Tamar xarxeli kartofilis traqeomikozuri Wknoba da mis ... · 10 mindvris pirobebSi, aseve tuberebs...

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aip saqarTvelos agraruli universiteti

PP

Tamar xarxeli

kartofilis traqeomikozuri Wknoba da mis winaaRmdeg

brZolis ekologiurad usafrTxo RonisZiebebis

SemuSaveba

sadisertacio naSromi soflis meurneobis doqtoris akademiuri

xarisxis mosapoveblad

d i s e r t a c i a

specialoba: 62 ,,mcenareTa dacva”

samecniero xelmZRvanelebi: Teo uruSaZe,

s/m mecnierebaTa doqtori, sruli profesori;

mzia beruaSvili,

s/m akad. doqtori, asocirebuli profesori

Tbilisi

2012

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sarCevi

Sesavali _______________________________-____________ 5

Tavi I. kartofilis daavadebebis Seswavlis Tanamedrove

mdgomareoba _____________________________________ 14

1.1. kartofilis sokovan daavadebaTa mimoxilva _______ 14

1.2. kartofilis traqeomikozuri Wknobis Seswavlis

Tanamedrove mdgomareoba ________________________ 23

Tavi II. kvlevis meTodebi _______________________________ 40

Tavi III. kartofilis traqeomikozuri Wknobis

gamomwvevi sokoebis saxeobrivi Semadgenloba da

gavrceleba samcxe-javaxeTSi _____________________ 55

3.1. traqeomikozuri Wknobis mavneoba da gavrceleba

samcxe- javaxeTSi ______________________________ 55

3.2. traqeomikozuri Wknobis gamomwvevi sokoebis

saxeobrivi Semadgenloba da kulturaluri niSnebis

Seswavla ____________________________________ 65

3.3. latenturi daavadebebi da misi roli infeqciis

SenaxvaSi ---___________________________________ 69

Tavi IV. Wknobis gamomwvevi sokoebis biologiuri

Taviseburebani _________________________________ 74

4.1. soko Fusarium oxysporum Schl. da soko Verticillium lateritium

Berk. paTogenoba ________________________________ 74

4.2. sxvadasxva temperaturis gavlena soko F. oxysporum da

soko V.lateritium zrda-ganviTarebaze _______________ 83

4.3. haeris fardobiTi tenianobis gavlena soko F. oxysporum

da soko V.lateritium zrda-ganviTarebaze ____________- 91

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4.4. sxvadasxva naxSirbadovani wyaros gavlena soko F.

oxysporum da soko V.lateritium zrda-ganviTarebaze ____ 96

4.5. sxvadasxva azotovani wyaros gavlena soko F. oxysporum

da soko V.lateritium zrda-ganviTarebaze ___________ 100

4.6. sakvebi areebis wyalbadionebis koncentraciebis

gavlena soko F. oxysporum da soko V. lateritium zrda-

ganviTarebaze _________________________________ 104

4.7. sxvadasxva sakvebi aris gavlena soko Fusarium oxysporum

Schl. da soko Verticillium lateritium Berk. zrda-ganviTarebaze

______________________________________________ 109

Tavi V. fuzariozisa da verticiliozis gamomwvev sokoebis

Fusarium oxysporum Schl. da Verticillium lateritium Berk.

moqmedebis meqanizmis SeswavlisaTvis --___________- 115

5.1. soko F. oxysporum-is toqsikuri aqtivoba da patron-

mcenareze moqmedeba ____________________________ 115

5.2. soko V. lateritium-is toqsikuri aqtivoba da patron-

mcenareze moqmedeba ____________________________ 118

5.3. soko F. oxysporum-isa da soko V. lateritium-is

celulozoliruri fermentebis aqtivoba da moqmedeba

mcenareze _____________________________________ 120

Tavi VI. daavadebul mcenareSi mimdinare paTologiuri

cvlilebebi da gamZleobis zogierTi maCvenebeli.

katalazas, peroqsidasa da vitamin ,,C“-s Semcveloba

saR da daavadebul mcenareebSi _________________ 124

Tavi VII. kartofilis traqeomikozuri Wknobis

winaaRmdeg brZolis ekologiurad usafrTxo

RonisZiebebis SemuSaveba ________________________ 129

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7.1. sargavi tuberebis fitosanitaruli mdgomareobis

Semowmeba da SerCeva __________________________ 129

7.2. biopreparati ,,lile”, rogorc mZlavrი

imunizatoruli saSualeba kartofilis

traqeomikozuri Wknobis mimarT _________________ 131

7.3. niadagis mulCirebis gavlena kartofilis

traqeomikozuri Wknobis daavadebis gavrceleba-

ganviTarebasa da mosavlis raodenobriv-xarisxobriv

maCveneblebze ________________________________ 147

daskvnebi _____________________________________________ 153

rekomendaciebi ________________________________________ 157

citirebuli literatura _______________________________ 160

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Sesavali

mdgradi ganviTarebis koncefciis mniSvnelovani

elementebia soflis meurneobis resursuli bazis SenarCuneba

da aRdgena, miwaTmoqmedebis qimizaciis saSualebis moxmarebis

optimizacia, agroekologiuri situaciis obieqturi daxasiaTebis

safuZvelze miwaTsargeblobasTan dakavSirebiT, niadagis

struqturis gaumjobeseba.

bunebaze anTropogenuri datvirTva agrokulturis gaCenas

ukavSirdeba. adamianma bunebis aTviseba miwis gakulturebiT

daiwyo. Tanamedrove etapze mosaxleobis sasursaTo

produqtebiT dakmayofileba erT-erTi urTulesi problemaa,

romlis gadasawyvetad, uaxloes periodSi, mecnierTa

gaangariSebiT, produqtebis warmoeba unda gaizardos 75%-iT,

rac kulturul mcenareTa mosavlianobis aranakleb samjeradi

da mecxoveleobis produqtebis eqvsjeradi gadidebiT unda

moxdes. am problemebis gadasawyvetad aucilebelia ufro

efeqturi meTodebis SemuSaveba da gamoyeneba, romelic Tavis

mxriv, dakavSirebulia mravalferovan socialur-ekonomikur,

ekologiur da sxva problemebTan.

adaptaciuri miwaTmoqmedeba ganisazRvreba, rogorc

mcenareuli da cxoveluri produqciis warmoebis teqnologiebis

integrirebuli sistema, romelic momavalSi uzrunvelyofs:

kvebis produqtebze kacobriobis moTxovnebis

dakmayofilebas;

ekologiuri wonasworobis SenarCunebasa da biocenozebis

aRdgenas, razec uSualodaa damokidebuli soflis

meurneobis ekonomika;

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araaRdgenadi bunebrivi resursebis moxmarebis metad

efeqturi meTodebis gamoyenebas;

fermeruli meurneobis rentabelobis SenarCunebas; Sedegad,

fermerTa da, mTlianad, sazogadoebis cxovrebis donis

amaRlebas.

sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis warmoebis gadidebaSi

mniSvnelovani adgili kartofilis kulturas ukavia.

kartofili ZaRlyurZenasebrTa Solanaceae-s ojaxs

ganekuTvneba, igi mravalwliani tuberiani mcenarea. Solanum-is

gvaris ori saxeoba (Tuberarium-is seqciidan) iviTarebs tuberebs.

2000-mde veluri da kulturuli saxeobidan, kulturaSi

danergilia, umTavresad, ori monaTesave saxeoba: andiuri

kartofili (Solanum andigenum) da Ciluri kartofili (Solanum

tuberozum). isini farTodaa gavrcelebuli zomieri havis qveynebSi.

kartofilis anatomiuri struqtura Cveulebrivi Reros msgavsia,

mWidrod Sekruli gulguliT, romelSic grovdeba saxamebeli.

tuberebs sakvebad iyeneben.

kartofili mravldeba vegetatiurad – tuberebiT romelic

saSualod Seicavs 76,3% wyalsa da 23,7% mSral nivTierebas,

romalTagan 17,5% saxamebelia, 0,5% Saqari, 1-2% cila, 1%-mde

mineraluri marilebi da C, B1, B2, B6, PP da sxva jgufis vitaminebi.

(seleqciis mizniT _ gamravleba mimdinareobs TesliT).

mecnierTa Soris dRemde ar arsebobs erTiani azri

kartofilis warmoSobis Sesaxeb. erTni Tvlian, rom kartofili

perudanaa Semotanili, meoreni amtkiceben, rom Ciledan modis,

Tumca ueWvelia, rom kartofilis samSoblo samxreT amerikaa.

arqeologiuri cnobebiT, kartofilis yvelaze adreuli formebi

kultivirebulia peruSi, 4500 wlis win. gareuli

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kartofilisagan inkebma gamoyves yinvagamZle sxvadasxva saxeoba,

romelTac isini sakvebad iyenebdnen. cnobilia kartofilis 150-

ze meti veluri jiSi. sxvani amboben, rom espaneli

konkistadorebi, romlebic Cr. amerikaSi oqros saZebnelad

imyofebodnen waawydnen ramodenime uCveulo produqts: siminds,

bardasa da ,,triufelebs”. rac espanelebma trufelebs

miamsgavses, kartofilis tuberebi iyo, romlebic me-16 saukuneSi

espaneTSi Caitanes. is TandaTanobiT damkvidrda evropaSi, Semdeg

– mTel msoflioSi.

kartofilis gakultureba liuter berbankis mier moxda. man

me-19 saukunis 40-iani wlebis dasawyisSi daiwyo zrunva

kartofilis gemos gasaumjobeseblad da Seecada mosavlianobis

amaRlebis gzebis Ziebas. Kkartofils amravlebda TesliT,

yvavilebis damtvervis Semdeg. rac tuberebis gaormagebas

iwvevda. Aam gziT, mis mier, gamoyvanili jiSi ,,karpofel

berbankas” saxeliTaa cnobili. swored, es iyo kartofilis

pirveli kulturuli jiSi, romelic mTel msoflioSi

gavrcelda da, amJamad, iwodeba ,,meore purad”.

saqarTveloSi kartofilis nargaobebi pirvelad 1820-ian

wlebSi gaCnda, Tbilisis axlomaxlo. 1913 wels kartofilis

moyvanis arealma 6800ha-s miaRwia. 1975 wels kartofilis saTesi

farTobi 28 aTas ha-s aRemateboda. saqarTveloSi kartofils

Tesaven, umTavresad, axalqalaqis, axalcixis, walkis, dmanisis,

TeTri wyaros, xulos, Suaxevis raionebSi. mohyavT mTaSic

(ninowmindis raioni, svaneTi, raWa da sxva), sadac naTesebi,

zRvis donidan 2200-2300m-mde aRwevs. 70-ian wlebSi farTod

gavrcelda saadreo kartofilis moyvana, umTavresad, bolnisis

raionSi. saqarTveloSi kartofilis saSualo mosavlianoba 12,0

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t/ha Seadgens. Aaxalqalaqis, axalcixisa da walkis raionebSi

kartofilis mosavali ufro metia _ 17,4-17,8t/ha. saqarTvelos

baris zonaSi kartofils Tesaven zafxulSic, TavTaviani

pureulis aRebis Semdeg da meore mosavals iReben. Aam zonaSi

(zRvis donidan 500m-mde) saadreo mosavlis misaRebad kartofili

SeiZleba daiTesos Semodgomazec _ noemberSi.

Kkvebis fiziologiuri normiT, wlis manZilze, CvenSi, erT

sul mosaxleze gaTvaliswinebulia 97kg kartofili.

sameurneo daniSnulebis mixedviT kartofilis jiSebi

iyofian: sasufre, saqarxno, sakveb da universalur jiSebad.

kartofilis yvela organo SeiZleba samkurnalod iqnas

gamoyenebuli, ufro xSirad ki _ iyeneben tuberebs, romlebic

amJRavneben wylulebisa da anTebis sawinaaRmdego moqmedebas.

kartofili iZleva saxamebels (cilebs, Saqarsa da `C~ vitamins

(askorbin mJavas). am ukanasknels, gansakuTrebiT didi

mniSvnelobiT Seicaven axalgazrda tuberebi, ris gamoc farTod

gamoiyeneba suravandis sawinaaRmdego saSualebad. kartofili

`B1”, ,,B6” jgufis vitaminebis Semcvelobis gamo, organizms

nervuli da sisxlZarRvebis daavadebisagan icavs. tuberebi

Seicavs A vitaminis provitamin karotinisa da sxva sasargeblo

vitaminebs, romlebic aumjobeseben adamianis organizmis saerTo

mdgomareobas. kartofili PP vitaminis simciriT gamowveul

pelagris sawinaamdego saSualebacaa.

Zveli droidan kartofili gamoiyeneba: furunkulebis,

simsivnuri warmonaqmnebis winaaRmdeg, buasilis, filtvebis

tuberkulozis, kuWisa da Tormetgojas wylulovani

daavadebebis, gastritis, arTritis, xvelis, gaciebis, maRali

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temperaturis, mastitis, anginis, revmatizmis, hipertoniis,

Tvalis irgvlivi naoWebis, meWeWebisa da sxvaTa samkurnalod.

kartofils maRali kvebiTi Rirebulebis gamo, didi adgili

ukavia samomxmareblo bazarze. GgamoirCeva maRali

kaloriulobiT, riTac cota CamorCeba xorblovan kulturebs

(Claassens M., 2002). gaerTianebuli erebis sursaTisa da soflis

meurneobis organizacia ,,FАО-s” monacemebiT, msoflioSi,

kartofilis wliuri moixmareba 290 mln.t-s Seadgens. Mmisi

tuberebi, praqtikulad, Seicaven adamianisaTvis yvela saWiro

sakveb nivTierebas, romelTa Soris umTavresia saxamebeli.

sxvadasxva jiSis tuberisaTvis mSrali nivTierebis masa

Seadgens 17-30%, maT Soris 70-80% saxamebels ekuTvnis, 3%-mde

cilebs, 1% ujredanas, 0,2-0,3% cximebs da 0,8-1% nacris

elementebs (Литун Б.П., Замотаев А.И., 1988).

2006 wels, FAOSTAT monacemebiT, kartofilis warmoebaSi,

lideri CineTi iyo (23%), mas mohyveboda ruseTi (12%), indoeTi

(8%), ukraina, aSS (6%), Ggermania (4%), poloneTi, belorusia (3%),

niderlandebi, safrangeTi, britaneTi, bangladeSi, kanada (2%),

irani, TurqeTi, rumineTi, peru, brazilia, iaponia, belgia (1%),

danarCeni qveynebi mTlianad kartofilis 20%-s awarmoeben.

Kkartofilis mcenare mimRebiania mravali daavadebis

mimarT, romelTac SeuZliaT, mniSvnelovnad Seamciron mosavlis

raodenoba da xarisxi. zogierT mkvlevarTa monacemebiT (Воловик

А.С. и др.,1989; Тютерев Л.С., 2000; Иванюк В.Г. и др., 2003), kartofilis

mcire mosavlianobis erT-erTi mizezi, sokovani da baqteriuli

daavadebebia, romelTa mier gamowveulma danakargebma, SeiZleba

Seadginos potenciuri mosavlis 30-50%-dan 40-60%-mde Semcireba.

daavadebebi azianeben, rogorc aqtiurad vegetirebul mcenareebs

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mindvris pirobebSi, aseve tuberebs _ Senaxvis dros. igi

ziandeba baqteriebiT, sokoebiT, virusebiT, viroidebiTa da

fitoplazmuri daavadebebiT (Platfоrd G., 2001). kartofilis

fiziologiuri simwife iwyeba maSin, rodesac tuberebSi mSrali

nivTierebani miaRweven maqsimalur zRvars, xolo xsnadi

naxSirwylebis Semcveloba minimaluri odenobiTaa. mSrali

nivTierebisa da xsnadi naxSirwylebis Semcvelobis cvlileba

damokidebulia fotosinTezuri aparatis funqcionaluri

dinamikis cvlilebaze, vegetaciis periodis ganmavlobaSi (Nope et

al., 1960). kartofilis dacva daavadebebisagan, aqtualuri

problemaa msoflio masStabiT.

Temis aqtualoba _ kartofils sasoflo-sameurneo

kulturaTa Soris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia.

gavrcelebis mxriv, msoflioSi meore adgilzea, marcvlovani

kulturebis Semdeg. misi esoden didi gavrceleba gamowveulia

am mcenaris saxalxo-sameurneo mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT,

radgan kartofilis kulturas Seguebis didi unari aqvs mTiani

havis pirobebisadmi. Aamitom, saqarTvelos mTaSi, soflis

meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis, mecxoveleobis amaRlebisa da

Semosavlianobis gadidebisaTvis, mas gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba eniWeba. Kkartofilis mosavlianobas, mniSvnelovnad

amcireben misi sokovani daavadebebi, romelTa Soris

traqeomikozuri Wknoba erT-erTi ZiriTadia Tavisi mavneobiT.

kartofilis Wknoba, ZiriTadad, gamowveulia niadagis sokoebiT.

daavadebuli mcenaris foTlebi kargaven turgors, mcirdeba

qlorofilis marcvlebis raodenoba, ris gamoc daavadebuli

mcenares dasawyisSi Ria mwvane Seferva aqvs; Semdeg, Reros wveri

igrixeba da mcenare Wkneba. mcenareebSi Senelebulia tuberebis

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warmoqmnis procesi, an viTardeba 2-3 wvrili tuberi, romelic

sakvebad da saTesled uargisia. Mmcirdeba saxameblis

Semcveloba, xdeba tuberebis gauwyloeba. saqarTveloSi,

gansakuTrebiT, urwyav pirobebSi, kartofilis Wknoba farTo

gavrcelebiT gamoirCeva da didi mavneobiT xasiaTdeba, rac

mkveTrad aisaxeba mosavlis raodenobriv-xarisxobrivi

maCveneblebis mniSvnelovan SemcirebaSi. ris gamoc misi Seswavla

da brZolis RonisZiebebis dasaxva friad aqtualuria.

kvlevis miznebi da amocanebi _ sakvalifikacio Temis kvlevis

ZiriTad mizans warmoadgenda kartofilis traqeomikozuri

Wknobis gamomwvevi mizezebis Seswavla da mis winaaRmdeg

brZolis ekologiurad usafrTxo RonisZiebebis SemuSaveba.

amasTan kavSirSi, kvlevis amocanebs Seadgenda:

Wknobis gamomwvevi sokoebis gvarobrivi da saxeobrivi

identifikacia, paTogenTa saxeobrivi Semadgenlobis dadgena

da TiToeuli maTganis xvedriTi wilis gansazRvra

kartofilis Wknobis paTogenezSi;

daavadebis gamomwvevTa biologiuri Taviseburebebis

Seswavla;

sokos moqmedebis meqanizmi da misi gavlena mcenareSi

mimdinare fiziologiur procesebze; mcenaris sapasuxo

TavdacviTi reaqciebi da Wknobis gamomwvevi sokoebis

toqsikuri da fermentuli aqtivoba;

traqeomikozuri Wknobisadmi gamZle jiSebis gamovlineba da

gamZleobis maCveneblebis Seswavla;

traqeomikozuri Wknobis winaaRmdeg ekologiurad

usafrTxo brZolis RonisZiebebis biologiuri, sameurneo

da ekonomikuri efeqturobis Sefaseba.

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mecnieruli siaxleebi _ pirvelad, Cvens mier, saqarTveloSi,

samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi, Seswavlil iqna Semdegi sakiTxebi:

kartofilis traqeomikozuri Wknobis gavrceleba-

ganviTarebis intensivoba;

moyvanis regionebisa da ubnebis mikroklimatis gavlena

traqeomikozuri Wknobis gavrceleba-ganviTarebis

intensivobaze axladSemotanili jiSebis mimarT;

Fusarium oxysporum Schl. da Verticillium lateritium Berk. paTogenoba

axlad introducirebuli jiSebis mimarT;

V. lateritium-is paTogenoba kartofilis Rero-foTlebze,

samcxe-javaxeTis pirobebSi;

traqeomikozuri Wknobis mimarT introducirebuli jiSebis

gamZleoba da misi maCveneblebis dadgena;

biopreparati ,,liles” roli, rogorc mZlavri

fitoimunizatoruli saSualeba;

subalpuri Tivis mulCis fitonciduri aqtivoba

kartofilis Wknobis gamomwvevi sokoebis mimarT.

Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba _ Catarebuli kvlevis

Sedegad dadgenilia Wknobis gamomwvevi paTogenuri sokoebis

biologiuri Taviseburebani, ris safuZvelzec SemuSavebulia

brZolis RonisZiebaTa sistema, romlis Sedegebi

mniSvnelovanwilad dagvexmareba kartofils traqeomikozuri

Wknobis gamomwvev paTogenTa mier miyenebuli zianis minimumamde

SemcirebaSi, amaRldeba mosavlis raodenobriv-xarisxobrivi

maCveneblebi da uzrunvelyofili iqneba mosaxleobis mzardi

moTxovna am produqtisadmi; rasac didi mniSvneloba aqvs

Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi.

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gamovlinebulia introducirebuli kartofilis gamZle da

mimRebiani jiSebi;

dadginda am jiSTa ganTavsebis kanonzomiereba maTi

traqeomikozuri Wknobisadmi gamZleobis xarisxisa da

SerCeuli nakveTis mikroklimaturi pirobebis

gaTvaliswinebiT;

SemuSavda pesticidebis, kerZod, fungicidebis gamoyenebisa

da misi xarjvis normebis Semcirebis gzebi;

dadginda bioaqtiuri preparat ,,liles”

fitoimunizatoruli efeqti;

SemuSavda mosavlis optimizaciisaTvis, brZolis

ekologiurad usafrTxo RonisZiebebaTa sistema.

aprobacia _ sadisertacio naSromis ZiriTadi debulebebi

wardgenil da ganxilul iqna agroekologiis departamentis

sxdomaze (oqmi #2; 17.01.2012).

publikacia _ sadisertacio Temis irgvliv gamoqveynebulia 6

samecniero naSromi.

moculoba da struqtura _ disertacia Sedgeba Sesavalis, 7

Tavis, daskvnebis, rekomendaciebisa da citirebuli

literaturisagan. naSromi moicavs 183 gverds, ¿32 cxrils, ¿41

suraTs da 19 diagramas. gamoyenebulia 260 dasaxelebis

literaturuli wyaro, aqedan ¿29 qarTul da 231¿ ucxour

enaze.

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I Tavi

kartofilis daavadebebis Seswavlis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba

da kvlevis meTodebi

1.1. AKkartofilis sokovan daavadebebaTa mimoxilva

mavne organizmebis mier gamowveuli kartofilis

danakargebi msoflioSi yovelwliurad 30%-s Sedgens da

zogierT wlebSi 45%-sac ki aRwevs. Ddanakargebis wili izrdeba

Senaxvisas sawyobebSi. mSrali da sveli sidampleebis mavneoba

30-40%-sac ki Seadgens, rac mniSvnelovnad amcirebs, rogorc

Senaxul produqcias, aseve abinZurebs saTesle masalasac da

warmoadgens momdevno savegetacio periodisaTvis infeqciis

wyaros.

kartofili mravali sokovani, baqteriuli, virusuli,

viroiduli, fitoplazmuri, nematoduri daavadebebiTa da

mavneblebiT ziandeba. Mmasze aRiniSneba, agreTve, mTeli rigi

funqcionaluri daavadebani, romlebic garemos araxelsayreli

pirobebiTaa gamowveuli. infeqciis maragi sargav masalaSi an

mcenareul anarCenebSia.

daavadebebi uaryofiTad moqmedebens mcenaris zrda-

ganviTarebaze, sargavi masalis gaRivebisa da aRmocenebis

unarze, rac iwvevs kartofilis mosavlis sagrZnob Semcirebas,

misi xarisxisa da sasaqonlo Rirebulebis gauaresebas.

daavadeba mcenaris, paTogenisa da garemos urTierTqmedebiT

gamowveuli procesia, romlis Sedegadac irRveva mcenareSi

mimdinare fiziologiuri procesebi, rac aisaxeba janmrTeli

mcenarisagan gansxvavebul garegnul niSnebSi. mcenareSi

mimdinare paTologiuri procesebi garegnulad simptomebis

saxiT vlindeba. xSirad mcenaris daavadebis sawyisad

15

simptomebis gamovlinebas ver miviCnevT, vinaidan, mcenareSi

paTologiuri procesebi latenturad mimdinareobs. K

kartofilis dacvis sistema daavadebebisagan, dRemde ar

aris orientirebuli ekologiurad usafrTxo RonisZiebebze, ar

aris dadgenili mosavlis aRebis zusti vadebi (Кондратов А.Ф.,

Чулкина В.А., Торопова Е.Ю., 1996). kartofilis drouli aReba

mniSvnelovnad amcirebs mis danakargebs. Ffiziologiurad mwife

mosavlis aReba mniSvnelovani pirobaa misi warmatebuli

SenaxvisaTvis. mousvlel tuberebSi, Senaxvisas, mniSvnelovnad

ecema mSrali nivTierebis odenoba (Chase R., 1976). mkvlevarTa

erTi nawili (Kosuge T., 1969; Lovrekovich et al., 1967; Lyon G., 1989),

mcenaris infeqciisagan dacvis meqanizmSi, mniSvnelovan rols

aniWebs fenolur SenaerTebs, romelTa metabolizms SeuZlia

gansazRvros metabolurad aqtiur nivTierebaTa warmoqmna da

tuberebis gamZleobis amaRleba paTogenuri sokoebis,

baqteriebisa da virusebis mimarT.

xsnadi naxSirwylebi gansazgvraven tuberebis daavadebaTa

mimarT mdgradobas, xangrZlivi Senaxvis pirobebSi. kartofilis

formirebis Tavisebureba damokidebulia jiSis genotipze.

tuberebis ganviTarebas Tan axlavs intensiuri gardaqmnebi.

sinTezirebis procesSi adgili aqvs xsnadi naxSirwylebis

gardaqmnas saxameblad, aminomJavebi gardaiqmneba cilebad.

Cndeba flavonoidebi, fenolkarbonmJavebi, fitohormonebi da

sxva fiziologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebi, proteqtoruli da

antioqsidanturi komponentebi ( Hajirezaei M., 1999; Claassens M., 2002).

aRniSnuli nivTierebebis Semcveloba da urTierTqmedeba

gansazRvravs tuberebis sakveb Rirebulebasa da daavadebaTa

mimarT gamZleobis unars, Semodgoma-zamTari-gazafxulis

16

periodSi. Ffiziologiur-biologiuri xasiaTis gansazRvra

mniSvnelovania axali, naklebad Seswavlili jiSebis

tuberebisaTvis, mosavlis aRebis optimaluri vadebis dadgenis

mizniT (fiziologiurad mwife fazebi).

sxva agronomiul RonisZiebaTa danergvasTan erTad,

kartofilis mosavlis gadidebisaTvis mTavari mniSvneloba aqvs

Cveulebrivi naTesebis Secvlas maRalmosavliani, mavne

organizmebis mimarT gamZle jiSebiT.

msoflios samecniero-kvleviTma institutebma kartofilis

mravali gaumjobesebuli jiSi mogvca. kartofilis moyvanisas

didi mniSvneloba aqvs maTi jiSobrivi siwmindis dacvas, rac

saSualebas mogvcems, vawarmooT mavne organizmebis winaaRmdeg

diferencirebuli brZola.

daavadebebTan brZolis RonisZiebebis SemuSavebis

winapirobaa paTogenTa gamovlena, identifikacia da gamomwvevis

biologiis Seswavla.

fitoftorozi _ Phytophthora infestans (Mont) De Bary. sokovani

daavadebaa. Kkartofilis fitoftorozi aavadebs mcenaris yvela

organos da iwvevs mosavlis did danakargebs, rogorc

savegetacio periodSi, ise Senaxvis drosac. Mmis mier -

gamowveuli danakargebi, zogierT wlebSi, 70-80%-sac ki aRwevs.

aRniSnuli daavadeba, xSirad gvxvdeba fuzariozTan da

verticiliozTan erTad. Ddaavadeba, pirvelad, mcenaris qveda

foTlebze Cndeba, momwvano-wylulovani laqebis saxiT,

romlebic qveda mxridan garSemovlebulia mqrali

movardisfero-moTeTro arSiiT, rac warmoadgens sokos

konidialur nayofianobas. tuberis zedapirze, dasawyisSi,

zedapiruli moyavisfro laqa Cndeba, romelic swrafad

17

vrceldeba tuberis rbilobSi da alpobs mas. aseTi tuberis

qsovili ganaWerSi moJangisfro-yavisferia, specifikuri suniT.

infeqciis ZiriTadi wyaroa daavadebuli saTesle tuberebi.

suraTi 1. kartofilis fitoftora

rizoqtoniozi _ Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. Kkartofilis Wknobis

erT-erTi gamomwvevi polifagi soko organizmia. aavadebs mraval

mcenares. iwvevs fesvebis, fesvis yelis, Reroebis, foTlebisa da

tuberebis dazianebas. Aavadmyofoba gansakuTrebiT saSiSia,

rodesac Rivebi ziandeba. tuberebze adgili aqvs talaxismagvari

Savi feris sklerociumebis ganviTarebas, romelic iwvevs

Rivebis dazianebas. Aadre gazafxulze, irgveba ra

sklerociumebiani tuberebi, RivebTan erTad, iRviZeben sokos

sklerociumebi da iwveven axalgamotanili Rivebis dasenianebas.

rac ufro xangrZlivia Rivis gamotanis procesi (gaWianurebuli

grili gazafxulia), miT intensiurad ziandebian isini

rizoqtonioziT da, erTi SexedviT umniSvnelo, tuberebze

18

garTxmuli sklerociumebi, 10-15%-iT naTesebis gameCxerebas

iwveven. xSirad, misi gavrceleba 30-40%-sac ki aRwevs.

zafxulis periodSi kartofilis dazianeba intensiurad

vlindeba Warbi tenis pirobebSi. rizoqtonioziT daavadebuli

mcenaris garegani niSnebi traqeomikozuri Wknobis sokoebiT

gamowveul daavadebaTa simptomebs emTxveva, rac gamoixateba

foTlebis aWrelebaSi, kedlebis akecvasa da gayviTlebaSi. am

SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs mcenaris fesvis yelTan qerqis lpobas.

ferxdeba nivTierebaTa cvla da mcenare Wkneba. daavadebuli

fesvis yelze viTardeba TeTri feris miceliumi, ris gamoc

daavadebas TeTrfexasac uwodeben.

Ffomozi _ Phoma tuberosa (Melh, Rossenb. et Schulc.)da Phoma

solanicola (Pr.et Del.), sokovani daavadebaa. Aazianebs Reroebs,

tuberebs. dasawyisSi mcire zomis moyavisfero Cazneqili laqa

Cndeba, romelic TandaTan izrdeba, rogorc tuberis zedapirze,

ise qsovilebis siRrmeSi da alpobs mas. Semdgom, laqaze Savi

wertilebi viTardeba (sokos gamravlebis saSualeba), es

piknidiumebia, wvrili erTujrediani sporebiT, 4-6×2-4 mkm-is

(Дьяченко В. С., 1985).

Aalternariozi _ Alternaria solani Sor. _ sokovani davadebaa.

aavadebs foTlebs, mis yunwebs, Reroebs, tuberebs. tuberebze

momrgvalo an dakuTxuli yavisferi zonaluri laqebis saxiT

vlindeba. Llaqebi Cazneqilia, zonaluri. dasawyisSi foTlis

firfitaze patara mrgvali, mSrali laqebi Cndeba, romlebic

TandaTan diddeba da xSirad, foTlis mTel firfitas moicavs.

sokosaTvis ganviTarebis xelsayrel pirobebSi, is viTardeba

Reroebsa da ylortebzec, romlebic xSiri yavisferi laqebiT

ifareba da mcenaris zeda nawili mTlianad xmeba (yanCaveli l.,

19

1987). tuberebze daavadebuli qsovili saRisagan gamoyofilia

sademarkacio zoliT (Дьяченко В. С., 1985). nayofianoba Cndeba

laqebze, mokle, martivi konidiaTmtarebis saxiT, rac mura an

yavisferia, wverze grZeli, komblisebri, mravalujrediani

konidiumebiT. Kkonidiumebis saerTo zoma 128-200 mkm-ia, sigane 14-

20 mkm.

KKkartofilis foTlebze aRiniSneba meore, amave sokos

msgavsi organizmi, soko _ Makrosporium solani Ell. et Mart. is mcire

morfologiur gansxvavebas iZleva (yanCaveli l., 1987), ris gamoc

am ori saxeobiT gamowveuli daavadeba Alternaria solani-s saxeliTaa

cnobili.

Ooosporiozi _ Oospora pustulans Owen. Et Wakef. _ ZiriTadad,

Reroebsa da tuberebs aavadebs, romlebic sxvadasxvagvarad

vlindeba: tuberis zedapirze viTardeba, xan patara brtyeli, an

amoburculi meWeWebi, xanac arawesieri formis Cazneqili laqebi,

romlis kani daWmuWnuliviTaa. Llaqebs zogjer Rrmulis saxe

aqvs Suaze gamonazardiT. daavadeba iwvevs tuberis Tvlebis

Zlier dazianebas. Aar iviTarebs Rivebs. maRali tenianobis

pirobebSi tuberebze warmoiqmneba moruxo-moTeTro fifqi, rac

sokos gamravlebis saSualebaa. infeqcia niadagSi inaxeba 3-5wlis

ganmavlobaSi. tuberebSi infeqcia Tvlebidan, dazianebuli

adgilebidan, Cveulebrivi an fxvieri qecis wylulebidan iWreba

da Tavs inaxavs tuberis mTeli arsebobis periodSi. sasawyobe

meurneobaSi adgili aqvs tuberebis axal infeqciebsac.

