Sin título de diapositiva · 2016-10-14 · Tumores Neuroendocrinos (TNEs)/Panc.NETs. Consensus...

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Transcript of Sin título de diapositiva · 2016-10-14 · Tumores Neuroendocrinos (TNEs)/Panc.NETs. Consensus...

Page 1: Sin título de diapositiva · 2016-10-14 · Tumores Neuroendocrinos (TNEs)/Panc.NETs. Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Digestive Neuroendocrine Tumors: Why
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Vicenç Artigas

TRATAMIENTO QUIRÚRGICO DE LOS

TUMORES NEUROENDOCRINOS

PANCREÁTICOS

Unitat Cirurgia HBP - Oncològica

Cirurgia General i Digestiva HSCSP- UAB

Actualizació en Patologia Pancreàtica. SCPàncreesHospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Oct. 2016.

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Tumores Neuroendocrinos

1867 Langhans 1º comunicació t.carcinoide

1888 Lubarsch 1ª descripció t.carcinoide

1890 Ramnson 1ª descripció sindr. carcinoide

1907 Oberndorfer 1ª denominació Karcinoide

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SEER Registry for NCI (1973-1999): 10,878 c.Pancreas 79 patients (0.73% total patients), 60% TNEPNFAdvance Diagnosis:72-81 % patientsSurvival: 1year 84% and 5 years 37.5%

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El tratamiento de los Pan.NET’s es un reto por multiples razones:

• Pueden tener múltiples localizaciones y/o ser de dificil localización.

• El tumor primario puede ser de pequeño tamaño y ser decubierto incidentalmente en el curso de una exploración quirúrgica o radilógica abdominal por otra causa.

• Los Pan-NET’s funcionantes pueden tener una expresión clinica variable y muy especifica.

•• Los Pan-NET’s no funcionantes son asintomáticos y solo causar

síntomas debidos a su extensión metastásica, generalmente hepática.

• Estos factores contribuyen a un diagnóstico tardio en un estadio avanzado y metastásico en > 50% pàcientes. (Modlin i cols, Lancet Oncol. 2006)

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Hereditary pancreatic endocrine tumours.Ghaneh P, Lombard M, Smart HL, Evans J, Hughes M,Viniamuri S, Sutton R, Neoptolemos N, Connor S, Alexakis JP Dept. Surgery, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK.

“The two main types of hereditary pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours are found in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1) and von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL), but also in the rarer disorders of neurofibromatosis type 1 and tuberous sclerosis.”

Pancreatology. 2004;4(5):417-33; discussion 434-5. Epub 2004 Jul 6.

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Clasificación TNEP

En 2010 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Digestive System

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TNM staging of foregut (neuro)endocrine tumors: a consensus proposal including a grading system.Frascati (Italy) Consensus Conference 2005European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS)G. Rindi, G. Klöppel, H. Alhman, M. Caplin, A. Couvelard, W. W. Herder, B. Erikssson, A. Falchetti, M. Falconi, and all other participants (R.Salazar, ICO-Barcelona, MI.Sevilla,Dto.Oncologia H.Virgen Victoria/Málaga)

“We report the tumor-node-metastasis proposal for foregut NETs of the stomag, duodenum and pancreas that was designed, discussed and consensualy approved at this conference. In addition we repport the proposal for a working formulation for the grading of digestive NETs based on mitotic count and Ki-67 index.”

Virchows Arch. 2006 October; 449(4): 395–401. Published online 2006 September 12. doi: 10.1007/s00428-006-0250-1.

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Proposal TNM classification and disease staging for NET PancreasT size and local progresionTX primary tumor cannot be assessedT0 No evidence of primary tumorT1 Tumor limited to the pancreas and size <2 cmT2 Tumor limited to the pancreas and size 2–4 cmT3 Tumor limited to the pancreas and size >4 cm or invading duodenum or bile duct

T4 Tumor invading adjacent organs (stomach, spleen, colon, adrenal gland) or the wall of large vessels (celiac axis or superior mesenteric artery)

For any T, add (m) for multiple tumors

N—regional lymph nodesNX Regional lymph node cannot be assessedN0 No regional lymph node metastasisN1 Regional lymph node metastasisM—distant metastasesMX Distant metastasis cannot be assessedM0 No distant metastasesM1a Distant metastasis

aM1 specific sites defined according to Sobin and Wittekind [29]

