Resumen Topics

8/12/2019 Resumen Topics

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Flat sharing

The heaven and the hell of flat sharing!

Sharing a flat or house with other people can be a great way to make new best friends, but there's also the possibility of acomplete personality or lifestyle clash, with arguments over everything from noise to who ate your last slice of bread!

Here are some tips to help you decide if you want to share with others or rent alone:

If you share with others, you'll normally pay less rent than you would if you lived alone.

Shared facilities such as the kitchen or bathroom are generally bigger than in one bedroom accommodation.

Heating and electricity bills are usually cheaper when shared among a few people. However, there's is a dangerthat one flatmate could cause expensive bills (for the phone or by constantly having the heating on).

If you feel lonely living alone, then you might enjoy the company of flatmates.

However, remember that while some flatmates share everything together (parties, meal times, going out), otherslive very separate lives and only see each other while passing through the kitchen.

Flat sharing means having less privacy than living alone.

Flatmates aren't always going to want the same things as you (think arguments about what TV programme to

watch, whether to have a house party or not, how clean the shared rooms are and so on).

It's important to share with people you get on well with. Try to meet your new flatmates before deciding to move

in.

Your best friend doesn't always make a good flatmate. In fact, sharing with mates can mean the end of afriendship: think carefully about your friends lifestyles (when it comes to respecting your privacy, cleaning,money issues and partying) before deciding to live with them.

Make sure that everybody who lives in your flat has signed the contract or lease. Otherwise you could findyourself responsible for paying someone else's bills and rent if they do a runner!

Questions to think about before sharing a flat with others:

When and how is the rent paid? Does each person give it individually to the landlord or does one of you collecteverybody's rent and make sure it's paid on time?

What happens if one person is always late with the rent money or worse again, doesn't pay it?

If one flatmate leaves, who has to pay their share of the rent? (Check this with the landlord before moving in).

Are smoking, house parties or pets allowed?

Are there any rules about visitors? What happens if one flatmate's boyfriend/girlfriend spends all their time inyour flat or if someone has a friend sleeping on your sofa for a month?

Do you each eat separately and buy food separately or do you take turns cooking for everyone and do one bigshopping together?

How are other essentials like washing powder, toilet roll or cleaning products paid for?

If there is a phone, who is responsible for it and how is the bill to be split?

Who does the housework (cleaning, dish washing, putting out the bins, laundry, etc) and what happens ifsomeone never does their share of the housework?

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Most peoples first experience regarding living alone involves living with a flatmate. Lets be honest, with the rising costsof living, no one can really afford to live alone unless they have an excellent salary. In addition, most people who have

just started out on their career cant afford to live alone. That is why so many people opt to share their flat when they firstmove out.


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Living with a flatmate can have both advantages and disadvantages. On the positive side, you will always have someoneto talk to when you come home from work. If you end up being friends you can actually make plans together, hang out,and really enjoy your years of living together.

Having a flatmate will also cut costs. Since you are sharing in the flats rent, and will most probably end up sharing

groceries as well, you will save money in the long run. You can also split costs on basic utilities and things like cable andinternet since you will both be using them.

Being able to cut the money you spend on rent is great, but another great thing about having a flatmate is that you can get

a bigger place than you could afford on your own. This is wonderful if you like socialising and inviting people over, or ifyou want a bigger place for its spaciousness.

Finally, you will have someone to share the responsibilities with. You can split chores such as dishwashing and cleaning,and not feel like you have to do a lot after you get home from work or school.

There are, however, disadvantages of having a flatmate as well. To start off with, you will not have the privacy you wouldhave if you would be living alone. Your flatmate will know what is going on in your life all the time, and if you are thekind of person who likes a lot of space, you might have problems in getting along with a person being around you all thetime.

If you and your flatmate end up not getting along, things could be very uncomfortable. Since you will be sharing thingslike kitchen, bathroom, and living room, if you dont have similar habits or likes and dislikes, you could get annoyed witheach other very soon because of differing tastes in television shows, foods, and cleaning habits.

It can also be very irritating to have a flatmate who does not finish his chores on time, and if you end up doing all thecleaning and dishes because your flatmate never bothers, it will be very difficult to live with him or her for too long.

Another problem that people often face is difference in social habits. If your flatmate is up all night with the televisionturned on loud, or has visitors all the time, you could end up feeling as if your life is being capsized because of yourflatmate.

Because of these reasons, it is very important for you to ponder about whom you share your flat with, and discuss all

potential conflicts before you start living together.

What makes a good communicator?