Cveulebrivi qeci, romlis gamomwvevebia sxvadasxva

aqtinomicetebi (Actinomices tricolor, A. intermedium da a.S.), romlebic

binadroben niadagSi da xvdebian tuberebSi, azianebs fesvebs,

stolonebs, Reroebsa da tuberebs. daavadebuli tuberebi

20

daxorklilia, masze Cndeba, aseve, wylulovani iarebi,

meWeWisebri amonaburcebi da konusisebri CaRrmavebebi

(rexviaSvili l., 2004).

infeqciis wyaroa niadagi da daavadebuli tuberebi.

avadmyofoba, garda imisa, rom dabla scems tuberebis sasaqonlo

Rirebulebas, xels uwyobs da Ria kars qmnis sxva

mikrorganizmebis SeWrisaTvis.

fxvieri qeci _ Spongospora subterranea Walr. esec sokovani

daavadebaa. Aamcirebs sasaqonlo Rirebulebasa da

Senaxvisunarianobas. tuberze meWeWebi viTardeba, romelzedac

tuberis qerqi varskvlaviviT skdeba Signidan da fxvniliviT

mura feris masa Cans, rac sokos gamravlebis organoebia.

infeqciis wyaroa niadagi, sadac qecis gamomwvevi sokos sporebi

(cistebi) 3-5wlamde cocxloben. xelSemwyobad iTvleba yvela is

piroba, rac vegetaciis xangrZlivobas zrdis, rogoricaa

naleqebis didi raodenoba, azotovani sasuqebis siWarbe da a. S.

vercxlisferi qeci _ am daavadebis gamomwvevi soko

Spondylocladium atrovires Hanz. Aaavadebs tuberebs, romelzedac muqi

yavisferi, mrgvali laqebi Cndeba. isini jer gluvia, Semdeg ki

Cazneqili. soko Slis qsovils, romelic iqercleba;

warmoqmnili laqebi vercxlisferia; tenian garemoSi viTardeba

sokos nayofianoba sklerociumebis saxiT (Волков С. М., 1955);

daavadebul tuberebze advilad saxldeba sxva paraziti da

saprofiti sokoebi, romlebic daavadebis gamomwvevi meWeWebidan

iWrebian; infeqciis wyaro niadagi da daavadebuli tuberebia.

tuberebis daavadeba Senaxvis pirobebSic vrceldeba. Kkonidiebi

mosavlis aRebis periodSi xvdeba tuberze da iwveven mis

dazianebas.

21

fuzariozuli Wknobis gamomwvevebia Fusarium-is gvaris

sokoebi. xSirad, mas iwveven Semdegi saxeobebi: F. solani (Mart.), App.

Et Wr., F. martii App.et Wr., F. coeruleum (Lib.) Sacc., F. sambucinum Fuck., F.

culmorum (W. G. Am.) Sacc. , F. oxysporum Schl. Dda sxva (Волков, С. М., и др.,

1955). isini polifagi soko-organizmebia. aavadeben Reroebs,

tuberebsa da foTlebs. daavadebas xSirad kerobrivi xasiaTi

aqvs. Aavadmyofoba swrafad viTardeba da mcenare ramdenime

dReSi iRupeba. daavadebuli tuberi lpeba mSrali sidamplis

saxiT, stolonebze mimagrebis adgilidan. Mmcenaris gaWrisas

SeiniSneba iasamnis suni. soko Tavs inaxavs niadagSi,

dasenianebul tuberebsa da mcenareul narCenebze.

aRniSnuli daavadebis gamomwvevi sokos gvaris Fusarium-is

zogierTi warmomadgeneli iwvevs mSral sidamples Senaxvis

pirobebSi da maT mier gamowveuli danakargebi xSirad, 90%-sac

ki aRwevs. am sokoebiT umniSvnelod dabinZurebuli an

dasenianebuli tuberebi Tesvisas iwveven mosavlis did

danakargebs, radganac seniandeba aRmonacenTa didi nawili.

dasenianebuli Rivi an sul ar viTardeba an aRmocendebian

susti, dakninebuli mcenareebi.

miRebuli tuberebi Tumca garegnulad saRad gamoiyureba,

magram Senaxvis periodSi maTi umetesoba lpeba da asenianebs

sxvebsac. Ppirveli niSnebi tuberebze mRvrie, moyavisfro laqis

saxiT vlindeba, romelic tuberis epidermisiTaa dafaruli.

daavadebuli tuberi mTlianad lpeba da gamovsebulia

movardisfro fumfula miceliumiT, romelzec maRali

tenianobis pirobebSi tuberebis zedapirze viTardeba

konidiumebis masa, romlebic SeiZleba iyos erT

22

(mikrokonidiumebi) da mravalujrediani (makrokonidiumebi)

naxevarmTvaris formis.

verticiliozuri Wknoba sokovani davadebaa _ gamomwvevebia

Verticillium-is gvaris sxvadasxva saxeobebi, maT Soris: Verticillium

albo-atrum Reinke et Berth, V. dahlia Kleb., V. lateritium Berkeley da a.S. isini

polifagi soko-organizmebia. azianeben Reroebs, tuberebs,

foTlebs. Wknoba iwyeba yvavilobis periodSi; qveda foTlebidan

dawyebuli mcenare TandaTan Wkneba. foTlebi, sabolood, xmeba

da cviva. tuberebze daavadeba Tvlebs azianebs, saidanac Rrmad

Cadis qsovilebSi da ruxi mtvris masad aqcevs mas. Ddaavadeba

gadadis tuberebiT, mcenareuli narCenebiTa da niadagiT. soko

niadagidan iWreba tuberebis, stolonebisa da fesvebis gziT.

daavadebas xels uwyobs mwerebiT an sxva raime mizezebiT fesvTa

sistemis meqanikuri dazianeba. Wknobis ganviTarebas xels uwyobs

zafxulis Tveebis mSrali da cxeli amindebi. verticilioziT

gamowveuli mosavlis danakargebi, xSirad mniSvnelovan

raodenobas aRwevs (xazaraZe e., 1948).

samxreTuli fesvis sidample _ Sklerotium rolfsii Sacc. _ im

organizmebs unda mivakuTvnoT, romlebic kartofilis kulturis

Wknobas iwveven.

Wknoba da xmoba erTdroulad mimdinareobs, sakmarisia 4-5

dRe, rom daavadebuli mcenare sruliad gaxmes (yanCaveli, l.,

1987). daavadebuli nawilebi ifareba TeTri, qeCisebri

miceliumiT, maTze moyviTalo-mowiTalo-moyavisfro mrgvali

sklerociebi viTardeba. Mmcenare swrafad, mwvane mdgomareobaSi

Wkneba. Aavadmyofobis gavrceleba, umTavresad, kerobrivia

xasiaTisaa.

23

Kkartofilis kibo _ Sinchithrium endobioticum Schlb. Pers. _

yvelaze seriozul avadmyofobad iTvleba, romelic pirvelad

aRmoaCines ungreTSi 1896w-s. is saerTaSoriso sakarantino

obieqtia da saqarTveloSi, mxolod erTxel aris aRniSnuli l.

rexviaSvilis mier (1998w.), lentexis raionSi. Ddaaavadeba

xasiaTdeba tuberebis zedapirze didi, yvavilovani kombostos

msgavsi warmonaqmniT, dasawyisSi isini TeTria, Semdeg

TandaTanobiT icvlis fers, bolos ki TiTqmis, mTlianad,

Savdeba. iwyeba tuberebis qsovilebis daSla; lpeba korZic da

tuberi mTlianad fuWdeba. Kkibos arsebobis SemTxvevaSi,

aucilebelia tuberebis dawva, radganac kibos gamomwvevebi

niadagSi 20-30 weli inaxaven Tavs, uZleben cxovelis kuWSi

moxvedrisas kuWis wvenis moqmedebasac da inarCuneben

cxovelmyofelobas.

1.2. kartofilis traqeomikozuri Wknobis Seswavlis Tanamedrove

mdgomareoba

traqeomikozuri Wknoba erT-erTi metad gavrcelebuli da

zianis momtania kartofilis kulturisaTvis. aRmosavleT da

dasavleT saqarTvelos mSral da cxel raionebSi xSirad

adgili aqvs kartofilis intensiur Wknobas, rasac gvalvisas

urwyav nakveTebze Tan sdevs mcenareTa sruli xmoba da

mosavlis didi danakargebi. Senaxvis pirobebSi, am daavadebaTa

gamomwvevi sokoebis intensiur gavrcelebas aRniSnavdnen: n.

ivaniSvili (1989), a. s. voloviki (Воловик А. С., 1976), n. a. doroJkini

(Дорожкин Н. А., 1955), s. i. belskaia (Бельская С. И., 1979), k. v. popkova

TanaavtorebiT (Попкова К. В. и др., 1980), l. rexviaSvili (1997) da

sxvani. Wknoba SeiniSneba tuberebze, Rerosa da foTlebze.

24

gamowveulia sokoebiTa da baqteriebiT, romlebic xvdebian

niadagidan, mcenaris WurWel-boWkovani gamtar konebSi, fesvebis

dazianebuli nawilis meSveobiT. traqeomikozuri Wknobis

gamomwvevi sokoTa miceliumebi vrceldebian qsilemaSi, sadac

soko gamoyofs toqsinebs, romlebic xels uwyoben gumismagvari

nivTierebebis warmoqmnas, riTac xdeba WurWlebis dacoba. am

dros, wylis moZraoba wydeba, adgili aqvs osmosuri wnevis

Semcirebas, xdeba mcenaris gauwyloeba, plazmolizi da,

Sesabamisad, turgori mcirdeba da mcenare Wkneba. Aam process

Tu gvalva daemTxva adgili aqvs turgoris ufro mkveTr

Semcirebas, rasac saboloo jamSi mcenaris swrafi daRupva

mosdevs.

Tavisi simptomebiT baqteriuli Wknoba ramdenadme

gansxvavdeba traqeomikozuri Wknobisagan. Cveni mizani iyo,

Segveswavla soko-organizmebiT gamowveuli Wknoba, romelic

cnobilia traqeomikozuri Wknobis saxelwodebiT.

Cveni gamokvlevebiT dadginda, rom traqeomikozuri Wknobis

gamomwvevi ori gvaris: Fusarium-isa da Verticilium-is

warmomadgeneli sokoa; isini polifagi soko-organizmebia. es

gvarebi usruli sokoebis klasis Deuteromicetes anu Fungi imperfeqti

– is, hifomecetebis Hiphomicetales – is rigs, dematiaceebis

Dematiaceae-s ojaxs miekuTvneba (suraTi 2).

25

suraTi 2.

treqeomikozuri Wknobis gamomwvevi sokoebidan yvelaze meti

gavrcelebiT xasiaTdebian Fusarium-is gvaris warmomadgenlebi.

fuzariozi _ farTod gavrcelebuli da saSiSi daavadebaa,

romelic iwvevs mcenareTa daavaddebas nebismier asakSi.

sokos ganviTarebas xels uwyobs azotovani sasuqebisa da

nakelis siWarbe (www.mts-agro.com). Ees sokoc niadagSia, da

iWreba mcenareSi Rividan an fesvTa sistemidan. Ddaavadebas

axasiaTebs kerobrivi gavrceleba. Zlier mimRebian mcenareebSi,

swrafad viTardeba daavadeba, 5-7 dReSi mcenare mTlianad

iRupeba. SedarebiT gamZle jiSebSi, daavadebas qronikuli

xasiaTi aqvs da kviris ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba. sokoebi

gamoyofen fermentebsa da toqsinebs, riTac ikvleven gzas

WurWel-boWkovan konebSi da aavadeben mcenares. Ddaavadebuli

mcenaris Reros Wrilis daTvalierebis dros, SeiniSneba muqi-

ruxi an mura rgolebi, romlebic gasdeven WurWel-boWkovan

konebs. xdeba fuzarioziT daavadebuli mcenaris Reroebis

dawvrileba da gamuqeba. mcenareTa vegetaciis adreul stadiaSi

26

daavadebis dros, adgili aqvs mcenaris wveris xmobas, rasac Tan

sdevs mcenaris mTliani Wknoba. Aam dros adgili aqvs WurWel-

boWkovani sistemisa da sxva qsovilebis inficirebasac;

mcenareTa daRupva xdeba mcenareTa sasicocxlo funqciebis

darRvevis gamo, rac gamowveulia WurWel-boWkovani konebis

sokos miceliumebis dacobiT da maT mier gamoyofili

toqsikuri nivTierebebis (fuzariumis mJava, likomarazmini da a.

S.) zemoqmedebiT, riTac wamlaven qsovilebs (www. wikipedia. org).

daavadebis gamomwvevebi didxans inaxebian niadagSi da

mcenareul narCenebSi. infeqciis wyaro SeiZleba iyos, agreTve,

sargavi masalac. daavadebis swraf gavrcelebas xels uwyobs

araxelsayreli garemo faqtorebi (gaWianurebuli gazafxuli,

temperaturis, niadagisa da haeris tenianobis ryevadoba,

arasakmarisi sakvebi nivTierebani da a. S.).

daavadeba iwyeba fesvebis lpobiT, dasawyisSi lpobas

bususa fesvebi iwyeben, Semdeg ki mTel fesvTa sistemas moicavs;

vrceldeba WurWel-boWkovan konebSi, aRwevs Rero-foTlebamde.

Wknoba pirvelad qveda foTlebze SeiniSneba, danarCenebis

napirebi wyliania, xolo calkeuli nawilebi aWrelebulia

uferuli-mwvane da Ria-yviTeli laqebiT. foTlebi vertikalurad

dabla eSveba (suraTi 3). +160C-ze dabal temperaturaze

daavadebuli mcenareebi swrafad iRupebian. Aam dros, rogorc

zemoTac aRiniSna sokoebi gamoyofen toqsinebs, romlebic

iwveven qsovilebis mowamvlas, daSlas, fesvebis lpobas,

ylortebisa da foTlebis gamuqeba-xmobas (Митяевы М. и А., 2007).

n. a. naumovis monacemebiT (Наумов Н. А., 1940). sokos toqsikur

moqmedebasTan erTad adgili aqvs sokos miceliumis mcenaris

WurWel-boWkovan gamtar konebSi gavrcelebas, riTac ferxdeba

27

wylisa da sakveb samarago nivTierebaTa gadaadgileba, rac

Wknobis umTavresi mizezi xdeba. ganiv ganaWerSi, qsilemis

ujredebis gamuqeba SeimCneva stolonebis fesvebSi, tuberebSi,

ReroebSi, totebsa da foTlis ZarRvebSi.

fuzariumiT ziandeba, agreTve, tuberi (suraTi 4). daavadeba

cnobilia, TeTri da mSrali sidamplis saxelwodebiT.

daavadebul tuberebze warmoiSoba wablisferi laqa. fuzariums

eZaxian Wrilobis parazits, radgan is mxolod dazianebul

tuberebze viTardeba. amerikel mkvlevarTa monacemebiT,

tuberebis meqanikuri dazianebis SemTxvevaSi (naJeJi, Wrilobebi,

nabegvi da sxva) ufro metia fuzariumiT daavadeba, vidre sxva

paTogenebiT, maT Soris, fitoftoraTi. aqedan, fuzariumi ufro

swrafad da intensiurad viTardeba dabeJil tuberebze.

WrilobaTa swrafi moSuSeba anu qsovilTa aRdgena xels uSlis

mis ganviTarebas.

aRniSnuli daavadebis gamomwvevi Fusarium-is gvaris sokoebis

sxvadasxva saxeobani iwveven mSral sidamples Senaxvis

pirobebSi: F. solani (Mart.) App. et Wr., F. martii App. et Wr., F. coeruleum

(Lib.) Sacc., F. sambucinum Fuck., F. culmorum (W. G. Am.) Sacc. Da sxva.

dazianebuli tuberebi garegnulad inarCuneben Tavis

formas, imis miuxedavad, rom mTeli tuberi mumificirdeba da

ifareba didi, mSrali laqebiT (Волков С. М. и др., 1955). tuberebze

pirveli niSnebi mRvrie-yavisferi laqebis saxiT vlindeba,

romelic tuberis epidermisiTaa dafaruli. daavadebuli tuberi

mTlianad kvdeba; gamovsebulia fumfula miceliumiT (Болдырев В.

Ф. и др., 1936).

28

suraTi 3. fuzariozuli Wknoba. suraTi 4. soko F.oxysporum daav. tuberi

n. a. naumovis (Наумов Н. А., 1940) monacemebiT, ,,mSrali

sidample” xasiaTdeba Semdegi simptomebiT: tuberebis zedapirze

gamoCndeba amonaburcebi, maT nabdisebri an qeCisebri zedapiri

aqvT, romelic mokremo-moTeTrodaa Seferili. tenis naklebobis

pirobebSi tuberebi naoWebr-zonaluria. Llpoba, sabolood,

gadadis saR nawilebze. daavadebuli tuberebi Sreba da

mumificirdeba, dabolos, mTlianad gardaiqmneba moyviTalo-

TeTr fxvnilisebr masad.

Senaxvis pirobebSi fuzariozis mier gamowveuli

danakargebi 90 %-s aRwevs (Болдырев В. Ф. и др., 1936). Mmisive

monacemebiT, soko ikvebeba ujredis protoplazmiT. mSral

pirobebSi, saxamebeli magar koStad iqceva, tenianobis

SemTxvevaSi ki Tan erTvis sveli sidample. Kkartofilis mSrali

da sveli sidampliT gamowveuli danakargebi, ruseTSi, Senaxvis

pirobebSi, 20-35 %-ia (Фадук А. Л., 2004). aSS-is 17 StatSi

Catarebuli gamokvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom daxarisxebul

29

kartofilSi fuzariumis saSualo gavrceleba 3-4 %-s aRwevs,

calkeul SemTxvevebSi ki fuzariozis gavrceleba 5 %-s,

zogierT StatSi ki 25 %-sac Seadgens (badriSvili g., 1940).

fuzariozuli EWknoba gavrcelebulia Sua aziaSi,

ukrainaSi, kavkasiaSi, Soreul aRmosavleTSi, sadac iwvevs

kartofilis mosavlis mniSvnelovan danakargebs.

tuberTa dazianeba fuzarioziT, dekembridan aprilamde

TandaTanobiT izrdeba. burovisa da ianicenis (Буров и Яницен,

1923-27) monacemebiT, Senaxvis dasawyisSi, dampali tuberidan 28

% fuzariumiT iyo daavadebuli. TebervalSi maT raodenobam 56,3

%-mde, xolo martsa da aprilSi _ 100 %-s miaRwia. aseTi

intensiuri ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi isini saWirod Tvlian,

Catardes tuberebis zamTris gadarCeva.

kartofilis tuberebis mSrali sidample, gansakuTrebiT,

azianebs saadreo jiSebs.

Senaxvis pirobebSi, saqarTveloSi, kartofilis fuzariozi

yvela sxva daavadebas sWarbobs. fuzarioziT gamowveuli

mosavlis danakargebi, saSualod _ 10-12 %-s aRwevs.

e. a. kosogorovas (Косогорова Э. А., 2002) monacemebiT,

daavadebis ganviTarebisaTvis xelsayrel pirobebs fuzariozTan

erTad, mniSvnelovani ziani moaqvs verticiliozur Wknobas

daavadeba gavrcelebulia ruseTis Crdilo da Crdilo-

aRmosavleT raionebSi. daavadebis ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi

pirobebis dadgomis dros, fuzariozulma Wknobam, SesaZloa

mosavlianoba 40 %-iT Seamciros (www. syngenta). Ffuzariozuli

Wknoba verticiliozurisagan ganirCeva daavadebis ganviTarebis

siswrafiT. amitom, is xSirad mcenaris vegetaciis dasawyisSic

gvxvdeba.

30

sokoebi kartofilis infeqciur daavadebaTa umTavresi

gamomwvevebia. isini, did zians ayeneben kartofils, rogorc

mcenares mTeli vegetaciis periodSi, aseve tuberebs _ Senaxvis

dros.

kartofilis didi danakargebi, Senaxvis pirobebSi,

ganpirobebulia umetesad Fusarium-is gvaris sokoebis mier; misi

saxeobebi cnobili iyo jer kidev, wina saukuneebSi, rogorc

kartofilis mSrali sidamplis gamomwvevebi. dReisaTvis, kidev

ufro, gafarTovda sokos gavrcelebis areali da mis mier

gamowveul dazianebebs vxvdebiT mekartofileobis yvela

raionSi.

fineTSi, sidampliT, tuberebis saerTo dazianeba _ 10 %-s

aRwevs, romlis naxevari gamowveulia Fusarium-is gvaris

saxeobebis mier. kartofilis dazianebuli tuberebidan

gamoyofili iyo am gvaris 14 saxeobis soko: F. solani, F. solani var.

coeruleum, F. tricinatum, F. sporotrichiella, F. avenaceum, F. oxisporum var.

redolens, F. acumibatum, F.culmorum, F. gramineuarum, F. sambucinum, F.

sambucinum var. coeruleum, F. sulphureum, F. trichothecioides (Seppänen E., 1981,

1983).

Sexvedrianobis meti sixSiriT xasiaTdeboda soko F. solani

57,2 % da F. oxysporum 29,2 % (Vranỳ J., Dobiàa K., Horàckovà V., 1986). j.

savoris (Savor Joze, 1985) monacemebiT, slovakeTSi, fuzariozuli

mSrali sidample Zlieri mavneobiT gamoirCeva Senaxvis

pirobebSi. avtorTa mier gamoyofil iyo, Fusarium-is gvaris

Semdegi saxeobebi: F. solani, F. sambucinum, F. lateitium, F. avenaceum, F.

gramineuarum. poloneTSi, daavadebuli tuberebidan gamoiyofilia

amave gvaris 16 saxeoba. metad gavrcelebuli paTogeni aRmoCnda

31

F. sulphureum _ 55,4 %, Semdeg, F. avenaceum 9,9% (Choroszewski Piotr Pawel,

1985).

j. kapsas (Kapsa J., 1983) monacemebiT, kartofilis sidamples

iwvevs Fusarium-is gvaris saxeobaTa kompleqsi: F. solani var.

coeruleum, F. sulphureum, F.culmorum, F. sambucinum. g. taskasa da b.

plamadelas (Tasca G. H., 1983; Plamadela B., 1980) monacemebiT ki

rumineTSi, kartofilis tuberebs Senaxvis pirobebSi aavadeben F.

sambucinum, F. solani var. coeruleum, F. oxysporum, F. solani, F. avenaceum-isa

da F.culmorum-is saxeobebi. germaniaSi, sidamplis 40 %

gamowveulia Fusarium-is gvaris saxeobebiT (Sahn M., 1979; Langerfeld

E., 1983). s. liCis (Leach S., 1985) cnobebiT aSS-s minezotas StatSi,

kartofilis tuberebze, Senaxvis pirobebSi, xSirad vxvdebiT

soko F. coeruleum-s, gamonakliss warmoadgens F. sambucinum-i,

romelic cnobilia, rogorc farTod gavrcelebuli agresiuli

paTogeni aSS-s sxva raionebisTvis.

l. hornokis (Hornok L., 1982) mixedviT, ungreTSi, pirvelad

aRmoCenil iqna soko F. trichothecioides Woll. mier gamowveuli

mSrali sidample.

Ffuzariozuli Wknoba da tuberis sidample aRiniSneboda

yofili sabWoTa kavSiris mTel teritoriaze (Бордукова М. В., 1956,

1969; Попкова К. В., Воловик А. С., Шнеидер Ю. И., 1966,1967; Шамирханян Р.Т.,

1971; Воловик А. С., Шмыгля В. А., 1974; Суркова Т. А., 1978 1982, Смирнов К. С.,

Смирнова Г. М., 1979; Воловик А. С., Шнеидер Ю. И., 1980, 1987; Дорожкин Н.

А. и др., 1984). mkvlevarTa erTi nawili aRniSnavda, rom mSrali

sidampliT gamowveuli danakargebi umetesad 3-15%-mde aRwevs da

SeiZleba 40-50 %-sac ki miaRwios (Рыкова М. М., 1975). Ppirvelad,

fuzariozuli sidample belorusiaSi, 1955 wels aRiniSna ,

32

rogorc kartofilis metad gavrcelebuli daavadeba Senaxvis

pirobebSi (Дорожкин Н. А., 1955). n. v. saburova, m. v. antonovis

(Сабурова Н. В., Антонов М. В., 1958) monacemebiT, moskovis xil-

bostneulis sawyobebSi, kartofilis tuberebis daavadebebidan,

mSrali sidample 90 %-s Seadgenda. yazaxeTSi, mSrali sidampliT

gamowveuli kartofilis danakargebi, yovelwliurad, 20-30 %

Seadgens. (Искаков Н. С., Сарбенбаев К. Б., 1980). a. v. petuxovi (Петухов А.

В., 1986). aRniSnavda, rom bamis zonaSi, Senaxvis periodSi,

kartofilis danakargebi 25-40 %-s aRwevs. Ffuzariozuli

sidampliT daavadebuli tuberebis rgvisas, aRmocenebul

tuberTa raodenoba mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba, xolo maTgan

aRmocenebul mcenareTa zrda-ganviTareba Senelebulia (Адамян

К. М., 1984).

a. i. railos (Райлло А. И., 1950) monacemebiT, ssrk-Si

kartofilis tuberebze parazitoben: FF. solani (Mart.) App. et Wr., F.

trichotecioides Wr., F. Javanicum Kootd., xolo v. i. bilaisa da i. a.

elanskis (Билай В. И., Эланский И. А., 1977, 1978) kvlevebis Sedegad,

daavadebis gamomwvevebad miCneulia: F. sambucinum Fck., F. sambucinum

Fckl. var. minus Wr., F. solani (Mart.) App. et Wr., F. solani (Mart.) App. et Wr. var.

eumartii (Carp.) Wr., F. solani (Mart.) App. et Wr. var. coeruleum (Lib.) Bilai, F.

merismoides Crd., F. solani (Mart.) App. et Wr. var. argillaceum (Fr.) Bilai, F.

javanicum Koord. maTgan umTavresia _ F. solani, F. solani var. coeruleum da

F. sambucinum (Городецкий В. С., 1970; Воловик А. С., 1973; Бенкен А. А. и др.,

1968; Суркова Т. А., 1978).

ukrainis tyestepebSi gavrcelebulia sidamplis gamomwvevi

fuzariumis Semdegi saxeobebi: F. oxysporum Schlecht. (Надводнюк,1967);

xabarovskis olqSi _ F. solani var. eumartii, F. sambucinum var. minus, F.

33

avenaceum (Витукевичб 1958), dasavleT cimbirSi _ F. moniliforme Sheld.

var. subglutinans Wr. et Rg., F. sambucinum var. trichothecioides (F. trichothecioides

Wr.), F. gibbosum App. var. bullatum (Sherb.) Bilai (Белова Л. Б., Гребенюк И. Н.,

Иванова И. В., 1979), belorusiaSi _ F. sambucinum Fckl. (Дорожкин Н. А.,

Михальчук В. Т., 1978).

garda Fusarium-is saxeobebisa tuberebis sidamples iwvevs

fomozic, romlis gamomwvevebia soko Phoma tracheiphila da Ph.

solanicola. xSirad adgili aqvs Sereul infeqciebs: fomozis,

fuzariozis, fitoftorozis mier gamowveuli tuberebis

erTobliv lpobas. zogjer adgili aqvs tuberebis dazianebas

rizoqtonioziT, Cveulebrivi da vercxlisferi qeciT,

alternarioziTa da sxva.

garda fuzariozuli Wknobisa Sexvedrianobis sixSiriT

ganoirCeva verticiliozuri Wknoba (vilti), romelmac SesaZloa

gamoiwvios mosavlis seriozuli danakargebi. verticiliozuri

Wknobis gamomwvevi sokoebia gvari Verticillium-is warmomadgenli

saxeobebi, maT Soris ZiriTadia: V. albo-atrum Reinke et Berth., V. dahliae

Kleb. Dda V. lateritium Berk. P

Verticillium-is gvaris fitopaTogenuri sokoebi warmodgenilia

mravalricxovani saxeobebiT, romlebic erTmaneTisagan

gansxvavdebian paTogenobis xarisxiT, patron mcenaris saxeobisa

da geografiuli mdebareobis mixedviT. maTgan, ufro meti

paTogenobiTa da gavrcelebis arealiT gamoirCevian V. dahliae da

V. albo-atrum. Bbolo dros, dadgenil iqna, kulturul mcenareebs

Soris farTod gavrcelebuli paTogenuri sokoebi V. nigriscens da

V. tricorpus (Филиппов В. В., Андреев Л. Н., Базилинская Н. В., 1980).

cnobebi, gvar Verticillium-is mravali saxeobebis paTogenobis

Sesaxeb ganisazRvra erTeuli dakvirvebebis safuZvelze, romlis

34

kvlevac Semdgomi aswleulebis manZilze aRar gagrZelebula da

dazusteba ar momxdara (Филиппов В. В., Андрее Л. Н., Базилинская Н. В.,

1978).

dawvrilebiTi cnobebi, am saxeobaTa paTogenobis Sesaxeb,

mocemuli aqvT a. isaakisa da d. grifitsis (Isaac I., 1956; Isaac I.,

Griffiths D., 1962) naSromebSi. Ddadgenila, rom V. dahliae-sa da V.

albo-atrum-is paTogenoba TiTqmis erTnairia. V. nubilum-isa da V.

tricorpus-is izoliantebi iwveven mxolod erTeul dazianebebs. V.

nubilum-i paTogenuri iyo pamidvrisa da kartofilis mimarT,

xolo V. tricorpus _ mxolod kartofilisaTvis (Isaac I., 1953).

a. isaakisa da j. harisonis (Isaac I., Harrison J., 1968) mier,

aRniSnulia V. albo-atrum-isa da V. dahliae-s maRali paTogenoba

kartofilis mimarT. dabali paTogenoba gamoavlines V. nigrescens

da V. nubilum-ma, xolo V. tricorpus-i da V. lateritium-i ar iwveven

kartofilis daavadebas.

Be. berklis (Berkeley E. A., 1931) monacemebiT, V. albo-atrum-i

ufro met paTogenobas iCens, vidre V. dahliae pamidvris,

kartofilisa da kitris mcenareebisaTvis. d. robinsoni, r.

larsoni, j. velkeri (Robinson D., Larson R., Walker J., 1957)

aRniSnavdnen, kartofilis mimarT, V. albo-atrum-isa da V. dahliae-s

paTogebobas.

p. vagoneri (Waggoner P., 1956) akvirdeboda kartofilis jiSTa

gamZleobis cvalebadobas sxvadasxva garemo pirobebSi. misi

mosazrebiT, es cvalebadoba gapirobebulia niadagSi Verticillium-

is ufro paTogenuri rasebis arsebobasTan. aRniSnuli rasebi

SesaZloa niadagSi mudmivad iyos an adgili hqondes maT gaCenas.

SesaZloa, am daavadebisadmi mimRebiani kulturebi

35

warmoadgendnen infeqciis wyaros niadagSi, da iwveven mcenaris

gamZle jiSebis dazianebasac (Филиппов В. В., Андреев Л. Н.,

Базилинская Н. В., 1978).

j. rinkesa da g. bertholdis ( Reinke J., Berthold G., 1879) mier,

pirvelad, iqna aRwerili kartofilis Wknobis gamomwvevi soko V.

albo-atrum. dRevandlamde ar arsebobs erTiani mosazreba

saxeobaTa Soris urTierTobaze. kartofilis Reroebidan

gamoyofil iqna mcenarisaTvis paTogenuri sokos ramdenime

saxeoba. yvela isini, mcenaris xelovnuri dasenianebis

SemTxvevaSi, iwveven daavadebis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs. am

saxeobebs miekuTvneba: V. albo-atrum, V. dahliae, V. nigresceps da V.

nubilum (Попкова К. В. и др., 1980).

soko V. lateritium-i gavrcelebulia yvelgan: niadagSi,

wyalsatevebSi, mcenareul da cxovelur narCenebze, kartofilze

(Попкова К. В. и др., 1980).

literaturul wyaroebSi cnobilia soko V. lateritium-i

sxvadasxva sinonimiT (Филиппов В. В., Андреев Л. Н., Базилинская Н. В.,

1980). v. valentas (Valenta V., 1948) mier, 1860 wels dadgenil iqna

soko V. lateritium-isa da Acrostalagmus cinnabarinus identuroba. mis

mier dazustebul iqna, rom V. lateritium-is saxelwodebis avtoria

ara e. berkli, aramed rabengorsti. mogvianebiT, j. rinkem da g.

bertoldma (Reinke J., Berthold G., 1879) Seiswavles da aRweres soko

Acrostalagmus cinnabarinus-s, rogorc Verticillium cinnabarinus-i. v.

valentam, Verticillium affine-sa da V. ruberrinum-is niSan-TvisebaTa

Seswavlis Sedegad daadastura maTi identuroba V. lateritium-Tan.

Kkulturaruli niSnebis Seswavlis safuZvelze, s. hagesma (Hughes

36

S., 1958) soko V. lateritium-i da V. terenum-i gaaerTiana da misca am

ukanasknelis saxelwodeba.

saqarTvelos pirobebSi, soko V. lateritium-i gamoyofili iyo

kitrisa da sazamTros rizosferodan (kotetiSvili z., 1985).

soko V. lateritium Berk., kartofilis Reroze, saqarTveloSi

pirvelad, gamovlinebuli iyo l. rexviaSvilis mier (2007w.),

xolo tuberebze, Senaxvis pirobebSi _ n. ivaniSvilis (1989w.)

mier. is ZiriTadad, Cephalosporum-is tipis nayofianobas iviTarebs.

