabecausetherearesomefishermenwhoselltoothersupplychains,suchasdirectsalesthoughtheinternet(FunabashiFCA,pers.comm.02/18/16).MAFFcollectsfisheriesinformationbyhiringstatisticsinvestigatorswhodistributequestionnairesandgatherresponses.
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Figure3.MapofareasallottedfordifferentfisheryrightswithinTokyoBay.Source:JapanCoastGuard.Demarcatedfisheryrightsandsetnetareasarenotrelevanttothepurseseineseaperchfishery.Purseseinescanbeoperatedinjointfisheriesrightsareas,butbecausepurseseinescannotbeusedinwatershallowerthan8m,theycanbeusedinonlyalimitedportionofthosejointareas(Nagano,Ayumu,pers.comm.,03/28/2016).
Seaperchareactivelycultured,andartificiallyproducedjuveniles(referredtoasseedlings)usedtobereleasedinTokyoBay,ontheorderof60,000to300,000seedlingsperyearfrom1983to2003
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(Shojietal.2002).Ingeneral,FisheriesPromotionFoundations(KouekiZaidanHoujinSuisanKinkouKyoukai),whichareaffiliatedwithprefecturalgovernments,manageseedlingreleases.ChibahasaFisheriesPromotionFoundationthatcurrentlyreleasesredseabreamandflounderseedlings(ChibaFisheriesPromotionFoundation2015).However,seaperchseedlingshavenotbeenreleasedinTokyoBaywithinthepasttenyearsbecausecatcheshavebeenstableevenwithoutstocking.SeapercharestillculturedinsomeareasofJapan,butinmanycasestheculturedseaperchareafastergrowerlineagefromChinacalledbyadifferentname(tairikusuzuki).Itisimportanttonotethatshouldanyenhancementactivitiesrecommencethefisherywouldbeconsideredan“EnhancedFishery”undertheMSCStandardandwouldberequiredtoa)befoundincompliancewithspecialscopingrequirements(FCRV2.0Table1),andifso,thenb)beassessedunderamodifiedassessmenttreeinaccordancewithFCRV2.07.7.4).TheFunabashiFisheriesCooperativehasitsownmanagementplanthatmembersareencouragedtofollow(FunabashiFisheriesCooperative2011).Participants’names,vessels,vesselnumbers,andfishinglicensenumbersareregisteredandtrackedeachseason.ManagementmeasuresforpurseseinefisheriesrelevanttoPrinciple1include:
• nofishinginFebruary• releaseofseabreamandflounderjuvenilesproducedviaaquaculture
ThefisheryclosureinFebruaryismotivatedbythepoorerfleshquality(andhencelowervalue)ofseaperchcaughtduringthatmonth,butitalsofallsduringthetailendoftheseaperchspawningseasoninTokyoBay,whichrunsfromtheendofOctobertotheendofFebruary(OceanPolicyResearchFoundation2012).Sotheclosuremayhelpreduceimpactsonspawners,butonlyontheproportionthatsurvivesuntilFebruary.Bothofthesemeasuresarevoluntaryandarenotgovernmentrequirements.Theplanspecifiesthatthefisherycooperativewilltakeappropriateactionsifparticipantsdonotcomplywiththesemeasures.
3.4 PrincipleTwo:Ecosystembackground
AllspeciesthatareaffectedbytheUnitofAssessment,whetherornottheyarepartoftheUnitofCertification,areconsideredunderPrinciple2(P2).Thisincludesspeciesthataremanagedviabiologicalreferencepoints(assessedunderPerformanceIndicator2.1),notactivelymanagedviabiologicalreferencepoints(PerformanceIndicator2.2),andspeciesthatareconsideredendangered,threatenedorprotectedbythegovernmentinquestion(Japan)orarelistedbytheConventionofInternationalTradeofEndangeredSpecies(CITESAppendixI)(PerformanceIndicator2.3).ThissectioncontainsanevaluationofthetotalimpactofthefisheryonallcomponentsinP2andincludesbothobservedandunobservedfishingmortality.Unobservedmortalitymayoccurfromillegal,unregulatedorunreported(IUU)fishing,biotathatareinjuredandsubsequentlydieasaresultofcomingincontactwithfishinggear,ghostfishing,waste,orbiotathatarestressedanddieasaresultofattemptingtoavoidbeingcaughtbyfishinggear.Thissectionalsoconsidersimpactsonmarinehabitats(PerformanceIndicator2.4)andtheecosystemmorebroadly(PerformanceIndicator2.5).
ScopeofP2
TheanalysisforP2ismadeconsideringthattheUoAisdefinedasFunabashiFisheriesCooperativepurseseinefisheriestargetingseaperchinTokyoBay.TheclientprovidedannualcatchdataforallsixFunabashiFCApurseseinevesselsfrom2003to2014.Thedataincludedcatchvolumesforsea
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perch,Japanesesardine,chubmackerel,Japanesejackmackerel,andgizzardshard,whicharecommerciallyvaluable.Theclientdescribedapproximatecatchvolumesforothernon-targetspecies(suchasflatheadgreymulletandsilvercroaker)inthefisheryapplicationtoSCS,butatimeseriesofcatchvolumesforthesenon-targetspecieswasnotprovided.Ifcatchvolumesofnon-targetspeciesareregularlymonitored,thosedatawouldneedtobeprovidedinafullassessment.
HarmonizationandCumulativeImpacts
ToensurethatthecumulativeimpactofallMSCfisheriesiswithinsustainablelimits,aUoAassessedagainststandardV2.0mayneedtoconsiderthecombinedimpactofitselfandotheroverlappingUoAs.ThisdeterminationwillincludeotherUoAsassessedagainstearlierversionsoftheCR(e.g.,V1.3).UoAsassessedusingdefaulttreespriortoCRv2.0wouldnothavetomakethisevaluation.
V2.0oftheMSCstandardrequiresthatanyfisheryunderassessmentthathasspatialoverlapwiththeUnitsofAssessmentofanyotherMSCcertifiedfisheries,beexplicitlyconsideredinPrinciple2.
‘OverlappingUoAs’areassessedatdifferentlevelsdependingonwhichPIisevaluated.ForP2primaryspecies,teamsneedtoevaluatewhetherthecumulativeimpactofoverlappingMSCUoAshinderstherecoveryof‘main’primaryspecies.Forsecondaryspecies,cumulativeimpactsonlyneedtobeconsideredincaseswheretwoormoreUoAshave‘main’catchesthatare‘considerable’,definedasaspeciesbeing10%ormoreorthetotalcatch.ForETPspecies,thecombinedimpactsofMSCUoAsneedstobeevaluated,butonlyincaseswhereeithernationaland/orinternationalrequirementssetcatchlimitsforETPspecies.
AlloftherequirementsforcumulativeimpactsforspeciesareapplicabletotheirrespectiveOutcomePIs.Forhabitats,incontrast,cumulativeimpactsareevaluatedinthemanagementPI(2.4.2).Therequirementshereaimtoensurethatvulnerablemarineecosystems(VMEs)aremanagedsuchthattheimpactofallMSCUoAsdoesnotcauseseriousandirreversibleharmtoVMEs.
Therearenooverlapping,previouslyassessedUoAswithinTokyoBay.Thusharmonizationandassessmentofcumulativeimpactswithotherfisheriesdoesnotappearnecessary.
Overviewoftheaquaticecosystem
ThefisherytakesplaceinTokyoBay,whichconnectstothePacificOceanviatheUragaChannel(Figure1).TokyoBayhasadepthofabout50minitsdeepestparts,butthesouthernportionofthechannelhassubmarinecanyonsmorethan500mdeep(EncyclopediaofJapan2012).Thesurfaceareaofthebayisabout1500squarekm(EncyclopediaofJapan2012).TheTokyoBayenvironmenthasbeenconsiderablytransformedbyanthropogenicactivitieswithinthepastfiftytosixtyyears.About8000hectaresofTokyoBaytidalflatshavebeenlostduetolandreclamation,reducingavailablehabitatto1/8ofthelevelinthe1950s(Akimoto2013).TheBanzu,Sanbanze,andFuttsutidalflatsaresomeoftheonlynaturalportionsremainingofTokyoBay’s170kmcoastline,makingtheflatsvaluablehabitatforcoastalorganisms(OceanPolicyResearchFoundation2012).Riverinflows,whichincludewastewaterandagriculturalrunoff,havereducedwaterqualityandledtoincreasedpollution,eutrophication,andhypoxia.Hypoxicwatermassesareanotableconcernbecausemostfish,includingseaperch,cannotsurvivelowoxygenconditionsand
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willmovetoescapethesemasses(IshiiandKato2005).Hypoxiaisanevengreaterproblemforsessileorganisms,suchasclams,whichdiewhentheycannotescapehypoxicconditions.Landreclamationmayhaveledincreasedpersistenceofhypoxicwatermassesbycreatingareaswithdrasticdepthchangesthatexperiencelesswaterturnover.Damsandweirshavebeenconstructedonmanyrivers,reducingoreliminatingupstreamhabitatformanyspecies,includingthreatenedspeciessuchasayu(Plecoglossusaltivelis)andJapaneseeel(Anguillajaponica;OceanPolicyResearchFoundation2012).Thedamshavealsoreducedriverflowratesintothebay,contributingtoeutrophication(OceanPolicyResearchFoundation2012).AnotherenvironmentalconcerninTokyoBayisincreasingoccurrenceofhighwatertemperatures,whichmayaffectcirculationpatterns,seaweedcultivation,andhypoxia(Shoji,Nakahiro,pers.comm,02/19/2016).Trashandghostfishingfromlostfishinggeararealsoproblems(Shoji,Nakahiro,pers.comm,02/19/2016).ThepreviouslymentionedresearchsurveysconductedbytheNationalInstituteofEnvironmentalstudieshavebeenveryusefulforevaluatingchangesinpopulationdynamicswithintheTokyoBayecosystem(Horiguchi2005).Until1987,abundances(measuredasCPUE)ofmarbledflounder(Pseudopleuronectesyokohamae),dragonet(Repomucenusvalenciennei),andmantisshrimp(Oratosquillaoratoria)wereincreasing,butthentheydeclinedsharplydueatleastinparttoheavyfishingpressure.Mantisshrimppopulationshavenotrecovereddespitefishermen’svoluntaryeffortstostopcatchingthemsince2005(Kodama2014).Incontrast,seaperchabundancestartedincreasinginthe1990s,andabundancesofotherspecies,suchasskates(Okamejeikenojei)andcardinalfish(Apogonlineatus),havebeenrelativelyhighinrecentyears(OceanPolicyResearchFoundation2012,NationalInstituteofEnvironmentalStudies2015).Theincreasingabundanceoflargerpredatorssuchasskatesandsharkmayaffectdynamicsoftheirpreypopulations,includingseaperch(Shoji,Nakahiro,pers.comm,02/19/2016).
Primary,secondary,andETPspeciesAccordingtoMSCrequirementsforPrinciple2(FCR,SA3.1),primaryspeciesaredefinedas“specieswheremanagementtoolsandmeasuresareinplace,intendedtoachievestockmanagementobjectivesreflectedineitherlimitortargetreferencepoints.”Secondaryspeciesaredefinedas“speciesinthecatchthatarewithinthescopeoftheMSCprogrambutarenotconsideredprimaryorendangered,threatened,and/orprotected(ETP)species.”Non-targetspeciesarefurthercategorizedas‘main’iftheycomprisemorethanacertainproportionofthecatch(>2%forlessresilientspecies,>5%formoreresilientspecies).Inresponsetoinformationrequests,thefisheryclientprovidedalistofnon-targetspeciesareretainedorusedorsoldforbait(seeTable3.4.1).TheyalsoprovidedFunabashiFCApurseseinecatchdatafrom2003to2014forthecommerciallyimportantspecies(Japanesesardine,chubmackerel,Japanesejackmackerel,andgizzardshad).Formostoftheremainingnon-targetspecies,theclientprovidedanannualcatchestimateonthefisheryapplicationtoSCS.Theexceptionwasspotnapeponyfish,whichwasmentionedonlywhentheassessmentteamaskedaboutspeciesthatthefishersrelease.Whencalculating%oftotalcatch,atotalcatchof1307.5mtwasused,whichwastheaveragetotalcatchvolumeofcommerciallyimportantspeciesfrom2003to2014,pluscatchvolumesprovidedonthefisheryapplication.Table3.4.1.Classificationofprimaryandsecondaryspeciesforthepurposeofthepre-assessment.Catchvolumes(inmetrictons)and%catchinformationareforFunabashiFCApurseseinevessels.Forthefirstfourspecies,catchinformationwasaveragedfrom2003to2014.Fortheremainingspecies,catchdatawereprovidedinthefisheryapplicationtoSCS.
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Table 4. Overview of Non-target Catch in the UoA from 2003-2014 (data from Funabashi FCA).
Species Catchvolume(mt)
%oftotalcatch Classification
Japanesesardine(Sardinopsmelanostictus)
312.5 24.0 Mainprimary
Chubmackerel(Scomberjaponicus)
68.5 5.2 Mainprimary
Japanesejackmackerel(Trachurusjaponicus)
27.8 2.1 Minorprimary
Japaneseamberjack(Seriolaquinqueradiata)
0.4 <0.1 Minorprimary
Dottedgizzardshad(Konosiruspunctatus)
240.2 18.4 Mainsecondary
Flatheadgreymullet(Mugilcephalus)
15.5 1.2 Minorsecondary
Redbarracuda(Sphyraenapinguis)
11 0.84 Minorsecondary
Silvercroaker(Pennahiaargentata)
7.2 0.55 Minorsecondary
Japaneseblackseabream(Acanthopagrusschlegeli)
0.8 <0.1 Minorsecondary
Spotnapeponyfish(Nuchequulanuchalis)
-- -- Minorsecondary
WeevaluatedonlythemainprimaryandsecondaryspeciesforPIs2.1.1and2.2.1.Gizzardshadjuvenilesaregenerallyretainedduetotheircommercialvalue,butgreymulletjuvenilesarereleased.Clientfishersalsoattempttoreleaselivejuvenileredbarracuda,silvercroaker,andspotnapeponyfish,butthesespeciesapparentlyhavelowpost-capturesurvival.Recordsarenotkeptonnumbersofjuvenilesreleased.Inafullassessment,amorecohesivedatasetofnon-targetcatchofbothcommerciallyvaluableandnon-valuablespecieswouldberequired.PrimarySpeciesAlthoughJapandoesnotmanageitsfisheriestomeetspecifictargetreferencepoints,economicallyimportantspeciesareassessedannually,andscientistsestimateanallowablebiologicalcatch(ABC)fortheseassessedspecies.TheABCisusedtodetermineatotalallowablecatch(TAC)forsomespecies,includingJapanesesardine,Japanesejackmackerel,andchubmackerel.TACisusedasguidanceanddoesnotmeanthatcatchlimitsarestrictlyimposed,althoughtheJapanFisheriesAgencymaynotifyindividualfisheriesiftheircatchesarehigh.Wecategorizedtheseassessedspeciesasprimary.Forthisfishery,theonlymainprimaryspecieswereJapanesesardineandchubmackerel.JapanhastwostocksofJapanesesardine,oneintheJapanSeaandoneinthePacificOcean.ThePacificOceanstockisdistributedthroughoutthePacificOceanofftheJapancoastandisalsofoundinTokyoBay(Kawabataetal.2014a).Japan’scatchesofthisstockwerehighinthe1980s(wellover2millionmtannually),butfishingpressurewashigh(estimatedannualfishingmortalityrangedfrom20to60%),andcatchesfelldramaticallystartingaround1990.Since2000,nationalcatcheshavegenerallybeenlessthan150,000mt.Scientistsestimatetotalbiomassandspawningstockbiomassofthestockeachyearthroughcohortanalysis(Kawabataetal.2014a).Theirestimatessuggestthatbiomasshasbeenincreasingslightlysince2010,whenestimatedannualfishingmortalitywasreducedto15-20%(Kawabataetal.2014a).Thereisalimitreferencepointforspawningstockbiomass(Blim),definedasahistoricallylowestimateofspawningstockbiomass(221,000mt)thatwas
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observedin1996(Kawabataetal.2014a).The2013spawningstockbiomassestimateexceededtheBlimat484,000mt.The2014stockassessmentratedthePacificOceansardinestockas‘medium’statuswithanincreasingtrendwithinthepastfiveyears,basedonthe2013biomassestimate(714,000mt)inrelationtohistoricalbiomassestimates(Kawabataetal.2014a).Japanhastwostocksofchubmackerel,oneinthePacificOceanandonethatinhabitstheSeaofJapanandEastChinaSeaaroundtheTsushimaWarmCurrent.ThePacificOceanstockisdistributedthroughoutthePacificOceanofftheJapancoastandisalsofoundinTokyoBay(Kawabataetal.2014b).Scientistsestimatetotalbiomassandspawningstockbiomassofthestockeachyearthroughcohortanalysis(Kawabataetal.2014b).The2013biomassestimatewas1,360,000mt,whilethe2013spawningstockbiomassestimatewas41,000mt,whichwasbelowtheBlimof45,000mt.Blimisdefinedasahistoricallylowestimateofspawningstockbiomass,whichwasobservedin1985(Kawabataetal.2014b).The2014stockassessmentratedthePacificOceanchubmackerelstockas‘low’statuswithanincreasingtrendwithinthepastfiveyears,basedonthe2013spawningstockbiomassestimatebeingbelowBlim(Kawabataetal.2014b).Forthesetwomainprimaryspecies,theassessmentteamassumedtheBlimwasroughlyequivalentthepointbelowwhichrecruitmentmaybeimpaired(PRI).Overall,itappearsthatstockstatusandmanagementofprimaryspeciescanbeimproved.SecondarySpeciesWeevaluatedmainsecondaryspeciesunderPI2.2.1usingPSAduetothelackofstockstatusinformation.Forexample,whentheassessmentteamaskedaboutdottedgizzardshadduringsitevisits,stakeholdersmentionedthatabundancesarenotmonitored.Weobtainedinformationaboutbiologicalattributes(seeTable3.4.2)fromFishbase.org.Forsomeproductivitytraits,weusedrangesofestimatesfromcloselyrelatedspecieswithinthesamescientificfamily(Clupeidaefordottedgizzardshad).Wegenerallyassumedthatsusceptibilitytothefisherywashigh,andwhenscoringselectivity,consideredthatjuvenilegizzardshadaretargetedbecausetheyaremorecommerciallyvaluablethanadults.Whenjuvenilesarepreferentiallytargeted,productivityofthestockisnegativelyaffected,sothismaybeanissuethatwillbeinvestigatedfurtherinafullassessment.Wherenoinformationwasavailable,weusedthemoreprecautionaryscore.Overall,thePSAsuggestedthatPI2.2.1wouldscoreinthe60-79rangeforgizzardshad(Table3.4.2).Table3.4.2.Speciesbiologicalattributesformainsecondaryspecies.