A good communicator is someone who:

1. Is a good listenerand shows interest in other people.2. Has an awareness of body language3. Is not a ramblerand doesnt get easily sidetracked.4. Doesnt suffer from nervesand is relaxed when meeting new people.5. Is sensitive to people from other cultures.6. Has an extensive vocabulary

7. Has a good sense of humour8. Has an attractive appearanceand is well dressed.9. Maintains eye contactwith the listeners10.Speaks at reasonable pacenot too fast and not too slow.11.Has charismaand can hold the attention of the listeners.12.Keeps to the point and doesnt have a lot of long digressions.

Do you want to communicate confidently?

Remain in control of your emotions and your voice

Maintain good posture

Prepare what you want to say before the event

Use tone to engage people with interest and excitement Dress smartly to make a good impression

Communicate in assertive and not a passive or aggressive style

Participate actively in seminars

Consider your potential listeners

Be a good listener

Understand cultural differences


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Be yourself

Defining Peer Pressure

Peers influence your life, even if you don't realize it, just by spending time with you. You learn from them, and they learn

from you. It's only human nature to listen to and learn from other people in your age group.

Peers can have a positive influence on each other. Maybe another student in your science class taught you an easy way toremember the planets in the solar system or someone on the soccer team taught you a cool trick with the ball. You mightadmire a friend who is always a good sport and try to be more like him or her. Maybe you got others excited about your

new favorite book, and now everyone's reading it. These are examples of how peers positively influence each other every

day.

Sometimes peers influence each other in negative ways. For example, a few kids in school might try to get you to cutclass with them, your soccer friend might try to convince you to be mean to another player and never pass her the ball, ora kid in the neighborhood might want you to shoplift with him.

Why Do People Give in to Peer Pressure?

Some kids give in to peer pressure because they want to be liked, to fit in, or because they worry that other kids mightmake fun of them if they don't go along with the group. Others go along because they are curious to try something newthat others are doing. The idea that "everyone's doing it" can influence some kids to leave their better judgment, or theircommon sense, behind.

Walking Away From Peer Pressure

It is tough to be the only one who says "no" to peer pressure, but you can do it. Paying attention to your own feelings andbeliefs about what is right and wrong can help you know the right thing to do. Inner strength and self-confidence can help

you stand firm, walk away, and resist doing something when you know better.

It can really help to have at least one other peer, or friend, who is willing to say "no," too. This takes a lot of the power

out of peer pressure and makes it much easier to resist. It's great to have friends with values similar to yours who willback you up when you don't want to do something.

You've probably had a parent or teacher advise you to "choose your friends wisely." Peer pressure is a big reason whythey say this. If you choose friends who don't use drugs,cut class, smoke cigarettes, or lie to their parents, then youprobably won't do these things either, even if other kids do. Try to help a friend who's having trouble resisting peerpressure. It can be powerful for one kid to join another by simply saying, "I'm with youlet's go."

Even if you're faced with peer pressure while you're alone, there are still things you can do. You can simply stay awayfrom peers who pressure you to do stuff you know is wrong. You can tell them "no" and walk away. Better yet, find otherfriends and classmates to pal around with.

If you continue to face peer pressure and you're finding it difficult to handle,talkto someone you trust. Don't feel guilty ifyou've made a mistake or two. Talking to a parent, teacher, or school counselor can help you feel much better and prepareyou for the next time you face peer pressure.

Powerful, Positive Peer Pressure

Peer pressure is not always a bad thing. For example, positive peer pressure can be used to pressure bulliesinto actingbetter toward other kids. If enough kids get together, peers can pressure each other into doing what's right!

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Having an Only Child

Most couples who get married or decide to live together generally plan to have children. Several years ago, having bigfamilies was common and this was seen as an advantage. This was mainly because children began working at an early age

to help provide for the family. But with the changing times and with the cost of living getting higher every single year,having a big family is no longer considered to be a practical option. In fact, more couples are now considering havingonly one child and some do not have any desire to become parents at all.

According to the Australian Institute of Family Studies, by 1986, women aged 40 to 44 years, were considerably more

likely to have given birth to two children than three children (36% vs. 27%) or four or more children (19%). However,taken together, women were still more likely to have had three or more children than to have had two children (46% vs.36%).

In recent years, women were more likely to have had two children than three or more children a trend that was mostmarked in the most recent period (38% vs. 25% in 1996; 38% vs. 22% in 2006). These days, most families in Australia
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have two children. But the number of women who had given birth to a single child increased progressively from only 8%in 1981 to 13% in 2006.

The U.S. Census Bureau states that there are approximately 14 million only children in America today. This comprises

20% of the childrens population compared to only 10% around fifty years ago.