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Pancreatic NET’s

Disease stagesStage I T1 N0 M0

Stage IIa T2 N0 M0

Stage IIb T3 N0 M0

Stage IIIa T4 N0 M0

Stage IIIb Any T N1 M0

Stage IV Any T Any N M1

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•Gammagrafia con marcage somatostatina (Octeoscan)•Cromogranina A (CgA) / Enolasa / Sinaptofisina•Ac 5-Hidroxiindolacetico (5.HIAA)•Test específicos: Insulinoma (glucosa < 45 mg/gL, insulina> 30 pmol/l))

Gastinoma (gastrina ≥1000 pg/mL, pH gastrico<2.5) Glucagonoma (glucagon > 500pgr/m)Vipoma (VIP > 200pg/mL)Somatostinoma (somatostatina > 100pg/mL)

Diagnóstico Pan.NET’s

ECO-ENDOSCOPIA

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Insulinoma (1-2 casos /millon hab.)

Tumor de pequeño tamaño<2cm• Enucleación x laparoscopia• Resección parcial pancreática

Controles intraoperatorio de Insulina.

•Secrecion inapropiada insulina, hipoglicemia y sintomas neuroglicopenicos(alt visión, confusion y coma) .• Liberacion catecolaminas y sindr. hiperadrenérgico ( perspiration, ansiedad, palpitaciones, hambre)

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Gastrinoma (ZES)

• 1-1,5 casos / millón habitantes• Ulcus péptico/RGE/ Diarreas• Aumento Gastrina plasma> 1000 pgr/ml

1)ZES sin MEN1 es +N tumor único duodenal/pancreático

2)ZES con MEN1 es +N tumor duodenal pero 50% son múltiples.

3) Es frecuente la afectación linfática (>40%)

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ECO-ENDOSCOPIA PRE-PEROPERATORIA

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Gastrinoma Pancreático

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Duodenal gastrinoma

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ALTERACIONES POSIBLES EN EL SÍNDROME DE GLUCAGONOMA• Anemia• Diabetes• Pérdida de peso• Eritema necrolítico migratorio• Glositis, queilitis angular, estomatitis• Blefaritis• Alopecia difusa• Alteraciones neurológicas: depresión, delirium, psicosis,• demencia• Ataxia• Incontinencia urinaria• Alteraciones en la visión• Onicosquisis• Dispareunia, vulvodinia, sequedad vaginal• Diarrea, esteatorrea• Dolor abdominal• Náuseas• Trombosis venosa profunda y tromboembolismo pulmonar

Glucagonoma

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Glucagonoma: glucagon > 500pgr/m)

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VIPoma (WHAD)Verner-Morrison 1958

• 0,1 caso /millón habitantes• Diarrea acuosa,Hipercalcemia, hipokaliemia• Flushing cutaneo (75%)• Elevación péptido VIP > 200pg/mL• Localización variable en páncreas• TAC/RMN/PET/Octeoscan/ECO-ENDO• Resección Pancreática (DPC/PD)

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TUMORES NEUROENDOCRINOS PANCREÁTICOS NO FUNCIONANTES (TNEPNF)

EPIDEMIOLOGIA< 1% NETs

FRECUENCIA 1-2 % de los TUMORES PANCREÁTICOS> 50% de los TNEP son NO Funcionantes

SEXO H / M 50% , EDAD 5ª DÉCADA

LOCALIZACIÓN PANCREÁTICA INDIFERENTE

CLÍNICA INESPECÍFICA, MEN1 (10-20%)

EVOLUCIÓN LENTA (supervivencia 5 a. 40%)

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TUMORES NEUROENDOCRINOS PANCREÁTICOS NO FUNCIONANTES (TNEPNF)

DIAGNÓSTICO Y SEGUIMIENTOMEN1

TAC / RMN

PET / OCTEOSCAN / EcoEndoscopia

5- HIIA

Diagnóstico definitivo:AP + Inmuno (Cromogranina A + /Sinaptofisina + / Enolasa +)

DIAGNÓSTICO CASUAL O TARDIO Y EN FASES AVANZADAS

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TUMORES NEUROENDOCRINOS PANCREÁTICOS

“ La resección quirúrgica es la única opción potencialmente curativa en pacientes con Pan-NET

localizado”.