Species Avgageatmaturity(years)
Avgmaxage
Fecundity(eggs)
Avgsizeatmaturity(cm)
Avgmaxsize(cm)
Reprod.strategy
Trophiclevel
Dottedgizzardshad
2 -- >100eggsperyear
15 32 broadcastspawner
2.9
Table3.4.3.PSAscoringtableformainsecondaryspecies.
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Thereappearstobelimitedinformationonabundancetrendsingizzardshad.GizzardshardwasnotmentionedintheTokyoBayresearchsurveymaterialsweobtainedfromtheNationalInstituteforEnvironmentalResearch.Theclientfisherykeepsrecordsonvolumesofgizzardshadtheycatch,butthisinformationrevealslittleaboutabundancetrendsorsustainabilityofcurrentharvestlevels.Endangered,Threatened,andProtectedSpeciesAccordingtotherelevantMSCCertificationrequirements(FCRV2.0),ETPspeciesincludethoselistedas:SA3.1.5.1 SpeciesthatarerecognisedbynationalETPlegislation;SA3.1.5.2: Specieslistedinthebindinginternationalagreementsgivenbelow:
a.Appendix1oftheConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpecies(CITES),unlessitcanbeshownthattheparticularstockoftheCITESlistedspeciesimpactedbytheUoAunderassessmentisnotendangered.b.BindingagreementsconcludedundertheConventiononMigratorySpecies(CMS),including:
i.Annex1oftheAgreementonConservationofAlbatrossandPetrels(ACAP);ii.Table1ColumnAoftheAfrican-EurasianMigratoryWaterbirdAgreement(AEWA);iii.AgreementontheConservationofSmallCetaceansoftheBalticandNorthSeas(ASCOBANS);iv.Annex1,AgreementontheConservationofCetaceansoftheBlackSea,MediterraneanSeaandContiguousAtlanticArea(ACCOBAMS);v.WaddenSeaSealsAgreement;vi.AnyotherbindingagreementsthatlistrelevantETPspeciesconcludedunderthisConvention.
SA3.1.5.3 Speciesclassifiedas‘out-ofscope’(amphibians,reptiles,birdsandmammals)thatarelistedintheIUCNRedlistasvulnerable(VU),endangered(EN)orcriticallyendangered(CE).InJapanthereisaRedDataBookthatidentifiesETPspeciesfoundwithinJapan(MinistryoftheEnvironment2015).Intermsofnationallegislation,JapanhasaLawfortheConservationofEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFlora(LawNo.75)thataimstoensuretheconservationofendangeredspeciesandcontributetoconservationofthenaturalenvironment(MinistryoftheEnvironment2016).ThereisalsoaWildlifeProtectionandHuntingLaw(LawNo.32)thataimstoprotectbirdsandmammalsbyplacingrestrictionsonhuntingandestablishingwildlifeprotectionareas(MinistryoftheEnvironment2016).NoneoftheseprotectedareasislocatedinTokyoBay.EachprefecturehasaRedListthatisincludedintheRedDataBook.ForChiba,Tokyo,andKanazawaprefectures,nomarinespeciesarelisted.However,theMinistryoftheEnvironmentdoesnotholdjurisdictionovermarineareas.TheJapanFisheriesAgencypublishesalistofaquaticorganismsthatarerelativelyrare,butthesearenotincludedintheRedDataBook(JapaneseFisheriesResourceConservationAssociation1998).SpeciesinTokyoBaythatappearintheabovementionednationallegislationand/orCITESAppendix1andIUCNRedlistspeciesinaccordancewithSA3.1.5.3wouldbeevaluatedforpotentialUoAimpactinfullassessment.NorecordsarekeptofincidentalcatchesofETPspecies.Birdsarereportedlycaughtonceortwiceayearwhentheroundhaulnetsareliftedfromthewater,anddolphinsorwhalesenterthenetsonrareoccasions.Onetimeaseaturtlewascaughtinthenet.Fishersattempttoreleaseanymarinemammalsorturtlesthatareincidentallycaughtandstillalive.Duringthesitevisits,weaskedaboutETPspeciesoccurringinTokyoBay,butnonewereidentified.Forafullassessment,amorethoroughevaluationshouldbeundertakenofanyETPspeciesencounteredinthefishery.
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Habitats
ForthepurposesofMSCassessment,mainhabitatsarethosethatareconsidered‘commonlyencountered’and/orvulnerablemarineecosystems(VME).‘Mainencountered’habitatsaccordingtoMSCFCRV2.0GSA3.13.3.1aredefinedas:“Commonlyencounteredhabitatswouldlikelyincludethosethatthetargetspeciesfavours,thattheUoA’sgearisdesignedtoexploit,and/orthatmakeupareasonableportionoftheUoA’sfishingarea.”VME’smaybecharacterizedbyuniquenessorrarity,functionalsignificance,fragility,life-historytraitsofcomponentspecies,andstructuralcomplexity(FCRGSA3.13.3.2).TheTokyoBayareahasbeenhighlyimpactedbyanthropogenicactivityanddevelopment.TheBanzu,Sanbanze,andFuttsutidalflatsaresomeoftheonlynaturalcoastlineareasremaining,makingthemimportantfortheTokyoBayecosystem.Vulnerablemarineecosystems(VMEs)suchascoldwaterreefsarenotthoughttooccurwithinthebay,butnotmuchresearchonVMEshasbeenconducted(Nagano,Ayumu,pers.comm.,02/18/2016).Seagrassbedsareimportantareasforspawningorrearingfish,andfisherymanagementaimstomaintainexistinghabitat(Nagano,Ayumu,pers.comm.,02/18/2016).However,itisnotclearwhetherdetailedinformationonhabitatdistributionandhealtharecollected,andsuchinformationwasnotprovidedtotheassessmentteam.Officialprotectionsdonotappeartobeinplace.Accordingtotheclient,theareastheyseinetypicallyhavesoft,sandybottoms,andpurseseinessometimescontacttheseafloor(Ohno,Kazuhiko,pers.comm.01/20/2016).Rockyormuddyseafloorhabitatsmayalsobeencountered.Netssometimesgetstuckonrocks,resultinginlostgearandpotentialghostfishing,althoughfisherswithintheclientfisheryattempttorecovernetswheneverpossible(Ohno,Kazuhiko,pers.comm.,02/19/2016).Intheclientfishery,roundhaulnetsaretypicallyusedatdepthsof10to30m.Netsarenotoperatedinwaterdepthsoflessthan8morwithin80mofnoriseaweedcultivationareas(Ohno,Kazuhiko,pers.comm.,02/19/2016).Becauselimitedhabitatinformationwasprovided,theassessmentteamusedtheRBFandaConsequenceSpatialAnalysis(CSA)toscorePI2.4.1.Weidentifiedandevaluatedtwomainhabitattypesbasedonavailableinformation:1)sandormudflatsand2)flatswithlargerrocks.WefollowedscoringguidelinesinFCRPF7,relyingonsurrogatescoresforcaseswheredatawerenotavailable.Table3.4.4.ScoringjustificationforhabitatsCSA. Sandormudflats SedimentflatswithrocksRegenerationofbiota Nodata,usedsurrogatescoreforinner
shelf(25-100mdepth)Nodata,usedsurrogatescoreforinnershelf(25-100mdepth)
Naturaldisturbance Fishingatoccursat30-50m,wherenaturaldisturbancesarelikely
Fishingatoccursat30-50m,wherenaturaldisturbancesarelikely
Removabilityofbiota Nodata,usedprecautionaryscore Nodata,usedprecautionaryscoreRemovabilityofsubstratum Sedimentparticlesize<6cm,usedscore
forDanishseine(mostsimilargeartypelistedinFCRscoringguidelines)
Sedimentparticlesize6cmto3m,usedscoreforDanishseine
Substratumhardness Unconsolidatedsediments UnconsolidatedsedimentsSubstratumruggedness Flat,simplesurface,usedscoreforDanish
seineLowreliefsurfacewithsmallboulders,usedscoreforDanishseine
Seabedslope Innershelf,expectedtobelowslope Innershelf,expectedtobelowslopeGearfootprint UsedscoreforDanishseine UsedscoreforDanishseineSpatialoverlap Nodata,assumedmoderateoverlap Nodata,assumedmoderateoverlapEncounterability Nodata,assumedmoderate
encounterabilityNodata,assumedmoderateencounterability
TheCSAratedgearimpactsasmediumforbothsandflatsandflatswithrocks(Table3.4.5).
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Overall,habitatdamagefromtheseinesisexpectedtobeminimalbecausemostofthebottomhabitatissoftsediment,andthenetsdonotcontacttheseafloorforprolongedperiods.However,fishinggearimpactsonseafloorhabitathavenotbeenquantifiedandshouldbefurtherevaluatedinafullassessment.AfullassessmentwillalsorequirestakeholderinputforscoringtheCSAifaCSAisused.FormoreinformationonCSAscoringforhabitatPIs,pleaseseePF7intheFCR.Table3.4.5.CSAscoringtableforhabitats.
Informationregardingecosystemimpactsfromfishingislimited.Inafullassessment,theassessmentteamwouldlikelyneedtoconductaScaleIntensityConsequenceAnalysis(SICA)undertheRBFtoscorePI2.5.1,whichconsiderstheoutcomeofecosystemimpacts(seePF8intheFCR).TheSICAconsidersthespatialandtemporalscalesoffishingactivityandthepotentialforfishingtoimpacttheecosystem,aswellastheconsequencesoffishingactivityonthemostvulnerableecosystems.TokyoBaysurveydatafromtheNationalInstituteforEnvironmentalResearchwilllikelyberelevant.SICArequiresstakeholderinputandisnottypicallyconductedatthepre-assessmentstage,sothePI2.5.1scorewillbedeterminedinafullassessment.
3.5 PrincipleThree:Managementsystembackground
NationalFisheriesManagementinJapan
TheprimarylawthatregulatesJapanesefisheriesistheFisheriesLaw(1949,revisedin1962),whichdealswithseveralkindsoffishingrightsandlicensingstructures,andisthebasisofJapanesefisheries(Makino2013).TheLawisadministeredbytheMinistryofAgriculture,ForestryandFisheries(MAFF)incooperationwiththeprefecturegovernmentsforpracticalenforcement,asmuchofJapanesecoastalwaterisadministratedbyadjacentprefectures.TheFisheriesCooperativeAssociationLaw(1948withconsecutiveamendments)formsthebasisofthelegalframeworkforlocalFisheriesCooperativeAssociations(FCAs)toactastheinstitutionsthatcarryoutresourcemanagementatoperationallevel.Therefore,thislawandtheFisheriesLawmentionedabovearethetwomostimportantlegalframeworksforJapanesefisheriesmanagement(Makino2013).TheareaadministratedbyaFCAvariesdependingonlocalconditions.TheresponsibilityofalocalFCAisthemanagementofparticulargeographicalareaandthegovernanceisbasedonthemembershipoffishersoperatingwithinthearea.AnFCAdevelopsitsownregulationswithinnationallegislativeframeworks,however,someoftheregulationsmaybecreatedbytheFCAuniquelyforthefishery/iesoperatingundercontroloftheFCA.Theeverydayoperationsareessentiallyself-managedbytheFCAsorfederationsofFCAs.Japanesemarinefisheriescanbedividedintothreecategories(areas);coastalfisheries,off-shorefisheries(withinEEZ)anddistantwaterfisheries.Coastalfisheriesandoff-shorefisheriesaresmall-scalefisheriesdivideddependingonthesizeofboats(lessormorethan10tons)(Makino2013).StockassessmentconductedatNationallevelincludes52specieswith84stocks(MAFF).TheTotalAllowableCatch(TAC)isseton7particularspecies,namelyPacificsaury,WalleyePollock,Japanese
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jackmackerel,Japanesesardine,Chubmackerelandspottedchubmackerel,Japanesecommonsquidandsnowcrab(MAFF).SeaperchisnotincludedeitherinthenationalstockassessmentnortheTAC.Thefisherypermitsforindividualvesselsoccurviatwoseparatelicensingstructures:MinistryPermits(MinistryofAgriculture,ForestryandFisheries)andPrefecturalGovernorPermitsdependingonthesizeofvesselsandtargetedresources.Also,thejurisdictionsforCommonfisheryrightsaregiventoFCAsforfisheriestargetingnon-migratoryspecies.
FisherySpecificManagementfortheTokyoBaySeaPerchPurseSeineFishery
TheseaperchfisheryinTokyoBayusesseveralfishinggearsincludingpurseseine,trawling,gillnetandsetnet.InTokyoBay,seaperchisalsoapopularfishforrecreationalfishers.Twofishingvessels-17thDaidenmaru(13tons)and18thDaidenmaru(13tons)-aretheround-haul(orpurseseine)fisheryboatsownedbyKaikoBussan.ThefisherybykaikoBussanalsousescarryingvessels51thDaidenmaru(19tons)and2ndDaidenmaru(19tons).TheareaoffishingisshowninFigure2.
LicensingandPermittingThefisheryislicensedbasedeitheraMinister(ofAgriculture,ForestryandFisheries)-issuedlicenseorGovernor(ofeachprefecture)-issuedlicensedependingonthesizeoffishingvesselsandgearused.InChibaPrefecture,vesselsmorethan15tonswestoftheNojimazakiLighthouseinBosoPeninsulaandmorethan40tonsintheeasternpartofTokyoBayrequirethe“LargeandMedium-sized”purseseinelicenseissuedbytheMinister.PurseseinefishingoperatingbytheGovernorpermitsarecategorizedassmallpurse-seine(>5t)andmediumsizepurse-seine(<5t)(Nagano,Ayumu.Pers.Comm.02/26/16).Asoperatorsareissuedlicensesasinglelicensemayincludemorethanonevessel.InChibaPrefecture,themedium-sizedpurseseinelicencesbytheGovernorhaveamaximumallowablevesselnumberperoperatingareas(threedividedareas).Thelicensesneedtoberenewedeverythreeyearsanddependingonthearea,andonlythoseoperatorswhohavefishingrecordscanbeissuedlicenses.Thisreflectsthemeasureforresourcemanagementbymaintainthefishingeffortsatthecurrentlevel.However,theassessmentteamwasnotprovidedwithanyevidencethatthenumberofpermitsisdirectlyrelatedtothestatusoftheseaperchstock.ChibaPrefecturecurrentlyhasissued6fishinglicensesformedium-sizedpurse-seinefisheries.Theyconsistof3licensesinFunabqashiFCA(threepairsofvessels(6intotal)fortwinvesselpurseseinopration),2licensesinFuttsuFCA(againtwopairsofvessels(4intotal),1licensesinTateyamaFCA(twovessels).Forexample,aspecificfisherypermitissuedon1August,2015foroneofclient’svessels(No17Daudenmaru)isvaliduntiltheendofJuly,2018.ThefisherygroundallocatedtoallvesselsintheUoAviaGovernorpermitincludestheChibaPrefecturewatersnorthofthelinebetweentheSuzakilighthouseinTateyama-city,ChibaandJogasakilighthouseinMiura-city,Kanagawa(FisheryPermitissuedin2015Likewise,theother5licensesinChibaPrefectureoperatebasedonthesametypeoflicenceinthesamewaters.Inaddition,inordertoavoidtheconflictwithotherfishingmethodincludingpole&linefisheriesandgillnetfisheries,medium-sizedpurseseinefishingsetsrestrictedfishingground(Nagano.Ayumu,pers.Comm.02/26/16).