Despite the fact that we live in this modern age however, there are certain stigmas that have been attached to an

only child:

He/she is lonely.

He/she is self-centred.

He/she is a spoiled brat

He/she is selfish.

He/she always wants attention.

He/she has a greater tendency of playing with imaginary friends.

He/she has difficulty socialising.

He/she is more prone to get sick.

These characteristics however, are not always apparent in all cases of only children. But there are distinct advantages anddisadvantages of having just one child:

Advantages of Having an Only Child

1.An only child gets very attached to his/her parents and has a great relationship with them.2.An only child gets the best in everythingmaterial things and otherwise.3.An only child gets his/her parents undivided attention.4.An only child does not have to deal with other siblings5.An only child does not have to compete with other siblings for his/her parents attention.6.An only child will not be compared (intentionally or not) with another sibling.

7.An only child is more independent.

Disadvantages of Having an Only Child

1.An only child may grow up lonely.2.An only child has no one to grow up with.3.An only child may get too much pressure from parents, to perform well or excel in school and other activities4.The parents of an only child tend to be overprotective.5.An only child may get bored of parental involvement6.An only child may have a harder time making friends.7.An only child may be pressure to have children in order to carry on the family name.8.An only child may become burdened about being the sole caregivers of elderly parents.9.An only child will never have the experience of having nephews and nieces.

While these advantages and disadvantages focus mainly on the child, the parents also benefit from having an only childwhile undergoing some negative emotions due to their decision to have only one child.

The most obvious benefit of having only one child for parents is they are able to give more to their child in terms ofmaterial things as well as their love and attention. But despite this fact, parents of only children these days still undergosome challenges:

Parents of only children get strange looks or rude remarks from people when they say they have only one child.

Family and friends tend to pressure them to have more children.

Parents of only children sometimes feel guilty for not giving their child a sibling.

Parents of only children are worried about their child being alone after they die.

Deciding to become a parent is already a major decision in itself. Planning on how many children to have is equallyimportant. But whether you want to have one, two, three or more children you should always remember that each childthat you raise entails having a set of responsibilities.


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There are so many dysfunctional families these days because of broken relationships between couples and betweenparent and child. That is why it is imperative that parents are equipped to raise children.

Despite the wealth of information that we have at our fingertips however, there is no perfect way of raising a child. Even

if you grow up in a loving familythat is not a guarantee you will have the same success when its your turn to raise yourchild. You can read all the books that you want and visit so many websites on the internet but nothing can totally

prepare you for the actual experience of being a parent.

For new parents, perhaps it would be ideal to start off with just one child. Like any other experience, it is best to feel yourway through this one. Even if youve read all the available material about parenting, you will learn much more.

For many parents these days, having the experience of parenting one child is enough for them and that is fine. For othershowever, they want to have more and that is okay too. But you always have to consider a few very important things:

Does your partner want to have another child?

Are you financially capable of raising another child?

Are you emotionally capable of caring for another child?

Are you physically capable of taking care of another child?

If you answered yes to all these questions, then you are ready to add another child to the family but if you hesitated oneven one of these questions, think carefully. Remember, that the number of your children does not define who you are asa parent. What is important is that you raise your child to be a loving, respectful and responsible person

The Experience

It is not better or worse than growing up with siblings, but it is different.

Adult onlies see that the experience of growing up as the only child has given them many positive qualities. They're

capable, reliable, a good friend to others, sensitive, thoughtful, considerate, organised and responsible. And some themeshave emerged very clearly too.

I can somewhat relate to feelings of being 'suffocated' by parents' love and attention.Racquel

As children, most wanted more children to play with and were fascinated by larger families. Very few rebelled in theirteenage years.

The intensity of the child/parent relationship, its potential invasiveness and lack of privacy has often led to feelings being

locked inside.

As adults, many have difficulty now expressing deep feelings in close relationships. Despite the independent image, theyare still emotionally dependent on parents, or their memory.

Now that I am older, I would appreciate having an adult relationship with siblings and having a support group to helptake care of my parents as they get older.

Julz

An issue that looms large for everyone who has not already lost both parents is the loss of the last one, leaving them alonewith no one, with whom to share family history.The loneliness of the only child comes full circle.

The Statistics

Europe:According to recent press reports in the British and US press, families with one child are estimated at 17% inBritain and 50% in Germany and Portugal.

USA:Between 1980 and 1998 in the USA, there has been an 85% increase in the number of women aged 40-44 (ie thosedeemed to have completed their families) who have just one child.

