POLÍTICA AMBIENTAL DEL JAPÓNPOLÍTICA AMBIENTAL DEL JAPÓN
Ministro Masaru Watanabe
Embajada del Japónen la República Argentina
8 de agosto de 2007
I. Estado actual del problema
II. Experiencia del Japón
III. Nueva iniciativa japonesa sobre el calentamiento global
IV. Cooperación del Japón con las políticas ambientales de la Argentina
Structural Changes in Recent Energy Market Structural Changes in Recent Energy Market
• The world's energy demand is expected to grow rapidly, mainly in Asia, and increase by 60% in 2030 from
the 2002 level (the Asian region accounts for about 46% of overall growth).
Changes in and Prospects for World's Energy Demand by Region
Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2004oil equivalent million t
1
※5% (in 2002) to about 3% (in 2030) in Japan
Former Soviet Union,etc.
Asia (including Japan and South Korea)
China
India
Central and South America
Middle East
Africa
OECD ( excluding Japan and South Korea)
196738 years
ago
198223
yearsago
THE SUMIDA RIVER (TOKYO) IS NOW CLEAN
THE SUMIDA RIVER (TOKYO) IS NOW CLEAN
(15 yearsafter)
Today 2005
RIVERS RIVERS2
AIR IN JAPAN The City of Yokkaichi is now clean.AIR IN JAPAN The City of Yokkaichi is now clean.
And nowAtmosphere 40 years ago
‘65 ‘70 ‘75 ‘80 ‘85 ‘90
CONCENTRATION OF SULFUR DIOXIDE
THERE IS LESS
SULFUR DIOXIDE TODAY
3
- Japan has been highly successful in decoupling energy demand from economic growth. Japan’s level of energy efficiency is better than that of other developed countries.
- Accordingly, the marginal abatement cost of Japan is higher.
- The manufacturing industry has played a key role in the dramatic energy efficiency improvement during the 1970s and 1980s.
Energy consumption per GDP in EU15, US and Japan
Source: IEA, Energy Balances of OECD Countries
Energy consumption per production of the manufacturing industry in Japan
Source: IEEJ-EDMC, Handbook of Energy& Economic Statistics in Japan
Japan’s Energy Efficiency4
Keys for Success: Efficiency Improvement (2) - In the industrial sector, incentives for better competitiveness need to be utilized.- They know their own technologies and facilities best. - Best practices and best available technologies need to be globally shared.
Chemical industry(CO2 emission intensities of ethylene production)
Source: SRI Chemical Economic Handbook, etc.
Thermal power sector; thermal efficiency(Electricity output per energy input)
Source: ECOFYS(2004), etc.
Steel industry(Energy intensities in integrated steel plant)
Source : Korea Iron & Steel Association, etc.
Cement(Energy intensities of clinker)
Source: Battelle
5
Keys for Success: Efficiency Improvement (1)
-Energy efficiency is a key in striking a balance between the environment and the economy.
-The Top Runner Program was introduced in 1998 as energy conservation standards for home/office appliances and fuel efficiency standards for automotives.
Example of Top Runner Program Examples of equipment covered(21 items are covered in total.)
Fuel Efficiency
(km/l)
Fuel Efficiency
(km/l)
Top Runner Program
(Stricter energy conservation standards)
Conventional energy
conservation standard
6
Passenger vehicles (Gasoline and LP gas)
Passenger vehicles (diesel)
Air conditioners (cooling & heating)
TV sets
Video cassette recorders
Fluorescent lights
Copying machines
Computers
Magnetic disc units
Electric refrigerators / freezers
Gas cooking appliances
Vending machines
7 Global Solar Cells Production per Region
Global(1,728MW)
Japan(833MW)
EU(452MW)
Others (289MW)
USA(154MW)
Region
Japan
EU
USA
Others
Total
2005 Inter-annual Variation (MW) (%)
231,5 137,6 15,3
148,9 533,3
38,5 43,8 11,0
106,3 44,6
Global Cumulative Installed Solar Power Systems8(M
W)
Japan(1,132.0MW)
Germany(794.0MW)
USA(365.2MW)
Examples of Solar Cells Installations(parking lot roofs and research institute roofs)
9
Examples of Solar Cells and Wind Generator(a hut in Mt. Hakuba)
10
11
Basic Plan for Establishing a Sound-Material Cycle Society
Targets FY 2000 FY 2010
Resource Productivity 280,000 yen/ton 390,000 yen/ton
( 40% up )
Cyclical Use Rate 10%14%
( 40% up )
Final Disposal 56 million tons 28 million tons( 50% down )
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WHERE DO WE GET GOLD? Do the cell phones we dispose have any gold?WHERE DO WE GET GOLD? Do the cell phones we dispose have any gold?