Inaddition,anyfisheriesoperatingneedtobeamemberofaregionalfisheriescooperative,suchastheFunabashiFisheriesCooperative,inordertobegrantedthefishingrightsbygovernors.ThissamestockistargetedbyfisheriesbelongingtothreedifferentprefecturesborderingTokyoBay:Kanagawa,TokyoandChiba.Otherfisherieswithdifferentgeartypes,especiallytrawlandgillnetfishing,alsotargetseaperchinTokyoBay.Forexample,trawlfisheriesfromtheAssociationofTokyoInnerBaytrawlfisheries(NorthofTomizuCape)hasoverlappedfishinggroundwiththefisheryinscope.
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FisherySpecificManagementPlansandRegulationsThereisnogovernmentalmanagementplanspecifictotheTokyoBayseaperchfisheryforeitherthetrawlorpurseseinefleet(besidesgovernor’slicensingsystem).However,alloffisheriesoperatingwithinChibaprefecturewaterneedtofollowtheChibaPrefectureseafisheryadjustmentrules(Chibakenkaimengyogyouchouseikisoku).TheFunabashiFisheryCooperativedoeshaveanoriginalmanagementplan,whichisbasedonChibaPrefectureseafisheryadjustmentrules,forallpurse-seineoperatorsbelongtoFunabashiFisheryCooperativeincluding:1)[vessels]shouldnotoperateswatershallowerthan8m(Article43ofChibaPrefectureseafisheryadjustmentrules),2)[vessels]shouldnotoperatenearseaweedfarmscloserthan80m(FunabashiFCA,pers.comm.02/18/16).
ClosuresInadditiontotheaboveregulationsbasedontheChibaPrefectureregulations,TheFunabashiFisheriesCooperativehasincludedvoluntaryclosuresinitsmanagementplan:AllpurseseinefisheriesbelongingtoFunabashiFisheryCooperativetakeallofFebruaryassuspensionoftheseaperchfishery.Therationalesforthismeasurementare:1)thefishmovesfarsouth(FunabashilocatestheNorthoftheBay)thereforethefishinggroundisfar(morecostforoil),2)Februaryistheendofspawningseasonandthefishhasnotyetrecoverintermsofqualityofflesh3)duetoreason2,themarketplaceisbetterinMarch.ThisistheautonomousmeasurebythefisheryunderthemanagementofFunabashiFisheriesCooperative.Inaddition,thedaybeforeSundayandnationalholidays,thereisnotfishingduetothemarketcloseonSundayandholidays.Therearenotrestrictionsonthesizeoffishthatcanbecaughtandretained,althoughsomefishersreportreleasingjuveniles.Sofar,therearenoexplicitlong-termorshort-termobjectivesorresearchplansforthefisheryandstockinscopeofassessment.However,thereisongoingdiscussionregardingfisherysuspensionbeforethespawningseasonwithinthecooperative.AccordingtoFunabashiFisheryCooperative(pers.comm.02/18/16),thereisanongoingdiscussionregardingmonitoringofseaperchlandings.Currentlythesalesofseaperchisdonethroughindividualtransactions(notthroughmarketauctions).Thismakesitdifficultforthecooperativetotrackalltheseaperchlandingsandtransactions.ThereisnotperiodicinternalorexternalrevieworauditoftheFunabashiFisheryCooperativemanagementplantodate,andtheassessmentteamisnotawareofanyrequirementsorplansforsuchareview.ConsultationsandStakeholderOutreachRegardingarrangementsforon-goingconsultationwithinterestgroups,noofficialconsultationhasbeenobservedinthescopedfishery.Thereissomehistoryofvoluntaryparticipationbytheclientinacademicresearch,andtheassessmentteamwastoldofastudyrecentlydonebyastudentofTokyoUniversity,thatmightresultinmanagementdecisionsforfurtherfishingmanagementandcontrol.TokyoBayNorthernpurseseineoperators’cooperativeholdssomeseminarsandtrainingsessionsformembers.Thethemesvarytimetotimeincludingcooperativemanagementbuthavenotbeenspecifictoresourcemanagementsofar.
Asanon-fisheryuserinTokyoBay,someindustriesoperatinginTokyoBayshoresitesmayinfluencethefisheryintermsofwaterquality.Also,fisheriesneedtocoordinatewithseaweedcultivators
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regardingsharedfishinggrounds,whichiscurrentlyregulatedviatheChibaPrefectureRegulationfornofishingwithin80mfromseaweedfarm.Decision-makingProcessesIntermsofdecisionmakinginthefishery,TokyoBayNorthernpurseseineoperators’cooperative(threemembers)isthedirectmanagementgroupofthefisheryinscope.However,thiscooperativemainlydealswiththemanagementofsharedshipwaysandmooringposts.FunabashiFisheryCooperativeisthehighermanagementorganizationforfisheries-specificregulationandhasproducedafisherymanagementplanforseaperch.However,theassessmentteamwasnotprovidedanyinformationregardingdecision-makingprocessesinthefishery-specificmanagementsystem.ComplianceandEnforcementEnforcementoccursprimarilyviamutualmonitoringamongfishers,althoughtheJapaneseCoastGuardhasenforcementauthorityonthewaters.TheassessmentteamwasnotprovidedwithinformationonspecificsanctionssetbyeitherFunabashiFisheriesCooperativeorTokyoBayNorthernpurseseineoperators’cooperativelevels,noranyrecordsofenforcementbytheJapaneseCoastGuard.
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4. EvaluationProcedure4.1 AssessmentmethodologiesusedThisassessmentutilizedversion2.0(April2015)oftheCertificationRequirementsandversion2.0ofthereportingtemplate.Theassessmentwascompletedbytwoexternalconsultants:Dr.JocelynDruganandDr.ReikoOmoto.Dr.JocelynDrugan-OceanOutcomes,Principle1&2JocelynisafisheriesscientistwithOceanOutcomes,aglobalfisheryimprovementorganizationthatprovidestechnicalsupporttofisheriesaimingtoimprovetheirsustainability.ShehashasaB.S.inEcologyandEvolutionaryBiologyfromYaleUniversityandaM.S.andPh.D.inFisheriesSciencefromtheUniversityofWashington.ShewasalsoapostdoctoralresearchassociateattheNOAAAlaskaFisheriesScienceCenterinSeattle.Jocelynhasco-authoredMSCpre-assessmentsoftwoRussiansalmonfisheriesandassessedthesustainabilityofelevenfisheryspeciesinJapan,includingmackerels,tuna,andJapaneseflyingsquid.InadditiontonativeproficiencyinEnglish,JocelynhaslanguageskillsinJapaneseandMandarinChinese.Dr.ReikoOmoto,ResearchInstituteforHumanityandNature,Principle3Dr.OmotoisaprojectresearcheratResearchInstituteforHumanityandNature,Kyoto,JapanandconductingresearchspecializedinresourcemanagementcertificationschemesincludingorganiccertificationforshrimpinVietnamandMSCandASCcertificationinJapan.ShehasB.A.andM.A.inPolicyStudiesfromKwanseiGakuinUniversity,JapanandPhDinGeographyfromUniversityofWaterloo,Canada.SheistheformerFisheriesManagerofMSCJapanfor3.5yearsuntilMarch2013responsibletofisheryoutreach,fundingapplications,anddocumenttranslationsfrom/toEnglishto/fromJapanese.
4.2 Summaryofsitevisitsandmeetingsheldduringpre-assessmentDr.ReikoOmotoconductedanonsitevisiton18-19February2016inFunabashitomeettheclientsandotherinformantsaslistedbelow.Dr.JocelynDruganattendedmeetingsviaconferenceline.Theassessmentteamwasfurtheraccompaniedbyclientliaison,Shin-ichiMatsuura,ofFiT(FisheriesTechino-servicesCo.,Ltd.IT).Table5.Summaryofonsitemeetingon18-19Feburuary2016.
ThursdayFebruary18thFrom To Attendees Location Topics&Comments1:00pm 2:15pm Mr.Nagano(Chiba
Prefecture)Mr.Ohno(Client/fishery)Dr.OmotoDr.Druganjoinedviaconferencecall)
ChibaPrefecturalGovernment
Governmentalresourcemanagementmeasuresforseaperch
3:00pm 4:30pm Mr.Wanouchi(FunabashiFisheryCooperative)Mr.Matsumoto(FunabashiFisheryCooperative)
FunabashiFisheryCooperative
Principle3:includingfisheryspecificmanagementsystem,decisionmakingprocesses,harvestingrules,andcomplianceandenforcement,
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Mr.Ohno(Client)Dr.Omoto
aswellasmarketstructure.
FridayFebruary19th9:30am 12:00pm Mr.Shoji(Tateyama
FisheryExtensionOffice)Mr.Suzuki(MSCJapan)Mr.Ohno(Client)Dr.OmotoDr.Druganjoinedviaconferencecall)
TateyamaFisheryExtensionOffice
Principle1and2relatedmattersincludingstockassessmentdata,geartypesandtheecosystem.
3:00pm 4:00pm Mr.Ohno(Client)SCSAssessmentTeamMr.Suzuki(MSCJapan)Dr.Omoto
KaikoBussanOffice
Clarificationontheassessmentapplicationsubmittedbytheclient.
4.3 StakeholderstobeconsultedduringafullassessmentIntheTokyoBayseaperchfishery,thelistofstakeholdersincludesbutisnotlimitedto:1.Governmentaloffices:
§ ChibaPrefecture
§ TateyamaFisheryExtensionOffice
2.§ FunabashiFisherycooperative
§ TokyoBayNorthernpurseseineoperators’cooperative
§ OtherChibaPrefectureFCAs
§ KanagawaFCAs(purseseineandothergeartypes)
§ TokyoFCAs
3.NGOs:§ MSCJapan
§ OceanOutcomes
§ WWFJapan
4.UniversityandResearchInstitutes:§ UniversityofTokyo
§ NationalInstituteforEnvironmentalStudies
4.4 HarmonisationwithanyoverlappingMSCcertifiedfisheries
TherearecurrentlytwoMSCcertifiedfisheriesinJapan:
1)theJapanSeaDanishseinefisheryforflatheadflounderlocatedoffshoreofKyotoprefectureand
2)theJapanesescallophangingandseabedenhancedfisheriesinHokkaidoprefecture.
ThereisalsoaJapanesepoleandlineskipjackandalbacoretunafisheryundergoingMSCassessment,whichislocatedoffShiogamaCityinMiyagiprefecture.Noneofthesefisheriesoverlapsgeographicallywiththisseaperchfishery,noraretheycatchingthesametarget,primaryor
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secondaryspecies.ThusharmonizationandassessmentofcumulativeimpactswithotherfisheriesdoesnotappearnecessaryforP1orP2.
5. Traceability(issuesrelevanttoChainofCustodycertification)5.1 EligibilityoffisheryproductstoenterfurtherChainsofCustodyIngeneral,anyproducteligibletocarrytheMSClabelmusthavetraceabilitysystemsinplacethatcanbeverifiedtoassurethatproductwithintheUnitofCertificationissegregatedandisnotbeingmixedwithproductfromoutsidetheUnitofCertification,regardlessofwhetheritcomesfromwithintheUnitofAssessment.Thislevelofmixingwouldbeabusinessconcerntotheclient,whocontrols“who”(productfromdesignatedvessels)isallowedtousetheMSCecolabel.Fromtheperspectiveofsustainability,anyproductfromwithintheUnitofAssessmentforafisheryholdingacertificate,hashaditsimpactsconsideredinscoring,andisthereforetheoreticallyeligibletocarrythelabel.Infullassessmenttheexpertteammemberswilldeterminethepointatwhichthechainofcustodybegins.Wheretranshipment,processingatsea,oranyriskofmixingoccursonthewater,chainofcustodyprocesseswillneedtodemonstratethatqualitysystemsareinplace,andcapableofcontrollingmixingrisksthatcouldoccuratsea.Mixingrisksthatmayoccuronthewatercouldincludesubstitutionoflook-alikespecieswheretheseoccur,orriskofmixingofthetargetspeciesbetweenproductcaughtbyvesselswithintheUoCwithproductcaughtbyvesselsoutsidetheUoC–andmostsignificantlyfromvesselsoutsidetheUoA.IfproductfromvesselsoutsidetheUoAenterchainsdestinedforuseofthelabel,thefullimpactsofthefishery,whilepotentiallyencompassedinoverallscoresfortheP1targetspecies,wouldnotbeappropriatelyconsideredforPrinciple2scoring.Chainofcustodytothevessellevelisalsorequiredifvesselsusemultiplegears,whereonegeartypeispursuingcertificationandanotherisnot,butbothlandthespeciesdefinedastheUoC:thispresentsalevelofriskthatwouldrequirehold-leveltraceabilitysystems.ThefishingvesselsincludedintheUoAemployasinglegearmethod:purseseine,andthevesselsdonotfishforseaperchoutsideoftheareaandstockassessedwithintheUoA.Further,thereisnotconsideredtobelook-alikespeciesthatmaybemistakenforthespeciesunderassessment.ThereisnotranshipmentbyvesselsintheUoA.Forthesereasons,mixingatthepointofcaptureandwhileatseaisconsideredlow.Theclientofthefisheryisawholesaledealerformedbytwofisheryenterprises.InmanyfishingportsinJapan,fishlandedissoldthroughauction.However,seaperchcaughtandlandedbytheclient’sfisheryisalldealtbyasinglewholesaledealer,whichmakesthetraceabilityoflandingssimpler.However,thewholesalersalsopurchaseseaperchfromothervesselswithotherfishinggears(i.e.trawlgear)inthesamefishingareaofTokyoBay.Therefore,therewillneedtobeatraceabilitysysteminplaceatlandingtominimizeriskofmixingofproductfromvesselsandgearnotincludedintheUnitofCertification.Asthispointwillalsorepresentthefirstpointoftransferofownership,theassessmentteampreliminarilyconcludesthatthecertificatemayextendtothepointoflanding,atwhichpointtheeligibleproductwouldenterthechainofcustody,requiringachainofcustodycertificatetobeeligiblefortheecolabel.
6. Preliminaryevaluationofthefishery
6.1 Applicabilityofthedefaultassessmenttree
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Thedefaultassessmenttreeappearsapplicableforthisfishery.Thefisherydoesnothavespecialcharacteristicsthatwouldwarrantrevisingthetree.
6.1.1 ExpectationsregardinguseoftheRisk-BasedFramework(RBF)TheRBFgivestheassessmentteamastructuredoutlinetoassesstheriskthatafisheryishavinganimpactonspecies,habitatsandthesurroundingecosystemsindata-deficientenvironmentsthatprecludeuseofthedefaultassessmenttree.AccordingtoMSC’swebsite(https://www.msc.org/about-us/standards/fisheries-standard/msc-risk-based-framework):“TheRBFreliesonconsultationwithfisherystakeholdersthroughinformation-gatheringworkshops,aswellasanydatathatiscurrentlyavailablefromthefishery.Therearefourmethodsusedtoassessdifferentaspectsofthefishingactivity:
§ ConsequenceAnalysis(CA)-usesanyavailabledatatoassesstrendsinthetargetstocksofafishery
§ ProductivitySusceptibilityAnalysis(PSA)-assesseshowlikelyastockistorecoverwhendepleted,aswellashowlikelyaspeciesistointeractwithfishinggear
§ ConsequenceSpatialAnalysis(CSA)-aimstoidentifyhowhabitatsmaybeaffectedbyfishingactivity
§ ScaleIntensityConsequenceAnalysis(SICA)-assessesthelikelihoodthatafisheryhasaneffectonthewiderecosystem
Eachofthesemethodsproducesascore,whichisthenconvertedtoallowcomparisonwiththedefaultassessmentmethod.”