Verticillium-is gvaris warmomadgenlebi niadagis binadari

sokoebia, romlebic miceliumebisa da qlamidosporebis saxiT

arian niadagSi (Митяевы М. и А., 2007). maTgan, ufro xSirad,

gvxvdeba V. albo-atrum. isini azianeben Reroebs, tuberebsa da

foTlebs. dazianeba vlindeba Wknobis saxiT. daavadebuli

mcenare yvavilobamde normalurad viTardeba, Semdeg foTlebi,

daavadebul mcenareebze, kideebidan iwyeben gayviTlebas, Cndeba

yviTeli arSiiT Semovlebuli laqebi, Semdeg adgili aqvs

foTlebis qveda iarusidan zeda mimarTulebiT daxvevas.

sabolood ki _ Rero xmeba. Zlier dazianebul mcenareebs,

mxolod wveris foTlebi rCeba mwvane.

cxel amindebSi, foTlebi Wkneba manamde, sanam daxvevas

daiwyeben. xandaxan, adgili aqvs aRmonacenebis dazianebas

niadagidan amosvlamde. isini ixvevian spiralurad da kvdebian.

soko mcenareSi xvdeba fesvTa sistemis saSualebiT an mwerebisa

da nematodebis mier dazianebuli adgilebidan. mcenareSi

moxvedris Semdeg, soko vrceldeba qsilemis konebSi, sadac

adgili aqvs wylis moZraobasa da masSi gaxsnil sakveb

nivTierebaTa zemod, foTlebSi gadaadgilebas. avsebs ra mas

37

miceliumiT, mkveTrad ecema turgori da mcenare, sabolood,

Wkneba (suraTi 5).

suraTi 5. verticiliozuri Wknoba. suraTi 6. soko V.lateritium daav. tuberi

tuberebze daavadeba Tvlebidan iWreba, Rrmad vrceldeba

qsovilebSi da ruxi mtvris masad aqcevs mas (suraTi 6). gadadis

mcenareuli narCenebiT, TesliTa da niadagiT. n. a. naumovis

(Наумов Н. А., 1936) monacemebiT, daavadebis pirvel niSnad iTvleba

daavadebuli mcenaris turgoris dakargva, rac upirvelesad,

mcenaris qveda foTlebze SeimCneva, Semdeg TandaTanobiT

moicavs zeda iarusebs. daavadebisas, sawyis stadiaSi, turgoris

dacema SeiniSneba dRisiT, mogvianebiT ki _ mTeli dRis

ganmavlobaSi.

verticiliozi gavrcelebulia yvelgan, sadac ki

kartofils awarmoeben gamudmebiT erTsa da imave adgilze,

magram, gansakuTrebiT, did zians ayenebs samxreT da samxreT-

aRmosavleT, kerZod, samcxe-javaxeTis urwyav nakveTebs gvalvis

dros. Aaq verticiliozi 30-35 %-iT, zogjer 50 %-iT scems

mosavals (xazaraZe e., 1948).

38

l. rexviaSvilis (1997w.) mier, pirvelad iqna

registrirebuli kartofilis fesvis yelis verticiliozuri

lpoba da mcenareTa verticiliozuri Wknoba _ onisa da

lentexis raionebSi, Semdeg ki aRiniSna mestiis, axalcixis,

adigenis, aspinZisa da gurjaanis raionebSi, sadac daavadeba

gamovlinda tuberebis lpobis saxiT.

Wknobis intensiuri ganviTarebis Sedegad, dazianebuli

budnebis mosavali, saRTan SedarebiT, 40-50 %-iT mcirdeba. misi

gavrceleba zogierT jiSze 10 %-s aRwevda (onis raioni), xolo

gurjaanis raionSi 2003 wels _ 25-30 %-s miaRwia (rexviaSvili

l., 2003).

Wknobas Zlieri mavneoba moaqvs sxvadasxva qveynebis soflis

meurneobisaTvisac. gansakuTrebiT, unda aRiniSnos ruseTis

Crdilo-aRmosavleTi raionebi, ris gamoc, mosavlis raodenoba

30-50 %-iT mcirdeba (Болдырев В. Ф. и др., 1936). Mm. s. utkinas (Уткина

М. С., 1922-1924) monacemebiT, sxvadasxva jiSis kartofili, am

daavadebis mimarT sxvadasxva gamZleobas iCens. yofil sabWoTa

kavSirSi, verticiliozuri Wknobis irgvliv, pirvel cnobebs m. s.

utkinas (Уткина М. С., 1922-1924) SromebSi vxvdebiT, romelTa

daavadebis gamomwvevi aRwera, rogorc V. dahliae. igi am daavadebis

50 %-mde gavrcelebas aRniSnavs moskovisa da serpuxovos

mazrebSi. Aavtoris monacemebiT, dazianebuli iyo aramarto

miwiszeda organoebi da kartofilis Reroebi, aramed tuberTa

WurWlebis mTeli sistema.

l. rexviaSvilis mier, 2007 wels, gamovlinebuli iyo jiS

felisitasis tuberebis 2 %-is dazianeba verticilioziT.

daavadebul qsovilebSi, dasawyisSi, badesaviT iyo ganfenili

Jangisferi laqebi, TviT tuberi ki garegnulad sruliad saRad

39

gamoiyureboda, radgan darRveuli ar iyo ujredebis garsi da

rbilobis konsistencia. or kviraSi daavadeba moedo mTel

qsovilebs da tuberi mTlianad sporebis masad iqca.

Cvens mier, samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi aRiniSna Fusarium-isa da

Verticillium-is gvaris sokoebiT gamowveuli dazianeba kartofilis

nargavebSi (suraTi 7.1 da 7.2).

suraTi 7.1 Wknobis gavrceleba erTeul suraTi 7.2. Wknobis gavrc. nargaobaSi.

mcenareze.

40

Tavi II.

kvlevis meTodebi

Fusarium-isa da Verticilium-is mier gamowveuli traqeomikozuri

Wknoba da misi simptomebi zustdeboda bunebriv da xelovnur

pirobebSi daavadebul nimuSebze _ daavadebis pirveli niSnebisa

da maTi Semdgomi cvlilebebze dakvirvebiT.

avadmyofobis gavrceleba-ganviTareba aRiricxeboda samcxe-

javaxeTis regionSi (axalqalaqi, ninowminda, adigeni, aspinZa,

axalcixe, borjomi). Kkvlevis obieqts warmoadgenda kartofili

da misi daavadebuli nimuSebidan gamoyofili traqeomikozuri

Wknobis gamomwvevi sokoebi. aRricxvebi tardeboda sxvadasxva

dros introdicirebul jiSebze.

daavadebaTa gavrceleba anu Sexvedrianobis sixSire

ganisazRvra saRi da daavadebuli mcenareebis aRricxviT, ВИЗР

meTodikiT (1972). nimuSebis aReba xdeboda nakveTis texil anu

kibisebr diagonalze, aT-aT adgilas, aT-aT mcenareze, jiSebis

mixedviT. TiToeuli jiSis nakveTze aRvricxavdiT mcenareTa

saerTo da WknobiT daavadebulTa raodenobas. aRricxul

mcenareTa saerTo raodenobasa da daavadebis gavrcelebis

intensivobas viTvlidiT yovel jiSsa da nakveTze. mcenareTa

daavadeba aRiricxeboda 5 baliani SkaliT. gavrcelebas

vangariSobT formuliT:

P P=n/N*100% , sadac

P – gavrcelebis procenti;

n – daavadebuli mcenareebis raodenoba;

NN – aRricxul mcenareTa saerTo raodenoba

41

daavadebaTa simptomebi, maTi ganviTarebis dinamika

iswavleboda sistematuri dakvirvebebiT, rogorc bunebriv aseve

xelovnuri dasenianebis pirobebSi.

daavadebaTa ganviTarebis intensivoba ganisazRvra

formuliT:

R= ∑𝑎(𝑏)

𝐾𝑁 *100% , sadac

R – daavadebaTa ganviTarebis intensivobaa %-Si;

a - daavadebul mcenareTa raodenoba;

b - daavadebis Sesatyvisi bali;

∑- a da b-s warmoebulTa jamia;

K - Skalis umaRlesi bali;

N - aRricxuli mcenareebis saerTo raodenoba.

naTesebis gamokvlevebi xdeboda 5 baliani SkaliT,

kartofilis yvavilobisas. kartofilis naTesebis saerTo

mdgomareoba iTvleba kargad, Tu mcenareebi kargadaa

ganviTarebuli da avadmyofobis gavrceleba 10%-s ar aRemateba.

Tu daavadebul mcenareTa raodenoba 25%-s Seadgens, saSualos,

xolo sustad ganviTarebul mcenareTa da daavadebis

gavrcelebis ufro maRali maCvenebelia – cuds.

jiSTa mdgomareobis zusti SefasebisaTvis aucilebelia

aRiricxos aT-aT adgilas 10-10 mcenare jiSebis mixedviT.

kvlevis Sedegebi iangariSeba gamokvleuli mcenareTa daavadebis

gavrcelebis saSualo ariTmetikuliT.

kartofilis Wknobis mizezebis dasadgenad daavadebul

mcenareTa nimuSebis gamokvleva xdeboda laboratoriaSi, sadac

mimdinareobda maTi vizualuri daTvaliereba, anatomiuri

Wrilebis da nayofianobis mikroskopuli gamokvleva, sakveb

42

areze gadaTesva da TermostatSi 220-250 C temperaturaze

moTavseba wminda kulturebis gamosayofad, maTi gvarobrivi da

saxeobrivi identifikaciis mizniT.

Ddaavadebis gavrceleba saTesle kartofilis tuberebze

tardeboda tuberebis analizis meTodiT (Чумаков А. Е. и др., 1974;

Попкова К. В. и др., 1980).

imisaTvis, rom Segveswavla kartofilis jiSebis tuberebis

saSualo dazianebis xarisxi, grovebis 10 sxvadasxva siRrmisa da

adgilidan viRebdiT 10-10 tubers da xdeboda maTi gamokvleva,

rogorc zedapiruli, ise anatomiuri Wrilebis daTvalierebiT.

calkeuli budnidan irCeoda saRi da daavadebuli

tuberebi. xdeboda tuberebis detaluri daTvaliereba.

daavadebuli tuberebis raodenobas vsazRvravdiT procentebSi,

saRi da daavadebuli tuberebis urTierTSefardebiT. tuberis

faruli da vizualurad TvalsaCino daavadebis gavrcelebis

gansazRvrisaTvis 100 tuberi iWreboda. daavadebis gavrceleba-

ganviTarebis intensivoba gamoiangariSeboda imave formulebiT.

sokos morfologiuri niSnebi iswavleboda sxvadasxva

jiSis damWknari kartofilis qsovilebisa da masze

ganviTarebuli sokos nayofianobis mikroskopuli analiziT.

dakvirveba warmoebda, agreTve, daavadebul mcenareebidan

gamoyofil wminda kulturebze. maTi sistematuri analiziTa da

vantigemis kamerebSi sporebis gaRivebasa da mis Semdgom

ganviTarebaze dakvirvebiT. zustdeboda traqeomikozuri

sokoebis morfologiuri niSnebi da maTi cvalebadoba,

optimaluri temperaturis pirobebSi.

Cvens mier sokos morfologiuri niSnebis Seswavlis

mizniT gamoyenebuli `vantigemis~kamerebi mzaddeboda Semdegi

43

wesiT: viRebT sasagne minas, vasufTavebT spirtiT, movavlebT

spirtnaTuris alze, vdebT masze, gasufTavebuli sinjaris

gadanaWers, fuZeze irgvliv vyriT parafinis namcecebs, vaCerebT

spirtnaTuris alze. misi dadnobis Semdeg, sasagne mina da

sinjaris gadanaWeri ekvris erTmaneTs; iqmneba patara auzi. minis

gadanaWers vusvamT zemodan vazelins, masSi vasxamT mcire

raodenobis wyals (1-2 ml.), notio garemos Sesaqmnelad. viRebT

safar minas, vasufTavebT da centrSi vawveTebT gamdnar sakveb

ares, agarizebuli ludis tkbilis 1 wveTs. masze gadagvaqvs 6-8

dRiani kulturisgan damzadebuli sporovani suspenzia, erTeuli

sporebiT. vdebT patara avzze, wylisaken mimarTuls,

sinotivisaTvis. vazelinwasmul kameras vdgamT sufTa petris

avzSi, vaTavsebdiT TermostatSi da vawarmoebT sistematur

dakvirvebas sokos zrda-ganviTarebaze.

pirveli ori dRis ganmavlobaSi, dakvirvebas vawarmoebdiT

yovel or saaTSi, xolo momdevno dReebSi 8sT-Si erTxel (10-12

dRe). yuradReba eqceoda sporebis gaRivebas, miceliumis

warmoqmnas, mis Taviseburebebs, nayofianobis ganviTarebasa da

sxva.

sokoebis paTogenobis, infeqciis gzebisa da sainkubacio

periodis xangrZlivobis Seswavla xdeboda kartofilis

sxvadasxva jiSis mcenaris xelovnuri dasenianebis gziT.

inokulacia xdeboda 20 dRiani sokoebis kulturebidan aRebuli

inokulumiT da sporovani suspenziiT, meqanikurad dazianebul

da dauzianebel qsovilebSi inokulumis SetaniTa da wminda

kulturebis sporovani suspenziis SesxurebiT mcenareTa Rero-

foTlebze.

44

dasenianebisaTvis gankuTvnili mcenaris organoebi winaswar

iyo izolirebuli dolbandis ori fenis tomrebiT. sporovan

suspenzias vasxurebdiT, entomologiuri nemsiT, qsovilebis

meqanikurad dazianebis Semdeg da meqanikuri dazianebis gareSe.

sporovani suspenziiT Sesxurebuli mcenareebis nawilebs

vfaravdiT sveli bambiT da vaTavsebdiT polieTilenis parkebSi

24 sT-is ganmavlobaSi, sadac moTavsebuli iyo sveli bamba,

teniani garemos Sesaqmnelad. organoTa xelovnuri dasenianeba

xdeboda, agreTve, sokos 20 dRiani sufTa kulturebidan

aRebuli inokulumis moTavsebiT steriluri lancetiT

miyenebul WrilobaSi da dauzianebeli organoebisa da

inokulumis meqanikuri kontaqtiT. ris Semdegac am adgilebs

vfaravdiT sveli bambiT da vaxvevdiT 24 sT-is ganmavlobaSi

polieTilenis naWrebiT da vaTavsebdiT svel bambian

polieTilenis parkebSi. sakontrolod, imave saxiT dazianebul

da dauzianebel organoebs, sporovani suspenziis nacvlad,

vasxurebdiT sufTa wyals. inokulumis magier sufTa agars

vdebdiT. 24 saaTis Semdeg, rogorc inokulirebul, ise

sakontrolo organoebs vxsnidiT polieTilenis parkebsa da

bambis saxvevebs, vakvirdebodiT avadmyofobis niSnebis pirvel

gamoCenebs da mis Semdgom ganviTarebas. cdebi Catarda 3-3

ganmeorebiT.

qsovilebSi mimdinare paTologiur cvlilebebs

vakvirdebodiT Rero-foTlebisa da tuberebis anatomiur

Wrilebze dakvirvebiT, droebiTi preparatebis damzadebis

meTodiT. samarTebliT aRebuli paTogenuri qsovilebis Txel

anaTalebs, SeuRebavebs, vaTavsebdiT sasagne minebze, vawveTebdiT

wylis an glicerinis, spirtisa da wylis 1:1:1 nazavi xsnaris 1-1

45

wveTs, vafarebdiT safar minebs. maTi daTvaliereba-

SeswavlisaTvis viyenebdiT mikroskopuli analizis meTods (X120,

X600).

sxvadasxva sakvebi aris gavlenas sokoebis zrda-

ganviTarebaze da misi morfologiuri niSnebis cvalebadobaze

vswavlobdiT sxvadasxva sakveb areebze, petris Tasebsa da

sinjarebSi sokos sufTa kulturebis gadaTesviT. sakveb areebad

gamoyenebuli gvqonda lud-agari, kartofilis agari glukoziTa

da uglukozod, lobios, brinjis, Svriis, simindis naxarSTa

agarizebuli sakvebi areebi 10% glukoziT. cda tardeboda 22-

250C temperaturaze (optimaluri), sami ganmeorebiT. CaTesvis

meore dRidan warmoebda dakvirveba kulturalur niSnebze da

maT cvalebadobaze, xdeboda ganviTarebuli koloniebis

biometriuli analizi da maT pigmentaciaze dakvirveba, petris

TasebSi 3-3 ganmeorebiT. mikroskopuli analizisaTvis viyenebdiT

sinjarebSi gadaTesil kulturebs.

sokoebis moqmedebis meqanizmis Seswavlisa da maT

morfologiur-kulturalur niSnebis gavlenaze dakvirvebis

mizniT viyenebdiT naxSirbadisa da azotis Semcvel wyaroebs.

eqsperimenti tardeboda v. lilisa da g. barnetis (Лилли В., Барнетт

Г., 1953) meTodiT. sakvebad gamoyenebuli iyo Capekis are,

romalsac emateboda sxvadasxva naxSirbadovani wyaro, kerZod,

monosaqaridebidan – glukoza, arabinoza, fruqtoza;

disaqaridebidan _ maltoza, laqtoza da saqaroza;

polisaqaridebidan _ saxamebeli. Aazotovani wyaroebidan

gamoyenebuli iqna…NaNO3, NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4, asparagini.

kontrolad aRebuli gvqonda Capekis are, naxSirwyalbadebisa

46

(Saqrebis gavlenis SeswavlisaTvis) da azotis (azotovani

wyaroebis gavlenis SeswavlisaTvis) gareSe.

cdis ganmavlobaSi vakvirdebodiT sokos zrda-ganviTarebis

xasiaTs: zrdis dasawyiss,Anayofianobis warmoqmnis periodsa da

zrdis intensivobas.

aRniSnul sakveb areze 20-42 dRis ganmavlobaSi 250C

temperaturis pirobebSi ganviTarebuli wminda kulturebi

gafiltvris Semdeg, mudmiv wonamde dagvyavda. miRebuli mSrali

miceliumebis mosavlis mixedviT vadgendiT traqeomikozuri

sokoebisaTvis naxSirwyalbadis saukeTeso wyaros, romlidanac

isini ukeT iTvisebdnen maT. sokos zrda-ganviTarebaze azotovani

wyaroebis gavlena dgindeboda igive meTodiT.

temperaturuli zRvrebis gansazRvris mizniT,

vakvirdebodiT sxvadasxva temperaturaze sporebis gaRivebis

intensivobas, risTvisac viyenebdiT ,,Ria wveTis” meTods (Наумов

Н. А., 1937). am mizniT, winaswar Semowmebul sicocxlisunarian

sporebis suspenzias vawveTebdiT sasagne minebze da notio

kamerebiT (petris Tasebi) vaTavsebdiT poliTermostatSi

sxvadasxva temperaturaze ( 00, 50, 100, 200, 250, 300, 320, 350, 370, 380,

400C ). gaRivebuli sporebis raodenobas vricxavdiT yovel or

saaTSi erTxel. cda Catarda sami ganmeorebiT. cdis bolos,

TiToeul temperaturaze gaRivebuli sporebis raodenobis

mixedviT, vadgendiT gaRivebisaTvis optimalur, minimalur da

maqsimalur temperaturebs.

sokos zrda-ganviTarebis xasiaTsa da morfologiuri

niSnebis cvalebadobas vswavlobdiT petris TasebSi da

sinjarebSi.Kpetris TasebSi, koloniis ganviTarebis Semdeg, mis

diameters vzomavdiT yovel meore dRes. sokos nayofianobis

47

warmoSoba isazRvreboda sinjarebSi ganviTarebuli kulturebis

yoveldRiuri mikroskopuli analiziT, sxvadasxva temperaturis

pirobebSi.

sporebis gaRivebaze sxvadasxva fardobiT tenianobis

Seswavlis mizniT, sxvadasxva tenian garemos vqmnidiT,

gogirdmJavas sxvadasxva koncentraciis xsnarebiT,

eqsikatorebSi, i. koJanCikovis (Кожанчиков И. В., 1937) meTodiT. am

gziT Seqmnil sxvadasxva farTobiTi tenianobis pirobebSi

vaTavsebdiT sokoebis mSral sporebs sakontrolod, sporebs

wylis wveTSi vaRivebdiT. cda Catarda sami ganmeorebiT.

tenianobis gavlena sporebis cxovelmyofelobaze,

iswavleboda mSrali sporebis moTavsebiT sxvadasxva

tenianobaze, sxvadasxva xangrZlivobiT. sporebis

cxovelmyofelobis Semowmeba xdeboda misTvis optimalur

temperaturaze 24-250C, sami ganmeorebiT.

sokos zrda-ganviTarebaze temperaturis zemoqmedeba

iswavleboda sxvadasxva temperaturaze moTavsebul lud-agaris

areze ganviTarebuli erTi xnovanebis koloniebze dakvirvebiT.

petris TasebSi sistematuri dakvirveba xdeboda koloniis

zrdis intensivobaze, ferze da nayofianobis warmoqmnaze. cdebi

sami ganmeorebiT Catarda.

sokos zrda-ganviTarebaze tenianobis gavlena SeviswavleT

m. ezz-eldinisa da m. SarabaSis ( Ezz-Eldin M., Sharabash M., 1959)

meTodebiT. cdisaTvis viyenebdiT erTnairi zomis petris Tasis

naxevrebs. erT naxevarSi vasxamdiT 1,5% lud-agaris sakveb ares,

romlis gamyarebis Semdeg gadmobrunebuli petris Tasis meore

naxevarSi vasxamdiT sxvadasxva koncentraciis (9,2; 7.2; 4,8; 2,4%)

qimiurad sufTa sufris marilis wyalxsnars. vxuravdiT petris

48

Tasebs da vayovnebdiT 48 sT-is ganmavlobaSi, romlis drosac,

maTSi iqmneboda, Sesabamisad, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% haeris

fardobiTi tenianoba. 100%-iani tenianobis gansazRvrisaTvis

gamoyenebuli iyo gamoxdili wyali. inokulumis gadaTesvis

Semdeg, petris TasSi arsebuli sakvebi aris zedapirze, Tasis

naxevrebs hermentulad vxuravdiT leikoplastiris gamoyenebiT

da vaTavsebdiT TermostatSi 250C temperaturis pirobebSi. cdebi

sam-sami ganmeorebiT Catarda. miceliumis zrda-ganviTarebaze

dakvirveba iwyeboda 24-48 sT-is Semdeg da tardeboda yovel

meore dRes.

sakvebi aris wyalbadionTa koncentraciis gavlenis

Seswavla sokoebis zrda-ganviTarebaze, xdeboda v. lillisa da

g. barnetis (В.Лилли, Г.Барнетт, 1953) meTodiT. risTvisac winaswar

mzaddeboda sxvadasxva pH-is mqone xsnarebi da iTeseboda 15

dRiani kulturebidan aRebuli inokulumi. sacdelad aRebuli

iyo 2,5; 3,6; 4,6; 5,6; 6,5; 7,6; 8,7; 8,9; 10,4 pH-is mqone xsnarebi.

sxvadasxva pH-is Sesaqmnelad viyenebdiT ludis tkbilis 1^: 1

ganzavebul xsnars, romelsac vamatebT sxvadasxva raodebobis

marilmJavasa (HCI) da kaliumis tutis (KOH) decinormalur

xsnarebs. zemoTaRniSnuli pH-is mqone xsnarebi 50-50 ml-is

odenobiT isxmeboda 100 ml-ian erlen meieris kolbebSi,

romelTa gamdinare orTqlze gasterilebis Semdeg iTeseboda

sokos 15 dRiani kulturidan aRebuli inokulumi; maT

vaTavsebdiT TermostatSi 250C temperaturaze. cdebi Catarda 3-5

ganmeorebiT. dakvirveba sokoebis zrda-ganviTarebaze xdeboda

vizualurad. 20 dRis Semdeg, kulturebi ifiltreboda winaswar

mudmiv wonamde dayvanil filtris qaRaldebze, vaTavsebdiT

saSrob karadaSi da dagvyavda mudmiv wonamde, vadgendiT mSrali

49

miceliumis wonas. yovel TiToeul variantSi vangariSobdiT

miRebuli miceliumis mSrali wonis saSualo ariTmetikuls.

sokoebis toqsikurobas vswavlobdiT Capekis Txevad sakveb

areze maTi kultirivirebiT. kulturaruli filtratis

toqsikurobis gansazRvras vawarmoebdiT aTdRiani intervaliT.

Bbioindikatorad gamoyenebuli iyo soko Coniothyrium-is sporebi.

kontrolad viyenebdiT Capekis xsnarsa da sterilur wyals.

sokos celulozuri fermentebi isazRvreboda a. a.

imSeneckis (Имшенецкий А.А., 1958) meTodiT. am mizniT, sokos

kultivireba xdeboda Capekis Txevad areze, romelic

moTavsebuli iyo 100 ml-ian erlen-meieris kolbebSi, 40-40 ml-is

odenobiT. cda Catarda samjeradi ganmeorebiT, sadac

celulozis wyaros warmoadgenda mudmiv wonamde dayvanili

filtris qaRaldi, romelic ikeceboda samjer da vaTavsebdiT

Capekis areSi, romlis samjeradi sterilizaciis Semdeg

gamdinare orTqlze, iTeseboda sporovani suspenzia.

sakontrolo kolbebSi sufTa Capekis xsnari iyo filtris

qaRaldis gareSe. cda grZeldeboda 80 dRe, 24-250C temperaturis

pirobebSi.

jiSTa GgamZleobis maCveneblebis dasadgenad, saRsa da

daavadebul gamZle da mimRebian jiSebSi vakvirdebodiT

sasicocxlo procesebSi mimdinare cvlilebebs. isazRvreboda,

katalazasa da peroqsidazas aqtivoba, vitamin ,,C”-s Semcveloba.

warmoebda fermentTa aqtivobisa da vitamin ,,C”-s Semcvelobis

gansazRvra Rero-foTlebsa da tuberebSi, sxvadasxva siZlieriT

daavadebis dros.

vitamin ,,C”-s Semcveloba iswavleboda prokoSevis (Васильева

З.В., Кирилова Г.А., 1968) iodometruli meTodiT, katalaza _

50

gazimetruli meTodiT (Ермаков А. И. и др., 1952) vsazRvravdiT,

peroqsidazas _ baxisa da zbarskis (Белозерский А.Н., Поскуряков Н.И.,

1980) meTodiT.

traqeomikozuri Wknobis mimarT brZolis RonisZiebaTa

dasazusteblad icdeboda fungicidebi da bioaqtiuri naerTebi.

jer laboratoriis, xolo Semdeg, mindvris pirobebSi,

kartofilis sxvadasxva jiSze.

sargavi masala, Senaxvis win muSavdeboda fungicid

,,maqsimis” 0,5%-iani xsnariT, xolo uSualo dargvis win,

traqeomikozuri Wknobis mier SesaZlo gamowveuli zaralis

Semcirebis mizniT, Cvens mier, xdeboda sargavi kartofilis ori

kviriT adre gamotana sawyobebidan, moTavseba 14-180-ze,

latenturi infeqciebis gamomJRavnebisa da gamorCevis gamo.

garda amisa, sargav kartofils vaTavsebdiT mzis gulze, rgvis

win; radgan am dros tuberebSi warmoiqmneba solanini, rac maT

infeqciebisagan icavs.

radganac Wknobis gamomwvevi sokoebi niadagis binadaria da

maTi ganviTareba qsovilebis SigniT mimdinareobs, maT

winaaRmdeg brZolaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs sistemuri

moqmedebis preparatebs da im preparatebs, romlebic uSualod

mikro organizmebze ki ar moqmedeben, aramed warmoadgenen

mZlavr imunizatorebs, riTac xels uSlian am daavadebis

gavrceleba-ganviTarebas.

am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba,

ekologiurad sufTa bioaqtiur naerTebs. maTgan, gansakuTrebiT,

kargi Sedegi aqvs miRebuli, aRniSnul daavadebaTa mimarT,

samamulo ekologiurad sufTa preparat ,,liles” (rexviaSvili

l., 1985), ris gamoc, Cvens mier, gamoyenebuli iyo preparat

51

,,liles” 2 %-iani xsnari, riTac muSavdeboda kartofilis Tesli

30 wT-is eqspoziciiT, uSualod, Tesvis win, xolo am

preparatis 3 %-iani xsnariT xdeboda kartofilis aRmonacenTa

fesvgareSe (SesxurebiT) da fesqveSa gamokveba (morwyviT).

SeviswavleT biopreparat ,,liles” moqmedebis meore

varianti. Teslis damuSaveba xdeboda, aRniSnuli preparatis 2

da 3 %-iani xsnarebiT. isev 30 wT-is eqspoziciiT, uSualod,

Tesvis win. mcenareTa aRmocenebisTanave naTesebze Sesxurebuli

iyo imave koncentraciis xsnarebi anu xdeboda fesvisgare

gamokveba, romlis paralelurad vaxdendiT, Sesabamisi

koncentraciis xsnarebiT mcenareTa rwyvas (fesvisqveSa

gamokveba). mTeli vegetaciis ganmavlobaSi vawarmoebdiT

aRricxvebs traqeomikozuri Wknobis gavrceleba-ganviTarebis

Seswavlis mizniT. aRniSnuli preparatis mosavlianobaze

gavlenis dasazusteblad, aRiricxeboda aRebuli mosavlis

raodenoba da fraqciaTa Sedgeniloba.

dadgenil iqna preparat ,,liles” roli mosavlis

raodenobriv-xarisxobriv maCvenebelze. cda Catarebuli iqna sami

wlis manZilze da, saboloo, Sedegebi dadgenil iqna miRebul

sidideTa saSualo ariTmetikuliT.

Cvens mier, uSualod, Tesvis win, sargavi masala

gadairCeoda da muSavdeboda 0,5%-iani ,,moncereniT” an 0,5%-iani

,,prestiJiT” (kolorados xoWoebis gavrcelebis kerebSi) da

xelaturi tipis, bioaqtiuri naerTi _ ,,liles” 2-3%-iani

xsnarebiT, am ukanasknelT, viyenebdiT kartofilis paTogenuri

organizmebis mier gamowveul daavadebaTa mimarT, gamZleobis

gazrdis mizniT.

52

garda sargavi masalis damuSavebisa ,,lileTi” da

fungicidebiT, savegetacio periodSi xdeboda mcenareTa

damuSaveba ,,liles” 2-3%-iani xsnarebiT, kontaqtur-sistemuri

fungicid ,,ridomil goldi mc” (0,5%) da kontaqtur fungicid

,,spilenZis qlorJangis” 0,5%-iani xsnarebiT.

cdebi Catarda ramdenime jiSze 3-3 ganmeorebiT,

biometriuli analizebi mimdinareobda mTeli vegeteciis

ganmavlobaSi da cdis bolos. aRiricxeboda daavadebaTa

ganviTarebis intensivoba, mosavlis raodenoba da xarisxi.

Cvens mier cdebi Catarda sxvadasxva variantebiT:

1. sargavi masalis damuSaveba xdeboda ,,liles” 3%-iani

xsnariT, mimdinareobda amave koncentraciis siTxiT

mcenareTa oTxjeradi wamloba, aRmocenebidan yovel 10-12

dRis Semdeg da, am wamlobaTa paralelurad 2-jer, moxda

mcenareTa, imave xsnariT, gamokveba (rwyva).

2. sargavi masala muSavdeboda fungicidi ,,moncerenis” 0,5%-

iani siTxiT da xdeboda ,,liles” 3%-iani xsnariT

oTxjeradi wamloba, aRmocenebidan yovel 10-12 dRis Semdeg.

3. xdeboda daumuSavebeli sargavi masalis aRmonacenebis

orjeradi wamloba, vegetaciis pirvel periodSi.

miRebul Sedegebze dayrdnobiT isazRvreboda biologiuri

efeqturoba procentebSi, verticiliozisa da fuzariozis

SemTxvevebSi.

Cvens mier gatarebuli brZolis RonisZiebebi gamiznuli iyo

mosavlis raodenobriv-xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis gazrdasa da

daavadebaTa gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivobis Semcirebaze.

am mizniT, cdebi Catarda sxvadasxva variantSi. SeviswavlidiT

53

sargavi masalis damuSavebis, fesvgareSe gamokvebisa da

wamlobaTa prognozul vadebSi Catarebis gavlena mosavalze:

1. sargavi masala muSavdeboda ,,liles” 2%-iani xsnariT, amave

xsnariT xdeboda aRmonacenTa oTxjeradi wamloba da ori

gamokveba.

2. xdeboda daumuSavebeli sargavi masalis aRmonacenTa ori

wamloba: ,,ridomil goldi mc-s” 0,5%-iani da ,,spilenZis

qlorJangis” 0,5%-iani xsnarebiT.

3. ,,lile” 2%-iani xsnariT damuSavebuli sargavi masalis

aRmonacenTa samjeradi wamloba amave xsnariT.


aRmonacenTa oTxi wamloba, amave xsnariT.


aRmonacenTa xuTi wamloba, amave xsnariT, fenofazebis

mixedviT.