• We get 200g of gold out of 10,000 cell phones (1 ton).
• Out ot an equal weight of rocks from mines in Africa, we get only 5g of gold.
SO, FACTORIES OBTAIN GOLD FROM USED CELL PHONES. . .
.
13
International Comparison of Resource Productivity in OECD Countries
Japan
$1,000 / t 《 PPP in 2000 》
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Austria
Belgium ・ Luxembourg
DenmarkFinland
FranceGermany
GreeceIreland
ItalyNetherl.Portugal
SpainSweden
UK
USA
1997 ( USA:1994)
2000
Resource Productivity =
GDP
Amount of Natural Resources
Source Resource Productivity: (EU)EUROSTAT "Material use in the EU 1980-2000: indicators and analysis",2002. (USA)WRI "Material Flow Accounts: A Tool For Making Environmental Policy",2005 (JAPAN) Trial calculation by Ministry of the Environment from OECD data GDP : OECD "OECD in Figures 2001 Edition."
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【 Current Emissions 】
1. U.S.A. 22%
2. China 18%
3. Russia 6%
4. Japan 5%
5. India 4%
【 Year 2050 】
=
Developing Countries:about 60% (estimate)
Cutting globalemissionsby half from thecurrent level
Curbing tothe samelevel as thecapacity ofnatural sinks
〔 Mid-Term Strategy 〕<“ 3 principles” in designing a concrete framework beyond 2013>
「 Innovative Technology Development 」 ・ Eliminating emissions from coal-fired power generation ・ Expanding safe and peaceful use of nuclear power ・ Efficient solar power generation ・ Promoting the use of next-generation automobiles such as fuel cell vehicles ・ Technological innovation in industries such as iron production
「 Building a Low Carbon Society 」 ・ Lifestyles in harmony with nature ・ Efficient public transportation system ・ Compact urban development ・ Demonstrating the sentiment of “mottainai” and the “Japan model” in the world
Invitation to “Cool Earth 50” ~ 3 Proposals, 3 Principles ~
< Japan’s Role > ・ Oil consumption has been reduced by 8% even though the GDP has doubled over the past 30 years. ・ CO2 emission per GDP is the least in the major countries. ・ Japan will create a new financial mechanism for assistance to the developing countries which respond to its proposals. ・ Japan will expand the endeavor in East Asia for improving energy efficiency to the entire world.
Stabilizing the level of greenhouse gasconcentrations in the atmosphere
To make “Cool Earth” a reality
〔 National Campaign 〕 < For achieving Japan’s Kyoto Protocol target >
Japan-China,Japan-U.S.Summit
Hokkaido Toyako Summit (G8)
East Asia Summit
COP13Heiligendamm Summit (G8)
Apr. Jun. Sep. Nov. Dec. Jul.2007. 2008.
APEC Summit
With the motto of “1 person, 1 day, 1 kg”, calling upon the people for efforts and creative ideas.
〔 Long-Term Strategy 〕 < For halving emissions by 2050 >
【 Target which we propose setting as a common goal for the world 】
(1) All major emitters must participate, thus moving beyond the Kyoto Protocol, leading to global reduction of emissions.
(2) The framework must be flexible and diverse, taking into consideration the circumstances of each country.
(3) The framework must achieve compatibility between environmental protection and economic growth by utilizing energy conservation and other technologies.
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・ Based on the Law Concerning the Promotion of the Measures to Cope with Global Warming, This system requires large emitters to report their GHG emissions to the government. The government then enables the public to access the gathered data.