Mostofthetargetandnon-targetspeciescaughtinthisfisherywouldbeconsidereddata-deficient,andPIs1.1.1,2.2.1,and2.3.1wouldlikelyneedtobescoredwiththeRBF(seeTablebelow).TheremaybesufficienthabitatandecosysteminformationtoscorePIs2.4.1withouttheRBF,but2.5.1(ecosystemimpacts)willlikewiselikelyrequireuseoftheRBF.
Performanceindicator(s) Criteria Criteriamet?Y/N
UseRBF?Y/N
1.1.1Stockstatus Stockstatusreferencepointsareavailable,derivedfromeitheranalyticalstockassessmentorempiricalapproaches
N Y
2.1.1Primaryspeciesoutcome&2.2.1Secondaryspeciesoutcome
Stockstatusreferencepointsareavailable,derivedfromeitheranalyticalstockassessmentorempiricalapproaches
Yfor2.1.1,Nfor2.2.1
Nfor2.1.1,Yfor2.2.1.
2.3.1ETPspeciesoutcome
CantheimpactofthefisheryinassessmentonETPspeciesbeanalyticallydetermined?
N Y
2.4.1Habitatsoutcome Arebothofthefollowingapplicable:(i)Informationonhabitatsencounteredisavailable;and(ii)informationofimpactoffisheryonhabitatsencounteredisavailable?
N Y
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2.5.1Ecosystemoutcome Isinformationavailabletosupportananalysisoftheimpactofthefisheryontheecosystem?
N Y
6.2 Evaluationofthefishery
6.3 SummaryoflikelyPIscoringlevelsKeytolikelyscoringlevelinTable6.3
DefinitionofscoringrangesforPIoutcomeestimates Shadingtobeused
InformationsuggestsfisheryisnotlikelytomeettheSG60scoringissues.
Pre-condition(<60)
InformationsuggestsfisherywillreachSG60butmaynotmeetallofthescoringissuesatSG80.Aconditionmaythereforebeneeded.
PasswithCondition(60-79)
InformationsuggestsfisheryislikelytoexceedSG80resultinginanunconditionalpassforthisPI.FisherymaymeetoneormorescoringissuesatSG100level.
Pass(≥80)
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Table6.3SimplifiedScoringsheet
Principle Component PI PerformanceIndicator
RBFrequired?(y/n)
Likelyscoringlevel
Rationale/Keypoints
1
Outcome
1.1.1 Stockstatus y ≥80ThePSAsuggestedthatTokyoBayseaperchstocksarelowrisk.
1.1.2 Stockrebuilding -- n/a NoscoreneededifRBFisusedtoscorePI1.1.1.
Management
1.2.1 Harveststrategy -- <60
AlthoughtheFunabashiFisheriesCooperativehassomeharvest
measuresinplace,abundancemonitoringislimited.Thusthe
harvestmeasuresmaynotberesponsivetothestateofthestock,
andefficacyofthosemeasurescannotbedetermined.
1.2.2Harvestcontrol
rulesandtools-- <60
Therearenospecificharvestcontrolrulesortoolsforseaperch
stocks.Inputcontrolsexist,suchasalicensingsystemanda
voluntaryfisheryclosureinFebruary.However,thesecontrolsdo
notreduceexploitationinresponsetostockdepletionindicators.
1.2.3Informationand
monitoring-- <60
Someinformationonstockstructureandfleetcompositionis
available,butstockabundanceandproductivityarenotmonitored.
1.2.4Assessmentof
stockstatus-- 80
ThisPIreceivedadefaultscoreof80becauseRBFisexpectedtobe
usedtoscorePI1.1.1.
NumberofPIslessthan60 3
2 PrimarySpecies
2.1.1 Outcome N 60-79
Pacificsardineandchubmackerelbeenidentifiedasmainprimary
species.Basedonthestockassessmentsconductedin2014,Pacific
sardinearehighlylikelytobeabovethePRI,whereaschub
mackerelarelikelynotabovePRI.
2.1.2 Management -- <60
MainandminorprimaryspeciesincludeJapanesesardine,chub
mackerel,Japanesejackmackerel,andJapaneseamberjack.
ManagementmeasuresformaintainingstocksabovePRIappear
minimalandmaybeneededforchubmackerel.
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Principle Component PI PerformanceIndicator
RBFrequired?(y/n)
Likelyscoringlevel
Rationale/Keypoints
2.1.3 Information -- ≥80
Quantitativeinformationisavailableandadequatetoassessthe
impactoftheUoAonmainandminorprimaryspecies.This
informationcanQuantitativeinformationisavailableandadequate
toassesstheimpactoftheUoAonmainandminorprimary
species.Thisinformationcanalsobeusedtosupporta
managementstrategyforprimaryspecies.
Secondary
species
2.2.1 Outcome y 60-79
Mainsecondaryspeciesincludedottedgizzardshad.Abundancesof
gizzardshadarenotmonitored,soweconductedaPSA,which
suggestedthatgizzardshadareatmediumrisk.
2.2.2 Management -- <60
Therearenomeasuresinplaceexpectedtomaintainornothinder
rebuildingofmainsecondaryspecies.Suchmeasuresmaybe
necessary,especiallyforgizzardshad.
2.2.3 Information -- 60-79
InformationappearsadequateforconductingaPSAbutnot
necessarilyforsupportingapartialorfullmanagementstrategyfor
mainsecondaryspecies.
ETPspecies
2.3.1 Outcome N 60-79
NoETPspecieswithinTokyoBaywereidentifiedbythefishery
clientorbyexpertsconsultedduringtheon-sitevisits.UoAeffects
arelikelywithinlimitssetforETPspecies,butthereissome
uncertainty.
2.3.2 Management -- <60
Fishermenattempttoreleaseincidentallycaughtmarinemammals
orturtles,buttherearenodocumentedmeasuresforensuringthat
thefisherydoesnothinderETPspeciesrecovery.
2.3.3 Information -- <60
Thereisnosysteminplaceforcollectinginformationonfishery
encounterswithETPspecies.Encountersarereportedlyminimal,
butconfirmationisneeded.
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Principle Component PI PerformanceIndicator
RBFrequired?(y/n)
Likelyscoringlevel
Rationale/Keypoints
Habitats
2.4.1 Outcome Y 60-79
WeconductedaCSAusingthelimitedinformationavailable,and
theresultssuggestedthattheUoAhasmediumriskoffishinggear
impactsonhabitat.
2.4.2 Management -- 60-79
Therearesomemeasuresinplaceforregulatinghabitatimpacts.
Theyareconsideredlikelytowork,buthabitatimpactsarenot
monitored.
2.4.3 Information -- <60
Theclientmentionedthatmuchofthebottomhabitatinfished
areasissoftandsandy,butqualitativeinformationwasnot
adequatetoestimatetypesanddistributionsofmainhabitats,or
consequenceandspatialattributesofmainhabitats.
Ecosystem
2.5.1 Outcome y --
Informationonecosystemimpactsislimited,soaSICAwilllikely
needtobeconductedinafullassessment.TheSICAwilldetermine
thePIscore.
2.5.2 Management -- 60-79
Therearenomanagementmeasuresthatspecificallytakefishery
impactsontheecosystemintoaccount,thoughharvest-related
measuresexist.Thesemeasuresarelimitedinscopeandmaynot
effectivelylimitnegativeecosystemimpacts.
2.5.3 Information -- 60-79
Informationisadequatetobroadlyunderstandkeyecosystem
elements,butimpactsfromtheUoAontheseelementshavenot
beeninvestigatedindetail.Theredoesnotappeartobeadequate
monitoringinplacefordetectingincreasesinecosystemrisklevel.
NumberofPIslessthan60: 5
3Governance&
policy
3.1.1 Legaland
customary
framework
-- 60-79
Theminimumlegalmanagementsystemisinplace.Howeverthe
managementsystemdonotincorporatelegaldisputessolutionin
cleartermsspecifictothefisheryinscope.
3.1.2 Consultation,
rolesand
responsibilities -- 60-79
Organizationsandindividualsinvolvedinthemanagementprocess
havebeenidentifiedandfunctionsandrolesseemtobegenerally
understood.Nosystematicconsultationprocesshasbeen
practiced.Occasionalindividualconsultationwithrelated
managementbodiesandresearcherscanbeobserved.
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Principle Component PI PerformanceIndicator
RBFrequired?(y/n)
Likelyscoringlevel
Rationale/Keypoints
3.1.3 Longterm
objectives
-- 60-79
MAFFhasbeenpromotingthesustainableresourcemanagement
ontheirwebsite.FunabashiFisheriesCooperativeexplicitly
expressestheneedofappropriateresourcemanagementwith
specificregulationsinitsFunabashiFisheryCooperative’sresource
managementplan.However,thesestatementsarenotexplicitly
andcohesivelyalignedwithMSCPrinciples1and2.
Fisheryspecific
management
system
3.2.1 Fisheryspecific
objectives-- 60-79
FunabashiFisheriesCooperative’sresourcemanagementinclude
thestatementaboutresourcemanagementfollowedbyspecific
regulations,buttherearenotexplicitobjectivesalignedwithMSC
Principles1and2.
3.2.2 Decisionmaking
processes
-- 60-79
Therearegeneralandcustomarydecision-makingprocessesin
placehoweverthosearenotexplicitorspecifictothefishery.The
assessmentteamdidnotseeevidenceofdecision-makingaligned
withtheprecautionaryprincipleorexplanationofmanagement
actions.
3.2.3 Complianceand
enforcement-- <60
Thereisnomonitoring,controlandsurveillancemechanisms
ensurethemanagementmeasuresinthefisheryareenforcedand
compliedwith.Sanctionstodealwithnon-compliancearenotset
andthereisnoevidencethattheyareapplied.
3.2.4 Management
performance
evaluation
-- 60-79Therearenoformalmechanismsinplacetoevaluatefishery-
specificmanagementsystem.
NumberofPIslessthan60: 1
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ReferencesAkimoto,S.2013.CatchcharacteristicsofthecommercialfisheriesintheInnerPartofTokyoBay.InFisheriesandoceanographyinTokyoBaybytheNationalResearchInstituteofFisheriesScienceandNationalResearchInstituteofAquaculture.(InJapanese.)Akiyama,Y.B.,Iseri,E.Okada,T.2014.Classificationoffishesinaninnerbaybasedontheirhabitatfeaturesandlifestyles.AssociationforPromotionofNationalRichOceans(������������ ��),affiliatedwiththeJapaneseFisheriesAgency.2015.Reportonecologicalknowledgeofthedevelopmentalstageofthemaintargetorganisms.PostedAugust13,2015.http://www.jfa.maff.go.jp/j/gyoko_gyozyo/g_thema/pdf/sub40b.pdf(InJapanese.)ChibaFisheriesPromotionFoundation.2015.http://www.chisuikou.jp/(InJapanese.)ChibaPrefecture,ChibaPrefectureseafisheryadjustmentrule(ChibakenKimenGyogyoChouseiKisoku).https://www.pref.chiba.lg.jp/suisan/tetsuzuki/450/index4.html.Retrievedon22March,2016.(InJapanese)TheFisheryPermitissuedon1August,2015bytheChibaPrefectureGovernorMr.Suzuki.EncyclopediaofJapan.2012."TokyoBay.”Tokyo:Shogakukan.2012.Froese,R.andD.Pauly.Editors.2015.FishBase.WorldWideWebelectronicpublication.www.fishbase.org,(10/2015)FunabashiFisheriesCooperative.2011.FunabashiFisheriesCooperativeResourceManagementPlan.(InJapanese.)FunabashiFisheriesCooperative.CooperativememberorganizationsinAnnualReport2015.(InJapanese)Ishii,M.andMasato,K.2005.Relationshipbetweenoxygen-deficientwatermassandcatchingpointofseabassLateolabraxjaponicusofsmallscaletrawlinTokyoBay.BulletinofChibaPrefecturalFisheriesResearchCenter,4:7-15.(InJapanese.)JapaneseFisheriesResourceConservationAssociation.1998.DatabookonrarewildaquaticorganismsofJapan.(InJapanese.)http://rnavi.ndl.go.jp/mokuji_html/000002727294.htmlKato,M.,andIkegami,N.2004.RecenttrendofstockanddistributionoffishinggroundofsmallscaletrawlforJapaneseSeaBassLateolabraxjaponicus(CUVIER)inTokyoBay.BulletinofChibaPrefecturalFisheriesResearchCenter,3:17-30.(InJapanese.)Kawabata,A.,Watanabe,C.,Uemura,Y.,Akamine,T.,andMito,K.2014a.StockassessmentofthePacificOceanstockofJapanesesardine.(InJapanese.)
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http://abchan.fra.go.jp/digests26/details/2601.pdfKawabata,J.,C.Watanabe,Y.Uemura,K.Nashita,andK.Mito.2014b.StockassessmentofthePacificOceanstockofbluemackerel.(InJapanese.)http://abchan.fra.go.jp/digests26/details/2605.pdfKodama,K.2014.EffectsofpooroxygenwatermassonthebottomdwellingfishandshellfishofTokyoBay.NationalInstituteforEnvironmentalStudies.(InJapanese.)https://www.nies.go.jp/risk/mei/mei005_5.htmlMakino,M.2013.TheanalysisonJapaneseFisheries-thefisheriesmanagementandecosystemconservation(NihonGyogyonoSeidoBunseki),FRA(FisheriesResearchAgency),Tokyo.(InJapanese)MinistryofAgriculture,Forestry,andFisheries.2008.Seaperchrecreationalharvestamountbyprefecture,2008.(InJapanese.)MinistryofAgriculture,Forestry,andFisheries.http://www.jfa.maff.go.jp/j/press/sigen/151030.html,retrieved22March,2016.MinistryofAgriculture,Forestry,andFisheries(b).http://www.jfa.maff.go.jp/j/kikaku/wpaper/h22_h/trend/1/t1_1.html,retrieved24March,2016.MinistryoftheEnvironment.2015.StateofJapan'sEnvironmentataGlance:ExtinctandEndangeredSpeciesListedintheRedDataBook.https://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/biodiv/reddata.htmlMinistryoftheEnvironment.2016.WildlifeProtectionSystemandHuntingLaw:WildlifeConservationinJapan.https://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/biodiv/law.htmlNationalInstituteforEnvironmentalStudies.2015.Resultssummaryof2015surveysofbottomdwellingfishspeciesandenvironmentalconditionsinTokyoBay,andresearchprogress.(InJapanese.)OceanPolicyResearchFoundation.2012.Researchontheapplicationofbio-loggingoncomprehensivecoastalzonemanagement.(InJapanese.)Ozaki,M.,andShoji,N.2001.EstimatesofthetotalvolumeofJapaneseseabasscaughtbyrecreationalpartyboatsinTokyoBay.BulletinofChibaPrefecturalFisheriesExperimentalStation:57:173-179.(InJapanese.)Shoji,N.,Sato,K.,Ozaki,M.Distributionandutilizationofthestock.InTemperatebassandbiodiversity:newperspectiveforfisheriesbiology.Eds.M.TanakaandI.Kinoshita.(InJapanese.)
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1 Annex1. Pre-assessmentevaluationtables
1.1 Principle1
Component Outcome
PI1.1.1-Stockstatus
Thestockisatalevelwhichmaintainshighproductivityandhasalowprobabilityofrecruitmentoverfishing
Scoringissues SG60 SG80 SG100
a.Stockstatusrelativetorecruitmentimpairment
Itislikelythatthestockisabovethepointwhererecruitmentwouldbeimpaired(PRI).
ItishighlylikelythatthestockisabovethePRI.
ThereisahighdegreeofcertaintythatthestockisabovethePRI.
b.StockstatusinrelationtoachievementofMaximumSustainableYield(MSY)
ThestockisatorfluctuatingaroundalevelconsistentwithMSY.
ThereisahighdegreeofcertaintythatthestockhasbeenfluctuatingaroundalevelconsistentwithMSYorhasbeenabovethisleveloverrecentyears.
Justification/Rationale
TherearenoestimatesforPRIorMSYindicatorsforTokyoBayseaperchstocks,norhaveabundancesbeenconsistentlymonitored.ThusweusedtheRBFandconductedaPSA,whichsuggestedthatstockstatusoutcomeislowrisk(scoreof≥80).