Wknobis gamomwvevi sokoebi vrceldebian mcenareTa gamtar

konebSi, iwveven mcenareTa intensiur Wknobas. es, erTis mxriv,

gamowveulia maT mier gamoyofili toqsinebis zemoqmedebiT,

meore mxriv ki _ wylis deficitis mavne zegavleniT. amitom,

garda aRniSnuli RonisZiebebisa, Cvens mier gamoyenebuli iyo

kartofilis naTesebis mulCireba subalpuri TiviT. mulCi erT

mxriv, xels Seuwyobda tenis SenarCunebas niadagSi,

ganapirobebda nivTierebaTa normalur cvlas mcenareul

organizmebSi da daicavda maT wylis deficitiT gamowveuli

mavne zemoqmedebisagan. meore mxriv, ki misi fitonciduri

aqtivobis zegavlena Seamcirebda sokoebis paTogenur

zemoqmedebas. Cvens mier, kartofilis nakveTis mulCireba

xdeboda pirveli Toxnis Semdeg. mulCad gamoyenebuli iyo Tiva,

54

romelic, ZiriTadad, velurad mozardi subalpuri marcvlovani

mcenareebisagan Sedgeboda da Segrovili iyo mTis saZovrebze.

mulCirebis Semdeg sistematuri dakvirveba mimdinareobda

mcenareT zrda-ganviTarebaze, maTze daavadebaTa pirveli

gamoCenasa da Semdgom ganviTarebaze. mcenareTa daavadebebis

gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivoba aRiricxeboda vegetaciis

Sua periodSi (ivlisis III dekada) da cdis bolos (ВИЗР-is

meTodikiT). mcenareTa biometriuli analizebi da mosavlis

raodenobis gansazRvra xdeboda savegetacio periodSi da cdis

bolos, mosavlis aRebisas.

cdebi Catarda sxvadasxva variantebSi, TiToeul variantSi

sam-sami ganmeorebiT. TiTo ganmeorebaSi aRiricxeboda 10-10

mcenare, jiSebis mixedviT. miRebuli Sedegebi damuSavda

variaciuli statistikis wiladobrivi meTodiT (Рокицкий П.Ф.,

1961; Доспехов Б.А., 1965).

mulCad gamoyenebuli Tivis fitonciduri aqtivobis

gansazRvra xdeboda Tivis eqstraqtSi damzadebul sporovan

suspenziaze dakvirvebiT, gaRivebuli sporebis raodenobisa da

Rivis ganviTarebis siZlieris mixedviT. Bbio-indikatorad

viyenebdiT Fusarium oxysporum-is 15 dRian kulturas. sporovani

suspenzia 2 – 24 sT-is ganmavlobaSi Tavsdeboda TermostatSi 250

temperaturaze (kontrolad viyenebdiT onkanis wyals).

mulCad gamoyenebul mcenareTa fitoncidur aqtivobaze

dakvirveba xdeboda meore meTodis gamoyenebiTac. am mcenareTa

gamonawuris vantigemis kameraSi moTavsebiT (,,dakiduli wveTis”

meTodiT) da sporebis gaRivebis intensivobaze dakvirvebiT.

sakontrolo variantSi, vantigemis kameraSi, vasxamdiT onkanis

wyals.

55

III Tavi

kartofilis traqeomikozuri Wknobis gamomwvevi sokoebis

saxeobrivi Semadgenloba da gavrceleba samcxe-javaxeTSi

3.1. traqeomikozuri Wknobis mavneoba da gavrceleba samcxe-

javaxeTSi

samcxe-javaxeTi samxreT saqarTveloSi mdebareobs. samcxes

miakuTvneben: aspinZis, adigenisa da axalcixis municipalitetebs.

marTalia, borjomi adgilmdebareobis mixedviT zemo qarTlis

teritoriazea viwro xeobis saxiT, magram gaerTianebulia

samcxeSi. javaxeTis teritoria moicavs ninowmindisa da

axalqalaqis municipalitetebs.

wyaroebSi javaxeTi (zabaxa) pirvelad Zv. w. 785 wels

ixsenieba urartus mefis argiSTi I-is warweraSi, rogorc

dapyrobili mxare. uZvelesi droidan javaxeTi qarTlis samefos

erT-erTi saerisTavo iyo.

samcxe-javaxeTis teritoriis nawili javaxeTis zeganze

mdebareobs, romelic vulkanuri warmoSobisaa da adgil-adgil

gavrcelebulia tbiuri naleqebi. reliefSi gabatonebulia 1500-

2200 metri simaRlis aziduli vakeebi, romlebic garTulebulia

tbiani da Waobiani tafob qvabulebiTa da mdinareTa

kanionisebrTa xeobebiT.

javaxeTis zegans TrialeTis qedi hyofs, sadac borjomis

raioni mdebareobs. mTian samcxe-TrialeTSi gavrcelebulia

yavisferi, tyis yomrali, eweri da mTa-mdelos niadagebi.

yavisferi niadagebi gvxvdeba axalcixis qvabulis kalTebze; tyis

yomral niadags didi farTobi ukavia borjomisa da bakurianis

midamoebSi.

56

javaxeTis mTianeTis gaSlili mindvrebi mTis Savmiwa da

mTa-mdelos niadagebiT xasiaTdeba.

hava gardamavalia, zomierad notiodan mTianeTis mSral

klimatze. zafxuli mSrali da cxelia, zamTari Tovliani da

civi icis. saSualo wliuri temperatura 4-60 C-ia, ianvari -5 -100

C , ivlisi 15-160 C , absoluturi minimumi -34 -410 C, absoluturi

maqsimumi 30-350 C, naleqebi 600-750 mm. weliwadSi. gavrcelebulia

stepuri mcenareuloba.

vaxuSti batoniSvilis sityvebiT: `axal-cixe qalaqi, haviT

ars mSvenieri, zamTari civi da Tovliani, zafxuli ara eg-oden

cxeli. garemos qalaqisa walkotni, venaxni da xilni mravalni~;

`samcxe, SigniT mziani, goriani, Rrantoiani, xevian-kldiani,

magari mTabarTa siaxloviTa, venaxiani, xiliani mravlad~.

samcxe-javaxeTi maRalmTiani adgilebisaTvis, aucilebelia,

saadreo, yinvagamZle jiSebis SerCeva, aseve rogorc

mekartofileobis Zveli raioni, saWiroa SeirCes umTavresi

avadmyofobebisadmi gamZle jiSebi.

Tu ucxoeTidan super elitis, elitis an pirveli

reproduqciis sargavi masalis saSualeba ara gvaqvs da viyenebT

adgilobriv Tesls, saWiroa adgilebi mainc vucvaloT, radgan

axal teritoriaze gadatanisas es kultura ukeTes mosavals

iZleva. SeZlebisdagvarad davicvaT Teslbrunva da kulturaTa

morigeoba. saukeTeso winamorbedia marcvleuli kulturebi.

daavadebebi uaryofiTad moqmedebs mcenaris zrda-

ganviTarebaze, saTesle tuberebis aRmocenebasa da gaRivebis

unarze, rac iwvevs kartofilis mosavlis sagrZnob Semcirebasa

da misi xarisxis gauaresebas, ris gamoc kargavs sasaqonlo

Rirebulebas.

57

samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi kartofilis daavadebebidan,

umTavresad, gavrcelebulia: fitoftorozi, rizoqtoniozi,

Wknoba, fomozi, alternariozi-makrosporozi, Cveulebrivi,

fxvieri da vercxlisferi qeci, rgoluri da sveli sidampleebi,

kartofilis Savfexa, virusuli, viroidiuli da fitoplazmuri

daavadebani.

sxva daavadebaTa Soris, samcxe-javaxeTis urwyav nakveTebze,

xSirad intensiurad viTardeba Wknoba, ris gamoc, miznad

davisaxeT, dagvedgina kartofilis Wknobis gamomwvevi

paTogenuri sokoebi, mogvexdina maTi identifikacia da

dagvezustebina yoveli maTganis xvedriTi wili kartofilis

Wknobis paTogenezSi da dagvesaxa maT winaaRmdeg brZolis

radikaluri RonisZiebebi.

kvleviTi samuSaobi, aRniSnuli daavadebis gavrceleba-

ganviTarebis Seswavlis mizniT, Catarda samcxe-javaxeTis

regionSi, laboratoriuli eqsperimentebi l. yanCavelis

mcenareTa dacvis institutis fitopaTologiis ganyofilebasa

da saqarTvelos agrarul universitetSi.

samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi gamokvlevis Sedegad Cvens mier

gamovlenili iqna mcenareTa traqeomikozuri Wknobis gamomwvevi

sokoebis 2 gvari: Fusarium-i da Verticilium-i. aRiniSna, agreTve,

mcenaris Wknoba sxva daavadebebis Sedegadac.

rogorc aRvniSneT, marSutuli gamokvlevebi mimdinareobda

borjomis, aspinZis, axalcixis, adigenis, axalqalaqis da

ninowmindis municipalitetebSi, ivlisi-agvisto-seqtembris

TveebSi.

pirveli gamokvlevis periodSi daavadebebi, vizualurad,

SeiniSneboda erTeul mcenareebze. daavadebis intensiuri

58

ganviTareba aRiniSneboda agvistodan. vegetaciis bolos _

aRiricxeboda mosavlis raodenoba da xarisxi.

daavadebuli mcenareebi yvavilobamde normalurad

viTardeboda, Semdeg ki SeiniSneboda jer calkeuli foTlebis,

xolo Semdeg mTeli Reros Wknoba. daavadebis sawyis etapze,

foTlis firfitaze, dawyebuli kideebidan, aRiniSneboda

moyviTalo arSiamovlebuli muqi laqebi. xSirad adgili hqonda

daavadebul mcenareTa uecar Wknobas. foTlebi gaxmobas

iwyebdnen erTi meores miyolebiT, rasac Tan sdevda Reros

xmobac. tuberebze Verticilium-i Tvlebidan iWreba, Rrmad

vrceldeba qsovilebSi da ruxi mtvris masad aqcevs mas. Fusarium-

is warmomadgenlebi tuberebze warmoqmnian wablisfer laqebs.

sainfeqcio sawyisi inaxeba mcenareuli narCenebSi, sargav

masalasa da niadagSi.

kartofilis paTogenuri Reros ganivi Wrilis

mikroskopuli analizisas, aRiniSneba WurWel-boWkovani konebis

gamovseba miceliumiT (suraTi 8.1, 8.2).

suraTi 8.1, 8.2 kartofilis paTogenuri Reros ganivi Wrili (miceliumebiT

gamovsebuli WurWel-boWkovani konebi).

59

sigrZiv ganaWerSi aRiniSneboda gamuqebuli WurWel-

boWkovani konebi muqi xazebis saxiT, xolo ganiv ganaWerSi _

wriulad ganwyobili miceliumiT gamovsebuli WurWel-

boWkovani konaTa rgolebi (suraTi 9.1, 9.2). Wknobis intensiuri

ganviTarebis Sedegad dazianebuli budnebis mosavali, jiSebis

mixedviT, saRTan SedarebiT 30-50%-iT da zogjer metadac

mcirdeba.

suraTi 9.1, 9.2 kartofilis paTogenuri Reros ganivi Wrili (wriulad

ganwyobili miceliumiT gamovsebuli WurWel-boWkovani konaTa rgolebi).

paTologiuri qsovilebis lud-agaris sakveb areze

gadaTesvisas viTardeba odnav moWuWyiano kremisferi koloniebi,

romlis konidiaTmtarebi rgoluri datotviT xasiaTdeba.

yvela morfologiuri niSnis mixedviT identificirebuli

iqna: V. albo-atrum Reinke, V. dahliae Kleb. da V. lateritium Berk.

paTologiuri qsovilebis zogierTi nawilebis gadataniT

lud-agaris sakveb areze viTardeboda movardisfro kolonia.

ganviTarebul koloniis mikroskopuli analizisas aRiniSneboda

naxevarmTvarisebri elifsuri formis an odnav moxrili mikro

da makro konidiumebi, rac fuzariumisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli,

gamoyofili sokoebis identificirebiT dadginda, rom es

60

saxeobebia: Fusarium oxysporum-i (Schlecht) Shyd-et Hans. da F. solani-a

(Mart. App. Et Wr.), maTi Sexvedrianoba TiTqmis Tanabari iyo.

Cvens mier gamovlinebuli sokoebiT gamowveuli

traqeomikozuri Wknobis gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivoba

gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva mikroklimatur ubnebsa da

municipalitetebSi, agreTve kartofilis sxvadasxva jiSebSi.

daavadebaTa gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivoba sxvadasxva

jiSis kartofilis mimarT gansxvavebulia. SedarebiT gamZlea

pikaso, kosmosi da sante da metad mimRebiani agria da marabeli.

amrigad, Cvens mier, kartofilis daavadebuli nimuSebidan

gamoyofili iqna gvar Verticillum - is sami saxeoba V. albo-atrum, V.

dahlliae da V. lateritium. Fusarium - is gvaridan soko FF. oxysporum da

F. solani. gamoyofili kulturebis mikroskopuli analiziTa da

SexvedrianobiT saSualeba mogveca mogvexdina Verticillum-iTa da

Fusarium - iT gamowveuli daavadebul mcenareTa gavrcelebis

gansazRvra %-Si, municipalitetebisa da jiSebis mixedviT.

(cxrili 1, diagrama 1; 2).

rogorc, cxrili 1-dan da diagrama 1 da 2-dan Cans, samcxe-

javaxeTis regionSi, verticiliozuri Wknoba ufro naklebad

dafiqsirda vidre fuzariozuli. verticiliozuri Wknoba ufro

maRali aRmoCnda ninowmindis municipalitetSi, sadac misma

gavrcelebam saSualod 6% Seadgina, xolo aspinZis

municipalitetSi _ fuzariozuli, sadac am daavadebis

gavrceleba saSualod 8% iyo, rac ganapiroba gansxvavebulma

klimaturma pirobebma. jiSebis mixedviT SedarebiT gamZlea

pikaso, romelSic traqeomikozuri Wknobis gavrcelebis saSualo

procentia 2,8. metad mimRebiania jiSi-agria, sadac fuzariozuli

61

da verticiliozuri Wknobis gavrcelebis saSualo procenti

9,2-ia (cxrili 1 da diagrama 1, 2).

cxrili 1

verticiliozuri da fuzariozuli Wknobis gavrcelebis

procenti samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi ( 2008 _ 2010ww.)

daavadebaTa gavrcelebis procenti kartofilis

sxvadasxva jiSze

muni

cipal

itet

ebi jiSebi

daavadebebi

marabeli pikaso agria sante kosmosi saSualo

axal

cix

e V. albo-atrum, V.

dahlliae, V.lateritium 6 2 8 5 2 4,6

F. oxysporum F.solani 9 3 11 5 3 6,2

aspinZa

V. albo-atrum V.

dahlliae, V.lateritium 7 4 10 4 3 5,6

F. oxysporum F.solani 13 3 12 7 5 8

adig

eni

V. albo-atrum V.

Dahlliae,V.lateritium 7 3 8 4 2 4,8


axal

qalaqi V. albo-atrum V.

dahlliae,V.lateritium, 5 2 8 4 2 4,2


nino

wminda V. albo-atrum V.

dahlliae, V.lateritium 7 3 10 7 3 6


borjomi V. albo-atrum V.

dahlliae, V.lateritium 3 2 5 3 2 3

F. oxysporum F.solani 7 3 9 4 2 5

62

diagrama 1

6

7 7

5

7

3

2

4

3

2

3

2

8

10

8 8

10

55

4 4 4

7

3

2

3

2 2

3

2

4,6

5,6

4,8

4,2

6

3

ახალციხე ასპინძა ადიგენი ახალქალაქი ნინოწმინდა ბორჯომი

.daavadebaTa (V. albo-atrum, V. dahlliae, V.lateritium) gavrcelebis procentikartofilis sxvadasxva jiSze

მარებელი პიკასო აგრია სანტე კოსმოსი საშუალო

63

diagrama 2

9

13

8

6

10

7

3 3 3 3 3 3

11

12

10

8

11

9

5

7

6

3

6

4

3

5

4

3

4

2

6,2

8

6,2

4,6

6,8

5

ახალციხე ასპინძა ადიგენი ახალქალაქი ნინოწმინდა ბორჯომი

daavadebaTa (F. oxysporum, F.solani) gavrcelebis procenti kartofilis sxvadasxva jiSze

მარებელი პიკასო აგრია სანტე კოსმოსი საშუალო

64

cxrili 2


ganviTarebis intensivoba samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi (2008_2010ww.)

rogorc cxrili 2-dan Cans, Wknoba yvelaze metad aRiniSna

aspinZaSi, fuzariozulma da verticiliozurma Wknobis

gavrcelebam Seadgina 13,6%, SedarebiT naklebi maCvenebelia

muni

cipal

itet

ebi

daavadebebi

Wknobis gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivoba, %

kartofilis sxvadasxva jiSebze

marabeli pikaso agria sante kosmosi saSualo

gavrcel

eba

ganviTar

eba

gavrcel

eba

ganviTar

eba

gavrcel

eba

ganviTar

eba

gavrcel

eba

ganviTar

eba

gavrcel

eba

ganviTar

eba

gavrcel

eba

ganviTar

eba

axal

cix

e

fuzariozi+

verticiliozi 15 8 5 2 19 9 10 5 5 2,5 10,8 5,3

aspinZa

fuzariozi+

verticiliozi 20 10 7 4 22 12 11 6 8 4 13,6 7,0

adig

eni

fuzariozi+

verticiliozi 15 8 6 3 18 9 10 5 6 3 11 5,6

axal

qalaqi

fuzariozi+

verticiliozi 11 5,5 5 2,5 16 8 7 3,5 5 3 8,8 4,5

nino

wminda

fuzariozi+

verticiliozi 17 8,5 6 3 21 10,5 13 6,5 7 3,5 12,8 6,4

borjomi

fuzariozi+

verticiliozi 10 5 5 2,5 14 7 7 3,5 4 3 8 4,0

65

borjomis municipalitetSi, fuzariozuli da verticiliozuri

Wknobis gavrceleba _ 8,0%-s aRwevda. Sesabamisi iyo daavadebis

ganviTarebis intensivobac, e. i. ufro intensiurad ganviTarda

daavadebebi aspinZis municipalitetSi, sadac fuzariozuli da

verticiliozuri WknobaTa ganviTarebis intensivoba 7,0%-s

aRwevda; borjomis municipalitetSi _ fuzariozuli da

verticiliozuri Wknobis ganviTarebis intensivoba, SedarebiT

naklebi aRmoCnda da Seadgina _ 4,0%.

amrigad, Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad dadgenilia

kartofilis traqeomikozuri Wknobis intensiuri gavrceleba-

ganviTareba samcxe-javaxeTis pirobebSi.

identificirebulia traqeomikozuri Wknobis gamomwvevi

sokoebi: Verticilium-is gvaris saxeoba _ Verticilium albo-atrum da V.

Dahliae, V.lateritium da Fusarium-is gvaris saxeobebi: FF. oxisporum-i da

F. solani. kartofilis sxvadasxva jiSi sxvadasxva gamZleobas iCens

WurWel-boWkovani Wknobis mimarT. gamovlenilia SedarebiT

gamZle jiSebi _ pikaso da sante da mimRebiani jiSi _ agria.

kartofilis WurWel-boWkovani Wknobis gavrceleba-

ganviTarebis sxvadasxva intensivobas ganapirobebda kartofilis

mwarmoebeli municipalitetebisa da ubnebis mikroklimaturi

pirobebi da warmoebul jiSTa Tavisebureba.

3.2. traqeomikozuri Wknobis gamomwvevi sokoebis saxeobrivi

Semadgenloba da kulturaluri niSnebis Seswavla

kartofilis Wknobis eTiologiis Seswavlisa da paTogenTa

gvarobrivi da saxeobrivi identifikaciisaTvis xdeboda maTi

gadaTesva ludagaris sakveb areze, romelic mzaddeboda ludis

tkbilis, gamoxdili wylisa da agar-agarisagan. sakvebis aris

66

neitralizaciisaTvis pHH_ 6-7-mde, viyenebdiT saWmeli sodis

(NaHCO3) wyalxsnars.

lud-agarze gadaTesili kulturebi sinjarebiT Tavsdeboda

TermostatSi 250 temperaturaze.

paTologiuri qsovilebis zogierTi nawilis gadataniT

lud-agaris sakveb areze, viTardeba ufero an movardisfro

koloniebi, romlis konidiebi erT an mravalujrediania.

fuzariumis gvarobrivi da saxeobrivi identifikacia sarkvevebis

gamoyenebiT moxda (…Билай В. И., 1977).……………………

mikro da makro konidiumebi _ naxevradmTvariseburia,

elifsuri formisa, rac soko Fusarium-isaTvis aris

damaxasiaTebeli. Mmisi identifikaciis Sedegad gamoiyo

aRniSnuli gvaris ori saxeoba: F. oxysporum-i da F. solani.

Fusarium oxysporum Schl. sporebi namgliseburad moxrili

formiT xasiaTdeba, 3-4 tixriT, 27 – 46 × 3 - 5 mkm zomis. Fusarium

solani (Mart.) App. Et. Wr _ ( Литвинов М. А., , 1967; Билай В. И., 1977;

Пидопличко Н. М., 1977; Лугаускас А. Ю., Михульскене А. И., Шляужене Д.

Ю., 1987) gamoyofilia tuberebis fxvieri masidan da mis

zedapirze arsebuli Ria-movardisfro baliSebidan. tuberebis

siRrme amovsebulia haerovani miceliumiT. Seferili baliSebi

Sedgeba naxevarmTvarisebiri sporebisagan 1-5 tixriT an wvrili,

utixro elifsuri mikrokonidiebisagan. sporebis zoma 20 – 40 ×

4,3 - 5 mkm-ia, gvxvdeba 20 – 60 × 4 - 7 mkm zomis konidiumebic.

daavadebul tuberebze aRiniSneba wablisferi rbili laqa.

mSralad Senaxvis pirobebSi kani laqaze koncentruli wreebis

saxiT naoWdeba. gaWril tuberebze laqebis qveS moCans dampali

qsovili siRruviT, romelic sokos ZafebiT aris daqselili.

daavadebuli tuberi mTlianad lpeba da gamovsebulia

67

movardisfro fumfula miceliumiT, am masis gadataniT,

steriluri nemsis meSveobiT, sakveb areze ganviTarda kolonia,

romlis mikroskopuli analizisas aRiniSna naxevradmTvarisebri

elifsuri formis an odnav moxrili mikro da makro konidiumebi

(suraTebi 10.1, 10.2).

fuzariumebi qmnian mopirisfro fifqs, rac mis nayofianobas

warmoadgens.

sur. 10.1 soko F. oxysporum mikro da makro sur. 10.2 soko F. oxysporum (X600).

konidiumebi (X120). 1. sokos miceliumi;

2. sokos sporebi.

paTologiuri qsovilis lud-agaris sakveb areze

gadaTesvisas, verticilioziT daavadebis SemTxvevaSi, ganviTarda

odnav moWuWyiano kremisferi koloniebi, nazi fifqiT,

romelzec viTardeboda konidiaTmtarebi da maTze rgolurad

ganwyobili sterigmebi. koloniebi moTeTroa da Znelad

SesamCnevi, magram mikroskopSi iolad SeimCneoda.

konidiaTmtarebis rgolurad ganwyobil sterigmebze Tavakadaa

Sekruli erTujrediani konidiosporebi, kvercxisebr-elifsuri

formis, romlebic uferoa, Semdeg ki yavisferdeba. damWknari

mcenareebidan wminda kulturebis analiziT, maTi morfologiur-

68

kulturaluri niSnebis SeswavliT identificirebuli iyo

Verticilium-is gvaris sami saxeoba.

Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke et Berth. _ romelic lud-agarze

moruxo-moWuWyiano feris koloniis saxiT viTardeba. aRmamdgom

konidiaTmtarebze rgoluradaa ganwyobili sterigmebi,

romlebzedac Tavakad Sekruli wvrili, erTujrediani

kvercxisebr-mogrZo sporebi viTardeba (3,5 - 10,5 × 2 - 4 mkm,

gvxvdeba 5 – 12 × 3 mkm zomisac).

Verticillium dahliae Kleb. koloniebSi aRiniSna momwvano-

moyavisfro pigmentacia, rac mikrosklerociumebis ganviTarebiT

iyo gamowveuli. konidiumebis zomebi 16 – 35 × 1 -2,5 mkm-ia da

Tavakebad aris Sekruli. vxvdebiT, agreTve, 4 – 6 × 2,3 mkm

zomisasac.

Verticillium lateritium Berkeley ( Литвинов М. А., 1967; Лугаускас А. Ю.,

Михульскене А. И., Шляужене Д. Ю., 1987), Cvens mier, gamoyofilia

tuberidan da damWknari mcenareebidan.

dazianebuli tuberebi danaoWebulia, dasawyisSi TeTria,

Semdeg SigniT sicarieleebiT, romlis zedapiri dafarulia

bambisebri moyavisfro-moagurisfro miceliumiT. miceliumebi

datotvilia, dasawyisSi TeTri, Semdeg moagurisfro-wiTeli.

konidiaTmtarebi swormdgomia, 200 mkm sigrZis, rgolurad

ganwyobili sterigmebiT, romelTa raodenoba 4-6-ia,

wagrZelebuli. sterigmebi _ fialidebi, solisebri an mogrZo

boTlisebria, 7,5 -15 (29) × 2,5 - 3,4 mkm. konidiebi elifsuria an

gaWimul-elifsuri, boloebze momrgvalebuli, xandaxan

cilindruli, uswormasworo gverdebiT, mravalricxovani, Ria-

agurisfer-wiTeli. lorwovani masiT Tavakebadaa Sekrulia, isini

agurisferia (suraTebi 11.1, 11.2).

69

suraTi 11.1 soko V. lateritium (X1350). suraTi 11.2 soko V. lateritium (X600). 1. konidiaTmtarebi; 2. sokos sporebi.

verticiliozur Wknobas xels uwyobs zafxulis Tveebis

mSrali da cxeli amindebi. n. a. naumovis (Наумов Н. А., 1937)

monacemebiT, verticiliozi ufro swrafad vrceldeba da

aRiniSneba qviSnari da msubuqi niadagebisaTvis, vidre mZime

Tixnari niadagebisaTvis.

samcxe-javaxeTis regionSi, kartofilze, Cvens mier

gamovlinebuli sokoebidan, Sexvedrianobis sixSiriTa da meti

mavneobiT gamoirCeoda sokoebi: Fusarium oxysporum Schl. da

Verticillium lateritium Berk.

3.3. latenturi daavadebebi da misi roli infeqciis SenaxvaSi

traqeomikozuri Wknobis gavrceleba-ganviTarebis

intensivobis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli faqtoria infeqciis wyaro

da misi gadazamTrebis gzebi. am TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovani

iyo faruli infeqciebi, romlebic inaxebian tuberSi,

vizualurad SeumCnevelia, mihyvebian sargav masalas da iwveven

traqeomikozuri Wknobis intensiur ganviTarebas mindvrad. aqedan

gamomdinare, miznad davisaxeT, Segveswavla Wknobis daavadebaTa

70

faruli formebi, romelic lokalizebuli iyo tuberebis

siRrmeSi da vizualurad ar SeimCneoda, mogvexdina gamomwveTa

saxeobrivi identifikacia da dagvezustebina maTi roli

kartofilis nargaobaTa gameCxerebaSi da daavadebaTa

gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intevsivobaSi. mizani ganpirobebuli

iyo imiTac, rom Cvens mier mimdinare kvlevebis pirobebSi, axlad

Semotanil introducirebul jiSTa nargaobebSi, xSirad, adgili

hqonda aRmonacenTa gameCxerebas.

Cvens mier gamokvleuli iyo fermeris mier Semotanili,

sargavad gamiznuli, sxvadasxva jiSi: dezire, karatopi, kolete,

marabeli da pikaso.

Tesvis win, Cvens mier, xdeboda mewarmis mier gadarCeuli

sargavi tuberebis ganaWeris daTvaliereba. keTdeboda yoveli

jiSis 10-10 tuberis sigrZivi ganaWeri 10-10 ganmeorebaSi.

paTologiuri qsovilebi gadagvqonda lud-agaris sakveb areze,

wminda kulturebis gamosayofad. xdeboda yoveli paTogenuri

organizmis xvedriTi wilis gansazRvra sakvlev masalaSi da

mosalodnel daavadebaTa gavrceleba-ganviTarebis prognozi,

nakveTis mikroklimatis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

garegnulad saRi tuberebi iTeseboda Ria gruntSi da

xdeboda sistematuri monitoringi maT aRmonacenebze.

daavadebis gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivoba

isazRvreboda ВИЗР meTodikiT (1972). monacenTa damajereblobis

Sefaseba xdeboda variaciuli statistikis wiladobrivi

meTodiT (Рокицкий П.Ф., 1961; Доспехов Б.А., 1965).

sakontrolod gamoyenebuli iyo, Tesvis win, ori kviriT

adre, 14-180-ze moTavsebuli sargavi masalidan xelaxla

71

gadarCeuli Teslis nargavebi da sameurneo kontroli (mimdebare

teritoriaze arsebuli kerZo fermerTa nargavebi).

Catarebuli eqsperimentebiT dadgenilia, rom sargav

tuberTa latenturi infeqciebis 7-18% fuzariozsa da

verticiliozze modis, xolo 10-17% sxva danarCen daavadebebze

modis, xSirad adgili hqonda Sereul infeqciebsac, monacemebi

motanilia cxrili 3-Si. latenturi infeqciis umetesobaSi

infeqcia stolonebis mimagrebis adgilidan iyo SeWrili. adgili

hqonda, agreTve, Tvlebidan infeqciis SeWrasac. zogjer,

infeqciis SeWras adgili hqonda meqanikurad dazianebuli

adgilebidanac. maTi gadafarva axlad warmoqmnili epidermisiT

xdeboda; infeqcia ki Rrmad iWreboda da lokalizdeboda

tuberis centralur nawilSi.

daavadebaTa latenturi formebi, xSirad Sereuli infeqciis

saxiTaa warmodgenili da paTologiuri qsovilebis lud-agaris

sakveb areze gadaTesvisas, ramdenime paTogenuri organizmis

gamoyofas hqonda adgili. tuberis centralur nawilSi, zogjer

erTdroulad iyo lokalizirebuli Fusarium-isa da Verticillium-is

gvaris sokoebi (suraTebi 12.1, 12.2). maT garSemo, tuberebis

qsovilebi, garegnulad, saRi iyo.

suraTi 12.1. 12,2. fuzariozisa da verticiliozis Sereuli infeqciebiT

daavadebuli tuberebi.

72

cxrili 3

latenturi infeqciebis gavrceleba axlad introducirebul

jiSTa mosavalSi (samcxe-javaxeTi)

#

jiSebi

daavadebaTa gavrceleba, %

SeniSvna fuzariozi verticili

ozi

sxva

danarCeni

1 dezire 2,0 1,0 11-15

elit

uri

Tes

lis

I

reproduqc

ia

2 karatopi 4,0 5,0 8-17

3 kolete 2,0 1,0 12-18

4 marabeli 3,0 _ 9-16

5 pikaso 1,0 1,0 10-19

m%=7,6

HCP0,95=6,2

farul infeqciebSi SexvedrianobiT fuzariozi sWarbobs

verticiliozs (cxrili 4).

Catarebuli eqsperimentebiT dadgenilia, pirdapir

korelaciuri kavSiri, sargavi masalis faruli infeqciebisa da

aRmonacenTa daavadebebis gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivobas

Soris, sadac, korelaciis koeficienti 0,8-s aRwevs. Tumca,

Tanafardoba TeslSi daavadebaTa gavrcelebasa da aRmonacenTa

daavadebis gavrcelebisas Soris, iseTive ar iyo, rogorc sargav

masalaSi, rac ganpirobebuli iyo, aminduri pirobebiTa da

nakveTis mikroklimatiT, aseve paTogenTa biologiuri

TaviseburebebiT. kargad ganaTebul ferdobebze ufro

intensiurad iyo gavrcelebuli fuzariozi da verticiliozi,

vidre maRaltenian daCrdilul adgilebSi, sadac WurWel-

boWkovani Wknoba 2-10%-s ar aRemateboda.

73

cxrili 4

sxvadasxva paTogenTa mier gamowveuli daavadebebis xvedriTi

wili farul infeqciebSi

#

jiSebi

daavadebul tuberebSi yoveli

daavadebis gavrceleba, %

SeniSvna

fuzariozi verticili

ozi

sxva

danarCeni

1 dezire 7,1 3,8 40-42

elit

uri

Tes

lis

I

reproduqc

ia

2 karatopi 6,5 3,6 34-36

3 kolete 7,3 3,0 30-32

4 marabeli 6,0 _ 15-16

5 pikaso 7,0 2,0 19-22

m%=5,2

HCP0,95=10,3

Catarebuli eqsperimentiT dadgenilia, rom sargavi

kartofilis latenturi infeqciebi mniSvnelovan rols

asruleben daavadebaTa gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivobaSi.

Tumca, gadamwyveti nargaobaTa dazianebaSi, mainc aminds,

nakveTis mikroklimatsa da paTogenTa biologiur Taviseburebebs

eniWeba. kerZod, daavadebis gamomwvevTa damokidebulebas amindis

elementebisadmi, sporebis gavrcelebis gzebsa da sxva.