・ Based on the Law Concerning the Promotion of the Measures to Cope with Global Warming, This system requires large emitters to report their GHG emissions to the government. The government then enables the public to access the gathered data.
System OutlineSystem Outline
The Public / Businesses The Public / Businesses
・ Targeted businesses are those that emit more than the fixed volume of greenhouse gases・ Targeted sectors are industrial, business (including the public sector), and transportation sectors・ Calculation shall be done for the six gases for each business establishment (each company for the transportation sector)
GovernmentGovernment
Accounting/Announcement
Reporting
<Accounting by>
・ Business
・ Business Type
・ Prefecture
Note: Disclosed when requested
Mandatory Greenhouse Gas Accounting and Reporting System
Top Runner Program based on the Law concerning the Rational Use of Energy
・ Based on the Law concerning the Rational Use of Energy, energy saving standards for home appliances and automobiles are determined by the Top Runner Method (see Note). the standards are imposed upon manufactures. For the manufacturers that do not meet the standards, measures including advice, announcement, orders, and fines (less than 1 million yen) are taken.
・ Based on the Law concerning the Rational Use of Energy, energy saving standards for home appliances and automobiles are determined by the Top Runner Method (see Note). the standards are imposed upon manufactures. For the manufacturers that do not meet the standards, measures including advice, announcement, orders, and fines (less than 1 million yen) are taken.
Program OutlineProgram Outline
Note: Top Runner Note: Top Runner MethodMethod
This concept calls This concept calls for products to for products to have better have better performance than performance than the best product the best product currently on the currently on the market.market.
Raising Public Awareness
・ A large scale national campaign for the prevention of global warming started in April 2005 to realize the "6%" reduction in greenhouse gas emissions based on the Kyoto Protocol. The Team Leader is the Prime Minister and the sub-leader is the Minister of the Environment.
・ Individuals are invited to participate in daily global warming prevention activities such as "COOL BIZ," "WARM BIZ," and “Hello! Environmental Technology."
・ A large scale national campaign for the prevention of global warming started in April 2005 to realize the "6%" reduction in greenhouse gas emissions based on the Kyoto Protocol. The Team Leader is the Prime Minister and the sub-leader is the Minister of the Environment.
・ Individuals are invited to participate in daily global warming prevention activities such as "COOL BIZ," "WARM BIZ," and “Hello! Environmental Technology."
Team Minus 6%Team Minus 6%
Examples of Japan’s Policies and Measures
Efficiency Improvement of Home AppliancesEfficiency Improvement of Home Appliances
Initiatives taken by Government Agencies
(1) National Center: Established by the Minister of the Environment based on the Law Concerning the Promotion of the Measures to Cope with Global Warming with the aim to raise public awareness regarding anti-global warming measures. (2) Prefectural Centers: Established by the Prefectural Governors based on the Law Concerning the Promotion of the Measures to Cope with Global Warming. (3) Advisors: Based on the Law Concerning the Promotion of the Measures to Cope with Global Warming and with the trust of the Prefectural Governor, persons who are knowledgeable of global warming prevention measures and have considerable experience in publicity and educational campaigns educate and advise the public.
(1) National Center: Established by the Minister of the Environment based on the Law Concerning the Promotion of the Measures to Cope with Global Warming with the aim to raise public awareness regarding anti-global warming measures. (2) Prefectural Centers: Established by the Prefectural Governors based on the Law Concerning the Promotion of the Measures to Cope with Global Warming. (3) Advisors: Based on the Law Concerning the Promotion of the Measures to Cope with Global Warming and with the trust of the Prefectural Governor, persons who are knowledgeable of global warming prevention measures and have considerable experience in publicity and educational campaigns educate and advise the public.
(National / Prefectural) Japan Center for Climate Change ActionsVoluntary Advisors for Global Warming Prevention Activities
(National / Prefectural) Japan Center for Climate Change ActionsVoluntary Advisors for Global Warming Prevention Activities
・ Based on the Law Concerning the Promotion of the Measures to Cope with Global Warming, the national government, prefectures, and municipalities have taken the initiative and established a plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions during their clerical works and projects.