RBFRequired?(P/O/)
ü LikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)
Passwithcondition
Component Outcome
PI1.1.2StockRebuilding
Wherethestockisreduced,thereisevidenceofstockrebuildingwithinaspecifiedtimeframe.
Scoringissues SG60 SG80 SG100
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a.Rebuildingtimeframes
Arebuildingtimeframeisspecifiedforthestockthatistheshorterof20yearsor2timesitsgenerationtime.Forcaseswhere5generationsislessthan5years,therebuildingtimeframeisupto5years.
Theshortestpracticablerebuildingtimeframeisspecifiedwhichdoesnotexceedonegenerationtimeforthedepletedstock.
b.Rebuildingevaluation
Monitoringisinplacetodeterminewhethertherebuildingstrategiesareeffectiveinrebuildingthestockwithinthespecifiedtimeframe.
Thereisevidencethattherebuildingstrategiesarerebuildingstocks,oritislikelybasedonsimulationmodelling,exploitationratesorpreviousperformancethattheywillbeabletorebuildthestockwithinthespecifiedtimeframe.
Thereisstrongevidencethattherebuildingstrategiesarerebuildingstocks,oritishighlylikelybasedonsimulationmodelling,exploitationratesorpreviousperformancethattheywillbeabletorebuildthestockwithinthespecifiedtimeframe.
Justification/Rationale
ThisPIwasnotscoredbecausetheRBFwasusedtoscorePI1.1.1.
RBFRequired?(P/O/)
ORBFcan’tbeusedLikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)
N/A
Component Harveststrategy(management)
PI1.2.1Harveststrategy
Thereisarobustandprecautionaryharveststrategyinplace
Scoringissues SG60 SG80 SG100
a.Harveststrategydesign
TheharveststrategyisexpectedtoachievestockmanagementobjectivesreflectedinPI1.1.1SG80.
TheharveststrategyisresponsivetothestateofthestockandtheelementsoftheharveststrategyworktogethertowardsachievingstockmanagementobjectivesreflectedinPI1.1.1SG80
Theharveststrategyisresponsivetothestateofthestockandisdesignedtoachievestockmanagementobjectivesreflectedinthetargetandlimitreferencepoints.
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b.Harveststrategyevaluation
Theharveststrategyislikelytoworkbasedonpriorexperienceorplausibleargument.
Theharveststrategymaynothavebeenfullytestedbutevidenceexiststhatitisachievingitsobjectives.
Theperformanceoftheharveststrategyhasbeenfullyevaluatedandevidenceexiststoshowthatitisachievingitsobjectivesincludingbeingclearlyabletomaintainstocksattargetlevels.
c.Harveststrategymonitoring
Monitoringisinplacethatisexpectedtodeterminewhethertheharveststrategyisworking.
d.Harveststrategyreview
Theharveststrategyisperiodicallyreviewedandimprovedasnecessary.
e.Sharkfinning Itislikelythatsharkfinningisnottakingplace
Itishighlylikelythatsharkfinningisnottakingplace
Thereisahighdegreeofcertaintythatsharkfinningisnottakingplace.
f.Reviewofalternativemeasures
TherehasbeenareviewofthepotentialeffectivenessandpracticalityofalternativemeasurestominimiseUoArelatedmortalityofunwantedcatchofthetargetstock.
ThereisaregularreviewofthepotentialeffectivenessandpracticalityofalternativemeasurestominimiseUoArelatedmortalityofunwantedcatchofthetargetstockandtheyareimplementedasappropriate.
ThereisabiannualreviewofthepotentialeffectivenessandpracticalityofalternativemeasurestominimiseUoArelatedmortalityofunwantedcatchofthetargetstock,andtheyareimplemented,asappropriate.
Justification/Rationale
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a.Thefisheryclient’svoluntaryharveststrategyinvolvesaonemonthfisheryclosureduringtheseaperchspawningseason(inFebruary)andreleaseofjuvenileslessthan20cminlengthorlessthan200ginweight.Thisstrategyisexpectedtomeetstockmanagementobjectivesbutisnotresponsivetoquantitativestockstatusindicators.b.Thestrategyislikelytohelplimitfishingimpactsonthestock,buttherearenospecificobjectivestoevaluateitagainst.c.Monitoringisnotinplacetodeterminewhethertheharveststrategyisworking.Althoughcatchesaretracked,stockabundanceisnot.d.TheFunabashiFisheriesCooperativeperiodicallyreviewsitsmanagementplan.e.Itishighlylikelythatsharkfinningisnottakingplace.f.Therehasnotbeenareviewofalternativemeasures.
RBFRequired?(P/O/)
ORBFcan’tbeusedLikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)
pre-condition
Component Harveststrategy
PI1.2.2Harvestcontrolrulesandtools
Therearewelldefinedandeffectiveharvestcontrolrules(HCRs)inplace
Scoringissues SG60 SG80 SG100
a.HCRsdesignandapplication
GenerallyunderstoodHCRsareinplaceoravailablethatareexpectedtoreducetheexploitationrateasthepointofrecruitmentimpairment(PRI)isapproached.
WelldefinedHCRsareinplacethatensurethattheexploitationrateisreducedasthePRIisapproached,areexpectedtokeepthestockfluctuatingaroundatargetlevelconsistentwith(orabove)MSY,orforkeyLTLspeciesalevelconsistentwithecosystemneeds.
TheHCRsareexpectedtokeepthestockfluctuatingatoraboveatargetlevelconsistentwithMSY,oranothermoreappropriateleveltakingintoaccounttheecologicalroleofthestock,mostofthetime.
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b.HCRsrobustnesstouncertainty
TheHCRsarelikelytoberobusttothemainuncertainties.
TheHCRstakeaccountofawiderangeofuncertaintiesincludingtheecologicalroleofthestock,andthereisevidencethattheHCRsarerobusttothemainuncertainties.
c.HCRsevaluation
ThereissomeevidencethattoolsusedoravailabletoimplementHCRsareappropriateandeffectiveincontrollingexploitation.
AvailableevidenceindicatesthatthetoolsinuseareappropriateandeffectiveinachievingtheexploitationlevelsrequiredundertheHCRs.
EvidenceclearlyshowsthatthetoolsinuseareeffectiveinachievingtheexploitationlevelsrequiredundertheHCRs.
Justification/Rationale
a,b.TherearenospecificHCRsortoolsforseaperchstocks.Inputcontrolsexist,suchasalicensingsystemandavoluntaryfisheryclosureinFebruary.However,thesecontrolsdonotreduceexploitationinresponsetostockdepletionindicators.c.Thereissomeevidencethatthefisheryclosurehelpsreduceexploitation,becausetherearenocatchesinFebruary.Recordsarenotkeptonjuvenilereleases.
RBFRequired?(P/O/)
ORBFcan’tbeusedLikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)
Pre-condition
Component Harveststrategy
PI1.2.3Information/monitoring
Relevantinformationiscollectedtosupporttheharveststrategy
Scoringissues SG60 SG80 SG100
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a.Rangeofinformation
Somerelevantinformationrelatedtostockstructure,stockproductivityandfleetcompositionisavailabletosupporttheharveststrategy.
Sufficientrelevantinformationrelatedtostockstructure,stockproductivity,fleetcompositionandotherdataareavailabletosupporttheharveststrategy.
Acomprehensiverangeofinformation(onstockstructure,stockproductivity,fleetcomposition,stockabundance,UoAremovalsandotherinformationsuchasenvironmentalinformation),includingsomethatmaynotbedirectlyrelevanttothecurrentharveststrategy,isavailable.
b.Monitoring StockabundanceandUoAremovalsaremonitoredandatleastoneindicatorisavailableandmonitoredwithsufficientfrequencytosupporttheharvestcontrolrule.
StockabundanceandUoAremovalsareregularlymonitoredatalevelofaccuracyandcoverageconsistentwiththeharvestcontrolrule,andoneormoreindicatorsareavailableandmonitoredwithsufficientfrequencytosupporttheharvestcontrolrule.
Allinformationrequiredbytheharvestcontrolruleismonitoredwithhighfrequencyandahighdegreeofcertainty,andthereisagoodunderstandingoftheinherentuncertaintiesintheinformation[data]andtherobustnessofassessmentandmanagementtothisuncertainty.
c.Comprehe-nsivenessofinformation
Thereisgoodinformationonallotherfisheryremovalsfromthestock.
Justification/Rationale
a.Someinformationonstockstructureandfleetcompositionisavailable,butstockproductivityisnotmonitored.b.Stockabundanceisnotmonitored,althoughUoAremovalsare.c.Informationonotherfisheryremovalsappearsgood,withtheexceptionofrecreationalfisheryremovals.However,recreationalfisheryremovalsareexpectedtobeasmallproportionoftotalremovals(<5%;MAFF2008).
RBFRequired?(P/O/)
ORBFcan’tbeusedLikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)
Pre-condition
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Component HarvestStrategy
PI1.2.4Assessmentofstockstatus
Thereisanadequateassessmentofthestockstatus.
Scoringissues SG60 SG80 SG100
a.Appropriatenessofassessmenttostockunderconsideration
Theassessmentisappropriateforthestockandfortheharvestcontrolrule.
TheassessmenttakesintoaccountthemajorfeaturesrelevanttothebiologyofthespeciesandthenatureoftheUoA.
b.Assessmentapproach
Theassessmentestimatesstockstatusrelativetogenericreferencepointsappropriatetospeciescategory.
Theassessmentestimatesstockstatusrelativetoreferencepointsthatareappropriatetothestockandcanbeestimated.
c.Uncertaintyintheassessment
Theassessmentidentifiesmajorsourcesofuncertainty.
Theassessmenttakesuncertaintyintoaccount.
Theassessmenttakesintoaccountuncertaintyandisevaluatingstockstatusrelativetoreferencepointsinaprobabilisticway.
d.Evaluationofassessment
Theassessmenthasbeentestedandshowntoberobust.Alternativehypothesesandassessmentapproacheshavebeenrigorouslyexplored.
e.Peerreviewofassessment
Theassessmentofstockstatusissubjecttopeerreview.
Theassessmenthasbeeninternallyandexternallypeerreviewed.
Justification/Rationale
ThisPIreceivedadefaultscoreof80becauseRBFisexpectedtobeusedtoscorePI1.1.1,butnotethatnostockassessmenthasbeenconductedwithinatleastthepasttenyears.
RBFRequired?(P/O/)
ORBFcan’tbeusedLikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)
Pass
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1.2 Principle2
Component Primaryspecies(outcome)
PI2.1.1OutcomeStatus
TheUoAaimstomaintainprimaryspeciesabovethepointwhererecruitmentwouldbeimpaired(PRI)anddoesnothinderrecoveryofprimaryspeciesiftheyarebelowthePRI.
Scoringissues SG60 SG80 SG100
(a)Mainprimaryspeciesstockstatus
MainprimaryspeciesarelikelytobeabovethePRIORIfthespeciesisbelowthePRI.theUoAhasmeasuresinplacethatareexpectedtoensurethattheUoAdoesnothinderrecoveryandrebuilding
MainprimaryspeciesarehighlylikelytobeabovethePRIORIfthespeciesisbelowthePRI,thereiseitherevidenceofrecoveryorademonstrablyeffectivestrategyinplacebetweenallMSCUoAswhichcategorisethisspeciesasmain,toensurethattheycollectivelydonothinderrecoveryandrebuilding.
ThereisahighdegreeofcertaintythatmainprimaryspeciesareabovePRIandarefluctuatingaroundalevelconsistentwithMSY.
(b)Minorprimaryspeciesstockstatus
ForminorspeciesthatarebelowthePRI,thereisevidencethattheUoAdoesnothindertherecoveryandrebuildingofminorprimaryspecies.
Justification/Rationale
a.Japanesesardineandchubmackerelwereidentifiedasmainprimaryspecies.Basedonthemostrecentstockassessmentsavailable,whichwereconductedin2014,sardinearehighlylikelytobeabovethePRI(Blim).However,chubmackereldonotappeartobeabovethePRI.
RBFRequired?(P/O/)
RBFnotnecessaryLikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)
Passwithcondition
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Component Primaryspecies(management)
PI2.1.2Primaryspeciesmanagementstrategy
Thereisastrategyinplacethatisdesignedtomaintainortonothinderrebuildingofprimaryspecies,andtheUoAregularlyreviewsandimplementsmeasures,asappropriate,tominimisethemortalityofunwantedcatch.
Scoringissues SG60 SG80 SG100
(a)Managementstrategyinplace
TherearemeasuresinplacefortheUoA,ifnecessary,thatareexpectedtomaintainortonothinderrebuildingofthemainprimaryspeciesat/tolevelswhicharelikelytoabovethepointwhererecruitmentwouldbeimpaired.
ThereisapartialstrategyinplacefortheUoA,ifnecessary,thatisexpectedtomaintainortonothinderrebuildingofthemainprimaryspeciesat/tolevelswhicharehighlylikelytobeabovethepointwhererecruitmentwouldbeimpaired.
ThereisastrategyinplacefortheUoAformanagingmainandminorprimaryspecies.
(b)Managementstrategyevaluation
Themeasuresareconsideredlikelytowork,basedonplausibleargument(e.g.,generalexperience,theoryorcomparisonwithsimilarfisheries/species).
Thereissomeobjectivebasisforconfidencethatthemeasures/partialstrategywillwork,basedonsomeinformationdirectlyaboutthefisheryand/orspeciesinvolved.
Testingsupportshighconfidencethatthepartialstrategy/strategywillwork,basedoninformationdirectlyaboutthefisheryand/orspeciesinvolved.
(c)Managementstrategyimplementation
Thereissomeevidencethatthemeasures/partialstrategyisbeingimplementedsuccessfully.
Thereisclearevidencethatthepartialstrategy/strategyisbeingimplementedsuccessfullyandisachievingitsoverallobjectiveassetoutinscoringissue(a).
(d)Sharkfinning
Itislikelythatsharkfinningisnottakingplace.
Itishighlylikelythatsharkfinningisnottakingplace.
Thereisahighdegreeofcertaintythatsharkfinningisnottakingplace
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(e)Reviewofalternativemeasures
ThereisareviewofthepotentialeffectivenessandpracticalityofalternativemeasurestominimiseUoA-relatedmortalityofunwantedcatchofmainprimaryspecies.
ThereisaregularreviewofthepotentialeffectivenessandpracticalityofalternativemeasurestominimiseUoA-relatedmortalityofunwantedcatchofmainprimaryspeciesandtheyareimplementedasappropriate.
ThereisabiennialreviewofthepotentialeffectivenessandpracticalityofalternativemeasurestominimiseUoA-relatedmortalityofunwantedcatchofallprimaryspecies,andtheyareimplemented,asappropriate.
Justification/Rationale
a.MainandminorprimaryspeciesincludeJapanesesardine,chubmackerel,Japanesejackmackerel,andJapaneseamberjack.Anallowablebiologicalcatch(ABC)isestimatedforstocksofallofthesespecies.TheABCisusedtodetermineatotalallowablecatch(TAC)forsardine,chubmackerel,andjackmackerel,butnotforamberjack.TACmaybeconsideredamanagementmeasureformaintainingstocksabovePRI,andsuchmeasuresarenecessaryforstockssuchasPacificOceanchubmackerel.b,c.ItisunclearwhethertheTACmeasureisworkingorlikelytowork,becausecatchlimitsdonotappeartobestrictlyenforced.Thusfarthereisnoevidenceofsuccessfulimplementation.d.Itishighlylikelythatsharkfinningisnottakingplace.e.Weassumethereisnotanyunwantedcatchofmainprimaryspecies,becausetherewasnomentionofreleasingthesespeciesinthefishery’smanagementplan.
RBFRequired?(P/O/)
ORBFcan’tbeusedLikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)
Pre-condition
Component Primaryspecies(information)
PI2.1.3Primaryspeciesinformation
InformationonthenatureandextentofprimaryspeciesisadequatetodeterminetheriskposedbytheUoAandtheeffectivenessofthestrategytomanageprimaryspecies
Scoringissues SG60 SG80 SG100
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(a)Informationadequacyforassessmentofimpactonmainspecies
QualitativeinformationisadequatetoestimatetheimpactoftheUoAonthemainprimaryspecieswithrespecttostatus.ORIfRBFisusedtoscorePI2.1.1fortheUoA:Qualitativeinformationisadequatetoestimateproductivityandsusceptibilityattributesformainprimaryspecies.