74

IV Tavi

traqeomikozuri Wknobis gamomwvevi sokoebis biologiuri

Taviseburebani

4.1. soko Fusarium oxysporum Schl. da soko Verticilliul lateritium Berk.

paTogenoba

sokoebis paTogenobis, infeqciis gzebisa da sainkubacio

periodis xangrZlivobis dadgena xdeboda kartofilis

sxvadasxva jiSis mcenaris xelovnuri dasenianebis meSveobiT. 15

dRiani sokoebis wminda kulturebis inokulaciiT mcenareTa

meqanikurad dazianebuli adgilebidan da sporovani suspenziis

mcenareebis Rero-foTlebze SesxurebiT, temperatura da

tenianoba isazRvreboda fsiqrometriT (suraTebi 13.1, 13.2, 13.3,

13.4).

cdebi Catarda 3 ganmeorebiT da saboloo Sedegebi

gaviangariSeT miRebulis saSualo ariTmetikuliT. miRebili

Sedegebi warmodgenilia 5, 6, 7 cxrilebSi.

rogorc cxrilebidan Cans, daavadebis gamoCenis pirveli

niSnebi, kartofilis jiSebze: dezire, agriasa da pikasoze,

dasenianebis sxvadasxva formis SemTxvevaSi (WrilobaSi

inokulumis Setana, suspenzia daCxvletil qsovilze, suspenzia

dauzianebel qsovilze) aRiniSna xelovnuni dasenianebidan

sxvadasxva dros, 18-72 sT-is ganmavlobaSi, jiSebis mimRebianobis

mixedviTa da paTogenTa gansxvavebuli kontaqtis Sesabamisad;

rac gamoxatuli iyo mcire zomis nekrozuli laqebis saxiT.

samive jiSis SemTxvevaSi, mcenareTa sruli Wknoba, yvelaze

swrafad, dafiqsirda 200C temperaturisa da 85% tenianobis

dros, dasenianebis samive variantSi.

75

suraTi13.1 xelovnurad dasenianebuli mcenare. suraTi13.2 xelovnurad dasenianebuli

nargaoba.

suraTi13.3 haeris fardobiTi tenianobisa suraTi13.4 muSaobis procesi.

da temperaturis gansazRvra.

76

cxrili 5

kartofilis fuzariozuli Wknobis ganviTarebis dinamika

WrilobaSi inokulumis Setanisas

.

Tar

iRi

saS

ual

o t

eniano

ba%

-Si,

t0C

variant

ebi

WrilobaSi inokulumis Setana

sainkub

acio

period

is

xangrZ

livoba

, sT

nekrozuli laqis zomebi sm-Si mcenaris sruli Wknoba, dRe

SeniS

vna

dasenian

ebidan

me-3 dRe

dasenian

ebidan

me-4 dRe

dasenian

ebidan

me-5 dRe

daseni

anebid

an me-6

dRe

20.07

250 C

65%

dezire

kontroli 24 1,7 1,7×1,9 1,9×2,1 2,2×2,1 12

mTel

saveg

etac

io per

iodSi

aRiniS

neboda maRal

i far

dobiT

i

teniano

ba, u

xvi n

aleqebi. x

Sir

ad t

emperat

uris

mkveT

r r

yevadobas

hqond

a ad

gil

i, r

amac

ganapir

oba mc

enar

eTa

Wknobis

int

ensiu

ri

ganviTar

eba.

agria

kontroli 18 1,7 1,9×2,0 2,1×2,2 2,2×3,0 10

pikaso

kontroli 24 1,3 1,5×3,0 1,5×3,0 1,7×3,0 14

2.08

220 C

80% dezire

kontroli 24 1,5 1,8×2,1 1,9×2,9 2,2×3,0 10

agria

kontroli 18 1,6 1,8×2,0 2,1×2,2 2,5×4,0 7

pikaso

kontroli 36 1,1 1,3×2,5 1,4×2,5 1,4×3,0 14

18.08

200 C

85% dezire

kontroli 18 1,6 1,8×3,0 2,0×3,1 2,5×3,5 7

agria

kontroli 18 1,7 1,8×2,2 2,0×3,0 3,0×4,5 5

pikaso

kontroli 24 1,2 1,3×3,0 1,3×3,0 1,5×3,5 13

77

cxrili 6


meqanikurad dazianebul qsovilebze sporovani suspenziis

Sesxurebisas

Tar

iRi

saS

ual

o t

eniano

ba%

-Si,

t0C

.

variateb

i suspenzia daCxvletil qsovilze

sainkubacio

periodis xangrZlivoba, sT

nekrozuli laqis zomebi sm-Si mcenaris sruli Wknoba, dRe

dasenian

ebidan

me-3 dRe

dasenian

ebidan

me-4 dRe

dasenian

ebidan

me-5 dRe

dasenian

ebidan

me-6 dRe

20

.07

250C

65%

dezire

kontroli 48 1,0×3,0 1,0×3,0 1,0×3,5 1,2×5,0 10

agria

kontroli 36 1,0×3,0 1,0×3,0 1,0×3,5 1,5×4,0 10

pikaso

kontroli 48 1,0×3,0 1,4×3,0 1,5×3,5 1,5×3,4 17

2.0

8 220C

80%

dezire

kontroli 36 1,0×3,5 1,0×4,0 1,5×4,5 2,0×5,5 7

agria

kontroli 36 1,2×3,5 1,5×3,5 1,7×4,0 1,9×4,3 9

pikaso

kontroli 48 1,3×3,0 1,3×3,3 1,5×3,5 1,5×3,5 17

18

.08

200C

85%

dezire

kontroli 48 1,0×3,0 1,5×3,0 2,0×3,0 2,5×4,0 7

agria

kontroli 36 1,0×3,5 1,3×4,0 1,8×5,0 2,5×6,0 6

pikaso

kontroli 48 1,0×3,0 1,3×3,5 1,5×3,5 1,5×4,0 15

rogorc Catarebulma kvlevis Sedegebma gviCvena, Wknobis

gamomwvevi sokoebi, ufro intensiurad viTardebian maRali

fardobiTi tenianobis pirobebSi, Tumca gvalvian amindSi

adgili aqvs mcenareTa ufro swraf Wknobas, rac ganpirobebulia

tenis deficitiT, romlis mavne zegavlenas aZlierebs

traqeomikozuri sokoebis qsilemaSi intensiuri gavrceleba.

78

cxrili 7


dauzianebul qsovilebze sporovani suspenziis Sesxurebisas

soko V. lateritium-is paTogenobis dadgenis mizniT, Catarda

sxvadasxva jiSebis: agria, pikaso da dezire xelovnuri

dasenianeba soko V. lateritium-is 15 dRiani kulturiT _ WrilobaSi

inokulumis SetaniTa da entomologiuri nemsiT daCxvletili

kartofilis sxvadasxva organoebis sporovani suspenziis

SesxurebiT. Mmcenareebze, romlis Reroze, WrilobaSi Setanili

iyo inokulumi, meore dResve aRiniSna Reros dazianeba, Savi

patara nekrozuli laqebis saxiT da TeTri miceliumis

ganviTareba. meoTxe dRes ki _ SeiniSneboda sporebis warmoqmna.

Tar

iRi

saS

ual

o t

enianoba%

-

Si,

t0C

variant

ebi

suspenzia dauzianebel qsovilze

sainkubac

io

periodis

xangrZli

voba sT-

Si

nekrozuli laqis zomebi sm-Si mcenaris

sruli

Wknoba,

dRe

dasenia

nebidan

me-3

dRe

dasenia

nebidan

me-4

dRe

dasenia

nebidan

me-5

dRe

dasenia

nebidan

me-6

dRe

20.07 250

C

65%

dezire

kontroli 60 1×3 1×3 1×3.5 1.5×4 12

agria

kontroli 48 1×2.5 1×2.7 1.2×3 1.2×3 10

pikaso

kontroli 72 1×3 1×3.2 1.1×3.3 1.2×3.3 17

2.08 220

C

80%

dezire

kontroli 60 1×3 1.2×3.3 1.5×3.3 1.5×3.3 12

agria

kontroli 48 1×3 1×3 1.2×4 1.5×4.5 10

pikaso

kontroli 72 1×3 1.2×3.2 1.4×3.2 1.4×3.2 17

18.08 20 t

0C

85%

dezire

kontroli 48 1×3 1×3 1×3.6 1.1×3.6 12

agria

kontroli 48 1×3 1×3 1.5×4 1.5×4.5 10

pikaso

kontroli 72 1×3 1×3 1.2×3.5 1.2×3.5 17

79

erTi Tvis Semdeg, adgili hqonda daavadebis mTel mcenareSi

gavrcelebas. Kkartofilis tuberis ganaWerSi aRiniSneboda

Jangisferi pigmentacia, romelic badesaviT iyo ganfenili

daavadebul qsovilebSi, tuberi ki _ garegnulad, sruliad

saRad gamoiyureboda. darRveuli ar iyo ujredebis garsi, misi

rbilobis konsistencia. or kviraSi ki daavadeba mTlianad

moedo mis qsovilebs, sporebis masad aqcia mTeli tuberi,

romlis zedapiri dafaruli iyo bambisebri, moyavisfro-

agurisferi miceliumiT. xSirad, tuberis zedapirze, SeimCneoda

sokos nayofianobis warmoqmna, damaxasiaTebeli feriT.

amrigad, V. lateritium-is paTogenobis dadgenis mizniT

Catarebulma eqsperimentma cxadyo, rom xelovnuri dasenianebis

meore dResve aRiniSna Reros dazianeba, xolo daavadeba mTel

mcenareSi erT TveSi gavrcelda. tuberebs dasawyisSi aReniSna

yavisferi pigmentacia, 2 kviris Semdeg ki mTeli tuberi sporebis

masad iqca da zedapirze SeiniSna sokos nayofianobis warmoqmna.

aseTive simptomebi aRiniSna entomologiuri nemsiT

daCxvletili organoebis sporovani suspenziiT dasenianebisas.

daavadeba ufro intensiurad ganviTarda jiS agriaze.

xelovnurad dasenianebuli Reros ganaWerSi aRiniSna sokos

gavrceleba WurWel-boWkovan konebSi, romlebic sigrZiv

zolebad gasdevda mTel Reros, xolo ganiv ganaWerSi

aRiniSneboda daavadebuli WurWlebis gamuqebuli rgolebi.

soko V. lateritium-is morfologiuri niSnebis Seswavla

xdeboda van-tigemis kamerebSi dakidebuli wveTis meTodiT.

safar minaze vawveTebdiT lud-agaris wveTs da gaciebis Semdeg,

masze vawveTebdiT sporovan suspenzias. Ddakvirvebas, mis

ganviTarebaze, viwyebdiT 12-sT-is Semdeg. rogorc eqsperimentma

80

cxadyo, sporebi ganviTarebas iwyebdnen 14 sT-is Semdeg. 72 sT-

dan, miceliumebze SeimCneva patara Cephalosporum-is tipis

warmonaqmnebi. xandaxan, aseTi sporovani Tavakebi Cndeba

pirdapir miceliumze. 3-4 dRis Semdeg, miceliumebze aRiniSneba

mogrZo fialidismagvari sterigmebi, rac verticiliumisaTvis

aris damaxasiaTebeli. moyavisfro miceliumze warmoiqmneba

swormdgomi, mravalujrediani, datotvili konidiaTmtarebi.

totebis daboloebebze rgolurad ganlagebulia 3 - 3 an meti

sterigma, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia boTlisebri forma.

fialidebis wverze moTavsebulia TiTo spora, an Tavakebi,

romlebic erTujrediani, cilindruli sporebisagan Sedgeba,

uswormasworo gverdebiT. axalgazrda kulturis

konidiaTmtarebi moklea, erT an or rigad ganlagebuli

fialidebiT. rac Seexeba xnier kulturas, mniSvnelovnad grZeli

konidiaTmtarebi aqvs, fialidebis ramodenime rigiT.

konidiaTmtarebis sigrZea 168-238 mkm; fialidebis sigrZe 14,0-

22,4×2-3,7 mkm-ia, konidiebis zomebi 4,2-5,6×2,8-4,2 mkm-ia. xnier

kulturebSi adgili aqvs sokos qlamidosporebis warmoqmnas,

romelic warmodgenili iyo mokle Zewkvis saxiT (suraTebi 14.1,

14.2).

sokos gadaTesvisas lud-agaris sakveb areze,

Tavdapirvelad, ganviTarda lorwovani, Semdeg moyavisfro-

agurisferi miceliumi, romelic mTel substratze iyo

gavrcelebuli. warmoqmnili kultura Camoyalibebul saxes

inarCunebda. Verticillium-is gvaris ramdenime warmomadgenlis

ganviTarebis ciklSi Cephalosporum-is stadiis arsebobas

aRniSnavdnen waqaZe T. a. da mSvidobaZe l. v. (1967w.),

81

literaturuli wyaroebis mixedviT, adreul periodSi

dasturdeba gargarze, atamze, xurmasa da citrusebze.

suraTi 14.1, 14.2 soko Verticillium lateritium Berk. (X600).

1.konidiaTmtari; 2.sterigma; 3.Tavaki; 4.konidiospora; 5.qlamidospora.

badrijnidan gamoyofil V. albo-atrum-isa da V. melongenae-s

ganviTarebis ciklSi Cephalosporum-is stadias aRniSnavdnen l. a.

yanCaveli da n. a. zurabiSvili (1974w.). Cveni gamokvlevebiT, kidev

erTxel, dasturdeba, rom Cephalosporum-is tipis nayofianobis

warmoqmna damaxasiaTebelia Verticillium-is gvaris sxva

saxeobebisaTvisac.

Ria gruntis garda kvlevebi tardeboda daxurul gruntSic,

laboratoriul pirobebSi, qoTnebSi, sterilur niadagSi, 250

temperaturisa da 72% tenianobis pirobebSi. Wknoba yvela

qoTanSi aRiniSna. jiSebi igive iyo rac Ria gruntSi kvlevisas.

magram, rogorc Cans, sargavad gamoyenebuli yvela tuberi

latenturi formiT atarebda infeqciis wyaros. ramac ganapiroba

maTi intensiuri dazianeba. verticiliozisa da fuzariozis

gavrcelebis intensivobam, Sesabamisad, 40 : 60%-s miaRwia, xolo

ganviTarebis intensivoba 21 : 30 % Seadgina (suraTi 15).

1

1

1

1

2

3

4

4

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

r

t

f

c

c

v

b

6

7

8

3

1

1

1

5

1

1

1

1

1

2

3

4

3

1

1

1

4

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

r

t

f

c

c

v

b

6

7

8

5

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

r

t

f

c

c

v

b

6

7

8

82

kartofilis nargaobebis xelovnuri dasenianebisas (suraTebi

16.1, 16.2) mcenareTa Wknobamde, Cvens mier, aRiricxeboda dRe-

Ramuri temperaturebi da tenianoba, risTvisac viyenebdiT

fsiqrometrs. SeiniSneboda proporciuli kavSirebi amindis

miTiTebul parametrebsa da Wknobis intensivobas Soris.

pirdapirproporciuli damokidebuleba aRiniSna Wknobis

intensivobasa da temperaturis ryevadobas, agreTve, maRal

temperaturasa da Wknobis intensivobas Soris. ukuproporciuli

damokidebuleba aRiniSneboda haeris fardobiT tenianobasa da

Wknobis intensivobas Soris.

suraTi 15. latenturad inficirebuli tuberebis aRmonaceni

suraTi 16.1, 1.2 xelovnuri dasenianebuli kartofilis mcenareebi daxurul

gruntSi

83

4.2. sxvadasxva temperaturis gavlena soko Fusarium oxysporum

Schl. da soko Verticillium lateritium Berk. zrda-ganviTarebaze

rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna temperatura da teni gavlenas

axdens daavadebis ganviTarebisa da misi gamomwvevi sokoebis

ganviTarebis intensivobaze. am faqtorTa xelsayreli SeTanwyoba

ganapirobebs sokoebis masobriv ganviTarebas, rasac daavadebis

epifitotiis Sedegebamde mivyavarT.

sokoebis zrda-ganviTareba mimdinareobs temperaturebis

farTo diapazonSi (2-dan 400C-mde). sokosaTvis, ZiriTadad,

ganviTarebis optimaluri temperatura 20-250C-ia. 00C-ze dabal

temperaturaze, sokoebis aqtiuri zrda Dar xdeba. Mmxolod, maTi

sporebi da miceliumebi inarCuneben sicocxlisunarianobas

Zlieri yinvebis drosac ki (Попкова К. В. и др., 1980).

fuzariozuli Wknobis gamomwvevi sokos ganviTareba iwyeba

jer kidev mindvrad, tuberebis daavadebis ZiriTadi etapebi ki

mimdinareobs jer kidev sawyobebSi, gansakuTrebiT intensiurad

17-250C temperaturisa da 70% fardobiTi tenianobis pirobebSi

(Андреева Е. И., 1984).

temperaturas mcenareTa paTogenezSi gadamwyveti

mniSvneloba aqvs da daavadebis ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanes

parametrs warmoadgens.

Fusarium-is gvaris sokoebis mier gamowveuli paTologiuri

procesebi mimdinareobs temperaturis farTo diapazonSi.

temperatura gavlenas axdens, ara mxolod sokoebis zrdis

siCqareze, aramed konidiebis warmoqmnaze, maT formebsa da

zomebze, tixrebis raodenobaze da a. i. railos (Райлло А. И., 1950)

monacemebiT, soko F. oxysporum Schlecht. 150C-ze dabali

temperaturisas anelebs zrdas, xolo 50C da 350C-ze maRali

84

temperaturis dros, saerTod wyveten ganviTarebas. F. oxysporum

da F. trichothecioides-is ganviTarebis optimumi sxvadasxvaa da

meryeobs 15-dan 200C-mde. optimaluri temperatura, Fusarium-is

mravali saxeobisaTvis, mdebareobs 21-dan 230C-is farglebSi. v. i.

bilai (Билай В. И., 1955) miuTiTebda, rom miceliumis zoma da

nayofianobis warmoqmna, Fusarium-is mravali saxeobisaTvis

yvelaze ukeT 24-260C temperaturis pirobebSi mimdinareobs.

v. n. mende (Менде В.,Н., 1953) aRniSnavda, rom Fusarium-is gvaris

sokoebi, romlebic parazitebs miekuTvnebian, aavadeben mcenares,

vrceldebian WurWel-boWkovan sistemaSi da didia maTi

optimaluri da minimaluri temperaturuli zRvrebi.

k. v. popkova da sxvebis (Попкова К.В. и др., 1980) monacemebiT,

saxeoba F.coeruleum-is minimaluri temperatura 20C-ia, maqsimaluri

350C da optimaluri 12-170C. F. avenaceum ukeTesad viTardeba 24-

270C temperaturis farglebSi.

s. t. peskovas (Пескова С. Т., 1973)cnobiT, F. oxysporum-is da F.

solani-s zrdis optimaluri temperaturaa 250, xolo F. gibbosum,

F.semilectum-i da F. moniliform-i viTardeba 200C temperaturaze.

e. seppanenis (Seppanen E, 1981) monacemebiT, gv. Fusarium-is 14

saxeobisaTvis, tenisa da temperaturuli zRvrebi gansxvavebulia.

F. sambucinum var. coeruleum saWiroebs dabal temperaturasa (10-120)

da dabal fardobiT tenianobas (40-25%). F. sulphureum-i da F.

trichothecioides, aseve saWiroeben dabal fardobiT tenianobas da

axasiaTebT ori optimaluri temperatura (10-120 da 24-270), roca

F. culmorum-isa da F. sporotrichoides-isaTvis optimaluri

temperaturebi igivea, magram saWiroeben metad maRal fardobiT

tenianobas (90-100%). F.graminearum-i da F.solani var. coeruleum ki

85

yvelaze ukeT, 200C-isa sa maRali fardobiTi (90-100%)-is

pirobebSi viTardebian.

m. t. xomiakovi da k. m. adamiani (Хомяков М. Т., Адамян К. М.,

1982) aRniSnavdnen, rom Senaxvis pirobebSi, sokoebiT F.

sambucinum-i da F.solani var. coeruleum-iT tuberebis dazianebisaTvis

optimaluria 5-200C. Semdgomi temperaturis mateba ki amcirebs

dazianebuli tuberebis raodenobas.

taskas (Tasca, 1998) cnobiT, F. sambucinum-i da F. culmorum-i

kartofolis tuberebis dazianebis unars amJRavneben 3-dan 180C-

mde temperaturaze, optimaluri 80C-ia. Gd. gindrati (Gindrat D.,

1984) aRniSnavs, rom F. sambucinum-i da F. sambucinum var.sambucinum

met paTogenobas amJRavneben 10-150C-is pirobebSi. 200C

temperaturaze, F. oxysporum-is 6-ve Stami Zlier gansxvavdeba

virulentobis xarisxiT.

Joze savoris (Savor Joze, 1989) gamokvlevebiT, gv. Fusariumis-is

yvela saxeobis izoliati, romelic gamoyofilia daavadebuli

tuberebidan, ganviTarebis unariania 1-dan 360C temperaturis

pirobebSi. gansxvavebulia mxolod, maTi optimaluri

temperaturebi. misive monacemebiT, am gvaris zogierTi saxeoba

ar amJRavnebs saxeobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel reaqcias fardobiTi

tenianobis cvlilebebis mimarT.

e. xazaraZis (1948w.) monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi, sawyobis

pirobebSi, kartofilis tuberebis daavadebiT soko F.solan-

isTvis xelsayrelia 10 - 200C temperatura da 100% haeris

fardobiTi tenianoba.

sokos zrda-ganviTarebis temperaturuli zRvrebis

dasadgenad, Cvens mier, Seswavlil iqna sxvadasxva temperaturis

86

gavlena soko F.oxysporum-is zrda-ganviTarebaze, romlebic

gamoyofili iyo daavadebuli mcenaris Reroebidan. soko

kultivirebuli iyo lud-agaris sakveb areze, petris Tasebze,

sxvadasxva temperaturaze (5-dan 370C-mde).

Catarebuli dakvirvebis Sedegebi motanilia cxril 8-Si.

cxrili 8

sxvadasxva temperaturis gavlena soko F.oxysporum-is zrda-

ganviTarebaze

t0C

koloniis diametri, sm

koloniis feri nayofianobis

warmoqmnis

dro,dRe

ganviTarebi

s dawyeba

5dR.Semd.

M±m

ganviTarebi

s dawyeba

10dR.Semd.

M±m

ganviTarebis

dawyeba

15dR.Semd.

M±m

5 0,5±0,02 1,2±0,1 1,3±0,01 sxeulisferi

miceliumi _

10 1,2±0,03 2,7±0,5 2,9±0,03 WuWyiani-TeTri

miceliumi _

15 1,4±0,07 1,2±0,01 7,1±2,1 “ 5

20 2,7±0,51 7,1±2,1 9,0±0,1

fumfula, haerovani

miceliumi, TeTri

feris, centri

vardisferi

3

25 4,1±0,4 9,0±0 9,0±0 “ 3

30 4,6±1,1 9,0±0 9,0±0 sqeli, mkvrivi

miceliumi, moTeTro-

movardisfro

3

32 3,7±0,02 6,6±1,3 9,0±0 wvrili,sxeulisferi

lorwovani miceliumi _

35 1,0±0,1 3,6±1,2 3,9±1,1 _ _

37 _ _ _ _ _

rogorc cxrilidan Cans, sokos zrda aRiniSneba 5-320C

temperaturis farglebSi, xolo 50C-ze dabal da 350C-ze maRal

temperaturaze is saerTod ar viTardeba. dabal temperaturaze

F.oxysporum-i izrdeboda Zalian nela. momatebul temperaturaze,

87

ganviTarebis siCqare da nayofianobis warmoqmnis intensivobac

izrdeboda. Ooptimaluri temperaturisas (20-300C) konidiebis

warmoqmna aRiniSna mesame dRes, TiTqmis erTdroulad, petris

TasebSi, substratis zedapiri daifara konidiebiT.

dabali temperaturisas (10-150C) viTardeba WuWyiani-TeTri

miceliumis Txeli fena, mokle hifebiT 150C –ze ki erTeuli

koloniebiT. momatebuli temperaturisas icvleba koloniis

zrdis xasiaTi da miceliumis Seferiloba, 20-250C warmoiqmneba

TeTri feris fumfula, haerovani, miceliumi, vardisferi

centriT; 300C-ze F.oxysporum-i inviTarebis Zalian sqel, mkvriv,

moTeTro-movardisfro miceliums. 320C-is pirobebSi wvrili,

lorwovani miceliumi viTardeba, xolo nayofianoba, saerTod,

ar viTardeba (suraTi 17).

suraTi 17. sxvadasxva temperaturis gavlena (minimaluri, optimaluri,

maqsimaluri) soko F. oxysporum-is zrda-ganviTarebaze (7 dRis Semdeg).

1. minimaluri temperatura 50C;

2. optimaluri temperatura 250C;

3. maqsimaluri temperaturi 350C.

amrigad, soko F.oxysporum-is zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis

optimaluria 250C, qveda da zeda zRvrebi ki 50 da 350-ia C-is

SkaliT.

88

temperaturis gavlena sporebis gaRivebaze iswavleboda

poliTermostatSi sporovani suspenziis sxvadasxva

temperaturaze sxvadasxva eqspoziciiT moTavsebiT. Sedegebi

dajamebulia cxrilSi 7-Si. rogorc me-7 cxrilidan Cans,

sporebis gaRiveba iwyeba 50 temperaturaze 24 saaTis, xolo 100-

ze 12 sT-is Semdeg. maqsimums aRwevs 20-250 temperaturaze,

romlis Semdgomi matebisas _ adgili aqvs sporebis gaRivebis

intensivobis klebas, rac srulad wydeba 380-ze.

cxrili 9

temperaturis gavlena soko F.oxysporum sporebis gaRivebaze

amrigad, soko F.oxysporum-is zrdasa da misi sporebis

gaRivebisaTvis, minimaluri temperaturaa 50C, optimaluri _ 20-

250C, xolo maqsimaluri _ 370C.

soko V. lateritium-ze zRvruli temperaturebis dadgenis

mizniT, Cvens mier, Seswavlil iqna sxvadasxva temperaturuli

reJimebis gavlena soko V. lateritium-is zrda-ganviTarebaze.

dakvirvebebis Sedegebi motanilia cxril 10-Si.

t0C

sporebis

gaRiveba 12 sT-

is Semdeg,%

sporebis

gaRiveba 24 sT-

is Semdeg,%

5 _ 5±1,1

10 16±2,2 34±1,5

15 66±3,4 80±4,3

20 76±3,4 100

25 77±10 100

30 68±5 100

35 57±3 86±3,5

37 _ 20±1,2

89

cxrili 10

sxvadasxva temperaturis gavlena soko V. lateritium zrda-

ganviTarebaze

t0C ganviTarebis

dasawyisi

koloniis

diametri,mm

me-10 dRes M±m

koloniis

feri

nayofianobis

warmoqmnis

dro, dRe

0 _ _ _ _

5 _ _ _ _

8 9 18,9±1,2×20,1±0,2 ufero

miceliumebi

_

10 8 24,2±0,4×21,6±0,6

moyviTalo-

moruxo

lorwovani

miceliumi

9

15 5 40,5±0,08×39,2±0,01 “ 7

20 3 61,1±0,5×61,3±0,07 moyviTalo

miceliumi 3

24 3 90±0,01×90±0,02 Mmoyavisfro-

agurisferi

miceliumi

3

25 3 90±0,02×90±0,03 “ 3

26 3 75,2±0,03×74,2±0,02 “ 3

30 5 25,3±0,02×27,4±0,06 moruxo-

lorwovani

miceliumi

9

32 7 susti danviTareba _ _

35 _ _ _ _

40 _ _ _ _

rogorc cxrilidan Cans, soko V. lateritium-is zRvruli

temperaturebia 8–320. is ganviTarebas 80C temperaturaze iwyebs.

amave temperaturaze, koloniis ganviTareba daiwyo me-9 dRes.

imave temperaturaze, me-10 dRes koloniis diametri ar

aRemateboda 19×21 mm-s, miceliumi iyo ufero, garTxmuli

substratze, konidiebis ganviTareba ar SeiniSneboda.

90

150C-ze soko V. lateritium-s aReniSna ori tipis nayofianoba:

Cephalosporium –i da Verticillium-i. Tavdapirvelad, ganviTarda

yviTeli, lorwovani koloniebi, romelic damaxasiaTebelia

Cephalosporium –is tipis sokoebisaTvis. ramdenime dRis Semdeg,

koloniis lorwovani zedapiri ifareboda miceliumebiT,

romlebzec ganviTarebuli iyo konidiumebi sterigmebiT, rac

damaxasiaTebelia Verticillium-saTvis.

20-dan 260C temperaturaze, soko ganviTarebas iwyebda meore

dRidanve, mesame dRes adgili hqonda konidialuri nayofianobis

ganviTarebas. meaTe dRes, 24-250C temperaturis pirobebSi,

kolonia aRwevda 90±0,02×90±0,03mm-s, miceliumi Rebulobda

moyavisfro-agurisfers.

30 - 320C temperapuraze Cephalosporium –is tipis nayofianoba

aRiniSna; soko viTardeboda sustad. ufro maRal temperapuraze

ki wyvetda ganviTarebas. soko V. lateritium-is sporebis warmoqmna

mimdinareobda 10-300C temperaturis sazRvrebSi (cxrili 10).

amrigad, temperatura gansazRvravs soko V. lateritium-is

ganviTarebis xasiaTsa da morfologiur-kulturalur niSnebs.

mciredi temperaturuli cvlilebac ki gavlenas axdens

miceliumis pigmentaciaze, zrda-ganviTarebis intensivobasa da

sokos nayofianobis tipze.

eqsperimentiT dadgenilia, rom soko V. lateritium-i viTardeba

8-320-is farglebSi, misi ganviTarebisaTvis optimaluri

temperaturaa 24-250C, minimaluri _ 80C, xolo maqsimaluri _

320C (suraTi 18).

91

suraTi 18. minimaluri, optimaluri da maqsimaluri temperaturebis

gavlena soko V. lateritium-is zrdaze (10 dRis Semdeg).

1. minimaluri temperatura _ 80C;

2. optimaluri temperatura _ 250C;

3. maqsimaluri temperatura _ 320C.

4.3. haeris fardobiTi tenianobis gavlena soko F.oxysporum da

soko V. lateritium zrda-ganviTarebaze

sokos zrda-ganviTarebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens

garemo aris da substratis tenianoba.

n. a. naumovi (Наумов Н. А., 1916) Tvlida, rom wyliT mdidar

substratze SeiniSneba sokos miceliumebis ukeTesi ganviTareba,

xolo mSral substratze _ susti. MTumca, mniSvnelovnad

Cqardeba sokos nayofianobis warmoqmna.

mravali avtorTa monacemebiT (Лисицына М. И., 1947; Марланд А.

Г., 1936; Vu T. F., Fang C. T., 1948; Clavlon E. E., 1928), mcenareTa ufro

intensiuri dazianeba SeiniSneba saSualo tenianobis niadagebze.

cnobilia, rom Fusarium-is gvaris sokoebis zrda-ganviTareba

xdeba haeris fardobiTi tenianobis farTo diapazonSi, magram

zogierTi saxeobis sporebis warmoqmna mimdinareobs fardobiTi

92

tenianobis ufro viwro sazRvrebSi. xelsayreli garemo

pirobebisas arsebobisas konidialuri nayofianoba uxvad

warmoiqmneba, rac ganapirobebs mis swraf gavrcelebas (Биллай В.

И., 1955).

haeris fardobiTi tenianobis gavlena soko F.oxysporum-is

ganviTarebaze mocemulia me-11 cxrilsa da diagrama 3-Si.

cxrili 11

haeris fardobiTi tenianobis gavlena soko F.oxysporum

miceliumis zrda-ganviTarebaze

Hhaeris

fardobiTi

tenianoba,%

koloniis

diametri 5 dRis Semdeg,mm

M±m

Kkoloniis feri

dafarvis dRe

80 90,2±0,9

fumfula

haerovani

miceliumi TeTri

ferisaa, qveda

zedapiri

vardisferi

5

85 81,0±1,3 “ 6

90 80,7±0,2

TeTri haerovani

miceliumi,

mkveTri

vardisferi

centriT

6

95 80,2±1,8 “ 6

100 70,9±2,5 “ 6

rogorc cxrilidan da diagramidan Cans, soko F.oxysporum

kargad viTardeba sxvadasxva haeris fardobiT tenianobze.

petris TasebSi, substratis zedapiri, 80%-iani tenianobisas

mexuTe dRes daifara, xolo maRali tenianobisas (95-100%) meeqvse

dRes. yvela fardobiTi tenianobis pirobebSi adgili hqonda

fumfula, haerovani, TeTri feris miceliumis warmoqmnas, qveda

mxares _ vardisferi SeferviT. 80% haeris fardobiTi tenianobis

93

diagrama 3

pirobebSi ganviTarda kompaqturi miceliumi da aRiniSna

uxvi nayofianobis warmoqmna.

rogorc Catarebulma eqsperimentma gviCvena, soko

F.oxysporum-ikargad viTardeba yvela fardobiTi tenianobis

pirobebSi, magram saukeTeso tenian garemos misi

ganviTarebisaTvis warmoadgens 80%-s (suraTi 19).

suraTi 19. haeris fardobiTi tenianobis gavlena soko F. oxysporum-is

miceliumis zrdaze.

1. haeris fardobiTi tenianoba 100%;




5. haeris fardobiTi tenianoba 80%.