TRATAMIENTO QUIRÚRGICO

TRATAMIENTO MÉDICO

OTROS TRATAMIENTOS

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TUMORES NEUROENDOCRINOS PANCREÁTICOS

NO TRATAMIENTO : TUMOR PEQUEÑO < 2cm. NO FUNCIONANTE O CONTROLADO , SITUACIÓN CONFLICTIVA, PACIENTE CONFLICTIVO (EDAD YCOMORBILIDAD)

TRATAMIENTO CURATIVO “CIRUGIA EXERÉTICA RADICAL”

CIRUGIA LOCAL: ENUCLEACIÓN (< 2cm. FUNCIONANTE)

CIRUGIA REGIONAL: PANCREATECTOMIA (DPC / EPD / PC / PT)

CIRUGIA DE METÁSTASIS: RESECCIÓN HEPÁTICA REGLADA = MCCR RF / TAE / TACE/ SIRT RESECCIÓN CITOREDUCTORA TRANSPLANTE HEPÁTICO (Criterios Milan) (Valoración comité oncol. Hígado-páncreas)

TRATAMIENTO EN FUNCIÓN DEL GRADO, TAMAÑO, LOCALIZACIÓN YPRESENCIA DE METÁSTASIS

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Tumor neuroendocrino pancreatico no funcionante

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TUMORES NEUROENDOCRINOS PANCREÁTICOS

TRATAMIENTO EN FUNCIÓN DEL GRADO, TAMAÑO, LOCALIZACIÓN Y PRESENCIA DE METÁSTASIS: OPCIONES ALTERNATIVAS

TRATAMIENTO NO RADICAL, ADJUVANCIA O RECURRENCIA

-BIOLÓGICO : ANÁLOGOS SOMATOSTATINA / INTERFERON Ó AMBOS

-QUIMIOTERÁPICO: ESTREPTOZOTOZIMA + 5-Fu / DOXORRUBIMICINA (TÓXICOS).

-SUBSTANCIAS “DIANA”: Inhib. Tirosinquinasa (Sunitinib) – Inhib. m-TOR (Everolimus).

-INVESTIGACIONAL ACTUAL : 111 Indio-DOTA-Octeoótrida / 90 Itrio-Dota-OcteótridaImatinib mersilato , Antiangiogenicos (AXITINIB).

- INVESTIGACIONAL FUTURA: INMUNOTERAPIA DIRIGIDA

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EQUIPOS MULTIDISCIPLINARES TNE GE-P

• Mejoria y Precisión diagnóstica

• Estadiaje TNM + G1/2/3

• Plan estratégico consensuadodiagnóstico / terapeútico

• Soporte e información pronóstica

• Revisión periódica, discusión y actuaciones individualizadas.

• Control de resultados

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Hospital Sant Pau. 2005-2015

Nº casos : 38 pacientes, 4 casos MEN1, 1 VHL.

TNPF: 12 casos( 7 Insulinomas, 2 Vipomas, 1 Glucagonoma, 2 Gastrinoma)

TNPNF: 26 casos ( 9c. M1hep., 14c. N1, 3c. multiple)

Edad: 46 - 71 (media 56 años)

Localización : 13c. Cabeza / 15c.Cuerpo-Cola / 3c. TNEP múltiple

8 casos Enucleación

8 casos DPC

Tratamiento Quirúrgico 16 casos EPD ( 12 x Laparoscopia )

3 caso PT

4 casos MH (2casosMEN1)

Tratamiento Médico: 2 c. M1 Hepática, Ganglionar y Peritoneal / 1 c. Tamaño< 2cm.

TUMORES NEUROENDOCRINOS PANCREÁTICOS

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TNEP. CONCLUSIONES1.- Tumor poco frecuente, diagnóstico en estadío avanzado en No Funcinante.

2.- El pronóstico depende del TNM ,del Ki-67 y Grado .

3.- La observación en PanNF-NETs < 2 cm. , G1 puede ser la norma.

4.- La resección tumoral radical es la mejor opción terapéutica .- La enucleación en tumor funcionantes<2cm - La Cir.Laparoscópica es útil en tumores localizados distalmente.

5.- La cirugia de las M1 hepáticas debe realizarse siempre que sea factible .La RFA, TAE, TACE, SIRT son alternativas válidas.

6.- La citoreducción + análogos somatostatina puede beneficiar pacientes enen estadio avanzado, especialmente si es sintomático.