SomequantitativeinformationisavailableandisadequatetoassesstheimpactoftheUoAonthemainprimaryspecieswithrespecttostatus.ORIfRBFisusedtoscorePI2.1.1fortheUoA:Somequantitativeinformationisadequatetoassessproductivityandsusceptibilityattributesformainprimaryspecies.
QuantitativeinformationisavailableandisadequatetoassesswithahighdegreeofcertaintytheimpactoftheUoAonmainprimaryspecieswithrespecttostatus.
(b)Informationadequacyforassessmentofimpactonminorspecies
SomequantitativeinformationisadequatetoestimatetheimpactoftheUoAonminorprimaryspecieswithrespecttostatus.
(c)Informationadequacyformanagementstrategy
Informationisadequatetosupportmeasurestomanagemainprimaryspecies.
InformationisadequatetosupportapartialstrategytomanagemainPrimaryspecies.
Informationisadequatetosupportastrategytomanageallprimaryspecies,andevaluatewithahighdegreeofcertaintywhetherthestrategyisachievingitsobjective.
Justification/Rationale
a.QuantitativeinformationisavailableandadequatetoassesstheimpactoftheUoAonmainprimaryspecies,thoughcatchdataarenotindependentlyverified.Fisherstypicallymonitorcatchesofcommerciallyimportantspecies,whileMAFFtracksJapanesecommercialfisherycatchesatabroaderlevel.b.SomequantitativeinformationisadequatetoestimatetheimpactoftheUoAonminorprimaryspecies,becausecatchesaretracked.c.Informationisadequatetosupportastrategytomanageallprimaryspeciesandevaluatewhetherthestrategyisachievingitsobjective.
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RBFRequired?(P/O/)
ORBFcan’tbeusedLikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)
Pass
Component Secondaryspecies(outcome)
PI2.2.1Secondaryspeciesoutcome
TheUoAaimstomaintainsecondaryspeciesaboveabiologicalbasedlimitanddoesnothinderrecoveryofsecondaryspeciesiftheyarebelowabiologicalbasedlimit.
Scoringissues SG60 SG80 SG100
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(a)Mainsecondaryspeciesstockstatus
MainSecondaryspeciesarelikelytobewithinbiologicallybasedlimits.ORIfbelowbiologicallybasedlimits,therearemeasuresinplaceexpectedtoensurethattheUoAdoesnothinderrecoveryandrebuilding.
MainsecondaryspeciesarehighlylikelytobeabovebiologicallybasedlimitsORIfbelowbiologicallybasedlimits,thereiseitherevidenceofrecoveryorademonstrablyeffectivepartialstrategyinplacesuchthattheUoAdoesnothinderrecoveryandrebuilding.ANDWherecatchesofamainsecondaryspeciesoutsideofbiologicallimitsareconsiderable,thereiseitherevidenceofrecoveryora,demonstrablyeffectivestrategyinplacebetweenthoseMSCUoAsthatalsohaveconsiderablecatchesofthespecies,toensurethattheycollectivelydonothinderrecoveryandrebuilding.
Thereisahighdegreeofcertaintythatmainsecondaryspeciesarewithinbiologicallybasedlimits.
(b)Minorsecondaryspeciesstockstatus
Forminorspeciesthatarebelowbiologicallybasedlimits’,thereisevidencethattheUoAdoesnothindertherecoveryandrebuildingofsecondaryspecies
Justification/Rationale
Mainsecondaryspeciesincludedottedgizzardshad.Abundancesofgizzardshadarenotmonitored,soweconductedaPSA,whichsuggestedthatgizzardshadareatmediumrisk.Oneconcernisthatjuvenilegizzardshadaretargetedduetotheirhighcommercialvaluerelativetoadultgizzardshad.
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RBFRequired?(P/O/)
�LikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)
Passwithcondition
Component Secondaryspecies(management)
PI2.2.2Secondaryspeciesmanagementstrategy
ThereisastrategyinplaceformanagingsecondaryspeciesthatisdesignedtomaintainortonothinderrebuildingofsecondaryspeciesandtheUoAregularlyreviewsandimplementsmeasures,asappropriate,tominimisethemortalityofunwantedcatch.
Scoringissues SG60 SG80 SG100
(a)Managementstrategyinplace
Therearemeasuresinplace,ifnecessary,whichareexpectedtomaintainornothinderrebuildingofmainsecondaryspeciesat/tolevelswhicharehighlylikelytobewithinbiologicallybasedlimitsortoensurethattheUoAdoesnothindertheirrecovery.
Thereisapartialstrategyinplace,ifnecessary,fortheUoAthatisexpectedtomaintainornothinderrebuildingofmainsecondaryspeciesat/tolevelswhicharehighlylikelytobewithinbiologicallybasedlimitsortoensurethattheUoAdoesnothindertheirrecovery.
ThereisastrategyinplacefortheUoAformanagingmainandminorsecondaryspecies.
(b)Managementstrategyevaluation
Themeasuresareconsideredlikelytowork,basedonplausibleargument(e.g.generalexperience,theoryorcomparisonwithsimilarUoAs/species).
Thereissomeobjectivebasisforconfidencethatthemeasures/partialstrategywillwork,basedonsomeinformationdirectlyabouttheUoAand/orspeciesinvolved.
Testingsupportshighconfidencethatthepartialstrategy/strategywillwork,basedoninformationdirectlyabouttheUoAand/orspeciesinvolved.
(c)Managementstrategyimplementation
Thereissomeevidencethatthemeasures/partialstrategyisbeingimplementedsuccessfully.
Thereisclearevidencethatthepartialstrategy/strategyisbeingimplementedsuccessfullyandisachievingitsobjectiveassetoutinscoringissue(a).
(d)Sharkfinning
Itislikelythatsharkfinningisnottakingplace.
Itishighlylikelythatsharkfinningisnottakingplace.
Thereisahighdegreeofcertaintythatsharkfinningisnottakingplace.
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(e)Reviewofalternativemeasures
ThereisareviewofthepotentialeffectivenessandpracticalityofalternativemeasurestominimiseUoA-relatedmortalityofunwantedcatchofmainsecondaryspecies.
ThereisaregularreviewofthepotentialeffectivenessandpracticalityofalternativemeasurestominimiseUoA-relatedmortalityofunwantedcatchofmainsecondaryspeciesandtheyareimplementedasappropriate.
ThereisabiennialreviewofthepotentialeffectivenessandpracticalityofalternativemeasurestominimiseUoA-relatedmortalityofunwantedcatchofallsecondaryspecies,andtheyareimplemented,asappropriate.
Justification/Rationale
ab,c.Therearenomeasuresinplaceexpectedtomaintainornothinderrebuildingofmainsecondaryspecies.Suchmeasuresmaybenecessary,especiallyforgizzardshad,becausestockstatusisuncertain,andjuvenilesaretargeted.d.Itishighlylikelythatsharkfinningisnottakingplace.e.Thereisnoreviewofalternativemeasures,butweassumedthereisnotanyunwantedcatchofmainsecondaryspecies.
RBFRequired?(P/O/)
ORBFcan’tbeusedLikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)
Pre-condition
Component Secondaryspecies(information)
PI2.2.3Secondaryspeciesinformation
InformationonthenatureandamountofsecondaryspeciestakenisadequatetodeterminetheriskposedbytheUoAandtheeffectivenessofthestrategytomanagesecondaryspecies.
Scoringissues SG60 SG80 SG100
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(a)Informationadequacyforassessmentofimpactonmainspecies
QualitativeinformationisadequatetoestimatetheimpactoftheUoAonthemainsecondaryspecieswithrespecttostatus.ORIfRBFisusedtoscorePI2.2.1fortheUoA:Qualitativeinformationisadequatetoestimateproductivityandsusceptibilityattributesformainsecondaryspecies.
SomequantitativeinformationisavailableandadequatetoassesstheimpactoftheUoAonmainsecondaryspecieswithrespecttostatus.ORIfRBFisusedtoscorePI2.2.1fortheUoA:Somequantitativeinformationisadequatetoassessproductivityandsusceptibilityattributesformainsecondaryspecies.
QuantitativeinformationisavailableandadequatetoassesswithahighdegreeofcertaintytheimpactoftheUoAonmainsecondaryspecieswithrespecttostatus.
(b)Informationadequacyforassessmentofimpactonminorsecondaryspecies
SomequantitativeinformationisadequatetoestimatetheimpactoftheUoAonminorsecondaryspecieswithrespecttostatus
(c)Informationadequacyformanagementstrategy
Informationisadequatetosupportmeasurestomanagemainsecondaryspecies.
Informationisadequatetosupportapartialstrategytomanagemainsecondaryspecies.
Informationisadequatetosupportastrategytomanageallsecondaryspecies,andevaluatewithahighdegreeofcertaintywhetherthestrategyisachievingitsobjective.
Justification/Rationale
a.Informationappearsadequateforestimatingproductivityandsusceptibilityattributesformainsecondaryspecies,althoughadditionalquantitativeinformation(e.g.averagemaximumage,fecundity,andavailability)wouldbeusefultohave.b.Somequantitativeinformationoncatchesofminorsecondaryspeciesiscollected,whichwouldbeadequateforestimatingimpactoftheUoAonthosespecies.c.Informationappearsadequateforsupportingmanagementmeasuresrelatingtomainsecondaryspeciesbutnotnecessarilyapartialstrategy.Informationthatisconsistentlycollectedincludescatchesandfishingperiods.
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RBFRequired?(P/O/)
ORBFcan’tbeusedLikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)
Passwithcondition
Component ETPspecies(outcome)
PI2.3.1ETPspeciesoutcome
TheUoAmeetsnationalandinternationalrequirementsfortheprotectionofETPspecies
TheUoAdoesnothinderrecoveryofETPspecies
Scoringissues SG60 SG80 SG100
(a)EffectsoftheUoAonpopulation/stockwithinnationalorinternationallimits,whereapplicable
Wherenationaland/orinternationalrequirementssetlimitsforETPspecies,theeffectsoftheUoAonthepopulation/stockareknownandlikelytobewithintheselimits.
Wherenationaland/orinternationalrequirementssetlimitsforETPspecies,thecombinedeffectsoftheMSCUoAsonthepopulation/stockareknownandhighlylikelytobewithintheselimits.
Wherenationaland/orinternationalrequirementssetlimitsforETPspecies,thereisahighdegreeofcertaintythatthecombinedeffectsoftheMSCUoAsarewithintheselimits.
(b)Directeffects
KnowndirecteffectsoftheUoAarelikelytonothinderrecoveryofETPspecies.
KnowndirecteffectsoftheUoAarehighlylikelytonothinderrecoveryofETPspecies.
ThereisahighdegreeofconfidencethattherearenosignificantdetrimentaldirecteffectsoftheUoAonETPspecies.
(c)Indirecteffects
Indirecteffectshavebeenconsideredandarethoughttobehighlylikelytonotcreateunacceptableimpacts.
ThereisahighdegreeofconfidencethattherearenosignificantdetrimentalindirecteffectsofthefisheryonETPspecies.
Justification/Rationale
a.NoETPspecieswithinTokyoBaywereidentifiedbythefisheryclientorbyexpertsconsultedduringtheon-sitevisits.Recordsofincidentalcatchesarenotsystematicallykept,butbirdsarereportedlycaughtonceortwiceayear,anddolphinsorwhalesenterthenetsonrareoccasions.Onetimeaseaturtlewascaughtinthenet.NoinformationaboutlimitsforETPspecieswasprovided.b.Basedonthisanecdotalinformation,theUoAisnotasubstantialcontributortoETPspeciesmortalityandislikelytonothinderETPspeciesrecovery.c.IndirecteffectsonETPspecieshavenotbeenconsidered.
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RBFRequired?(P/O/)
OLikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)
Passwithcondition
Component ETPspecies(management)
PI2.3.2ETPspeciesmanagementstrategy
TheUoAhasinplaceprecautionarymanagementstrategiesdesignedto:
• meetnationalandinternationalrequirements;• ensuretheUoAdoesnothinderrecoveryofETPspecies.
Also,theUoAregularlyreviewsandimplements
Scoringissues SG60 SG80 SG100
(a)Managementstrategyinplace(nationalandinternationalrequirements)
TherearemeasuresinplacethatminimisetheUoA-relatedmortalityofETPspecies,andareexpectedtobehighlylikelytoachievenationalandinternationalrequirementsfortheprotectionofETPspecies.
ThereisastrategyinplaceformanagingtheUoA’simpactonETPspecies,includingmeasurestominimisemortality,whichisdesignedtobehighlylikelytoachievenationalandinternationalrequirementsfortheprotectionofETPspecies.
ThereisacomprehensivestrategyinplaceformanagingtheUoA’simpactonETPspecies,includingmeasurestominimisemortality,whichisdesignedtoachieveabovenationalandinternationalrequirementsfortheprotectionofETPspecies.
(b)Managementstrategyinplace(alternative)
TherearemeasuresinplacethatareexpectedtoensuretheUoAdoesnothindertherecoveryofETPspecies.
ThereisastrategyinplacethatisexpectedtoensuretheUoAdoesnothindertherecoveryofETPspecies.
ThereisacomprehensivestrategyinplaceformanagingETPspecies,toensuretheUoAdoesnothindertherecoveryofETPspecies
(c)Managementstrategyevaluation
Themeasuresareconsideredlikelytowork,basedonplausibleargument(e.g.,generalexperience,theoryorcomparisonwithsimilarfisheries/species).
Thereisanobjectivebasisforconfidencethatthemeasures/strategywillwork,basedoninformationdirectlyaboutthefisheryand/orthespeciesinvolved.
Thestrategy/comprehensivestrategyismainlybasedoninformationdirectlyaboutthefisheryand/orspeciesinvolved,andaquantitativeanalysissupportshighconfidencethatthestrategywillwork.
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(d)Managementstrategyimplementation
Thereissomeevidencethatthemeasures/strategyisbeingimplementedsuccessfully.
Thereisclearevidencethatthestrategy/comprehensivestrategyisbeingimplementedsuccessfullyandisachievingitsobjectiveassetoutinscoringissue(a)or(b).
(e)ReviewofalternativemeasurestominimizemortalityofETPspecies
ThereisareviewofthepotentialeffectivenessandpracticalityofalternativemeasurestominimiseUoA-relatedmortalityofETPspecies.
ThereisaregularreviewofthepotentialeffectivenessandpracticalityofalternativemeasurestominimiseUoA-relatedmortalityofETPspeciesandtheyareimplementedasappropriate.
ThereisabiennialreviewofthepotentialeffectivenessandpracticalityofalternativemeasurestominimiseUoA-relatedmortalityETPspecies,andtheyareimplemented,asappropriate.
Justification/Rationale
a,b.Anecdotally,fishersreleasemarinemammalsorturtlesthatareincidentallycaught,whichwillhelpminimiseUoAmortalityofETPspecies.However,therearenodocumentedmanagementmeasuresrelatedtoETPspeciesandnotenoughinformationtoknowwhethermeasuresarenecessary.c,d.Therearenodocumentedmanagementmeasuresinplace,sotheseSGsdonotpassthe60level.Thatsaid,releasingETPspeciesislikelytoworkbasedonplausibleargument,butthereisnoobjectivebasisforconfidencebecauserecordsonencounterswithETPspeciesarenotkept.e.ThereisnoreviewofalternativemeasuresforminimizingUoA-relatedmortalityofETPspecies,butitisnotclearwhethertheyareneeded.
RBFRequired?(P/O/)
ORBFcan’tbeusedLikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)
Pre-condition
Component ETPspecies(information)
PI2.3.3ETPspeciesinformation
RelevantinformationiscollectedtosupportthemanagementofUoAimpactsonETPspecies,including:
• Informationforthedevelopmentofthemanagementstrategy;• Informationtoassesstheeffectivenessofthemanagementstrategy;and
InformationtodeterminetheoutcomestatusofETPspecies
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Scoringissues SG60 SG80 SG100
(a)Informationadequacyforassessmentofimpacts
QualitativeinformationisadequatetoestimatetheUoArelatedmortalityonETPspecies.ORIfRBFisusedtoscorePI2.3.1fortheUoA:QualitativeinformationisadequatetoestimateproductivityandsusceptibilityattributesforETPspecies.
SomequantitativeinformationisadequatetoassesstheUoArelatedmortalityandimpactandtodeterminewhethertheUoAmaybeathreattoprotectionandrecoveryoftheETPspecies.ORIfRBFisusedtoscorePI2.3.1fortheUoA:SomequantitativeinformationisadequatetoassessproductivityandsusceptibilityattributesforETPspecies.