China:Since the introduction of the one child policy in China in 1979, an entire generation of only children has grownup.'Beanpole familes', those with fewer children and multiple generations of older people - are leading to profound social


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changes, the Office of National Satistics said. Fewer brothers and sisters in one generation leads to fewer aunts and

uncles in the next... and longer, thinner patterns of family relationships.

There has been much publicity recently about the family tree changing shape. No longer are we creating large familieswhich broaden out over generations to form a tree with a wide canopy. We are increasingly having one child. This

phenomenon has been named the beanpole family'.

The reasons are many - women choosing to have children later, the one child option as a lifestyle choice, marriagebreakdown.

May be now is the time to get beyond the stereotyped image of the spoilt brat and become curious about the actualexperience of growing up as the only child'.

It's not easy being a kid

Many children say that being a kid is not easy! You are always too small or too young to do what you'dlike to do and by the time you've grown you've often gone off doing something that you had wanted to

do or found it was not as much fun as you thought!Adults do rule your life and keeping to the rules they set can be very confusing, as different

adults may have different rules, and rules can be different in different places - rules at schoolmay be different to those at home for example.

While you are a kid you need to get an education, learn all sorts of facts and skills, learn how toget on with people and how to cope with your growing body. It can be confusing when somepeople have different ideas on how girls and boys should behave.In the olden daysHave you ever heard this old rhyme?

What are little girls made of?

Sugar and spice and all things nice!

What are little boys made of?

Rats and snails and puppy dogs tails!!This is the shortened version but you can get the message can't you?

In the 'olden days', girls were expected to be all sweet and nice and boys were expected to be toughand manly.

It was ok for girls to cry but not for boys. It was ok for boys to be educated but girls didn't need to be because they were expected to

be 'just a wife and mother'! Boys were expected to be the worker and provider for the family.

Girls may have worked before they were married but afterwards they were expected to stayhome and look after the family.

Boys were expected to do 'manly' jobs at home like gardening, but it was the girls who had tohelp out with the cooking, washing and cleaning.

Being a kid nowadaysNowadays both girls and boys have the right to an education and are able to go to university or train forany career they are interested in.

Jobs which have been traditionally only for men, including mining and engineering, now employ women whohave the training and ability to do the work.

Jobs which were traditionally for women like nursing, hairdressing and secretarial work are often doneby men.


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There are many families where both parents go out to work. In some families it is the man who takes care of the household while the woman goes out to work.

In many families both men and women share all the jobs around the home and kids get to learn how to dohousework, cook and shop.

Sports which have been traditionally for men now have women's teams eg soccer and cricket, and many

young women learn kick boxing. Many young men take up dancing - ballet, jazz, rap or acrobatics as a form of fitness or go to aerobics

as well as weight training classes at the gym.

So should everything be a lot easier for boys and girls nowadays? We asked some kids that question and

this is what they said.

What some other kids said

"Sometimes we have to concentrate for a long time in school without a break." "Some kids find it hard to be active with electronic games around." "Some kids are bullied a lot."

"Some kids find it hard to get noticed."

"Some kids are not loved." "Some kids are yelled at." "Sometimes people expect too much and this makes it hard for kids." "Smaller kids can be bullied or ignored by larger kids."

"It can be hard to listen when other kids are being distracting." "You have more responsibility the older you get."

"In some countries kids are forced to work and don't have enough to eat." Some kids are not looked after properly at home.

Dr Kim and Dr Kate say

These comments came from kids in year 6 and 7. Our writer was impressed thateveryone was treated with respect by all the other kids in the class whether theircomment was serious or fun. If we all respect each other then it doesn't matter ifyou are male or female. We are all individuals, we all have our bad times and good

times, we all have our talents, interests, difficulties and issues and we can all makethe most of our lives.If you are part of a family then learning how to do things around the house, even ifthey are 'boring' is a good training for when you are an adult and let's not forgetthat the adults in your life deserve to have some fun times too! If everyone works

together then you are all able to spend more time relaxing together.

We've provided thi s information to help you to understand important th ings about staying healthy and happy.

However, if you feel sick or unhappy, it is important to tell your mum or dad, a teacher or another grown-up.

SwitzerlandOverview

The home of the towering snowy peaks of the Alps and chocolate remain an extremely popular vacation spot in

Europe. Switzerland offers a diverse range of sights and activities for visitors to enjoy, which includes exploring

the history, nature, and scenery in the summer or the beauty of the snowy landscapes in the winter. Made up of 26

Cantons, each area of Switzerland has its own culture and attractions.