7.- Los análogos somatostatina, los bloqueantes de la tirosinquinasa (Sunutinib) y de m-TOR (Everolimus) pueden alargar su supervivencia.

8.- Las decisiones multidisciplinarias = mejores resultados !!!

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V. Artigas RaventósUnitat Cirurgia HBP/Oncológica

Sº Cirugía Gral. y DigestivaHospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau

GRACIES PER LA SEVA ATENCIÓ

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GRACIES PER LA SEVA ATENCIÓ

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FUTURO......

*Nuevos análogos de la somatostatinas (gran afinidad en tumores con receptores +)

* Nuevos agentes dianas• inhibidores tirosinquinasa (Cabozantinib,Lenvatinib)• inmunoterapias (Nivolumab etc.)

* Terapias radiometabólicas(90Y-DOTA-TOC, 177Lu-DOTA_TATE, 90Y-DOTA-TATE,67Ga-DOTA-TOC,177Lu-DOTA-Lanreotide)

ESTUDIOS PROSPECTIVOS MULTICENTRICOS

MULTIDISCIPLINARIOS

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A 5-DECADE ANALISIS OF 13,715 CARCINOID TUMORSIrvin M Modlin, Kevin D Lye, Mark KiddCancer Feb 15, 2003; vol 97(4):934-959

SEER Registry for NCI (1973-1999): 10,878 c.Pancreas 79 patients (0.73% total patients), 60% TNEPNFAdvance Diagnosis:72-81 % patientsSurvival: 1year 84% and 5 years 37.5%

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• “Accurate and earlier NET diagnosis is the first step in shortening the time to optimal care and improved outcomes for patients”.

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Diagnostico Anatomo Patológico

• Lugar de afectación y diagnóstico.• Estadiage• Tipo de desdiferenciación• Grado, índice proliferación y mitosis • Invasión vascular/neural y necrosis• Estado de los márgenes.

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1914 Gosset y Masson: Reconocimento de categoria de tumor endocrino en el tracto gastroentérico-pancreático.Cel.enterocromafines (EC)

1938 Feyrter y Kultschitzky:Localización de EC en otros órganos.

1952 Erspamer y Asero: Identifican la serotonina (5.HT) y la 5-HIAA en orina.

1963 Williams y Sandler: Clasificación de carcinoide según el origen anatómico:

a)Intest.anterior (tiroides/timo/pulmón/estomago/duodeno/Vbiliar,páncreas).

b)Intest.Medio (int.delgado,apendice,ciego y colon proximal).

c)Intest. Post.(colon distal y recto).

1966 Pearse: sistema APUD - origen neuroectodermico

Gold: sistema neuroendocrino difuso (DNES)

2000 Actual: Tumores Neuroendocrinos (TNEs)/Panc.NETs

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Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Digestive Neuroendocrine Tumors: Why Such Guidelines and How We Went about ItGuido Rindia, Wouter W. de Herderb, Dermot O'Toolec, Bertram WiedenmanndaDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Università degli Studi, Parma, Italy;bDepartment of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;cDepartment of Gastroenterology, Beaujon Hospital, Clichy, France;dDepartment of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, GermanyNeuroendocrinology 2006;84:155-157 (DOI: 10.1159/000098006)

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TNEPNFCaracterísticas anatomo patológicas y

clasificaciónHospital Sant Pau. 15 casos (2000 / 2009)

Casos 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

IP% >15 7 5 15 >15 2 5 30 1 10 4 2 >15 5 <15<2 /2-15/ <15

Tamaño >10 3 4 9 6 4 1.5 10 5 8 4.5 7 10 3 16<2 /2-5/ >5 cm

M1 Ganglionar + + + + + - + - - + + + + - +

M1 Hepática + - - + + - - + - - + - + - +

Angioinvasión + - - + + - + - - + - + + - -

Grado alto bajo bajo alto bajo bajo bajo alto bajo bajo bajo 1/2 1/2 bajo 1/2

GRUPO III II II III II-III II I II-III II II II-III II III II III

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TNEPNF

Seguimiento -evoluciónCasos 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

IP% >15 7 5 15 >15 2 5 30 1 10 4 2 15 5 >15

Tamaño >10 3 4 9 6 4 1.5 10 5 8 4.5 7 10 3 16

M1 Ganglionar + + + + + - + - - + + + + - +M1 Hepática + - - + + - - + - - + - + - +Angioinvasión + - - + + - + - - + - + + - -