90,281

80,780,2 70,9

0

20

40

60

80

100

75 80 85 90 95 100 105

koloniis

dia

metri

10 d

Ris

Semdeg

, mm

Hhaeris fardobiTi tenianoba,%

Hhaeris fardobiTi tenianobis gavlena soko F.oxysporum-is zrdaze

94

Cvens mier Seswavlili iqna haeris fardobiTi tenianobis

gavlena soko V. lateritium zrda-ganviTarebaze. petris jamebSi,

marilis sxvadasxva koncentraciis xsnariT Seqmnili tenianobis

pirobebSi. Sedegebi mocemulia cxril 12-sa da diagrama 4-Si.

cxrili 12

haeris fardobiTi tenianobis gavlena soko V. lateritium-is zrdaze

Hhaeris

fardobiTi

tenianoba

koloniis diametri

10 dRis Semdeg,mm

M±m

koloniis feri

Kpetris Tasis

dafarvis

periodi, dRe

80 34,6±0,01 Kkoloniis

zedapiri

moyviTaloa

_

85 40,4±0,02 kolonia Ria

yavisferia _

90 90,0±0,002

kolonia mWidroa,

fafuki, qveda

zedapiri

yavisferia

10

95 85,5±0,001 “ 15

100 75,4±0,03 koloniis

zedapiri

kremisferia

15

rogorc cxrilidan da diagramidan Cans, 90% tenianobis

pirobebSi, substratis zedapiri, petris TasebSi, ifareboda me-10

dRes (suraTi 20); 80-85% tenianobis pirobebSi kolonia petris

jams 15 dRis Semdeg faravda, xolo 80% tenianobisas, sokos

zrda,SesamCnevad, Senelda da petris Tasis zedapiri ar

daufaravs da koloniis diametri aRwevda 70 mm-s.

aqedan, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, sokos ganviTarebisaTvis

optimaluria 90-95 % haeris fardobiTi tenianoba.

95

diagrama 4

haeris fardobiTi tenianobis Semcirebisas, adgili hqonda

miceliumebis pigmentaciis cvalebadobas _ yavisferidan

yviTlamde. miRebul monacemebze dayrdnobiT, SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom soko V. lateritium-is ganviTarebasa da uxvi nayofianobis

warmoqmnisaTvis saWiroa haeris maRali fardobiTi tenianoba.

suraTi 20. haeris fardobiTi tenianobis gavlena soko V. lateritium-is

miceliumis zrdaze (10 dRis Semdeg).

1. haeris fardobiTi tenianoba _ 80%;




5. haeris fardobiTi tenianoba _ 100%.

34,6 40,4

90 85,575,4

0

20

40

60

80

100

75 80 85 90 95 100 105koloniis

dia

metri

10 d

Ris

Semdeg

, mm

Hhaeris fardobiTi tenianoba, %

Hhaeris fardobiTi tenianobis gavlena soko V. lateritium-is zrdaze

1 2 3

4 5

96

4.4. sxvadasxva naxSirbadovani wyaros gavlena soko F.

oxysporum da soko V.lateritium zrda-ganviTarebaze

naxSirwylebi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben

mikroorganizmebis zrda-ganviTarebaSi. isini Sedian

protoplazmisa da ujredis garsis SemadgenlobaSi da

warmoadgenen, ZiriTad, samarago sakveb nivTierebebsa da energiis

wyaros sokoebisaTvis (Лилли В., Барнет Г., 1953). Cvens mier

Catarebuli dakvirvebebis Sedegebi mocemulia cxril 13-sa,

diagrama 5-Si da asaxulia 21.1 da 21.2 suraTebze.

cxrili 13

sxvadasxva naxSirbadovani wyaros gavlena soko F. oxysporum-is

zrda-ganviTarebaze

naxSirbadovani

wyaroebi

მშრალი

მიცელიუმის წონა

g-Si,daTesvidan

30-e dRes, M± m

სხვაობა

კონტროლთან

d,g

laqtoza 0,1334 ± 0,004 0,1229

maltoza 0,1310 ± 0,0051 0,1205

Narabinoza 0,1221 ± 0,0014 0,1116

NHsaqaroza 0,1305 ± 0,002 0,1200

Nramnoza 0,12492 ± 0,0021 0,11442

glukoza 0,1251 ± 0,0081 0,1146

ჩაპეკი

(uSaqro) 0,0105 ± 0,0022 _

soko F. oxysporum-i, gansakuTrebiT, kargad viTardeba

laqtozis, maltozisa da saxameblis Semcvel sakveb areebze.

ganviTareba SedarebiT Senelebulia arabinozis, ramnozisa da

glukozis sakveb areebze; susti ganviTareba aRiniSna

sakontrolo, uSaqro Capekis sakveb areze, sadac mSrali

miceliumis masam 0,0105g Seadgina.

97

suraTi 21.1, 21.2 naxSirwylebis gavlena soko F. oxysporum-is

miceliumebis zrda-ganviTarebaze.

Sedegebi, romlebic motanilia cxrilSi, amtkiceben, rom

saukeTeso naxSirbadovan wyaros soko F. oxysporum-isaTvis

warmoadgens laqtoza. sokoebis kultivirebisas zemoT aRniSnul

sakveb areebze aRiniSna miceliumis Zlier intensiuri

ganviTareba. mSrali miceliumis masa, romelic laqtozis,

maltozisa da saqarozis Semcvel sakveb areebze Seadgenda,

Sesabamisad, 0,1334; 0,1310 da 0,1305g-s. (cxrili 13, diagrama 5).

diagrama 5

laqtoza

maltoza

arabinoza

saqaroza

ramnoza

glukoza

Capeki (uSaqr

o)

mSr. miceliumi, g 0,1334 0,131 0,1221 0,1305 0,12492 0,1251 0,0105

0

0,05

0,1

0,15

mSral

i micel

iumis

wona, g

sxvadasxva naxSirbadovani wyaros gavlena soko

F. oxysporum-is zrda-ganviTarebaze

98

Cvens mier Seswavlili iqna naxSirbadovani wyaroebis

gavlena soko V. lateritium-is mimarT. Catarebuli dakvirvebis

Sedegebi mocemulia cxril 14-sa da diagrama 6-Si, asaxulia 22.1,

22.2 suraTebze.

soko kargad viTardeba poli da disaqaridebis Semcvel

sakveb areebze. saxameblis Semcvel sakveb areze mSrali

miceliumis masa ganviTarebis 30-e dRes Seadgenda 0,198 g-s.

kargad izrdeboda soko _ saqarozis, arabinozisa da maltozis

Semcvel sakveb areebze; mniSvnelovnad sustad izrdeba

monosaqaridebis: glukozisa da fruqtozis Semcvel sakveb

areebze; Zalian sustad ganviTarda sakontrolo _ uSaqro

Capekis sakveb areze; romelzec mSrali miceliumis masa ar

aRemateboda 0,0089g-s (cxrili 14).

suraTi 22.1, 22.2 naxSirwylebis gavlena soko V. lateritium-is miceliumebis

zrda-ganviTarebaze.

saxameblis, glukozasa da saqarozas Semcvel sakveb

areebze, sokos nayofianobis warmoqmna mexuTe dRes aRiniSna,

xolo danarCen sakveb areebze (laqtozas Semcvelis garda) _ me-

11 dRes. laqtozas Semcvel sakveb areze sokos nayofianoba

warmoiqmneboda 21-e dRes.

99

cxrili 14

sxvadasxva naxSirbadovani wyaros gavlena soko V. lateritium-is

zrda-ganviTarebaze

A

naxSirbadovani

wyaroebi

sakvebi aris pH mSrali

miceliumis

masa

daTesvidan

30-e dRes, g

M±m

sxvaoba

kontrolTan

d,g

nayofianobis

warmoqmna,

dRe

cdis

dawyebam

de

cdis

Semdeg

glukoza 6,1 6,0 0,091±0,02 0,0821 5

fruqtuza 6,1 6,1 0,097±0,01 0,0881 11

saqaroza 6,3 5,8 0,174±0,02 0,1651 5

maltoza 6,0 6,0 0,135±0,01 0,1261 11

arabinoza 6,1 5,7 0,147±0,03 0,1381 11

laqtoza 6,0 5,5 0,048±0,02 0,0391 21

saxamebeli 6,4 6,0 0,198 0,1891 5

Kkontroli

(naxSirwylebis

gareSe)

6,3 5,9 0,0089 _ _

Sedegebi, romlebic motanilia cxrilSi, amtkiceben, rom

saukeTeso naxSirbadovan wyaros soko V. lateritium-isaTvis

warmoadgens saxamebeli da saqaroza. sokoebis kultivirebisas

zemoT aRniSnul sakveb areebze aRiniSna miceliumis Zlier

intensiuri ganviTareba. mSrali miceliumis masa, romelic

miviReT saxameblisa da saqarozis Semcvel sakveb areebze

Seadgenda 0,198-sa da 0,174 g-ebs, Sesabamisad. aRsaniSnavia, rom

naxSirwylebis wyarod soko V. lateritium-isaTvis iTvleba mravali

naxSirwyali (cxrili 14 da diagrama 6). soko V. lateritium-is

ganviTarebisas naxSirwylebis Semcveli sakvebi areebi gadaixara

susti mJave reaqciisken.

100

diagrama 6

aRniSnuli sokoebis unari, sxvadasxva naxSirbadovani

wyaros Semcveli sakvebi aredan SeiTvison naxSirbadi, maTi

fermentuli sistemis mravalferovnebaze miuTiTebs, risi

saSualebiTac sokoebs SeuZliaT rTuli naxSirwylebis daSla.

4.5. sxvadasxva azotovani wyaros gavlena soko F. oxysporum da

soko V.lateritium zrda-ganviTarebaze

sokoebis zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis, naxSirbadis Semcvel

wyaroebTan erTad, didi mniSvneloba aqvs azotovan kvebasac.

miuxedavad imisa, rom sokos miceliumebSi azoti 5-6 –jer

naklebia, vidre naxSirbadi (Беккер З. Е., 1963). naxSirbadTan,

wyalbadTan da gogirdTan erTad, is miceliumis 95%-s Seadgens.

Sedis ujredis garsis SemadgenlobaSi; aqtiurad monawileobs

ujredis struqturuli elementebis Camoyalibebasa da

nivTierebaTa cvlaSi.

glukoza

fruqtuza

saqaroza

maltoza

arabinoza

laqtoza

saxamebeli

kontroli

mSr. miceliumi, g 0,091 0,097 0,174 0,135 0,147 0,048 0,198 0,0089

0

0,05

0,1

0,15

0,2

0,25mS

ral

i micel

iumis w

ona

, g

sxvadasxva naxSirbadovani wyaros gavlena soko

V. lateritium-is zrda-ganviTarebaze

101

literaturuli monacemebidan (Лилли В., Барнет Г., 1953; Беккер З.

Е., 1963; Семан Э. О., 1967) cnobilia, rom azotovani kvebis

saukeTeso wyaroebi amoniumis marilebia, romlebsac ujredis

kedlebi swrafad iTviseben da aqtiurdeba aminomJavebis

molekulebis ageba. es ukanasknelni cilis struqturul

erTeuls warmoadgenen. cilebi protoplazmis ZiriTadi masaa.

yvelgan, sadac cilovani sxeuli moipoveba, romelic daSlis

procesSi ar imyofeba, aucileblad, sicocxlis movlenas

vxvdebiT. cilebis hidrolizis Sedegad miiReba aminomJavebi,

romlebic mcenaris ujredebSi Tavisufali saxiT gvxvdebian da

azotovan wyaroebs warmoadgenen mravali soko-organizmisaTvis

(Гойман А. Е., 1954). sokoebs unari aqvT SeiTvison azoti, rogorc

organuli (cilebi, peptinebi, aminomJavebi), aseve araorganuli

(nitratebi, amoniumis marilebi) wyaroebidan, Tumca TiToeuli

maTgani araerTgvarovan gavlenas axdens maT zrda-ganviTarebaze.

v. lilisa da g. barnatis (Лилли В., Барнет Г., 1953) monacemebiT,

sokoTa umetesoba kargad iTvisebs nitratul azots, z. e. bekeri

(Беккер З. Е., 1963) ki _ azotis intensiur SeTvisebas aRniSnavs

asparaginidan. Cvens mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi

motanilia cxril 15-Si da diagrama 7-Si.

cxrili 15-dan da diagrama 7-dan Cans, rom soko F. oxysporum

ukeT viTardeba asparaginisa da Sardovanas Semcvel sakveb

areebze, sadac mSrali miceliumis masa, Sesabamisad, aRmoCnda

0,1305 da 0,1252g. sokoebis aqtiuri zrda aRiniSna, agreTve,

NH4NO3-isa da NaNO3-is Semcvel sakveb areebze, sadac miceliumis

masam, Sesabamisad, Seadgina 0,1123 da 0,1033 g. soko F. oxysporum-is

ganviTarebisas asparaginisa da Sardovanas Semcvel sakvebi

areebi neitraluri reaqciidan gadaixarnen sust tute

102

reaqciamde, xolo NH4NO3-isa da NaNO3-is Semcvel sakveb areebze

ganviTarebisas, sakvebma areebma neitraluri reaqcia SeinarCunes.

cxrili 15

sxvadasxva azotovani wyaros gavlena soko F. oxysporum-is zrda-

ganviTarebaze

აზოტოვანი

წყაროები

ცდის

დასაწ.

pH

ცდის

ბოლოს

pH

მშრალი

მიცელიუმის

წონა,g M± m

სხვაობა

კონტროლთან

d,g

ასპარაგინი 6 -7 8 0,1305 ± 0,0021 0,11160

შარდოვანა 6 -7 8 0,1252 ± 0,005 0,10630

(NH4)2SO4 6 -7 3 0,0878 ± 0,0055 0,06890

NH4NO3 6 -7 7 0,1123 ± 0,0001 0,09340

NaNO3 6 -7 6 0,1037 ± 0,0001 0,08480

ჩაპეკი 6 -7 6 -7 0,0189 ± 0,0002 _

diagrama 7

ასპარაგინი შარდოვანა (NH4)2SO4 NH4NO3 NaNO3 ჩაპეკი

მშრ. მიცელიუმი,გ 0,1305 0,1252 0,0878 0,1123 0,1037 0,0189

0

0,02

0,04

0,06

0,08

0,1

0,12

0,14

mSral

i micel

iumis w

ona

, g

sxvadasxva azotovani wyaros gavlena soko F.

oxysporum-is zrda-ganviTarebaze

103

eqsperimenti Catarda soko V. lateritum-zec. Cvens mier

Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi motanilia cxril 16-sa da

diagrama 8-Si.

cxrili 16

azotovani kvebis gavlena soko V. lateritium-is zrda-

ganviTarebaze

A

azotovani

wyaroebi

sakvebi aris pH mSrali

miceliumis masa

daTesvidan 30-e

dRes,g M±m

sxvaoba

kontrolTan

d,g

nayofianob

is

warmoqmna,

dRe

cdis

dawyebamde

cdis

Semdeg

NaNO3 6,2 7,5 0,5691±0,001 0,5394 5

NH4NO3 6,2 5,8 0,0505±0,002 0,0208 _

(NH4)2SO4 6,2 5,7 0,0431±0,02 0,0134 _

asparagini 6,2 6,0 0,3998±0,02 0,3701 5

kontroli

(Capekis are)

6,2 5,9 0,0297±0,03 _ _

diagrama 8

ასპარაგინი (NH4)2SO4 NH4NO3 NaNO3 ჩაპეკი

მშრ. მიცელიუმი,გ 0,3998 0,0431 0,0505 0,5691 0,0297

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

mSral

i micel

iumis w

ona

, g

sxvadasxva azotovani wyaros gavlena sokoV.lateritium-is zrda-ganviTarebaze

104

cxrilidan da diagramidan Cans, rom soko V. lateritium

yvelaze ukeT viTardeba NaNO3- is Semcvel sakveb areze, sadac

mSrali miceliumis masa aRmoCnda 0,5691g. sokoebis aqtiuri

zrda aRiniSna, agreTve, asparaginis Semcvel sakveb areze, sadac

miceliumis masam 0,3998g Seadgina. Oorive azotovani wyaros

Semcvel sakveb areze, sokos nayofianoba mexuTe dRes

warmoiqmna, danarCenebze ki saerTod, ar ganviTarebula.

amrigad, Catarebulma eqsperimentma gviCvena, rom soko V.

lateritium intensiurad viTardeba NaNO3- isa da asparaginis Semcvel

sakveb areebze, yvelaze sustad ganviTareba aRiniSna (NH4)2SO4-is

Semcvel sakveb areze.

4.6. sakvebi areebis wyalbadionebis koncentraciebis

gavlena soko F.oxysporum da soko V.lateritium zrda-ganviTarebaze

paTogenuri sokoebis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia zrda-

ganviTarebis swrafi unari.

wyalbadionTa koncentracia ganmsazRvrel rols asrulebs

sokoebis ganviTarebaSi. mkvlevarTa erTi nawili (Соколов

М.С.,1994), patron-mcenaris ujredis wvenSi wyalbadionTa

koncentracias ukavSirebs mis gamZleobas ama Tu im daavadebaTa

mimarT. sakvebi aris pH sokos zrda-ganviTarebis erT-erTi

ZiriTadi faqtoria. soko organizmebi, umTavresad, odnav mJave an

neitralur areze viTardebian (Беккер З. Е., 1963), Tumca sxvadasxva

sokosaTvis, ganviTarebis qveda da zeda zRvari sxvadasxvaa.

bunebaSi arseboben iseTi sokoebic, romlebsac unari aqvT,

kargad ganviTardnen substratis neitralur an sust tutu areze

(Лилли В., Барнет Г., 1953; Беккер З. Е., 1963).

105

sxvadasxva pH-is mqone areebze gadaTesil soko F.oxysporum -

is sufTa kulturebs vaTavsebdiT 250 temperaturaze,

TermostatSi. dakvirveba warmoebda kulturis zrdis xasiaTa da

nayofianobis warmoqmnaze.

cdis bolos, isazRvreboda TiToeul kolbaSi miRebuli

miceliumis mosavali, ganviTarebuli kulturis winaswar

gamomSral, standartul filtris qaRaldebSi, gafiltvrisa da

mudmiv wonamde dayvanis gziT, risTvisac mudmiv wonamde

dayvanil filtris qaRaldebSi gafiltrul kulturas, minis

biuqsebiT vaSrobdiT saSrob karadaSi 80-900C temperaturaze.

Sedegebi mocemulia me-17 cxrilsa da me-9 diagramaSi.

cxrili 17

sakvebi areebis wyalbadionebis koncentraciebis gavlena soko

Fusarium oxysporum-is zrda-ganviTarebaze

sakvebi

aris pH PH

cdis

dawyebamde

sakvebi

aris pH PH

cdis

Semdeg

mSrali

miceliumis

saSualo wona,g

M±m

2,6 2,4 0,561±0,009

3,8 3,8 0,72±0,002

4,5 4,1 0,8012±0,0004

5,3 4,4 0,8151±0,0003

6,0 4,05 0,6312±0,0002

7,2 6 0,615±0,0005

9 6,5 0,5023±0,0001

9,5 6,4 0,5200±0,0008

106

diagrama 9

rogorc cxrilidan (17) da diagrama dan Cans, soko

F.oxysporum-i viTardeba pH aris farTo diapazonze. is kargad

viTardeba pH-is 2,6 _ 9,5-is sazRvrebSi. miceliumis yvelaze

ukeTesi ganviTareba aRiniSna mJave da neitraluri aris

pirobebSi pH _ 3,8-7,2. SedarebiT sust ganviTarebas Zlier mJave

(pH _ 2,6) da tute areebze (9 _ 9,5) hqonda adgili. aqedan

gamomdinare, sokos ganviTarebis qveda zRvrad pH _ 2,6 iTvleba.

amrigad, soko F.oxysporum-is yvelaze ukeTesi ganviTareba pH

_ 5,3-is SemTxvevaSi aRiniSna da mSrali miceliumis wonam 0,8151 g

Seadgina, yvelaze susti ganviTareba aRniSnuli sokosaTvis pH _

9-is sakvebi aris SemTxvevaSi iyo da mSrali miceliumis masa

0,5023 g aRmoCnda.

Cvens mier Seswavlili iqna sxvadasxva pH-is mqone sakvebi

areebis gavlena soko V. lateritium-is zrda-ganviTarebaze. cdis

bolos, isazRvreboda TiToeul kolbaSi miRebuli miceliumis

0,561

0,72 0,80120,8151

0,6312 0,6150,5023

0,52

00,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

mSral

i micel

iumis s

aSual

o

wona, g

sakvebi aris pH cdis dawyebamde

sakvebi areebis wyalbadionebis koncentraciebis gavlena soko F.oxysporum zrda-ganviTarebaze

107

mosavali, imave gziT, riTac ganvsazRvreT F.oxysporum miceliumis

wona.

Cvens mier Catarebuli cdis Sedegebi motanilia cxril 18-

Si da diagrama 10-Si.

cxrili 18

sakvebi areebis wyalbadionebis koncentraciebis gavlena soko

V. lateritium-is zrda-ganviTarebaze

sakvebi aris pH nayofianobis

warmoqmnis dro,

dRe

mSrali

miceliumis

saSualo wona, g

M±m cdis

dawyebamde

daTesvidan

30 dRis

Semdeg

2,1 2,5 _ 0,0970±0,002

3,1 3,12 6 0,1740±0,001

4,1 3,91 4 0,2831±0,02

5,0 4,83 4 0,2071±0,002

6,8 5,9 4 0,3221±0,001

7,9 7,6 4 0,5599±0,01

8,2 8,05 4 0,3047±0,01

9,7 9,9 4 0,1928±0,03

11,4 9,91 4 0,0931±0,003

12,0 11,23 4 0,0079±0,02

108

diagrama 10

rogorc cxrilidan (18) da diagamdan (10) Cans, soko V.

lateritium-i viTardeba pH aris farTo diapazonze. is kargad

ganviTarda pH-is 4-10,0 sazRvrebSi. aRniSnul pH-ze soko

nayofianobis warmoqmnas iwyebda meoTxe dRes. miceliumis

yvelaze ukeTesi ganviTareba aRiniSna neitralur da odnav tute

sakvebi aris pirobebSi pH _ 6,8-8,2 , xolo susti ganviTareba

aRiniSna Zlier mJave areze pH _ 2,1-is dros da mSrali

miceliumis saSualo masam Seadgenda 0,097 g da Zlier tute

sakvebi aris pirobebSi pH _ 11,4-12, sadac mSrali miceliumis

masa 0,0931- 0,0079g iyo. sporebis warmoqmnas ki adgili ar hqonia.

aqedan gamomdinare, sokos ganviTarebis qveda zRvrad, SeiZleba

CaiTvalos pH _ 2,1.

aRsaniSnavia, rom pH-is cvlilebiT sakveb areze,

icvleboda sokos nayofianobis tipi. Aase magaliTad, pH _ 4,1-5,0-

is SemTxvevaSi aRiniSneboda Cephalosporum-is stadiis ganviTareba,

0,097

0,174

0,2831

0,2071

0,3221

0,5599

0,3047

0,1928

0,0931 0,00790

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

AmSral

i micel

iumis s

aSual

o w

ona, g

sakvebi aris pH cdis dawyebamde

sakvebi areebis wyalbadionTa koncentraciebis gavlena soko V.lateritium zrda-ganviTarebaze

109

imis miuxedavad, rom paralelurad SeiniSneboda mxolod mcire

raodenobiT Verticillium-is fialidebis ganviTareba. pH _ 6,8-11,4-is

pirobebSi moxda, didi raodenobiT, Verticillium-is tipis

nayofianobis warmoqmna. Zlier mJave areze pH _ 3,1, sokom

mxolod, Cephalosporum-is tipis nayofianoba ganiviTara.

amrigad, soko V. lateritium-is yvelaze ukeTesi ganviTareba

aRiniSna neitralur, sust da Zlier tute sakvebi aris

pirobebSi pH _ 6,8-8,2 , xolo susti ganviTareba aRiniSna Zlier

mJave pH _ 2,1-isa da Zlier tute pH _ 11,4-12 sakvebi areebis

SemTxvevaSi, rac sokos ganviTarebis qveda zRvrad SeiZleba

CaiTvalos.

4.7. sxvadasxva sakvebi aris gavlena soko F.oxysporum da

soko V. lateritium zrda-ganviTarebaze

zogadad cnobilia, rom sakvebi areebi did gavlenas axdenen

sokoebis zrda-ganviTarebaze, maT morfologiur da

kulturarul niSan-Tvisebebze, zrdis xasiaTsa da nayofianobis

warmoqmnaze.

xSirad, mcenareSi arsebuli nivTierebaTa Tavisebureba da

raodenoba ganapirobebs sokos misdami paTogenobasac. aqedan

gamomdinare didi mniSvneloba aqvs sxvadasxva sakvebi areebis

gavlenis Seswavlas paTogenuri organizmebis zrda-ganviTarebasa

da morfologiur Taviseburebebze.

am mizniT, Cvens mier, Seswavlili iyo sxvadasxva sakvebi

aris gavlena soko F.oxysporum-isa da soko V. lateritium-is zrda-

ganviTarebaze. gamocdili iyo kartofilis, Svriis, brinjis,

stafilos, simindis, lobiosa da ludis tkbilis agarizebuli

areebi. zemod aRniSnul mcenareTa naxarSebs emateboda 10 %-iani

110

glukoza. cdis erT variantSi sokoebis sakveb ared viyenebdiT

uglukozo kartofilis agars. Catarebuli eqsperimentis

Sedegebi dajamebulia cxril 19 da 20-Si.

cxrili 19-dan naTelia, rom soko F.oxysporum-i kargad

viTardeba Cvens mer gamocdil yvela sakveb areze. magram misi

zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis saukeTeso sakvebs warmoadgens

kartofilis agarizirebuli naxarSi 10%-iani glukoziT, sadac

sokos koloniis diametri, petris TasebSi, meaTe dRes,

saSualod, 90,5×90,5 mm-s Seadgenda. aRniSnul sakveb areze,

warmoqmna TeTri feris fumfula, haerovani miceliumi, romlis

qveda zedapiri vardisferi iyo. sokos nayofianoba aRiniSna

meore dRes.

ludis tkbilis, Svriisa da brinjis agarizirebul sakveb

areebze 10%-iani glukoziT, ganviTarebuli soko F.oxysporum-is

morfologiuri niSnebi erTmaneTs msgavsi iyo. samive SemTxvevaSi

warmoiqmna TeTri, fumfula, haerovani miceliumi, vardisferi

centriT. sxva SemTxvevebSi, sokos gansxvavebuli morfologiuri

niSnebi aReniSnebda. uglukozo kartofilze warmoqmnili

WuWyiani-TeTri miceliumi icvleboda moTeTro-movardisfro

sqeli, mkvrivi miceliumiT (simindis agarizirebul naxarSze),

wvrili, sxeulisferi lorwovani miceliumiT (stafilos

agarizirebul naxarSze) da sxeulisferi miceliumiT (lobios

agarizirebul naxaSze). aq, yvela SemTxvevaSi, nayofianobis

warmoqmna moxda me-4 dRes.

111

cxrili 19

sxvadasxva sakvebi aris gavlena soko F.oxysporum zrda-

ganviTarebaze

# sakvebi areebis

dasaxeleba

koloniis

diametri 10

dRis Semdeg,

mm

nayofian

obis

warmoqmna

, dRe

morfologiuri

Taviseburebani

1 agarizebuli

ludis tkbili 85×80 3

fumfula, haerovani

miceliumi, TeTri feris,

centri vardisferi

2 agarizebuli

kartofilis

naxarSi

85,1×78,5 4 WuWyiani-TeTri miceliumi

3

agarizebuli

kartofilis

naxarSi 10 %

glukoziT

90,5×90,5 2 fumfula haerovani miceliumi

TeTri ferisaa, qveda

zedapiri vardisferi

4 agarizebuli

Svriis naxarSi 75,7×73 4

fumfula, haerovani

miceliumi, TeTri feris,

centri vardisferi

5 agarizebuli

brinjis naxarSi 72,5×71,3 4 TeTri haerovani miceliumi,

mkveTri vardisferi centriT

6 agarizebuli

simindis naxarSi 73,5×71 4 sqeli, mkvrivi miceliumi,

moTeTro- movardisfro

7 agarizebuli

stafilos

naxarSi

75,7×73,7 4 wvrili,sxeulisferi

lorwovani miceliumi

8 agarizebuli

lobios naxarSi 80,4×76,2 4 sxeulisferi miceliumi

112

cxrili 20

sxvadasxva sakvebi aris gavlena soko V. lateritium zrda-

ganviTarebaze

# sakvebi areebis

dasaxeleba

koloniis

diametri 10

dRis Semdeg,

mm

nayofian

obis

warmoqmna

,dRe

morfologiuri

Taviseburebani

1 agarizebuli

ludis tkbili 84×81,2 3

centrSi miceliumi

moyavisfro agurisferi,

irgvliv Ria yavisferi,

koncentruli zonalobiT

2 agarizebuli

kartofilis

naxarSi

85,1×78,2 4 wvrili miceliumebi,

moyavisfro ruxi feris,

gavrcelebulia substratze.

3

agarizebuli

kartofilis

naxarSi 10 %

glukoziT

90,2×90,2 2

centrSi moTeTro fumfula

miceliumia, irgvliv

moyavisfro-agurisferi,

gavrcelebulia substratze

4 agarizebuli

Svriis naxarSi 73,5×71 3

miceliumi centrSi msxvilia,

irgvliv moyavisfro

agurisferi, ufero,

koncentruli kideebiT.

5 agarizebuli

brinjis naxarSi 75,5×71,7 3

centrSi miceliumi maRalia,

moruxo fafuki, irgvliv

wvrili moyavisfro-

agurisferi

6 agarizebuli

simindis naxarSi 80,3×75,3 3

miceliumi gavrcelebulia

koncentruli zonalobiT,

aReniSna moyavisfro-

agurisferi Seferva, TeTri

kedeebiT

7 agarizebuli

stafilos

naxarSi

75,7×73,7 3 centrSi moruxo, fumfula

miceliumia, irgvliv

moyavisfro zonalobiT

8 agarizebuli

lobios naxarSi 85,3×84,6 3

miceliumi centrSi maRalia,

moruxo, irgvliv ki

moyavisfro-ruxi ferisaa

ganlagebuli.

113

rogorc me-20 cxrilidan Cans, soko V. lateritium-i yvelaze

kargad viTardeba agarizebul kartofilis naxarSze, romelic

Seicavda 10 % glukozas (me-10 dRes koloniis diametri 90,2 ×

90,2 mm-s Seadgenda). aRniSnul sakveb areze sokom warmoqmna

centrSi maRali, aweuli, fafuki, irgvliv ki _ moyavisfro-

agurisferi miceliumi (suraTi 23.1).

suraTi 23. sxvadasxva sakvebi aris gavlena soko V. lateritium-is

zrdaze.

23.1. kartofilis agarizebuli naxarSi 10%-iani glukoziT;

23.2. Svriis agariziurebuli naxarSi;

23.3. kartofilis agarizirebuli naxarSi;

23.4. lud-agari;

23.5 brinjis agarizirebuli naxarSi;

23.6. stafilos agarizirebuli naxarSi;

23.7. simindis agarizirebuli naxarSi;

23.8. lobios agarizirebuli naxarSi.

analogiuri kulturaluri niSnebiT gamoirCeoda soko V.

lateritium-i brinjis, stafilosa da lobios naxarSebis

agarizebul sakveb areebze; am SemTxvevaSic, centrSi ganviTarda

maRali kolonia, moTeTro-moruxo feris fafuki miceliumiT

(suraTi 23.5, 23.7, 23.8).

sxva danarCen sakveb areebze viTardeboda moyavisfro-

agurisferi miceliumebi, kideebze ufero an TeTri koncentruli

114

zonalobiT (suraTi 23.2,^23.3, 23.4, 23.8). sxvadasxva sakveb areze

sokos nayofianoba warmoiqmneboda TiTqmis erTdroulad, mesame-

meoTxe dRes. yvelaze uxvi nayofianoba aRiniSna Svriis, brinjis,

stafilosa da kartofilis naxarSebis agarizebul areebze.

amasTanave, unda aRiniSnos, rom agarizirebul simindis naxarSze

xdeboda konidiaTmtarebis kargad ganviTareba.

Catarebuli cdebis safuZvelze, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom soko V.

lateritiumi kargad viTardeba, yvela, Cvens mier, gamocdil sakveb

areze. Mmxolod, aRiniSneba miceliumisa da nayofianobebis

morfologiuri Taviseburebani, qlamidosporebis warmoqmnis

gansxvavebuli intensivoba. maT didi raodenobiT ganviTarebas

aqvs adgili Rarib sakveb areebze – uglukozo kartofilze.

115

V Tavi

Ffuzariozisa da verticiliozis gamomwvevi sokoebis Fusarium

oxysporum Schl. da Verticillium lateritium Berk. moqmedebis meqanizmis

SeswavlisaTvis

5. 1. soko F. oxysporum-is toqsikuri aqtivoba da patron-mcenareze

moqmedeba

soko F. oxysporum-is moqmedebis meqanizmis Seswavlis mizniT,

Cvens mier warmoebda sxvadasxva xnovanebis kulturaluri

filtratis gavlenis Seswavla indikatori sokoebis sporebis

gaRivebasa da mcenaris ylortebis zemoqmedebaze dakvirvebiT.

zogadad cnobilia, rom fitopaTogenuri sokoebi, patron-

mcenaris qsovilebze moxvedrisas, gamoyofen toqsikur

nivTierebebs, riTac iwveven qsovilebis mowamvlas da gzas

ikafaven patron-mcenaris qsovilebSi gavrcelebisaTvis, rasac

sabolood, Tan sdevs patroni mcenaris daRupva (Биллай В. И., 1971;

Беккер З. Е.,1971; Родигин В. М., 1995).

toqsinebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos sxvadasxva qimiuri

nivTierebani an nivTierebaTa jgufebi, romlebic mcenareSi

damkvidrebis Semdeg iwveven biologiuri procesebis darRvevas

(Рубин Б. А., Арциховская Е. В., 1968; Мирчинк Т. Г., 1990; Бородин Г. И. и др.,

1978). l. v.Mmetlickisa da o. l. ozereckovskis (Мертицкий Л. В.,

Озерецковский О. Л., 1984) monacemebiT, toqsinebi warmoadgenen

dabalmolekulur, sxvadasxva qimiuri bunebis mqone naerTebs

(oligopeptidebi, terpenoidebi, glukozidebi). a. e. Ggoimanis

(Gӓuman A. E., 1957) mosazrebiT, mravali mcenaris Wknobis gamomwvev

nivTierebad iTvleba fuzariumis mJava.

avtorTa nawili aRniSnavs paTogenur sokoTa mier toqsikur

nivTierebaTa gamoyofasa da maT mier gamowveul paTologiur

116

cvlilebebs (D. Gottlieb, 1944; I. Berend, 1953; Б. Т. Катарьян, 1968; В. И.