・ Based on the Law Concerning the Promotion of the Measures to Cope with Global Warming, the national government, prefectures, and municipalities have taken the initiative and established a plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions during their clerical works and projects.
National/Prefectural/Municipal Action PlansNational/Prefectural/Municipal Action Plans
Double Glass
Solar Panel
・ Based on the Law Concerning the Promotion of the Measures to Cope with Global Warming, local public authorities have established deliberate and comprehensive measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions according to the region's natural and social conditions.
・ Based on the Law Concerning the Promotion of the Measures to Cope with Global Warming, local public authorities have established deliberate and comprehensive measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions according to the region's natural and social conditions.
Global Warming Prevention Measures Regional Promotion Plan
Global Warming Prevention Measures Regional Promotion Plan
CRT-basedTV
VCR
Air conditioner
Electric refrigerator
(FY1997 – FY2003)
(FY1997 – FY2003)
(FY1997 – FY2004)42%
55%
(FY1997 – FY2006)
(FY1998 – FY2006)
16
Image of a Low Carbon Society in 2050
A Solar Society A society making high use of the solar energy A society making high use of hydrogen A Hydrogen Society
Thin-film silicon solar cells
The wide use of polymer electrolyte fuel cell automobiles
Efficient hydrogen storage technology
The wide use of fuel cell vehicles to realize zero emissions in the automobile sector, which currently accounts for nearly 20% of the global emissions
By improving hydrogen storage capacity from the current 3kg to 7kg, the mileage of fuel cell vehicles rises to nearly 700km, the level of the conventional cars.
Thin-film solar cells
A significant improvement in power generation efficiency from the current 15 – 20% to over 40%, as well as its cost reduction to the level of thermal power generation
Low-cost and high-efficiency solar cells by using new materials
Flexible solar cells with no restriction of installation places
Hydrogen generation from the solar energy by photocatalysts
Low-cost rechargeable batteries with increased capacity
Fuel cells to satisfy household energy demands
Stack Air
Hydrogen
Electrolytic film Solid Polymer Fuel Cell (Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell)
Configuration
Cost reduction by the use of platinum alternatives
Zero Emissions Ultra High Energy Efficiency Technology
A society making high use of CO2-free energy resources
A society realizing extremely efficient production processes ; having low-carbon-emitting production systems ; and making ultra-high efficient use of energy at homes and offices
Iron and steel making technology to partially substitute hydrogen for coke as a reducer
Cascade use of waste heat energy, andproduction technology to fully utilize the by-products of other industries as raw materials
Next generation energy-saving devices including high-efficiency semiconductors.
Superconducting power transmission without powerloss
The IEA estimates, in its 2050 reduction scenario, that the global diffusion of high energy efficiency technology reduces the global emissions by 25%.
Innovative zero-emissions coal-fired power generation
Next generation light water reactors, small and medium reactors, high temperature gas-cooled reactors, and fast breeder reactor (FBR) cycles
A significant increase of zero-emissions nuclear power generation
Zero-emissions coal-fired power generation, which currently accounts for nearly 30% of the global emissions
Power transmission lines
Carbon dioxide storage
Carbon dioxide injection well
Zero-emissions Coal-fired Power Generation Plant
FutureGen – USA
Reactor core
Small and Medium Reactor
6m
18 m
Stea
m
ge
nera
tor
Ultra high energy efficiency heat pumps exploiting waste energy
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Changes in CO2 Emissions by Secto r
This adds up to
Reduction target for household sector
Approx. 38 million tons/year
< CO2 reduction volume > Source: “Stress Free Mitigation Global Warming – 10 Concrete Measures at Homes” (Ministry of the Environment), etc.
[At work]
[If every Japanese citizen refuses one shopping bag per week]
→ CO2 reduction of approx. 360,000 tons/year nation wide
Electricity Consumption to a maximum of
1/5
Replace all filament light bulbs in Japan with fluorescent light bulbs
※ For reducing CO2 nation wide effectively, it is also necessary to take proper actions in the business sector (office buildings, etc.) .