GRUPO III II II III II-III II I II II II II-III II III II III

SUPERVIVENCIALibre enfermedad x x x x x x x x x xEn Progresión/Recidiva = =Exitus + + +

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Accurate analysis of NET pathologyAccurate, detailed pathology reporting is necessary for definitive identification and confirmation of a

neuroendocrine tumor (NET).Pathologically speaking, NETs are defined as epithelial neoplasms with predominant neuroendocrine differentiation.33 Essentially, NETs constitute a broad spectrum of biologically different neoplasms. However, despite this variability, many NETs have remarkably similar pathologic features, rendering

their distinction and identification challenging to pathologists much as they are to other medical specialists.4,33,34

Because the optimal management of patients with NETs involves multiple specialists,34 pathology reports for NETs should contain certain information that facilitates effective decision-making by all

members of the management team.33A NET pathology report should include these 7 elements33

Site and diagnosisStage

DifferentiationGrade, proliferative rate, and mitotic rate

Other prognostic factors, such as necrosis or vascular invasionNon-NET-related components

Status of margins

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TUMORES NEUROENDOCRINOS GEP. CLASIFICACIÓN

CRITERIOS ANATOMO PATOLÓGICOS

Criterios clásicos : Tamaño, Extensión , Metástasis

Criterios microscópicos estructurales: Grado de diferenciación tumoral y la presencia de angioinvasión.

Parámetros pronósticos AP: Indice Proliferación Ki67

Atipia Celular y Mitosis

p53

ploidia

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Surgical resection is the only potentially curative option for patients with localized disease.

Patients with advanced metastatic NETs may also benefit from a multidisciplinary combination of surgery and adjuvant interventions.

In the setting of metastatic disease, surgery can play a role in achieving palliation in some patients.8

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La cirugia laparoscopica es factible en lesiones de cuerpo-cola ,si no son invasivas.

Fernandez-Cruz L, Saenz A, Astudillo, Navarro S et al. Outcomes of laparoscopic pancreatic surgery: Endocrine and nonendocrine tumors. World J Surg 2002Assalia A, Gagner M. Laparoscopic pancreatic surgery for islet cell tumors of the pancreas. World Surg 2004L. Fernandez-Cruz, F.Pardo, E.Cugat, V.Artigas, J.Olsina, F.Rotellar, A.Camillo, H.Diaz, J.Hernandez,E.Targarona, M.Miras, S.Morales, F.Pereira, J.Calafell. Analisis Registro Nacional Español Cirugia laparoscópica Páncreas. Cirugia Española 2006; 79:293-8

PATOLOGIA PANCREÀTICA SUSCEPTIBLE DE CIRUGÍA LAPAROSCÒPICA

Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau Periodo 2004 -20007 24 casos

TNEPNF 5 c.Insulinoma 1 c.Pseudotumor sòlid-papilar 1c.Cistoadenoma quistic mucinós 8 c.Cistoadenoma serós 4 c.Fìstula Pancreàtica en P.Crònica 1 c.Pseudoquist Pancreàtic 2 c.IPMT 1 c.

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Surgery in malignant pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

SQ Nguyen, LP Angel, CM Divino, S Schluender, R.P WarnerDpts General Surgery and Gastroenterology Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York

A retrospective study 1989-99 of 73 patients.Results.--74% of patients had advanced disease (hepatic metastases) and 30% had functional tumors. -56% cases pancreatic resections; 2% mortality / 27% postoperative complications. -Overall 5-year survival rate was 44%. -Patients undergoing resection, even in metastatic disease, had better survival than patients who had no resection (60% vs. 30%, P = 0.025). -Recurrence occurred in 20% of patients who underwent a curative resection.

Conclusion.-NEPT commonly present with advanced disease. Although, curative resection is not frequent, survival benefit may be obtainable with aggressive surgical management even in the face of metastatic disease.

J Surg Oncol 2007;96;397-403

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ESQUEMA DE TRANSICION OMS 2000-2010

OMS 2000 OMS 2010

1. TUMOR ENDOCRINOBIEN DIFERENCIADO

1. NET G1 (CARCINOIDE)

2. CARCINOMAENDOCRINO BIENDIFENCIADO

2. NET G2

3. CARCINOMA ENDOCRINOPOBREMENTE DIFERENCIADO

3. NEC G3 (Célula grande océlula pequeña)

4. CARCINOMA MIXTOEXOCRINO -ENDOCRINO

4. CARCINOMAADENOENDOCRINO MIXTO

5. LESIONES PSEUDOTUMORALES

5. LESIONES PRENEOPLASICASO HIPERPLASICAS

NCCN 2010

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TUMORES NEUROENDOCRINOS GEP. CLASIFICACIÓN OMS 2000.