QuantitativeinformationisavailabletoassesswithahighdegreeofcertaintythemagnitudeofUoA-relatedimpacts,mortalitiesandinjuriesandtheconsequencesforthestatusofETPspecies.
(b)Informationadequacyformanagementstrategy
InformationisadequatetosupportmeasurestomanagetheimpactsonETPspecies.
InformationisadequatetomeasuretrendsandsupportastrategytomanageimpactsonETPspecies.
Informationisadequatetosupportacomprehensivestrategytomanageimpacts,minimizemortalityandinjuryofETPspecies,andevaluatewithahighdegreeofcertaintywhetherastrategyisachievingitsobjectives.
Justification/Rationale
a.WedidnotestimateUoAmortalityonETPspeciesorusetheRBFbecausenoETPspecieswereidentified.Ifspecieswereidentified,however,weexpectthatqualitativebutnotquantitativeinformationwouldbeavailableforestimatingUoAimpacts.b.ThereisnosysteminplaceforcollectinginformationoninteractionswithETPspecies.Basedonhearsay,thefisheryrarelyencountersETPspecies.However,ifencountershappen,informationwouldnotbeadequateforsupportingmeasuresformanagingETPspeciesimpacts.WescoredthisPIerringonthesideofcaution.
RBFRequired?(P/O/)
OLikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)
Pre-condition
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Component Habitatsoutcome
PI2.4.1Outcomestatus
TheUoAdoesnotcauseseriousorirreversibleharmtohabitatstructureandfunction,consideredonthebasisofthearea(s)coveredbythegovernancebody(s)responsibleforfisheriesmanagement.
Scoringissues SG60 SG80 SG100
(a)Commonlyencounteredhabitatstatus
TheUoAisunlikelytoreducestructureandfunctionofthecommonlyencounteredhabitatstoapointwheretherewouldbeseriousorirreversibleharm.
TheUoAishighlyunlikelytoreducestructureandfunctionofthecommonlyencounteredhabitatstoapointwheretherewouldbeseriousorirreversibleharm.
ThereisevidencethattheUoAishighlyunlikelytoreducestructureandfunctionofthecommonlyencounteredhabitatstoapointwheretherewouldbeseriousorirreversibleharm.
(b)VMEhabitatstatus
TheUoAisunlikelytoreducestructureandfunctionoftheVMEhabitatstoapointwheretherewouldbeseriousorirreversibleharm.
TheUoAishighlyunlikelytoreducestructureandfunctionoftheVMEhabitatstoapointwheretherewouldbeseriousorirreversibleharm.
ThereisevidencethattheUoAishighlyunlikelytoreducestructureandfunctionoftheVMEhabitatstoapointwheretherewouldbeseriousorirreversibleharm.
(c)Minorhabitatstatus
ThereisevidencethattheUoAishighlyunlikelytoreducestructureandfunctionoftheminorhabitatstoapointwheretherewouldbeseriousorirreversibleharm.
Justification/Rationale
Littlequantitativeinformationwasprovidedonhabitatsinfishedareas,sotheassessmentteamconductedaCSAtoscorethisPI.Theresultssuggestedthatthefisherylikelyhasmediumhabitatimpacts.Roundhaulnetssometimescontacttheseafloor,whichismostlysandybutmayalsobemuddyorrocky.Thisgeartypeisnotexpectedtobeverydamagingtohabitat,butadditionalinformationonfishedhabitatsandgearimpactswillbeneededforafullassessment.
RBFRequired?(P/O/)
PLikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)
Passwithcondition
Component Habitatsmanagementstrategy
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PI2.4.2Managementstrategy
ThereisastrategyinplacethatisdesignedtoensuretheUoAdoesnotposeariskofseriousorirreversibleharmtothehabitats.
Scoringissues SG60 SG80 SG100
(a)Managementstrategyinplace
Therearemeasuresinplace,ifnecessary,thatareexpectedtoachievetheHabitatOutcome80levelofperformance.
Thereisapartialstrategyinplace,ifnecessary,thatisexpectedtoachievetheHabitatOutcome80levelofperformanceorabove.
ThereisastrategyinplaceformanagingtheimpactofallMSCUoAs/non-MSCfisheriesonhabitats.
(b)Managementstrategyevaluation
Themeasuresareconsideredlikelytowork,basedonplausibleargument(e.g.generalexperience,theoryorcomparisonwithsimilarUoAs/habitats).
Thereissomeobjectivebasisforconfidencethatthemeasures/partialstrategywillwork,basedoninformationdirectlyabouttheUoAand/orhabitatsinvolved.
Testingsupportshighconfidencethatthepartialstrategy/strategywillwork,basedoninformationdirectlyabouttheUoAand/orhabitatsinvolved.
(c)Managementstrategyimplementation
Thereissomequantitativeevidencethatthemeasures/partialstrategyisbeingimplementedsuccessfully.
Thereisclearquantitativeevidencethatthepartialstrategy/strategyisbeingimplementedsuccessfullyandisachievingitsobjective,asoutlinedinscoringissue(a).
(d)CompliancewithmanagementrequirementsandotherMSCUoAs’/non-MSCfisheries’measurestoprotectVMEs
ThereisqualitativeevidencethattheUoAcomplieswithitsmanagementrequirementstoprotectVMEs.
ThereissomequantitativeevidencethattheUoAcomplieswithbothitsmanagementrequirementsandwithprotectionmeasuresaffordedtoVMEsbyotherMSCUoAs/non-MSCfisheries,whererelevant.
ThereisclearquantitativeevidencethattheUoAcomplieswithbothitsmanagementrequirementsandwithprotectionmeasuresaffordedtoVMEsbyotherMSCUoAs/non-MSCfisheries,whererelevant.
Justification/Rationale
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a.Therearesomemeasuresinplaceforregulatinghabitatimpacts.Netsarenotoperatedinwaterdepthsoflessthan8m,noraretheyusedwithin80mofnoriseaweedcultivationareas(Ohno,Kazuhiko,pers.comm.,02/19/2016).b.Thesemeasuresareconsideredlikelytowork,butthereisnoobjectivebasisforconfidenceintheirefficacybecausehabitatimpactsarenotmonitored.c.Thereisnoquantitativeevidencethatthemeasuresarebeingsuccessfullyimplemented,thoughitshouldbepossibletoobtainsuchevidencefromthefishersbecausetheytypicallykeeprecordsontheareastheyfish.d.ItisnotclearwhethertherearemanagementrequirementstoprotectVMEs,butagain,fishinglocationrecordsmaybeusedasqualitativeevidenceofcompliance,ifrelevant.
RBFRequired?(P/O/)
ORBFcan’tbeusedLikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)
Passwithcondition
Component Habitatsinformation
PI2.4.3Informationmonitoring
InformationisadequatetodeterminetheriskposedtothehabitatbytheUoAandtheeffectivenessofthestrategytomanageimpactsonthehabitat.
Scoringissues SG60 SG80 SG100
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(a)Informationquality
Thetypesanddistributionofthemainhabitatsarebroadlyunderstood.ORIfCSAisusedtoscorePI2.4.1fortheUoA:Qualitativeinformationisadequatetoestimatethetypesanddistributionofthemainhabitats.
Thenature,distributionandvulnerabilityofthemainhabitatsintheUoAareaareknownatalevelofdetailrelevanttothescaleandintensityoftheUoA.ORIfCSAisusedtoscorePI2.4.1fortheUoA:Somequantitativeinformationisavailableandisadequatetoestimatethetypesanddistributionofthemainhabitats
Thedistributionofallhabitatsisknownovertheirrange,withparticularattentiontotheoccurrenceofvulnerablehabitats.
(b)Informationadequacyforassessmentofimpacts
Informationisadequatetobroadlyunderstandthenatureofthemainimpactsofgearuseonthemainhabitats,includingspatialoverlapofhabitatwithfishinggear.ORIfCSAisusedtoscorePI2.4.1fortheUoA:Qualitativeinformationisadequatetoestimatetheconsequenceandspatialattributesofthemainhabitats.
InformationisadequatetoallowforidentificationofthemainimpactsoftheUoAonthemainhabitats,andthereisreliableinformationonthespatialextentofinteractionandonthetimingandlocationofuseofthefishinggear.ORIfCSAisusedtoscorePI2.4.1fortheUoA:Somequantitativeinformationisavailableandisadequatetoestimatetheconsequenceandspatialattributesofthemainhabitats
Thephysicalimpactsofthegearonallhabitatshavebeenquantifiedfully.
(c)Monitoring
Adequateinformationcontinuestobecollectedtodetectanyincreaseinrisktothemainhabitats.
Changesinhabitatdistributionsovertimearemeasured.
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Justification/Rationale
a.LittleinformationwasprovidedontypesanddistributionsofmainhabitattypesinTokyoBay.Theclientmentionedthatmuchofthebottomhabitatinfishedareasissoftandsandy,butqualitativeinformationwasnotadequatetoestimatetypesanddistributionsofmainhabitats.b.Qualitativeinformationwasnotadequatetoestimatetheconsequenceandspatialattributesofmainhabitats.c.Theredoesnotappeartoberegularmonitoringofrisktohabitats.
RBFRequired?(P/O/)
OLikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)
Pre-condition
Component Ecosystemoutcome
PI2.5.1Outcomestatus
TheUoAdoesnotcauseseriousorirreversibleharmtothekeyelementsofecosystemstructureandfunction..
Scoringissues SG60 SG80 SG100
(a)Ecosystemstatus
TheUoAisunlikelytodisruptthekeyelementsunderlyingecosystemstructureandfunctiontoapointwheretherewouldbeaseriousorirreversibleharm.
TheUoAishighlyunlikelytodisruptthekeyelementsunderlyingecosystemstructureandfunctiontoapointwheretherewouldbeaseriousorirreversibleharm.
ThereisevidencethattheUoAishighlyunlikelytodisruptthekeyelementsunderlyingecosystemstructureandfunctiontoapointwheretherewouldbeaseriousorirreversibleharm.
Justification/Rationale
a.Themainecosystemimpactthisfisherymighthaveisoverharvestofmaintargetspecies.TheassessmentteamdeterminedthattherewasinsufficientinformationtoscorethisPIwithoutusingtheRBF.ASICAshouldbeconductedinafullassessmenttoobtainthescore.
RBFRequired?(P/O/)
PLikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)
N/A
Component Ecosystemmanagementstrategy
PI2.5.2Managementstrategy
TherearemeasuresinplacetoensuretheUoAdoesnotposeariskofseriousorirreversibleharmtoecosystemstructureandfunction
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Scoringissues SG60 SG80 SG100
(a)Managementstrategyinplace
Therearemeasuresinplace,ifnecessarywhichtakeintoaccountthepotentialimpactsofthefisheryonkeyelementsoftheecosystem.
Thereisapartialstrategyinplace,ifnecessary,whichtakesintoaccountavailableinformationandisexpectedtorestrainimpactsoftheUoAontheecosystemsoastoachievetheEcosystemOutcome80levelofperformance.
Thereisastrategythatconsistsofaplan,inplacewhichcontainsmeasurestoaddressallmainimpactsoftheUoAontheecosystem,andatleastsomeofthesemeasuresareinplace.
(b)Managementstrategyevaluation
Themeasuresareconsideredlikelytowork,basedonplausibleargument(e.g.,generalexperience,theoryorcomparisonwithsimilarfisheries/ecosystems).
Thereissomeobjectivebasisforconfidencethatthemeasures/partialstrategywillwork,basedonsomeinformationdirectlyabouttheUoAand/ortheecosysteminvolved
Testingsupportshighconfidencethatthepartialstrategy/strategywillwork,basedoninformationdirectlyabouttheUoAand/orecosysteminvolved
(c)Managementstrategyimplementation
Thereissomeevidencethatthemeasures/partialstrategyisbeingimplementedsuccessfully.
Thereisclearevidencethatthepartialstrategy/strategyisbeingimplementedsuccessfullyandisachievingitsobjectiveassetoutinscoringissue(a).
Justification/Rationale
a.Therearenomanagementmeasuresthatspecificallytakefisheryimpactsontheecosystemintoaccount,buttherearesomemeasuresrelatingtoharvest.b.Thesemeasuresmayhelpthefisheryavoidoverharvest,buttheyarelimitedinscope.Thuswecannotbeconfidentoftheirefficacyinlimitingnegativeecosystemimpacts.c.Thereissomeevidencethatthemeasuresarebeingimplementedsuccessfully,becauseTokyoBayseaperchstocksdonotappeardepletedcurrently.
RBFRequired?(P/O/)
ORBFcan’tbeusedLikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)
Passwithcondition
Component Ecosysteminformation
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PI2.5.3Informationmonitoring
ThereisadequateknowledgeoftheimpactsoftheUoAontheecosystem.
Scoringissues SG60 SG80 SG100
(a)Informationquality
Informationisadequatetoidentifythekeyelementsoftheecosystem.
Informationisadequatetobroadlyunderstandthekeyelementsoftheecosystem.
(b)InvestigationofUoAimpacts
MainimpactsoftheUoAonthesekeyecosystemelementscanbeinferredfromexistinginformation,buthavenotbeeninvestigatedindetail.
MainimpactsoftheUoAonthesekeyecosystemelementscanbeinferredfromexistinginformation,andsomehavebeeninvestigatedindetail.
MaininteractionsbetweentheUoAandtheseecosystemelementscanbeinferredfromexistinginformation,andhavebeeninvestigatedindetail.
(c)Understandingofcomponentfunctions
Themainfunctionsofthecomponents(i.e.,P1targetspecies,primary,secondaryandETPspeciesandHabitats)intheecosystemareknown.
TheimpactsoftheUoAonP1targetspecies,primary,secondaryandETPspeciesandHabitatsareidentifiedandthemainfunctionsofthesecomponentsintheecosystemareunderstood.
(d)Informationrelevance
AdequateinformationisavailableontheimpactsoftheUoAonthesecomponentstoallowsomeofthemainconsequencesfortheecosystemtobeinferred.
AdequateinformationisavailableontheimpactsoftheUoAonthecomponentsandelementstoallowthemainconsequencesfortheecosystemtobeinferred.
(e)Monitoring
Adequatedatacontinuetobecollectedtodetectanyincreaseinrisklevel.
Informationisadequatetosupportthedevelopmentofstrategiestomanageecosystemimpacts.
Justification/Rationale
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a.Academicandgovernmentscientists(e.g.attheNationalInstituteofEnvironmentalResearch)haveconductedresearchontheTokyoBayecosystem,andinformationisadequatetobroadlyunderstandkeyecosystemelements.b.MainimpactsfromtheUoAontheseelementscanbeinferredbuthavenotbeeninvestigatedindetail.c.Mainfunctionsofecosystemcomponentsareknown.d.InformationfromresearchstudiesisavailabletoallowforsomeinferenceofUoAimpactsontheecosystem.e.Theredoesnotappeartobeadequatemonitoringinplacefordetectingincreasesinecosystemrisklevel.
RBFRequired?(P/O/)
ORBFcan’tbeusedLikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)
Passwithcondition
1.3 Principle3
Component GovernanceandPolicy
PI3.1.1Legaland/orcustomaryframework
Themanagementsystemexistswithinanappropriatelegaland/orcustomaryframeworkwhichensuresthatit:• IscapableofdeliveringsustainabilityintheUoA(s);and• Observesthelegalrightscreatedexplicitlyorestablishedbycustomof
peopledependentonfishingforfoodorlivelihood;and• Incorporatesanappropriatedisputeresolutionframework.
Scoringissues SG60 SG80 SG100
(a)Compatibilityoflawsorstandardswitheffectivemanagement
Thereisaneffectivenationallegalsystemandaframeworkforcooperationwithotherparties,wherenecessary,todelivermanagementoutcomesconsistentwithMSCPrinciples1and2
Thereisaneffectivenationallegalsystemandorganisedandeffectivecooperationwithotherparties,wherenecessary,todelivermanagementoutcomesconsistentwithMSCPrinciples1and2.
ThereisaneffectivenationallegalsystemandbindingproceduresgoverningcooperationwithotherpartieswhichdeliversmanagementoutcomesconsistentwithMSCPrinciples1and2.
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(b)Resolutionofdisputes
Themanagementsystemincorporatesorissubjectbylawtoamechanismfortheresolutionoflegaldisputesarisingwithinthesystem.
ThemanagementsystemincorporatesorissubjectbylawtoatransparentmechanismfortheresolutionoflegaldisputeswhichisconsideredtobeeffectiveindealingwithmostissuesandthatisappropriatetothecontextoftheUoA.
Themanagementsystemincorporatesorissubjectbylawtoatransparentmechanismfortheresolutionoflegaldisputesthatisappropriatetothecontextofthefisheryandhasbeentestedandproventobeeffective.