Биллай, 1977; А. Жаханов, 1979; S. yanCaveli, 1983; d. kotetiSvili,

1985; n. joxaZe, 1985; z. xideSeli, 1987; n. TavberiZe, 1987; q.

pavliaSvili, 1988).

fitopaTogenuri sokoebis mier gamoyofili toqsikuri

nivTierebebis gavlenis Seswavlisas mcenareTa qsovilebze, a.

daimondma da p. vagonerma (Dimond A. , Waggoner P., 1953) daadgines,

rom arseboben ,,sakuTari toqsinebi”, romelsac gamoyofen

TviTon paTogeni sokoebi da ,,vivotoqsinebi”, romlebic

gamoiyofa dazianebuli qsovilebis mier, parazitis zemoqmedebis

Sedegad.

a. goimanis (1954) monacemebiT, temperaturis momateba zrdis

toqsinebis zemoqmedebas mcenareze. Ppamidvris Wknobis gamomwvevi

soko Fusarium oxisporum-is mier gamoyofili toqsikuri

nivTierebebis moqmedeba 300C temperaturaze ufro

gaZlierebulia.

sokoebis mier gamoyofili, toqsikuri nivTierebani, iwveven

paTologiuri cvlilebebs da arRveven qsovilebSi wylis

balanss (Caroselli N., 1959).

kulturul mcenareTa wvenidan gamoyofili Alternaria solani-s

toqsinebis Seswavlisas, aRmoCnda, rom kartofilisa da

pamidvris ujredebi 4-8-jer ufro metad avlenen mgrZnobelobas

A. solani-s toqsinebis mimarT, vidre parkosnebi da stafilo (Handa

Avtar K., 1982).

T. waqaZis (1967) monacemebiT, soko Cytospora leukostoma-s aqvs

unari, nivTierebaTa cvlis procesSi, gamoyon Sxamiani

nivTierebani, romlebic miekuTvneba toqsinTa jgufs. isini

uaryofiTad moqmedeben kurkovanTa aRmonacenebze (gargari,

117

atami), rac iwvevs maT Wknobas; es nivTierebani uaryofiTad

moqmedeben mravali sokos sporaTa Camoyalibeba-momwifebaze.

literaturaSi arsebobs cnobebi Alternaria solani-s (Mart.) Appel

et. Wr.Var. eumartii (Campenter) Wr. kulturaluri filtratis patron-

mcenaris qsovilebze toqsikuri zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb (Кухарская Л.

К., Балюта И. Т., Попова Н. Н., 1986).

igive avtorebi miuTiTeben, rom soko Fusarium solani-s var.

eumartii, mier gamoyofili toqsinebi aferxeben farulTeslianTa

Reros zrdas; iwveven xorblis, kitrisa da fiWvis fesvebis

zrdis Seferxebas.

Cvens mier Seswavlili iqna mcenaris daavadebuli Rerodan

gamoyofili soko Fusarium oxysporum-is toqsikuroba. sokos

sxvadasxva xnovanebis kulturaluri filtratis toqsikuri

aqtivobis Sesamowmeblad, Capekis sakveb areze ganviTarebuli

sokos kulturalur filtratSi vaRivebdiT bioindikator soko

Coniothyrium-is sporebs, sakontrolod ki viyenebdiT – sufTa

Capeksa da wyals. Kkvlevis Sedegebi mocemulia me-21 cxrilSi da

diagrama 11-Si.

rogorc cxrilidan Cans, toqsikuri nivTierebebis gamoyofa

sokos kulturalur filtratSi iwyeba meaTe dRes. am dros,

bioindikatoris sporebis gaRiveba Seadgens 67 %-s. 40 dRis

Semdeg, gaRivebuli sporebis ricxvi minimumamde ecema (3).

ormocdaaTdRian kulturalur filtratSi, toqsikur

nivTierebaTa warmoqmna mcirdeba, xolo 80-dRian kulturaluri

filtratis toqsikuroba minimumamde ecema da bioindikatoris

sporebis Rivebis procenti kontrols uaxlovdeba.

118

cxrili 21

soko F. oxysporum-is kulturaruli filtratis gavlena soko

Coniothyrium-is sporebis gaRivebaze

cdis

variantebi

gaRivebuli sporebis raodenoba %-Si

sxvadasxva xnovanebis kulturalur

filtratSi

me-10

dRe

me-20

dRe

30-e

dRe

me-40

dRe

50-e

dRe

me-60

dRe

me-80

dRe

kulturaluri

filtrati 67 42 6 3 30 48 75

sufTa

eqstrati 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

wvimis wyali 92 92 80 88 90 87 92

amrigad, soko F. oxysporum-s unari aqvs, nivTierebaTa cvlis

procesSi, gamoyos toqsikuri nivTierebani. kulturaluri

filtratis maqsimaluri toqsikuroba aRiniSneboda 30-60 dRis

xnovanebis filtratSi, xolo filtratis xnovanebis Semdgomi

gazrdisas adgili aqvs toqsikurobis minimumamde Semcirebas.

aRniSnuli movlena SesaZloa, uSualo kavSirSi iyos filtratSi

arsebuli sakvebi nivTierebebis SemcirebasTan.

5.2. soko V. lateritium-is toqsikuri aqtivoba da patron-

mcenareze moqmedeba

soko V. lateritium-is mier toqsikur nivTierebaTa gamoyofis

Seswavlis mizniT, aRniSnuli soko gadagvqonda Txier sakveb

areze. Kkulturaruli filtratis toqsikurobas

vakontrolebdiT yovel meaTe dRes, ori Tvis ganmavlobaSi.

cdebis Sedegebi motanilia me-22 cxrilSi da diagrama 11-Si.

119

cxrili 22

soko V. lateritium-is kulturaruli filtratis gavlena soko

Coniothyrium-is sporebis gaRivebaze

cdis

variantebi

gaRivebuli sporebis raodenoba, %

sxvadasxva xnovanebis kulturalur

filtratSi

me-10

dRe

me-20

dRe

30-e

dRe

me-40

dRe

50-e

dRe

me-60

dRe

me-80

dRe

Kkulturalu

ri

filtrati

95 78 66 41 32 39 97

sufTa

eqstrati 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

wvimis wyali

89 92 91 100 88 98 98

diagrama 11

Catarebulma gamokvlevebma gviCvena, rom soko V. lateritium-is

mier, toqsikur nivTierebaTa SesamCnevi gamoyofa SeiniSneba

ocdRian filtratSi. Aam droisTvis, bioindikatoris sporebis

gaRiveba etapobrivad mcirdeba kontrolTan SedarebiT da

10 20 30 40 50 60 80

F.oxysporum 67 42 6 3 30 48 75

V.lateritium 95 78 66 41 32 39 97

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

spo

reb

is g

aRivebis

inten

sivoba, %

soko F.oxysporum da soko V.lateritium sxvadasxva xnovanebis kulturaluri filtratebis gavlena soko

Coniothyrium sporebis gaRivebaze

120

Seadgina 78%. Kkulturebis asakis zrdasTan erTad,

kulturaluri filtratis toqsikuroba izrdeboda da maqsimums

aRwevda 50-dRian filtratSi; Coniothyrium-is gaRivebuli sporebis

raodenoba 32 %-ia. Semdgom, mcirdeboda misi toqsikuroba da

80-dRian kulturaluri filtratSi minimumamde ecemoda.

amrigad, Cvens mier dadgenil iqna, rom soko V. lateritium-i

gamoyofs toqsikur nivTierebebs, romlebic uaryofiTad

moqmedeben bioindikatoris sporebis gaRivebaze. misTvis aqtiuri

toqsikuroba ar aris damaxasiaTebeli. Ddadgenilia, rom

kulturaluri filtratis toqsikuroba misi duRilis Semdegac

ar mcirdeba. rac sokoebis mier gamoyofili toqsinebis

Termostabilurobaze miuTiTebs.

5. 3. soko Fusarium oxysporum Schl. da Verticillium lateritium Berk.

celulozolituri fermentebis aqtivoba da moqmedeba mcenareze

garda imisa, rom paraziti, patron-mcenareSi SeWrisa da mis

qsovilebSi damkvidrebis mizniT, gamoyofs toqsinebs, riTac

wamlavs patron-mcenaris ujredebsa da gzas ikvalavs

qsovilebSi damkvidrebisaTvis. paraziti gamoimuSavebs, aseve,

peqtolitur da celulozolitur fermentebs, romelTa

meSveobiTac Slis ujredis kedlis SemadgenlobaSi arsebul

peqtinisa da celulozis rTul molekulebs, icilebs meqanikur

bariers, ris Sedegadac iWreba patroni mcenaris ujredebSi,

iwyebs qsovilebis maceracias, rasac mcenaris qsovilebis kvdoma

mosdevs.Aam sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT literaturaSi uamravi

informacia moipoveba (Горленко М. В., Новобранова Т. И., 1971; Васильева

К. В., Гладких Т. А., 1976; Биллай В. И. и др., 1978; Prassad L., Bhargava K.,

121

Mehrotra R. S., 1989; Айзеберг В. Л., 1980; Ташпулатов Ж. и др., 1990; Strand et

al, 1991; Решетникова И. А., Чайка М. Н., 1982;).

s. rasselis (Russel S., 1975), r. ilinasa da o. stepanovas

(Ильина Р. М., Степанова О. А., 1978) mtkicebulebiT, usruli sokoebis

umravlesoba gamoyofs celulozolitur fermentebs, riTac

xdeba ujredis kedlis celulozis daSla da vrceldebian

mcenareSi. am fermentTa aqtiuroba, paTogenis asakis

paralelurad, izrdeba.

Psidium guagava-s dazianebuli nayofis Seswavlis dros,

dadgenil iqna, soko Phytophthora nicotiana var. parasitica-s mier,

adgili aqvs celulozolituri da peqtinovani

fermentebis…gamoyofas in vivo da in vitro-s pirobebSi, romlebic

iwveven mcenaris qsovilebis maceracias, adgili aqvs

dazianebuli nayofebis gauwyloebas (Prassad L., Bhargava K., Merotra

R., 1979), rasac Tan sdevs mcenareuli organizmis kvdoma.

Siligfordisa da sakleris (Shilingford, Siucleir, 1997)

monacemebiT, soko Colletotrichum musae da Fusarium semitectum-i

gamoyofen peqto da celoluzolitur fermentebs, romlebic

iwveven qsovilebis maceraciasa da parazitis damkvidrebas

patron mcenareSi.

Cvens mier Seswavlil iqna soko V. lateritium-isa da soko

F. oxysporum-is celulozolituri fermentebis aqtivoba,

risTvisac am paTogenTa wminda kulturebs vTesavdiT Capekis

Txevad sakveb areze, sadac vaTavsebdiT winaswar mudmiv wonamde

dayvanil filtris qaRalds. cdis bolos darCenili filtris

qaRaldi dagvyavda mudmiv wonamde da sawyis da saboloo wonaTa

sxvaobiT vsazRvravdiT sokos mier SeTvisebuli ujredanas

raodenobas. V.lateritium-is SemTxvevaSi, Tavdapirvelad, filtris

122

qaRaldi ifareboda moyviTalo feris lorwovani miceliumiT,

romelic Semdeg Rebulobda agurisfers.

80 dRis Semdeg, adgili hqonda filtris qaRaldis 69,1 %-is

daSlas (cxrili 23).

cxrili 23

soko V. lateritium-isa da soko F. oxysporum-is celulozolituri

fermentebis aqtivoba

sokos

dasaxeleba

Ffiltris masa g-Si

daSlili

ujredana

%-Si

cdamde

cdis

Semdeg

daSlili

ujredana 80

dRis

Semd,M±m

V. lateritium 0,4481 0,1578 0,2889±0,002 69,1

kontroli 0,4379 0,4375 0,0003±0,003 0,069

F.oxysporum 0,4490 0,2384 0,2118±0,01 47,12

kontroli 0,4442 0,4432 0,0002±0,004 0,093

cxrilSi arsebuli monacemebis safuZvelze, SeiZleba

davaskvnaT, rom soko V. lateritium-i xasiaTdeba celulozolituri

fermentebis maRali aqtivobiT. soko F. oxysporum-is

celulozolituri fermentebis Seswavlam gviCvena, rom Capekis

sakveb areze sokom warmoqmna fafuki, haerovani, movardisfro-

TeTri miceliumi. 80 dRis Semdeg, filtris qaRaldi daiSala. am

dros, aTvisebuli celulozis raodenobam Seadgina 47,12 %

(cxrili 22).

Catarebuli eqsperimentebis Sedegebi cxadyofen, rom soko

F. oxysporum-i da V. lateritium-i, nivTierebaTa cvlis procesSi

gamoyofen toqsikur nivTierebebs. F. oxysporum-i metad toqsikuria,

vidre soko V. lateritium-i. soko F. oxysporum-is kulturalur

123

filtratSi toqsikuri nivTierebebis warmoqmna iwyeba meaTe

dRidan da maqsimums 30-40 dReSi aRwevs; maqsimaluri

toqsikuroba SeiniSneboda me-40 dRes. soko V. lateritium-is mier

toqsinebis gamoyofa fiqsirdeba 20 dRian kulturalur

filtratSi da maqsimums 50-dRian filtratSi aRwevs

(gaRivebulia sporebis 32 %-ia). Ggarda amisa, orive soko

xasiaTdeba celolozuri fermentebis aqtiurobiT. Cvens

SemTxvevaSi, ufro meti fermentuli aqtivobiT gamoirCeva soko

V. lateritium-i. soko F. oxysporum-is mier aTvisebuli celulozas

raodenobam, kultivaciidan me-80 dRes Seadgina 47,12 %, xolo

soko V. lateritium-is mier aTvisebuli celuloza 69,1 % iyo.

amrigad, Catarebuli eqsperimentiT dadgenilia, rom soko V.

lateritium-i da soko F. oxysporum-i nivTierebaTa cvlis procesSi

gamoyofen toqsikur nivTierebebs. maTgan F. oxysporum-i meti

toqsikurobiT xasiaTdeba, vidre soko V. lateritium-i. amis garda,

orive soko xasiaTdeba celulozolituri fermentebis

aqtiurobiT. Cvens mier dadgenil iqna, rom ufro meti

fermentuli aqtiurobiT soko V. lateritium-i gamoirCeva.

124

VI Tavi.

daavadebul mcenareSi mimdinare paTologiuri cvlilebebi da

gamZleobis zogierTi maCvenebeli. katalazas, peroqsidazasa da

vitamin,,C“-s Semcveloba saR da daavadebul mcenareebSi

mcenareTa inficirebisas patron-mcenaresa da parazits

Soris myardeba rTuli biologiuri damokidebuleba. mcenaris

gamZleobas ganapirobebs misi unari, SeinarCunos nivTierebaTa

normaluri cvla. am mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovania

fermentatuli cilebi. mcenareSi mimdinare fermentuli

procesebi gansazRvraven organizmSi nivTierebaTa cvlis

intensivobas. avtorTa monacemebiT (Сухоруков К. Т., 1960 и др.),

organizmSi JangviTi procesebis gaZliereba iwvevs organuli

nivTierebebis didi raodenobiT xarjvas, rasac organizmi mihyavs

gamZleobis daqveiTebamde. b. rubinis (Рубин Б. А., 1960), T. waqaZis

(1958), n.kovalis (Коваль Н. Д., 1967), l. iSCenkos (Ищенко Л. А., 1965)

monacemebiT, JangviTi fermentebis aqtiuroba mniSvnelovan rols

asrulebs mcenaris gamZleobaSi.

Cvens mizans Seadgenda gamogvevlinebina JangviTi

fermentebis: katalazasa da peroqsidazas aqtivobis cvalebadoba

kartofilis Wknobis dros SedarebiT gamZle da mimRebian

jiSebSi.

ferment katalazas aqtivobis gansazRvra dafuZnebulia mis

unarze, daSalos wyalbadis zeJangi _ wylad da molekulur

Jangbadad. gamoyofili Jangbadis moculoba ferment katalazas

aqtivobis maCvenebelia.

peroqsidaza _ aris zeJangebis, Jangbadis gaaqtivebuli

fermenti, kerZod, wyalbadis zeJangis. misi Jangvis unariT

125

diddeba peroqsidazas moqmedeba. mas SeuZlia daJangos organuli

naerTebi: polifenolebi, aminebi da sxva.

fermentebis aqtivoba da vitamin ,,C”-s Semcveloba

Seswavlili iyo xelovnuri dasenianebis fonze, dasenianebidan 9

dRis Semdeg. Sedegebi mocemulia cxril 24-Si da diagrama 12, 13,

14-Si.

diagrama 12

diagrama 13

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

პიკასო დეზირე აგრია

02

მლ

/გX

4 წ

თ.

გამძლე, შედარებით გამძლე და მიმღებიანი ჯიშები

ფერმენტ კატალაზას შემცველობა

საღი მც.

V.lateritium-ით დაავ.

F.oxysporum-ით დაავ.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10


0,0

1N

xsn. ml


ფერმენტ peroqsidazas შემცველობა




126

cxrili 24

kartofilis mimRebian da SedarebiT gamZle jiSebSi

katalazas, peroqsidazasa da vitamin ,,C”-s Semcvelobis

cvalebadoba Wknobis gamomwvevi sokoebiT daavadebis dros

kartofi

lis

jiSi,gamZ

leoba

cdis varianti

katalaza

O2

ml/g×4wT

t

P

peroqsid

aza

0,01N

xsn. ml

t

P

vitamini

,,C”

mg.%

t

P

dezire,

Sedar.

gamZle

saRi mcenare

24,0+0,1 37 0,04 3,75+0,017 0,02 0,07 74,8+2,5 7,17 1,6

Verticillium

lateritum-iT

daavadebuli

23,7+0,6

4,6

0,05

5,25+0,005

0,02

0,07

66,4+0,8

_

1,9

FFFusarium

oxysporum-iT

daavadebuli

20,4+0,11

_

_

5,25+0,005

0,02

0,07

62,8+0,4

3,8

0,04

pikaso,

gamZle

saRi mcenare

16,4+0,54 19,3 0,01 5,25+0,005 0,02 0,07 83,6+1,1 3,2 0,05

Verticillium

lateritum-iT

daavadebuli

16,5+0,3

7,09

0,04

9,41+0,5

0,57

0,44

70,4+4,4

6

0,04

FFFusarium

oxysporum-iT

daavadebuli

15,5+0,1

82

0,04

8,0+0,028

0,02

0,07

62,8+2,4

3,8

0,04

agria,

mimReb.

saRi mcenare

17,7+0,35 3,3 0,03 1,15+0,02 0,02 1,7 68,6+2,4 5,2 0,04

Verticillium

lateritum-iT

daavadebuli

14,4+0,3

_

_

3,16+0,034

0,03

0,07

44+4

_

_

FFFusarium

oxysporum-iT

daavadebuli

13,7+0,1

_

_

2,86+0,01

_

_

38,1+1,3

_

_

t _ sxvaobis marTebuloba;

P _ cdis sizuste.

127

rogorc cxrilidan Cans, vitamin ,,C”-s Semcveloba saR

mcenareebSi ufro maRalia. SedarebiT gamZle jiSebSic misi

Semcvelobis maRali done aRiniSneba mimRebianTan SedarebiT.

daavadebis Sedegad vitamin ,,C”-s Semcveloba rogorc mimRebian,

aseve SedarebiT gamZle jiSebSi mcirdeba, magram es procesi

ufro mkveTradaa gamoxatuli mimRebian jiSSi, gamZlesTan

SedarebiT.

diagrama 14

Catarebuli kvlevidan irkveva, SedarebiT gamZle jiSebSi

ufro maRalia Jangva-aRdgeniT procesebSi monawile fermentebis

(katalaza, peroqsidaza) aqtivoba, mimRebianTan SedarebiT.

daavadebis Sedegad yvela SemTxvevaSi, katalazas aqtivobis

Semcireba xdeba, xolo peroqsidazas aqtivoba metad izrdeba

gamZle jiSebSi, vidre mimRebianSi. daavadebis sawyis etapze

umniSvnelodaa gazrdili peroqsidazas aqtivoba mimRebianSi,

Tumca yovelTvis ufro naklebia gamZle jiSis peroqsidazas

aqtivobaze.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90


mg, %


vitamin,,C"-s Semcveloba




128

miRebuli monacemebi miuTiTeben, imaze rom, gamZle jiS

pikasoSi, peroqsidazas ufro metad gazrda SeiZleba gamowveuli

iyos mcenaris qsovilebSi paTogenis sapasuxo TavdacviTi

reaqciis Sedegad arsebuli fermentebis gaZlierebuli

warmoqmniT da misi aqtiuri monawileobiT mcenaris TavdacviT

reaqciebSi. mimRebian agrias jiSSi daavadebis gvian stadiaze,

peroqsidazas aqtivobis gazrda unda iyos Jangva-aRdgeniTi

procesebis gadaxriT Jangvisaken. rac Seexeba katalazas,

mcenareTa daavadebis Semdeg, misi cvalebadoba umniSvneloa,

rogorc gamZle, aseve mimRebian jiSebSi.

amrigad, miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze, SeiZleba

davaskvnaT, fermentebis aqtivoba, vitamin ,,C”-s maRali

Semcveloba da maTi umniSvnelo (katalaza da vitamini ,,C”) da

mniSvnelovani (peroqsidaza) cvalebadoba daavadebis Semdeg,

gamZleobis maCveneblad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.

129

VII Tavi

kartofilis Wknobis winaaRmdeg brZolis RonisZiebebis

SemuSaveba

7.1. sargavi tuberebis fitosanitaruli mdgomareobis Semowmeba

da SerCeva

saqarTveloSi kartofilis mosavlianoba yvelaze dabalia

msoflios masStabiT, radganac mcire miwianobis gamo ar xdeba

kulturaTa morigeoba da Teslbrunva. erTi da igive miwis

nakveTze, erTi da igive kulturis warmoebam gamoiwvia

kartofilis virusuli gadagvareba, mavne organizmebis

sainfeqcio maragis dagroveba, Sedegad ki _ misi mosavlianobis

minimumamde Semcireba.

kartofilis mosavlianobis zrdisaTvis udidesi

mniSvneloba eniWeba, erTis mxriv, agroteqnikuri RonisZiebebis

srulyofas, meores mxriv, ki – virusuli, sokovani da

baqteriuli infeqciebisagan Tavisufali, daavadebebisadmi

gamZle jiSebis saRi sargavi masalis Tesvasa da Semdgom dacvas

infeqciebisagan.

dReisaTvis, vinaidan qveyana aRar maragdeba sxva qveynebidan

Semoziduli sasursaTo kartofiliT, deficitis Sesabamisad,

saqarTvelos mekartofileobis regionebSi, es kultura

intesiurad iwarmoeba da mosaxleobis ZiriTad saarsebo

saSualebas warmoadgens. amasTanave, mosaxleobam xeli mihyo

kartofilis sargavi masalis sazRvargareTidan stiqiur

Semozidvasa da warmoebas, rasac xSirad savalalo Sedegebamde

mivyavarT. vrceldeba sakarantino obieqtebi, daavadebaTa

gamomwvevi mikroorganizmebis agresiuli rasebi, Stamebi da

formebi.

130

saRi sargavi masalis misaRebad, saTesle nakveTidan,

daavadebis xiluli simptomebis mqone mcenareebi unda iqnas

gamotanili da ganadgurebuli. magram, xSir SemTxvevaSi, sawyisi

mcenareebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, daskvnebis misaRebad, saWiroa

Sesabamisi kvlevis laboratoriuli meTodebis gamoyeneba.

Kkartofilze, garda infeqciuri daavadebebisa, aRiniSneba

funqcionaluri daavadebanic, aseve, xvatarebis, maxrebis,

RraWebis, mavTula da crumavTula Wiebis, Tagvisebri

mRrRnelebisa da sxva mavnebelTa mier gamowveuli dazianebebi,

isini infeqciis SeWrisaTvis Ria kars qmnian da warmoadgenen

daavadebaTa didi nawilis gadamtanebsac. amitom, Tavi unda

avaridoT aseTi dazianebuli kartofilis sargavad gamoyenebas.

didi mniSvneloba aqvs, agreTve, kartofilis rgvisas maTi

jiSobrivi siwmindis dacvas (rac saSualebas mogvcems

vawarmooT mavne organizmebis winaaRmdeg diferencirebuli

brZola), maT swor ganlagebas yoveli nakveTis mikroklimatisa

da klimaturi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

Cvens mier xdeboda sargavi masalis SerCeva. radgan

daavadebaTa infeqcia tuberSi faruli formiTaa warmodgenili,

maTi vizualuri gadarCevisas yuradRebis miRma rCeba tuberis

siRrmeSi moTavsebuli paTogenuri organizmebi, romlebic Tavs

iCenen savegetacio periodSi; isini iwveven nargaobaTa

gameCxerebas an aRmonacenTa intensiur daavadebas,

gansakuTrebiT, avadmyofobebisaTvis xelsayrel klimatur

pirobebSi. dadgenilia pirdapirproporciuli kavSiri sargavi

masalis faruli infeqciebis gavrcelebis intensivobasa da

aRmonacenTa daavadebis gavrcelebis intensivobas Soris.

traqeomikozuri Wknobis mier SesaZlo gamowveuli zaralis

131

Semcirebis mizniT, Cvens mier, xdeboda sargavi kartofilis ori

kviriT adre gamotana sawyobebidan, moTavseba 14-180-ze,

latenturi infeqciebis gamomJRavnebisa da gamorCevis mizniT.

garda amisa, sargav kartofils vaTavsebdiT mzis gulze, rgvis

win; radgan am dros tuberebSi warmoiqmneba solanini, rac maT

infeqciebisagan icavs.

6.2. biopreparati ,,lile”, rogorc mZlavri imunizatoruli

saSualeba kartofilis traqeomikozuri Wknobis mimarT

pesticidebiT gajerebul garemoSi, rac iwvevs agro da

biocenozebis darRvevasa da adamianis janmrTelobis

gauaresebas, Cvens mizans warmoadgens, SevimuSaoT da

davamkvidroT brZolis ekologiurad usafrTxo RonisZiebebi

mcenareTa paTogenuri organizmebis winaaRmdeg, rac xels

SeuSlis garemos dabinZurebas, miviRebT ekologiurad sufTa da

amasTanav, uxv mosavals. am sakiTxis gadawyvetas eZRvneba mraval

mkvlevarTa naSromebi, romelTa gamokvlevebiTac SesaZlebelia

mcenareTa imunuri sistemis sxvadasxva stresorebisadmi

inducireba fitoregulatorebiT.

imdenad, ramdenadac fitoregulatorebi, uSualod,

paTogenze ar moqmedeben da aaqtiureben mcenareTa imunur

sistemas, zrdian maT TavdacviT reaqciebs, maTi moqmedebis

gamovlinebas mxolod maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac mcenare

uSualo kavSirSia paTogenTan, mTeli ontogenezis ganmavlobaSi.

misi moqmedeba uaxlovdeba bunebriv imunur reaqciebs.

pesticidebisgan gansxvavebiT, ar xasiaTdebian rezistentobiT da

ar iwveven mcenareul organizmebSi mavne nivTierebTa

132

dagrovebas. axdenen patron-mcenaris organizmSi fiziologiur-

bioqimiuri procesebis gaaqtiurebas.

xelaturi tipis naerTebi, maT Soris ,,lile”, patron-

mcenaris organizmSi iwveven fiziologiuri procesebis

gaaqtiurebas, paTogenuri organizmebis mimarT inducirebasa da

kompleqsur gamZleobas.

mcenareTa xelovnuri imunizacia induqtorebis meSveobiT,

ar gamoricxavs pesticidebis xmarebasac, piriqiT, avsebs da

aZlierebs maT efeqts, minimumamde amcirebs maTi gamoyenebis

saWiroebas.

kartofilis traqeomikozuri Wknobis winaaRmdeg, Cvens

mier gamoyenebuli iqna mZlavri induqtori, ekologiurad

usafrTxo xelaturi tipis naerTi _ ,,lile”, romlis

minimaluri dozebi, ara marto mcenareTa imunuri reaqciebis

inducirebas axdenen, aramed aumjobeseben niadagis struqturasa

da uzrunvelyofen maT gamdidrebas mcenarisaTvis SesaTvisebeli

mikro da makro elementebiT.

sakvlevad gamoyenebul iyo saqarTveloSi bolo wlebSi

introducirebuli jiSebi da maTi daavadebuli nimuSebi. kerZod,

germanuli - holdaniuri jiSebis: marabeli, pikas, agria, sante,

kosmosi, marfonas elituri da I reproduqciis nargavebi, aseve

adre daraionebuli jiSi dezire.

Seswavlil iqna biopreparat ,,liles~ 2-3%-iani xsnarebis

biologiuri da sameurneo efeqturoba traqeomikuzuri Wknobis

mimarT, rac ganisazRvreba sacdel da sakontrolo nakveTebze

daavadebis gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivobis SeswavliTa da

maTi SedarebebiT; mcenaris zrda-ganviTarebis ZiriTadi

133

maCveneblebis _ mcenaris simaRle, tuberebis wona, miRebuli

mosavlis saerTo raodenoba da xarisxis aRricxviT.

saTesle masalis saxelmwifo standartebiT

gaTvaliswinebuli yvela moTxovnis dacvis paralelurad, Tesli

davamuSaveT ,,liles~ 2 da 3%-iani xsnariT. 30 wT-is eqspoziciiT,

uSualod, Tesvis win. aRmocenebisTanave naTesebze Sesxurebuli

iqna imave koncentraciis xsnarebi. mTeli vegetaciis

ganmavlobaSi vawarmoebdiT sistematur dakvirvebebs, sacdel da

sakontrolo variantebSi, Wknobis pirvel gamovlinebasa da

Semdgom ganviTarebaze. cdis bolos ki aRiricxeboda mosavlis

raodenoba, xarisxi, fraqciaTa raodenoba da daavadebis

intensivoba. daavadebul mcenareTa Soris moxda fuzariozisa da

verticiliozis xvedriTi wilis gansazRvra (cxrili 25).

cxrili 25

preparat ,,liles” gavlena Wknobis gamomwvevi sokoebis

gavrcelebaze kartofilis 2 kvirian aRmonacenebSi

variant

ebi

jiS

ebi

daav

adebe

bi

daavadebaTa gavrceleba, %

kartofilis sxvadasxva jiSze

marab

eli

pikaso

agria

sante

kosmo

si

marfona

dez

ire

sakontro

lo

verticiliozi 5 4 6 5 4 6 6

fuzariozi 6 4 7 7 4 6 7

,,lil

e”2%


fuzariozi 4 3 4 5 4 4 4

,,lil

e”3%


fuzariozi 3 3 3 4 3 4 4

134

cxrili 25-dan naTelia preparati ,,liles~ moqmedebis

efeqturoba, rac aSkarad aisaxeba Sedegebze: biopreparatiT

damuSavebuli saTesle masalis aRmonacenebSi daavadebis

gavrcelebis intensivobis maCveneblebi Semcirebuli iyo

sakontrolosTan SedarebiT, xolo aRmonacenebis 2% da 3%-

iani preparatis moqmedebis efeqti, TiTqmis erTi da igive

aRmoCnda, rac ganpirobebulia mcenareTa daavadebaTa mimarT

gamZleobis gazrdiT.

Cvens mier, Seswavlili iqna, agreTve, traqeomikozuri

Wknobis gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivoba amave nakveTze,

orkvirian aRmonacenebze.

cxrili 26

biopreparat ,,liles~ gavlena kartofilis sxvadasxva jiSze

traqeomikozuri Wknobis gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivobaze

variant

ebi

jiS

ebi

daav

adebe

bi

Wknobis gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivoba, %

marabeli pikaso agria sante kosmosi marfona dezire

gavrc.

ganv

gavrc.

ganv.

gavrc.

ganv.

gavrc.

ganv.

gavrc.

ganv

gavrc.

ganv.

gavrc.

ganv

sakont

rol

o

verti

cili

ozi+

fuza

riozi

11 5.5 8 4 13 6.5 12 6 8 4 12 6 15 6.5

,,l

ile”2%

verti

cili

ozi+

fuza

riozi

7 2.5 5 0.5 7 1.5 8 3.4 7 2.6 7 2.3 8 34

,,lil

e”3%

verti

cili

ozi+

fuza

riozi

6 2.3 5 1.4 6 2.3 7 2.5 6 2.8 7 2.7 7 2.3

135

rogorc 26-e cxrilidan Cans, sakontrolosTan SedarebiT

mniSvnelovnad iyo Semcirebuli Wknobis gavrcelebisa da

daavadebis ganviTarebis intensivobac, rac daavadebis xarisxis

Semcirebam gamoiwvia. Tu sakontrolo variantSi mcenareTa

daavadebis xarisxi 2-3 bali iyo, sacdel variantebSi 1-2 bals ar

aRemateboda.