Tumores endocrinos bien diferenciados: Grado de malignidad bajo, ausencia de angio/neuroinvasión, no metástasis.

Carcinoma endocrino bien diferenciado: Grado de malignidad bajo/intermedio, IP >2% <15%, presencia angio/neuroinvasión, presencia o no de metástasis.

Carcinoma endocrino mal diferenciado: Neoplasia poco diferenciada y de alto grado de malignidad (presencia angio/neuroinvasión), IP>15%, Presencia o no de metástasis.

Tumores mixto exocrinos-endocrinos: Tumor compuesto por células con adenocarcinoma y células de origen neuroendocrino.

Lesiones similares a tumores: Lesión precancerosa tipo “carcinoid tomourlets”

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TUMORES NEUROENDOCRINOS GEP. CLASIFICACIÓN OMS 2000.

GRUPOS

Grupo I: TNEGEP Bien Diferenciado< 2 cm. IP < 2%

Grupo II: TNEGEP Invasivo y/o Angioinvasivo > 2 cm. IP >2% y < 15%

Grupo III: TNEGEP Altamente invasivo Gran Tamaño Metastásico Ganglio/HepIP> 15%

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Grading proposal for foregut (neuro)endocrine tumors

Grade Mitotic count (10 HPF)a Ki-67 index (%)b

G1 <2 ≤2G2 2–20 3–20G3 >20 >20

a10 HPF: high power field=2 mm2, at least 40 fields (at 40× magnification) evaluated in areas of highest mitotic densitybMIB1 antibody; % of 2,000 tumor cells in areas of highest nuclear labelingVirchows Arch. 2006 October; 449(4): 395–401. Published online 2006 September 12. doi: 10.1007/s00428-006-0250-1.

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Pancreatic NETs: Uncommon and complex

The endocrine cells of the pancreas are formed into clusters called islets of Langerhans, which make up about 1% to 2% of the total mass of the pancreas.11 The islets of Langerhans produce 3 important hormones: insulin, glucagon, and

somatostatin.12 Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) arise from these cells.13Pancreatic NETs are a distinct, much less common form of pancreatic cancer and

have notably different tumor biology from pancreatic adenocarcinomas.14-16The median survival for patients with well-differentiated pancreatic NETs

presenting with distant metastases is 23 months.17Most pancreatic NETs are well-differentiated, grade 1 or grade 2 tumors but can

vary in clinical presentation and aggressiveness.8,20,21 They can be sporadic or associated with genetic syndromes,such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1), von Hippel-Lindau syndrome (VHL), von

Recklinghausen disease (neurofibromatosis [NF-1]), and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC).22

Although most pancreatic NETs are nonfunctional, they may be associated with symptoms and syndromes due to the oversecretion of specific hormones.8,20,21

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• Therapeutic interventions for NETs• Management of a neuroendocrine tumor (NET) may depend on

factors such as tumor size, grade, and location; extent of disease; tumor burden; and secretory status and potential associated symptoms.1,7 The key to optimal management is early detection and diagnosis.1

• For patients with functional NETs, initial management primarily focuses on symptom palliation. Here, symptoms due to the oversecretion of hormones may need to be appropriately controlled before additional therapeutic measures can be taken against the tumor. In patients with advanced NETs where tumor bulk is not an immediate threat to the patient, management focuses on tumor control. For patients with high tumor volume, either in or on the verge of a visceral crisis, tumor debulking is the primary therapeutic goal.8,9

Surgical resection is the only potentially curative option for patients with localized disease.

Patients with advanced metastatic NETs may also benefit from a multidisciplinary combination of surgery and adjuvant interventions.In the setting of metastatic disease, surgery can play a role in achieving palliation in some patients.

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Unitat Cirurgía HBP/Oncològica. Serv.Cirurgía General i DigestivaHospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau. UAB. Barcelona

V.Artigas, M.Rodriguez., JA.Gonzalez.

Tumores Neuroendocrinos Pancreáticos