What Each One of Us Can Do to Reduce CO2 emissions
Achieving the Kyoto Protocol’s 6% Reduction Target Achieving the Kyoto Protocol’s 6% Reduction Target
COCO2 2 DietDiet
Let’s review our lifestyle Let’s review our lifestyle and reduce 1 kg of and reduce 1 kg of COCO22 /person/day/person/day
= approx. 47 million tons/year 1kg × 128 million people
× 365 days>
Japan’s household sector recalled a 37.4% increase of CO2 emissions in FY 2005 (compared to 1990 level), totaling 175 million tons, which will need to be reduced 38 million tons by 2010. To achieve this goal, each
one of us must change our current lifestyle and increase our efforts to reduce CO2 emissions at home and at work. For example, if all of the following measures be implemented, each household can reduce approx. 569
kg/year (610g/person/day).
The government will devote all of its efforts to expand the nation-wide campaign, Team Minus 6%. The success of this campaign totally depends upon the efforts of each citizen. (1) Ratio of the offices that have made efforts since the launch of Cool Biz
in FY 2005 →43.2 % (2) Estimated CO2 reduction
→ Approx. 1.14 million tons (June- September) nation wide
Japanese government invites public opinions on specific global warming mitigation ideas for homes, offices, and communities, and actively introduces the ideas to the public based on the practicality
e.g. with 1 higher for air-conditioning and 1 lower for heating℃ ℃[Adjusting the temperature] Summer 28 , Winter 20℃ ℃
e.g. without stand-by electricity
[Smart electricity use] Unplug appliances
[Smart water use] Turn off water properly
e.g. 1 minute shorter shower time a day
e.g. bringing own shopping bags and choose products with light packaging
[Smart shopping and waste disposal] No excessive wrapping; proper trash separation
[Eco-friendly driving] Eco-drive
e.g. idling stop for 5 minutes per day
[Smart products choice] Buy eco-productse.g. with eco-friendly home electric appliances (air conditioners, refrigerators, lights, etc)
= Reduction of 74 g/person/day (approx. 69 kg/household/year)
= Reduction of 62 g/person/day (approx. 58 kg/household/year)
= Reduction of 42 g/person/day (approx. 39 kg/household/year)
= Reduction of 64 g/person/day (approx. 60 kg/household/year)
= Reduction of 281 g/person/day (approx. 262 kg/household/year)
35 g《 Reduction volume/person/day 》
・・・
1 kgequivalent to approx. 100 soccer balls !
in cubic volume
Further reductions could be created by public ideas
e.g. with proper trash separation and recycling of waste plastic(= burn less garbage) = Reduction of 52 g/person/day (approx. 48 kg/household/year)
74g
281g
42g62g64g
・・・
104g
132g45g
52g
35g
[Air conditioner]
= Reduction of 104 g/person/day (approx. 97 kg/household/year)
42 % energy efficiency improvement( FY1997→ FY2006 )
= Reduction of 132 g/person/day (approx. 123 kg/household/year)
55% energy efficiency improvement (FY1998→FY2006)
[Refrigerator]
[Light]
[Light bulb-type fluorescent lamp][Filament light bulb]
= Reduction of 45 g/person/day (approx. 42 kg/household/year)
= Reduction of 35 g/person/day (approx. 33 kg/household/year)
0
100
200
300
400
500
Industries
Transportation
Tertiary
Household
Energy conversion
Unit : million ton CO 2
-7.4%(5)
-29.9%(38)
-42.1%(69)
-3.2%(7)
-6.4%(31)
Rate of reduction Needed from FY2005
( absolute value )
+9.7%
+37.4%
+42.2%
+18.1%
-3.2%
Rate of change
74
175
234
257
466
FY 2005 (preliminary
figure)
68
127
164
217
482
FY 1990
-7.3%(5)
-21.7%(38)
-29.4%(69)
-2.6%(7)
-6.8%(31)
Rate of reduction
)
+9.7%
+37.4%
+42.2%
+18.1%
-3.2%
74
175
234
257
466
FY 2005 (preliminary
figure)
68
127
164
217
482
FY 1990
(Unit: million ton CO2 )
2005(Preliminary figures)1990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200320042005(Preliminary figures)199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004
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