Land-locked by Germany, France, Italy, Liechtenstein, and Austria, Switzerlands past and culture are intertwinedand influenced by all of these neighbors. Throughout Europes tumultuous history, the relatively small country has

always taken a neutral stance, which continues to play an important role in the politics Switzerland of today. The

country remains the banking capital of Europe, a testimate which can be seen in the wealthy city of Zurich.

Switzerland is known for its natural beauty, and exploring the many mountain villages is a must for travelers. The

Swiss Alps make up 60 percent of the land and are some of the most beautiful mountains in the world. There are


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plenty of outdoor activities to be enjoyed and some of the best hiking trails in the world. The cities are just as

beautiful as the countryside and Berne, the capital's old town is a UNESCO World Heritage site, Geneva is known

for its arts and culture, Lugano is a popular lake-side getaway, and Zermatt is the perfect spot at the foothills of the

famous Matterhorn.

Switzerland has two distinct high-seasons when airfare and accomodations are at their peak: spring/summer and

winter. June through September is when the Swiss countryside is considered to be at its most beautiful. It can be

quite difficult to secure hotels or resorts during ski season, which generally runs from December to April. Booking

early is a must, especially for Christmas time.

There are three international airports in Switzerland, as well as numerous smaller regional hubs. Most visitors flyin via Basel, Geneva or Zurich. It is possible to drive from any of the four bordering countries. Exploring the

picturesque countryside and the Alps is easily done by car and a very appealing road trip. Switzerland is also well-

connected to the European rail network, making the train travel a good option for those in the EU or to get around

domestically.

Highlights

View or hike the iconic Matterhorn peak

Ski down some of the best slopes in the world at St Moritz, Zermatt, Verbier, and Gstaad

Boat on the worlds biggest subterranean lake in St Leonard, an adventure that must be experienced first-

hand Cruise Lake Geneva and enjoying the wonderful Alpine views

Shout with the crowds in the crazy Fastnacht parade in Basel

Enjoy the superb mountain setting driving through the famous Great St Bernard Pass

Induge on amazing French cuisine

Soak in history and fabulous views at the beautiful Chateau de Chillon

Advantages of Work ing in Groups

Collaborative learning involves active learning. When students get actively involved in the material they are

studying deeper learning and understanding usually result. Students feel less isolated and alone and, especially at the beginning, they have support at the 'where do I

start' stage. Depending on the task it may be possible to divide out components and share work load. Peer learning (learning from each other) has been shown to be a highly effective learning strategy. Working successfully in groups assists in the development of transferable skills sought by most employers.

Disadvantages of Group Working

Individual students will have less control over the overall task than if they were completing it alone. There is always a risk of group members who are overly dominant, who contribute too little, who fail to

participate effectively. Individual students, especially high-achievers, often feel that they could have attained a higher mark had

they worked alone. If only a group mark is used in group assignments there can be resentment if all members did not

contribute equally. Students sometimes see group commitments such as meetings and agreeing deadlines, deliverables etc

as an added burden on top of having to complete the task itself.

Lord of the Flies at a Glance

In Lord of the Flies, British schoolboys are stranded on a tropical island. In an attempt to recreate the culturethey left behind, they electRalphto lead, with the intellectualPiggyas counselor. ButJackwants to lead, too,

and one-by-one, he lures the boys from civility and reason to the savage survivalism of primeval hunters. InLord of the Flies,William Goldinggives us a glimpse of the savagery that underlies even the most civilizedhuman beings.

Written by:William Golding

Type of Work:novel
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Genres: social commentary, allegory

First Published:1954

Setting:Deserted tropical island

Main Characters:Ralph;Jack;Piggy;Simon;Samneric;Roger

Major Thematic Topics:evil;outlets for violence; human nature; speech; silence

Motifs:savagery versus civilization

Major Symbols: main characters; Piggy's glasses; the beast; fire; conch shell; Lord of the Flies

Movie Versions:Lord of the Flies(1963); Lord of the Flies(1990)

The three most important aspects of Lord of the Flies:

Themajor themeof Lord of the Fliesis that humans are essentially barbaric if not downright evil. Thestranded boys begin by establishing a society similar to the one they left behind in England, but soon their

society has degenerated into rival clans ruled by fear and violence; before the book is over, three boyshave been killed.

The novel is an allegory, which is a story in which characters, settings, and events stand for things larger

than themselves. For example, the island represents the world; Ralph and Jack symbolize differentapproaches to leadership.

William Golding wrote Lord of the FliesfollowingWorld War II,during whichthe Nazis exterminated sixmillion Jewsandthe United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan.In this context, the novel'sprofound pessimism is understandable.
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