(c)Respectforrights
ThemanagementsystemhasamechanismtogenerallyrespectthelegalrightscreatedexplicitlyorestablishedbycustomofpeopledependentonfishingforfoodorlivelihoodinamannerconsistentwiththeobjectivesofMSCPrinciples1and2.
ThemanagementsystemhasamechanismtoobservethelegalrightscreatedexplicitlyorestablishedbycustomofpeopledependentonfishingforfoodorlivelihoodinamannerconsistentwiththeobjectivesofMSCPrinciples1and2.
ThemanagementsystemhasamechanismtoformallycommittothelegalrightscreatedexplicitlyorestablishedbycustomofpeopledependentonfishingforfoodandlivelihoodinamannerconsistentwiththeobjectivesofMSCPrinciples1and2.
Justification/Rationale
a)ThereisnationallegalfisherylicensingsystemandfisherymanagementsystemasfisheriescooperativeswhichenablecooperationwithotherpartiesasoutlinedinnationallegislationandimplementedviatheNationalandPrefecturalgovernmentsandlocalfisherycooperatives.(b)ThereisincorporatedmechanismfortheresolutionoflegaldisputesatFunabashiFisheryCooperativelevelwritteninitsstatute.Yetitwasnotdeterminedandnotprovidedthecertaindocumentsatthesitevisitthatthemechanismiseffectivelyworking.(c)Themanagementsystemisconsistentwithanyoflegalframeworkorrightsforpeopledependonfisheriesforfoodandlivelihood,notinginparticulartheJapaneselegislationsupportingcommunitybasedmanagementviaFCAs.
RBFRequired?(P/O/)
ORBFcan’tbeusedLikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)
Passwithcondition
Component GovernanceandPolicy
PI3.1.2Consultation,rolesandresponsibilities
Themanagementsystemhaseffectiveconsultationprocessesthatareopentointerestedandaffectedparties.
Therolesandresponsibilitiesoforganisationsandindividualswhoareinvolvedinthemanagementprocessareclearandunderstoodbyallrelevantparties
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Scoringissues SG60 SG80 SG100
(a)Rolesandresponsibilities
Organisationsandindividualsinvolvedinthemanagementprocesshavebeenidentified.Functions,rolesandresponsibilitiesaregenerallyunderstood.
Organisationsandindividualsinvolvedinthemanagementprocesshavebeenidentified.Functions,rolesandresponsibilitiesareexplicitlydefinedandwellunderstoodforkeyareasofresponsibilityandinteraction.
Organisationsandindividualsinvolvedinthemanagementprocesshavebeenidentified.Functions,rolesandresponsibilitiesareexplicitlydefinedandwellunderstoodforallareasofresponsibilityandinteraction.
(b)Consultationprocesses
Themanagementsystemincludesconsultationprocessesthatobtainrelevantinformationfromthemainaffectedparties,includinglocalknowledge,toinformthemanagementsystem.
Themanagementsystemincludesconsultationprocessesthatregularlyseekandacceptrelevantinformation,includinglocalknowledge.Themanagementsystemdemonstratesconsiderationoftheinformationobtained.
Themanagementsystemincludesconsultationprocessesthatregularlyseekandacceptrelevantinformation,includinglocalknowledge.Themanagementsystemdemonstratesconsiderationoftheinformationandexplainshowitisusedornotused.
(c)Participation
Theconsultationprocessprovidesopportunityforallinterestedandaffectedpartiestobeinvolved.
Theconsultationprocessprovidesopportunityandencouragementforallinterestedandaffectedpartiestobeinvolved,andfacilitatestheireffectiveengagement.
Justification/Rationale
(a)Organizationsandindividualsinvolvedinthemanagementprocessaregenerallyidentifiedwiththeirrolesandresponsibilities.Therearesomeoccasionalconsultationprocessesoccurringatlocal(FCA)andprefecturallevelstoobtainrelevantinformationfromrelatedparties(provedattheon-sitemeetingofthisassessment).Duetothelackofnationalregulationsspecifictothetargetedspecies,theconsultationprocessisnotasrelevantatthenationallevel.(b)Thereisevidenceofconsultationprocesses,particularlythroughcollaborationwithacademicresearchinstitutions.However,consultationappearstobeoccasionalandisnotsystematicinregularlyseekingandacceptinginformation.(c)Themechanismtoprovideopportunityforallinterestedandaffectedpartieswasnotobservedatalllevelsofmanagement.
RBFRequired?(P/O/)
ORBFcan’tbeusedLikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)
Passwithcondition
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Component GovernanceandPolicy
PI3.1.3Longtermobjectives
Themanagementpolicyhasclearlong-termobjectivestoguidedecision-makingthatareconsistentwithMSCfisheriesstandard,andincorporatestheprecautionaryapproach.
Scoringissues SG60 SG80 SG100
(a)Objectives
Long-termobjectivestoguidedecision-making,consistentwiththeMSCfisheriesstandardandtheprecautionaryapproach,areimplicitwithinmanagementpolicy.
Clearlong-termobjectivesthatguidedecision-making,consistentwithMSCfisheriesstandardandtheprecautionaryapproachareexplicitwithinmanagementpolicy.
Clearlong-termobjectivesthatguidedecision-making,consistentwithMSCfisheriesstandardandtheprecautionaryapproach,areexplicitwithinandrequiredbymanagementpolicy.
Justification/Rationale
MAFFhasbeenpromotingtheresourcemanagementbyexplainingthedifferent‘appropriateresourcemanagement’methodsontheirwebsitefromtheperspectiveofsustainablefishingpracticesandfoodprovisioning(MAFFb).FunabashiFisheriesCooperativeexplicitlyexpressestheneedofappropriateresourcemanagementwithspecificregulationsinitsFunabashiFisheryCooperative’sresourcemanagementplan.However,thereisnoexplicitstatementaligninglongtermobjectivesanddecisionswiththeprecautionaryapproach.
RBFRequired?(P/O/)
ORBFcan’tbeusedLikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)
Passwithcondition
Component FisherySpecificManagementSystem
PI3.2.1Fishery-specificobjectives
Thefishery-specificmanagementsystemhasclear,specificobjectivesdesignedtoachievetheoutcomesexpressedbyMSC’sPrinciples1and2.
Scoringissues SG60 SG80 SG100
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(a)Objectives
Objectives,whicharebroadlyconsistentwithachievingtheoutcomesexpressedbyMSC’sPrinciples1and2,areimplicitwithinthefishery-specificmanagementsystem.
Shortandlong-termobjectives,whichareconsistentwithachievingtheoutcomesexpressedbyMSC’sPrinciples1and2,areexplicitwithinthefishery-specificmanagementsystem.
Welldefinedandmeasurableshortandlong-termobjectives,whicharedemonstrablyconsistentwithachievingtheoutcomesexpressedbyMSC’sPrinciples1and2,areexplicitwithinthefishery-specificmanagementsystem.
Justification/Rationale
FunabashiFisheriesCooperative’sresourcemanagementplanbeginwiththestatementofimportanceofresourcemanagementonspeciesincludingseaperchandsardine.Thestatementisfollowedbyspecificregulationsandthereforeitcanbesaidthatthereareobjectivesforsustainablefisheriesmanagementimplicitinthemanagementsystem.However,therearenoshorttermobjectives,andregulationsdonotstronglyalignwithPrinciples1and2,thereforethisisconsideredtopasswithacondition.
RBFRequired?(P/O/)
ORBFcan’tbeusedLikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)
passwithcondition
Component FisherySpecificManagementSystem
PI3.2.2Decision-makingprocesses
Thefishery-specificmanagementsystemincludeseffectivedecision-makingprocessesthatresultinmeasuresandstrategiestoachievetheobjectives,andhasanappropriateapproachtoactualdisputesinthefishery.
Scoringissues SG60 SG80 SG100
(a)Decision-makingprocesses
Therearesomedecision-makingprocessesinplacethatresultinmeasuresandstrategiestoachievethefishery-specificobjectives.
Thereareestablisheddecision-makingprocessesthatresultinmeasuresandstrategiestoachievethefishery-specificobjectives.
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(b)Responsivenessofdecision-makingprocesses
Decision-makingprocessesrespondtoseriousissuesidentifiedinrelevantresearch,monitoring,evaluationandconsultation,inatransparent,timelyandadaptivemannerandtakesomeaccountofthewiderimplicationsofdecisions.
Decision-makingprocessesrespondtoseriousandotherimportantissuesidentifiedinrelevantresearch,monitoring,evaluationandconsultation,inatransparent,timelyandadaptivemannerandtakeaccountofthewiderimplicationsofdecisions.
Decision-makingprocessesrespondtoallissuesidentifiedinrelevantresearch,monitoring,evaluationandconsultation,inatransparent,timelyandadaptivemannerandtakeaccountofthewiderimplicationsofdecisions.
(c)Useofprecautionaryapproach
Decision-makingprocessesusetheprecautionaryapproachandarebasedonbestavailableinformation.
(d)Accountabilityandtransparencyofmanagementsystemanddecision-makingprocess
Someinformationonthefishery’sperformanceandmanagementactionisgenerallyavailableonrequesttostakeholders.
Informationonthefishery’sperformanceandmanagementactionisavailableonrequest,andexplanationsareprovidedforanyactionsorlackofactionassociatedwithfindingsandrelevantrecommendationsemergingfromresearch,monitoring,evaluationandreviewactivity.
Formalreportingtoallinterestedstakeholdersprovidescomprehensiveinformationonthefishery’sperformanceandmanagementactionsanddescribeshowthemanagementsystemrespondedtofindingsandrelevantrecommendationsemergingfromresearch,monitoring,evaluationandreviewactivity.
(e)Approachtodisputes
Althoughthemanagementauthorityorfisherymaybesubjecttocontinuingcourtchallenges,itisnotindicatingadisrespectordefianceofthelawbyrepeatedlyviolatingthesamelaworregulationnecessaryforthesustainabilityforthefishery.
Themanagementsystemorfisheryisattemptingtocomplyinatimelyfashionwithjudicialdecisionsarisingfromanylegalchallenges.
Themanagementsystemorfisheryactsproactivelytoavoidlegaldisputesorrapidlyimplementsjudicialdecisionsarisingfromlegalchallenges.
Justification/Rationale
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(a)Thereisaregularmeetingamongfisheriesoperatingusingsamegeartypes(TokyoBayNorthernpurseseineoperators’cooperative),andwithintheFunabashiFisheriesCooperative.(b)TheassessmentteamwastoldthereisdecisionmakingprocessforseriousissuesandimportantissuesatFunabashiFisheriesCooperativelevel,partiallyevidencedbythedevelopmentofafisheriesmanagementplanwithvoluntaryFCA-levelmeasures.However,theassessmentteamwasnotprovidedwithanydetailsregardingdecisionmakingprocesses.(c)precautionaryapproachisnotobservedbecausethereisnoharvestcontrolrulethatlimitsremovalsbasedonstockstatus,andseveralmanagementmeasuresinplacepertaintomarketinterestsratherthansustainabilitygoals.(d)Informationonthefishery’sperformanceandmanagementactionisavailableonrequest,andtheclienthasstatedthatitisreadytoprovideforanyactionsorlackofactionassociatedwithfindingsandrelevantrecommendationsemergingifnecessary.(e)Theassessmentteamhasnoreasontobelievethatmanagementsystemorfisherywouldnotattempttocomplyinatimelyfashionwithjudicialdecisionsarisingfromanylegalchallenges.Therehavebeennolegalchallengestoprovethisthough.
RBFRequired?(P/O/)
ORBFcan’tbeusedLikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)
Passwithcondition
Component FisherySpecificManagementSystem
PI3.2.3Complianceandenforcement
Monitoring,controlandsurveillancemechanismsensurethemanagementmeasuresinthefisheryareenforcedandcompliedwith.
Scoringissues SG60 SG80 SG100
(a)MCSimplementation
Monitoring,controlandsurveillancemechanismsexist,andareimplementedinthefisheryandthereisareasonableexpectationthattheyareeffective.
Amonitoring,controlandsurveillancesystemhasbeenimplementedinthefisheryandhasdemonstratedanabilitytoenforcerelevantmanagementmeasures,strategiesand/orrules.
Acomprehensivemonitoring,controlandsurveillancesystemhasbeenimplementedinthefisheryandhasdemonstratedaconsistentabilitytoenforcerelevantmanagementmeasures,strategiesand/orrules.
(b)Sanctions Sanctionstodealwithnon-complianceexistandthereissomeevidencethattheyareapplied.
Sanctionstodealwithnon-complianceexist,areconsistentlyappliedandthoughttoprovideeffectivedeterrence.
Sanctionstodealwithnon-complianceexist,areconsistentlyappliedanddemonstrablyprovideeffectivedeterrence.
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(c)Compliance
Fishersaregenerallythoughttocomplywiththemanagementsystemforthefisheryunderassessment,including,whenrequired,providinginformationofimportancetotheeffectivemanagementofthefishery.
Someevidenceexiststodemonstratefisherscomplywiththemanagementsystemunderassessment,including,whenrequired,providinginformationofimportancetotheeffectivemanagementofthefishery.
Thereisahighdegreeofconfidencethatfisherscomplywiththemanagementsystemunderassessment,including,providinginformationofimportancetotheeffectivemanagementofthefishery.
(d)Systematicnon-complianceprocess
Thereisnoevidenceofsystematicnon-compliance.
Justification/Rationale
(a)Themostvolumeofseaperchlandingcanbemonitoredthroughtherecordofwholesales;however,thereareothersupplychainforsmallvolumesuchasdirectsalesthroughtheInternet.Therearenologbookrequirements,ordataverificationsystems(e.g.observerprograms)inplace.ThereisnosystemtoverifiablymonitordiscardsatseaorinteractionswithETPspecies.Theredoesnotseemtobeanyconsistentenforcementatseaforexistingfisheryregulations(e.g.spatialpurseseinefishingarearestrictions),andinformalenforcementwithintheFCAdoesnotappearstrong.(b)Legalprocedureregardingtheviolationoffisheryrightsintermsofoperationareaexist(includingpatrolbyJapanCoastGuard,thoughtheyaremorefocusontrafficsafetyandrescue).AlthoughthereareafewlinesregardingsanctionsintheFCA’smanagementplan,theyare‘appropriatesanctionsmaybeapplied’withoutanydetailsandtheassessmentteamsawnoevidencethattheyareapplied.(c)Fishersaregenerallythoughttocomplywiththemanagementsystemforthefisheryunderassessment,andfishersalsoregularlyparticipateinnon-mandatedpracticessuchascollectionoffisherydatainlogbooks,voluntaryfisheryclosureinFebruary,andreleaseofjuvenileseaperch.(d)Noevidenceofsystematicnon-compliance,butwithoutenforcementonthewateroratlandingsthiscannotbeverified.
RBFRequired?(P/O/)
ORBFcan’tbeusedLikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)
Pre-condition
Component FisherySpecificManagementSystem
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SCS Global Services Report
PI3.2.4Monitoringandmanagementperformanceevaluation
Thereisasystemofmonitoringandevaluatingtheperformanceofthefishery-specificmanagementsystemagainstitsobjectives.
Thereiseffectiveandtimelyreviewofthefishery-specificmanagementsystem.
Scoringissues SG60 SG80 SG100
(a)Evaluationcoverage
Therearemechanismsinplacetoevaluatesomepartsofthefishery-specificmanagementsystem.
Therearemechanismsinplacetoevaluatekeypartsofthefishery-specificmanagementsystem
Therearemechanismsinplacetoevaluateallpartsofthefishery-specificmanagementsystem.
(b)Internaland/orexternalreview
Thefishery-specificmanagementsystemissubjecttooccasionalinternalreview.
Thefishery-specificmanagementsystemissubjecttoregularinternalandoccasionalexternalreview.
Thefishery-specificmanagementsystemissubjecttoregularinternalandexternalreview.
Justification/Rationale
(a)ThereisoccasionalevaluationonspecificmatterswithintheNorthernTokyoBayPurseSeineAssociationwhenrequired(i.e.,thereparingcommonequipmentattheport)howeverthereisnoclearmechanismforhowoftenandwhatneedstobeevaluated.(b)Fishery-specificmanagementsystemisexpressedintheFunabashiFisheryCooperativeManagementplanforseaperch.Theassessmentteamisnotawareofanyformalinternalorexternalreviewmechanisms,however.
RBFRequired?(P/O/)
ORBFcan’tbeusedLikelyScoringLevel(pass/passwithcondition/pre-condition)
Passwithcondition
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