,,liles” maRali efeqturobis gamo, movaxdineT, aRniSnuli

biopreparatiT damuSavebul mcenareTa fitonciduri aqtivobis

gansazRvra. amisaTvis xdeboda mis 2-3%-ian xsnarebSi

damuSavebul mcenareTa gamonawurSi damzadebuli sporovani

suspenziaze dakvirveba, gaRivebuli sporebis raodenobisa da

Rivis ganviTarebis siZlieris mixedviT, bio-indikatorad

viyenebdiT Fusarium-is 20 dRian kulturas, sporovani suspenzia

Tavsdeboda 2-24 sT-is ganamvlbaSi TermostatSi 250t-is pirobebSi.

kontrolad viyenebdiT onkanis wyals.

Catarebulma kvlevebma gviCvenes, rom kontrolTan

SedarebiT, ,,lileTi~ damuSavebul mcenareTa gamonawurSi

F.oxysporum-is sporebis gaRivebis intensivoba mniSvnelovnad

Semcirebulia.

2 da 3% biopreparatiT damuSavebuli mcenareebi,

kontrolTan SedarebiT, xasiTdebodnen kargi zrda-ganviTarebiT,

muqi-mwvane feriT, msxvili amonayariT, mosavlis raodenobisa da

xarisxis maRali maCvenebliT (cxrili 27). kartofilis buCqebi

romlis Teslic damuSavebuli iyo preparati ,,lileTi~

aRmocenda 4-5 dRiT adre, isini xasiaTdebodnen mZlavri

amonayariTa da ufro gaZlierebuli mwvane pigmentaciiT. rac

imaze metyvelebs, rom mcenaris foTlebis pigmentaciac

gaZlierebulia, rac zrdis foTlis sasimilacio zedapirs.

136

mcenareSi mimdinare fiziologiuri procesebi, maT Soris

tuberwarmoqmnis intensivoba izrdeba da mcenare mZlavrad

yalibdeba. miiReba uxvi da xarisxiani mosavali.

cxrili 27

biopreparat `liles~ gavlena kartofilis sxvadasxva jiSis

mosavlis raodenobaze

# jiSi

erTi budnis saSualo

mosavali kg-Si saheqtro mosavali, t.

SeniS

vna

kontr.

M±m

2%

lile

M±m

3%

lile

M±m

kontr.

M±m

2%

lile

M±m

3%

lile

M±m

1 marabeli 0.95+0.1 1.00+0.05 1.03+0.07 34+1.05 40+2.0 41.2+1.9

kont

rolTan S

edar

ebiT

standar

tuli da ufro d

idi

tuber

ebis

rao

denoba 50%-iT met

ia

2 pikaso 0.95+0.02 1.05+0.18 1.05+0.13 38+1.1 42+2.2 42+2.4

3 agria 0.80+0.08 0.97+0.5 0.98+0.5 32+0.7 38.8+1.9 39.2+0.7

4 sante 0.90+0.05 1.02+0.05 1.02+0.03 36+0.98 40.8+1.9 40.8+2.1

5 kosmosi 0.90+0.03 1.05+0.06 1.06+0.05 36+1.2 42+2.1 42.4+2.1

6 marfona 0.95+0.06 1.02+0.08 1.03+0.07 37.2+1.1 40.8+2.3 41.2+0.7

7 dezire 0.80+0.02 0.96+0.07 0.96+0.05 32+0.9 38.4+0.7 38.4+1.2

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, mcenareTa xelovnuri imunizacia

ar gamoricxavs pesticidebis xmarebasac, piriqiT, aZlierebs maT

efeqtsa da minimumamde amcirebs maTi gamoyenebis saWiroebas. am

kuTxiT iqna SemuSavebuli da gatarebuli Wknobis winaaRmdeg

brZolis sxvadasxva RonisZiebani, romelSic induqtoris

moxmarebis paralelurad CarTuli iyo sxvadasxva fungicidi.

preparat ,,liles” viyenebdiT, kartofilis paTogenuri

organizmebis mier gamowveul daavadebaTa mimarT gamZleobis

gazrdis mizniT.

am RonisZiebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs WurWel-

boWkovani Wknobis winaaRmdeg, vinaidan misi gamomwvevi sokoebi

137

niadagis binadari paTogenuri organizmebia, gaZnelebulia maTgan

mcenareTa dacva savegetacio periodSi, mcenareTa Sesxurebis

gziT. aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebeli iyo ZiriTadi aqcenti

gadatanili yofiliyo saRi sargavi masalis SerCevasa da maTi

Senaxvis wina da rgvis wina damuSavebaze gamZleobis

induqtorebiTa da fungicidebiT.

cdis yvela variantSi dakvirveba warmoebda kartofilis

aRmocenebis droze, intensivobaze, ganviTarebis siZlieresa da

daavadebaTa gamoCenis vadebze, maTi gavrceleba-ganviTarebis

intensivobaze, variantebisa da jiSebis mixedviT.

Catarebuli eqsperimentiT dadgenilia avadmyofobaTa

gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivobis mkveTri Semcireba

sakontrolosTan SedarebiT cdis yvela variantSi.

gansakuTrebiT, 3%-iani ,,lileTi” damuSavebuli sargavi masalis

nargaobebSi, sadac qimiuri brZolis RonisZieba kartofilis

sxva daavadebaTa, umTavresad, fitoftorozis mosalodneli

gamoCenisa da intensiuri ganviTarebis prognoziT SerCeul

vadebSi mimdinareobda. yvela variantSi ganisazRvra biologiuri

efeqturoba %-Si (cxrili 28 da diagrama 15).

diagrama 15

ვარიანტი 1. ვარიანტი 2. ვარიანტი 3.

59,376

32,7

75,7 66,335,7

brZolis RonisZiebaTa sxvadasxva variantis biologiuri efeqturoba,%

(verticiliozis SemTxvevaSi)

ახალციხე ბორჯომი

138

diagrama 16

cxrili 28

sargavi masalis damuSavebisa da wamlobaTa jeradobis

gavlena kartofilis avadmyofobaTa gavrceleba-ganviTarebis

intensivobaze

#

variantebi

municipal

itet

ebi

daavadebaTa

gavrceleba-

ganviTarebis

intensivoba, %

bio

logiuri

efeqturoba, %

(ver

t.SemTxvevaSi)

bio

logiuri

efeqturoba

, %

(fuzar

.SemTxvevaSi)

verticili

ozi

fuzariozi

gavrc.

ganviT.

gavrc.

ganv.

1

liles 3%-iani xsnariT

damuSavebuli sargavi

masala + oTxjeradi

wamloba da orjeradi

gamokveba amave xsnariT

da II wamlobasTan erTad.

axalcixe,

borjomi

12,0

15,0

6,1

3,4

14,1

15,0

7,2

2,6

59,3

75,7

79,5

82,4

2

fungicidiT

damuSavebelisargavi

masala oTxjeradi

wamlobiT, gamoukvebavi.

axalcixe,

borjomi

12,1

12,3

3,6

4,7

16,5

12,6

3,8

4,1

76,0

66,4

75,7

67,2

3

daumuSavebeli sargavi

masala orjeradi

wamlobiT vegetaciis I

periodSi.

axalcixe,

borjomi

20,2

18,6

10,1

9,0

27,5

19,9

6,6

3,9

32,7

35,7

57,7

75,0

4 kontroli, daumuSavebeli

wamlobis gareSe.

axalcixe,

borjomi

30

27,8

15

14

30,1

24,5

15,6

12,5

_

_

_

_

ვარიანტი 1. ვარიანტი 2. ვარიანტი 3.

79,5 75,757,7

82,4 67,2 75

brZolis RonisZiebaTa sxvadasxva variantis biologiuri efeqturoba, %

fuzariozis SemTxvevaSi

ახალციხე ბორჯომი

139

rogorc 28-e cxrilidana da diagrama 15, 16-dan Cans,

biologiuri efeqturoba Cvens mier, Teslis damuSavebisa da

wamlobaTa jeradobis yvela gatarebul variantSi, rac

warmoebda Wknobis gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivobis

Semcirebisis mizniT, maRali aRmoCnda. gansakuTrebiT maRalia

fuzariozis SemTxvevaSi _ ,,liles” 3%-iani xsnariT

damuSavebuli Teslis nargaobebSi, sadac warmoebda oTxjeradi

wamloba. maTgan ori wamlobis paralelurad xdeboda ,,liles”

amave xsnariT mcenareTa fesvuri gamokveba. aRmoCnda, rom

axalcixis municipalitetSi biologiurma efeqturobam,

verticiliozuri Wknobis SemTxvevaSi 59,3%, xolo borjomis

municipalitetSi 75,7% Seadgina; fuzariozuli Wknobis

SemTxvevaSi axalcixisa da borjomis municipalitetSi,

Sesabamisad _ 79,5% da 82,4%.

Cvens mier gatarebuli brZolis RonisZiebebi mimarTuli iyo

kartofilis mosavlianobis raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi

maCveneblebis gazrdis mizniT. amis gamo gatarda sxvadasxva

saxis RonisZieba: Teslis damuSavebis, fesvgareSe gamokvebisa da

wamlobaTa prognozirebul vadebSi CatarebiT. dakvirvebebis

safuZvelze dadginda, ron biostimulatoriT saTesle masalis

damuSavebis SemTxvevaSi, aRmoceneba 4-5 dRiT adre

aRiniSneboda, xolo tuberwarmoqmna 10-12 dRiT adre daiwyo.

Semcirda yvela daavadebis ganviTarebis intensivoba, rogorc

mwvane varjze, ise aRebul mosavalSi tuberebze. daavadebul

tuberTa Soris, verticiliozisa da fuzariozis xvedriTi wili

ganisazRvreboda daavadebuli tuberebidan sufTa kulturebis

gamoyofiTa da gamomwvev paTogenTa identifikaciiT. miRebuli

Sedegebi asaxulia 29, 30 cxrilebSi.

140

cxrili 29

sargavi masalis damuSavebis, fesvgareSe gamokvebisa da

wamlobaTa prognozul vadebSi Catarebis gavlena mosavlis

raodenobaze, daavadebaTa gavrcelebasa da xarisxze

#

variantebi

5 budnaSi miRebuli tuberebi, cali

WknobiT

daavadeb

ul

tuber

Ta rao

denoba, c

ali

saS

.

SeniS

vna

sul

M±m

fraqciebi

standar

tuli

da masze

msxvili

M±

m

standar

tuli

da

masze

msxvili

sxvaoba

kont

rolTan

d

aras

tandar

tul

i wvr

ili

M±

m

sxvaoba

kont

rolTan

d

1

liles 2%-iani

xsnariT damuSavebuli

sargavi masala + 4 wamlobiT da ori gamokveba

66±3 37±1,4 12 29±0,2 1 0,05

mcenar

eTa gamokveba

moxda mc

enar

eTa1 d

a 2

wamlobis

dros

2

daumuSavebeli sargavi masala 2

wamloba ridomiliT da

spilenZis qlorJangiT

52±2,4 26±0,1 1 26±0,2 10 4,5 danar

Ceni

wamloba ver

moxer

xda

3

2%-iani lileTi damuSavebuli sargavi masala +3 wamloba

70±4 55±4 30 15±0,1 1 0,01 _

4

kontroli daumuSavebeli sargavi masala wamlobis gareSe

gamoukvebavi

42±1 25±0,3 _ 16±0,1 _ 11,9 _

rogorc 29-e cxrilidan Cans, miRebul mosavalSi

minimumamdea Semcirebuli WknobiT daavadebuli tuberebis

141

raodenoba ,,lileTi” damuSavebuli Teslis da prognozul

vadebSi 4-jeradi wamlobis variantSi da ar aRemateba 0,42%-s,

xolo im nakveTze, romelzec daumuSavebeli tuberebi daiTesa

da, sadac mxolod ori wamloba Catarda, daavadebaTa

procentuli maCvenebeli 37,8% aRmoCnda, rom araferi vTqvaT im

mwvane masis xmobaze, rac vegetaciaSi myof kartofilis

nargaobebSi aRiniSna, ramac mosavlis raodenoba mniSvnelovnad

Seamcira. sakontrolo variantSi wvrili, arastandartuli

fraqciebi aRiniSneboda (suraTi 24 (1, 2)).

suraTi 24 mosavali sakontrolo nakveTze.

1. kartofilis tuberebis raodenoba 1 budnaSi;

2. katofilis arastandartuli, wvrili fraqcia.

1 2

142

cxrili 30

prognozul vadebSi Catarebuli wamlobisa da liles 2%-iani xsnariT damuSavebis gavlena

mosavlis raodenobriv-xarisxobriv maCveneblebsa da daavadebaTa gavrceleba-ganviTarebis

intensivobaze

# variantebi

5 budnaSi miRebul tuberTa raodenoba da

wona, kg

Teo

riu

li

saS

. saheqtro

mosaval

i, t

daavadebaTa gavrceleba -

ganviTarebis intensivoba, %

sul

fraqciebi

5 budnaSi miReb

uli

mosavlis

saS

ual

o w

ona

kg-Si

M +

m

sxvaoba ko

ntrolTan d

Wknoba fitoft. da

rizoqt.

sxva d

anar

Ceni

standar

tuli da

masze ms

xviliM

+ m

sxvaoba ko

ntrolTan

d

aras

tandar

tuli

(wvr

ili) M

+ m

sxvaoba ko

ntrolTan

d

gavrcel

ebuli

ganviTar

ebuli

gavrcel

ebuli

ganviTar

ebuli

1

2% lileTi

damuSavebuli +4

wamloba prognoziT

4,2 36+2 21 5+0,1 23 8+0,3 6 64+2,4 _ _ _ _ _

2

lileTi

damuSavebuli +5

wamloba

fenofazebis

mixedviT

6,6 49+1,4 34 17+3,1 11 5,5+0,1 3,5 44+0,8 1,7 0,3 _ _ 7,05

3 sufTa kontroli 4,3 15 - 28 - 2,0+0,3 - 16+2,4 1,9 10,2 87 45,1 5,2

143

rogorc cxril 30-dan Cans, ,,liles” xsnariT sargavi

kartofilis damuSaveba ara marto amcirebs daavadebaTa

gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivobas, aramed zrdis mosavlis

raodenobasa da xarisxs. ,,liles” 2%-iani xsnariTa da

prognozirebul vadebSi oTxjeradi wamlobis SemTxvevaSi,

daavadebaTa gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivoba ar aRiniSna;

amasTanave, standartuli Teslis raodenoba 5 budnaSi da

miRebuli saSualo mosavali mniSvnelovnad gaizarda da

Sesabamisad Seadgina 36 cali da 8kg. Teoriulad, saSualo

saheqtro mosavama 64t Seadgina

Cvens mier gatarebuli brZolis RonisZiebebis Sedegebis

analiziT, raSic biopreparati ,,lile” iyo CarTuli, dadginda

aRniSnuli imunostimulatoris maRali sameurneo da

ekonomikuri efeqturoba (cxrili 31, diagramebi 17, 18 da suraTi

25 (1, 2)).

suraTi 25 mosavali sacdel nakveTze.

1. msxvili fraqcia;

2. mosavali.

1 2

144

cxrili 31

biopreparat ,,liles” sameurneo da ekonomikuri efeqturoba

#

jiSi

budnis saSualo

mosavali, kg

mosavali, t/ha

sameurneo

efeqturoba,

%

rentabelobis

norma, %

kontro

li

M±m

lile

kontro

li

M±m

lile

2%

M±m

sxvaoba

d

sxvaoba

d

lile

3%

M±m

sxvaoba

d

lile

2%

lile

3%

lile

2%

lile

3%

2%

M±m

3%

M±m

1. marabeli

0,95±0,1 1,00±0,05 1,03±0,07 34,0±1,05 40,0±2,4 6,0 41,2±1,9 7,2 17,66 21,2 800 905

2. pikaso

0,95±0,02 1,05±1,8 1,05±0,13 38,0±1,1 42,0±2,2 8,0 42,0±2,4 8,0 10,5 10,8 1100 1020

3. agria

0,80±0,08 0,97±0,5 0,98±0,5 32,0±0,5 38,8±1,9 6,8 39,2±0,7 7,2 20,6 22,5 920 905

4. sante

0,90±0,05 1,02±0,05 1,02±0,3 36,0±0,09 40,8±1,9 4,8 40,8±2,1 4,8 13,3 13,3 720 570

5. kosmosi

0,90±0,03 1,05±0,06 1,06±0,05 36,0±1,2 42,0±2,1 6,0 42,4±2,1 6,4 16,7 17,7 800 790

6. marfona

0,95±0,06 1,02±0,08 1,03±0,07 37,2±1,1 40,8±2,3 3,6 41,2±0,9 4,0 9,6 10,4 440 460

7. dezire

0,80±0,02 0,90±0,07 0,96±0,05 32,0±0,9 38,4±0,7 6,4 38,4±1,2 6,4 20 20 860 790

145

biopreparat ,,liles” sameurneo efeqturoba, %

diagrama 17

biopreparat ,,liles” ekonomikuri efeqturoba

diagrama 18

aRmoCnda, rom agriasa da dezires jiSebis SemTxvevaSi

,,liles” 2%-iani xsnariT damuSavebis dros, sameurneo

efeqturoba yvelaze maRalia. sxva Sedegi aRiniSna 3%-iani

,,lileTi” tuberebis damuSavebis dros, sadac ufro maRali

17,66

10,5

20,6

13,3

16,7

9,6

2021,2

10,8

22,5

13,3

17,7

10,4

20

0

5

10

15

20

25

marabeli pikaso agria sante kosmosi marfona dezire

,,lile"2% ,,lile"3%

8

11

9,2

7,28

4,4

8,69

10,2

9

5,7

7,9

4,6

7,9

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

მარაბელი პიკასო აგრია სანტე კოსმოსი მარფონა დეზირე

"ლილე" 2%–იანი ხსნარის ეკონომიკური ეფექტურობა (ლარი)

"ლილე" 3%–იანი ხსნარის ეკონომიკური ეფექტურობა (ლარი)

146

sameurneo efeqturoba agriasa da marabelis variantebSi

aRmoCnda.

rentabelobis norma, 2%-iani liles gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi

yvelaze maRalia pikasosa da agrias variantebSi da, Sesabamisad,

Seadgens 1100 da 920 %-s, rac imas niSnavs, rom daxarjuli erTi

ლარი gvaZlevs, Sesabamisad, 11 da 9,2 ლარ mogebas.

rentabelobis norma 3%-iani liles gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi

yvelaze ufro maRali aRmoCnda pikasos, marabelisa da agrias

jiSebSi da pikasos jiSis SemTxvevaSi Seadgina 1020 %, xolo

marabel-agrias variantebSi _ 905 %, rac imas niSnavs, rom

RonisZiebaze daxarjuli yoveli lari pikasos variantSi

gvaZlevs 10,2 lar, xolo marabelisa da agrias SemTxvevaSi _

9,05 ლარ ukugebas.

amrigad, biopreparati `liles~ gamoyeneba warmatebulad da

efeqturad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. preparatiT damuSavebuli

mcenareebi xasiaTdebian ara marto verticiliozisa da

fuzariozis gvaris fitopaTogenuri sokoebis mimarT maRali

gamZleobiT, aramed izrdeba maTi mosavlis raodenoba da

xarisxi. es ki biopreparat ,,liles” fitoimunizatorul Tvisebas

adasturebs.

aqedan gamomdinare, dReisaTvis, roca esoden aqtualuria

da prioritetuli Tema – SevinarCunoT ekologiurad sufTa

garemo da mosaxleobas mivawodoT usafrTxo produqti,

biopreparati `liles~ farTo danergva warmoebaSi friad

perspeqtiulia da aqtualuri.

147

6.3. niadagis mulCirebis gavlena kartofilis Wknobis daavadebis

gavrceleba-ganviTarebasa da mosavlis raodenobriv-xarisxobriv

maCveneblebze

kartofilis daavadebaTa Soris Tavisi mavneobiT gamoirCeva

WurWel-boWkovani Wknoba, romlis gamomwvevi paTogenuri

sokoebis miceliumi da gumismagvari nivTierebebi vrceldeba ra

WurWlovan sistemaSi, iwveven aRmavali denis Seferxebas,

sasicocxlo procesebis Senelebas. mwvavdeba wylis deficitiT

gamowveuli uaryofiTi Sedegebi, rac aisaxeba mcenareTa

fiziologiuri mdgomareobis gauaresebaSi, romelic xSirad,

mcenaris daRupviT mTavrdeba. minimumamde mcirdeba miRebuli

mosavlis raodenobriv-xarisxobrivi maCveneblebi.

niadagis zedapiris mulCireba kartofilis nargaobebSi

warmoadgens tenis SenarCunebis efeqtur saSualebas. faravs ra

niadagis gafxvierebul zedapirs, icavs mas datkepnisagan, xels

uSlis niadagidan tenis intensiur aorTqlebasa da icavs mas

gamoSrobisa da gadaxurebisagan. l. d. edelSteinis (1962)

monacemebiT niadagis mulCireba 6-70-iT amcirebs niadagis

zedapiris temperaturas, aqtiurdeba nitrifikaciis procesi, rac

xels uwyobs mcenareTa zrda-ganviTarebas. m. gogoliSvili (1961)

mulCirebis dadebiT Sedegebze miuTiTebs TviT yara-yumis

udabnos pirobebSic ki. sapirispiro monacemebi aqvs a. s.

nasredins (2000), Tjames E., Faridi A. (1980), Abd El., Kader M. M. (1983)-s,

romlebic miiCneven, rom niadagis mulCirebisas adgili aqvs

temperaturis awevas, rac damRupvelad moqmedebs mravali

daavadebis gamomwvev sokoebze, maT Soris Fusarium oxysporum F. sp.

Likopersici Sacc.-ze, Verticillium dahliae-s, Rhizoqtonia solani-sa da sxvaTa

cxovelmyofelobaze, Tumca isini mulCad polieTilens

148

iyenebdnen, rac uTuod gamoiwvevda temperaturis mkveTr matebas.

T. Broudbent-is (1987) mier dadgenilia, rom niadagis mulCirebisas

xdeba niadagis gasterileba, romlis drosac adgili aqvs mikro

da makro elementebis gamoTavisuflebas rTuli naerTebidan,

rac xels uwyobs mcenareTa zrda-ganviTarebas da, Sesabamisad,

mosavlis raodenobis matebas.

saqarTvelos pirobebSi, EWknobis gamomwvev paTogenTa

uaryofiTi zemoqmedeba mcenareze, zrda-ganviTarebis Seferxeba,

Wknoba da daRupva, gansakuTrebiT, TvalsaCinoa urwyav

nakveTebze, mSrali klimatiT gamorCeul samxreT da samxreT-

aRmosavleT regionebSi, agreTve, sxva regionTa urwyav

nakveTebze gvalvian pirobebSi.

zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, did mniSvnelobas eniWeba

iseT RonisZiebaTa SerCeva, romelic xels Seuwyobs tenis

SenarCunebas niadagSi, ganapirobeben nivTierebaTa normalur

cvlas mcenareul organizmSi da daicaven maT wylis deficitiT

gamowveuli mavne zemoqmedebisagan. aseT RonisZiebad gvesaxeba

kartofilis nargaobaTa niadagis zedapiris mulCireba _ TiviT

an namjiT. iseTi mcenareTa mulCiT, romlebic ar Seicaven

kartofilis daavadebaTa rezervatorebs, miT umetes, rom

aRniSnulia mulCad gamoyenebuli Tivis fitonciduri aqtivoba

kartofilis paTogenTa mimarT.

Tivis fitonciduri aqtivobis gansazRvra xdeboda Tivis

eqstraqtSi damzadebuli sporovan suspenziaze dakvirvebiT,

gaRivebuli sporebis raodenobisa da Rivis ganviTarebis

siZlieris mixedviT.

aseve, mulCad gamoyenebuli Tivis fitoncidur aqtivobaze

dakvirveba xdeboda misi gamonawuris vantigemis kameraSi

149

moTavsebiT (,,dakiduli wveTi”) da sporebis gaRivebis

intensivobaze dakvirvebiT.

Catarebulma kvlevebma gviCvena, mulCis eqstraqtis

zemoqmedeba soko Fusarium oxysporum-isa da Verticillium lateritium-is

sporebis gaRivebaze Senelebulia da ar aRemateba 70-75%-s, roca

sterilur wyalSi maTi gaRivebis intensivoba 98-100%-ia.

Cvens mier, kartofilis nakveTis mulCireba xdeboda I

Toxnis Semdeg. mulCad gamoyenebuli iyo Tiva, romelic

ZiriTadad velurad mozardi subalpuri marcvlovani

mcenareebisagan Sedgeboda da Segrovili iyo mTis saZovrebze

(suraTi 26).

suraTi 26. mulCirebuli kartofilis nargaoba.

mulCirebis Semdeg, sistematuri dakvirveba mimdinareobda

mcenareTa zrda-ganviTarebaze, maTze daavadebaTa pirvel

gamoCenasa da Semdgom ganviTarebaze (cxrili 32).

rogorc 32-e cxrilidan Cans, kartofilis nakveTis

mulCirebis Semdeg, mkveTrad aris Semcirebuli traqeomikozuri

Wknobis gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivoba, sakontrolo

variantTan SedarebiT. verticiliozuri da fuzariozuli

Wknobis mimarT SedarebiT gamZle aRmoCnda kolete, marfona da

brodiki, xolo SedarebiT mimRebiani _ palma da agria.

150

cxrili 32

mulCirebis gavlena, kartofilis miwiszeda vegetatiur

organoebSi, traqeomikozuri Wknobis gavrceleba-ganviTarebis

intensivobaze

#

kartofil

is

jiS

ebi

variant

ebi

daavadebaTa gavrceleba-

ganviTareba %-Si

fuzariozi verticiliozi

gavrc.

ganv.

gavrc.

ganv.

1. palma mulCir. 4 1,9 _ _

kontroli 6 3,2 2 2

2. karolina mulCir. 1 0,12 _ _

kontroli 1,5 0,8 _ _

3. karatopi mulCir. 1,0 0,02 1 0,02

kontroli 4,3 2,5 1 1

4. kolete mulCir. 0,3 0,01 _ _

kontroli 2 2 1 1

5. agria mulCir. 2,3 1,2 _ _

kontroli 5 3,1 2 2

6. brodiki mulCir. _ _ _ _

kontroli 2 2 _ _

7. marfona mulCir. _ _ _ _

kontroli _ _ _ _

mulCirebul niadagze ganviTarebuli mcenareebi kargi

ganviTarebiT xasiaTdebian.

kartofilis mosavlianobaze mulCis gavlenis dasadgenada

da RonisZiebis sameurneo efeqturobis Sesafaseblad, mosavlis

aRebis dros, Catarda aRebuli mosavlis biometriuli da

raodenobriv-xarisxobrivi analizi (cxrili 33 da diagrama 19).

151

cxrili 33

mulCirebis gavlena kartofilis sxvadasxva jiSis mosavlis

raodenobaze da RonisZiebis sameurneo efeqturoba

#

jiSi

erTi budnis saS.

mos., kg M±m

sxvaoba

d,t

saheqtro mosavali,

t M±𝒎

sxvaoba

d, t

sameu

rneo

efeqturoba, %

SeniS

vna

kontro

li

mulCireb

uli

kontro

li

mulCireb

uli

1 palma SE 1,05±0,1 1,3±0,003 0,35 44,0±1,4 51,9±2,1 7 15,9

kont

rolTan S

edar

ebiT

standar

tuli da

ufro msxvili tuber

ebis

rao

denoba 25-

30%-iT met

ia mulCireb

ulSi

2 karolina 1,23±0,08 1,42±0,02 0,2 49,2±3,0 56,6±0,51 7,4 15

3 karatopi 1,08±0,05 1,33±0,011 0,25 43,2±0,5 53,16±0,2 9,9 23

4 kolete 1,33±0,03 1,58±0,1 0,25 53,2±0,77 73,3±3,3 10,1 19

5 agria 0,63±0,05 0,79±0,007 0,16 25,2±0,5 31,5±0,5 6,3 25

6 brodiki 1,3±0,11 1,4±0,071 0,1 52,0±2,1 56,0±0,7 4 7,7

7 marfona 1,27±0,07 1,3±0,05 0,23 48,2±1,1 52,0±1,8 3,8 7,9

diagrama 19

Catarebuli eqsperimentiT dadgenilia mcenareTa

mulCirebis maRali sameurneo efeqti, misi dadebiTi zegavlena,

15,9 15

23

19

25

7,7 7,9

პალმა კაროლინა კარატოპი კოლეტე აგრია ბროდიკი მარფონა

მულჩირების ღონისძიების სამეურნეო

ეფექტურობა ,%

მულჩირების ღონისძიების სამეურნეო ეფექტურობა ,%

152

rogorc mosavlis biometriul maCveneblebze, ise mis

raodenobasa da xarisxze. tuberTa biolaqtikur

maxasiaTeblebze da saxameblis Semcvelobaze. sameurneo

efeqturobis procentuli maCveneblebi kartofilis jiSebze,

karatopsa da agriaze, Sesabamisad, 23-25 %-s aRwevda (cxrili

33 da diagrama 19). subalpuri TiviT mulCirebis dadebiTi

Sedegebi gapirobebuli unda iyos mulCis fitoncidur

zemoqmedebasTan erTad niadagis zedapirze sahaero kapilarebis,

misi struqturisa da tenis SenarCunebiT. am ukanasknels ki

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs tuberwarmoqmnisaTvis.

kartofilis mulCireba warmatebiT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes

saZovrebis pirobebSi, urwyav nakveTebze, sadac mesaqonle

fermerebi intensiurad awarmoeben kartofils.

nakveTTa mikroklimatis mixedviT kartofilis jiSebis

daavadebaTa gavrceleba cvalebadobs. TvalsaCino sxvaoba

SeiniSneba kartofilis umTavresi daavadebis _ fitoftorozis

gavrcelebaSi, wlebis da mikroklimaturi ubnebis mixedviT,

rasac ganapirobebs amindis elementebis sxvadasxvaoba mocemul

zonebSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom municipalitetis erTsa da imave

soflebSi Wknobisa da fitoftorozis gavrceleba-ganviTarebis

intensivoba gansxvavebulia. fitoftorozi intensiurad

viTardeba tafobebsa da daCrdilul adgilebSi. WurWel-

boWkovani Wknobisadmi midrekili mcenareebi ki unda ganvaTavsoT

iseT adgilebSi, sadac sokos ganviTarebis intensivoba naklebia.

amrigad, TiviT mulCireba uaryofiTad moqmedebs sokos

ganviTarebaze da zrdis mosavals. es ki gvaZlevs imis

safuZvels, TiviT mulCireba miviCnioT traqeomikozuri Wknobis

winaaRmdeg brZolis erT-erT ekologiurad usafrTxo meTodad.

153

daskvnebi

amrigad, Cvens mier Catarebuli eqsperimentebidan SegviZlia

davaskvnaT, rom:

1. kartofilis traqeomikozuri Wknoba gavrcelebulia

samcxe-javaxeTis regionis yvela municipalitetSi;

2. kartofilis traqeomikozuri Wknoba gamowveulia,

ZiriTadad, soko Fusarium oxysporum Schl. da soko

Verticillium lateritium Berk. romlebic xasiaTdebian

Sexvedrianobis sixSiriTa da didi mavneobiT;

3. aRniSnuli sokoebis sainkubacio periodi sakmaod

moklea. daavadeba swrafad vrceldeba, rasac mcenareTa

swrafi Wknoba mosdevs;

4. mcenareTa xelovnuri dasenianebis Sedegad, daavadeba

ufro swrafad vrceldeba mcenareTa dazianebul

qsovilebSi inokulumis SetaniT, vidre dazianebul

qsovilebze sporovani suspenziis Sesxurebis dros da,

kidev ufro, naklebad _ dauzianebel qsovilebze

sporovani suspenziis Sesxurebis SemTxvevaSi;

5. soko Fusariu oxysporum Schl. zrdasa da misi sporebis

gaRivebisaTvis minimaluri temperaturaa 80C,

optimaluri _ 20-300C, xolo maqsimaluri _ 340C. soko

Verticillium lateritium Berk. viTardeba temperaturis farTo

diapazonSi, 8-320C-is farglebSi, misi ganviTarebisaTvis

optimaluri temperaturaa 24-250C, qveda zRvari _ 80C-

ia, xolo zeda zRvari 320C-s aRwevs;

6. soko F. oxysporum kargad viTardeba yvela fardobiTi

tenianobis pirobebSi, magram saukeTeso tenian garemos

misi ganviTarebisaTvis haeris 80%-iani tenianoba

154

warmoadgens. soko V. lateritium-is ganviTarebasa da uxvi

nayofianobis warmoqmnisaTvis saWiroa haeris maRali

fardobiTi tenianoba.

7. soko F. oxysporum-isaTvis saukeTeso naxSirbadovan

wyaros warmoadgens laqtoza da maltoza. soko

Verticillium lateritium-isaTvis saukeTeso naxSirbadovan

wyarod iTvleba saxamebeli da saqaroza. sokoebis

unari, sxvadasxva naxSirbadovani wyaros Semcveli

sakvebi aredan SeiTvisos naxSirbadi, maT maRal

fermentatiul aqtivobaze miuTiTebs;

8. saukeTeso azotovani wyaros soko Fusarium oxysporum Schl.

zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis asparaginisa da Sardovanas

Semcveli sakvebi areebi warmoadgenen. xolo, saukeTeso

azotovani wyarod soko Verticillium lateritium Berk. zrda-

ganviTarebisaTvis NANO3 SeiZleba CaiTvalos. sokos

aqtiuri zrda-ganviTareba aRiniSna, agreTve,

asparaginis Semcvel sakveb areze;

9. soko F. oxysporum-isa da V. lateritium-isaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia sakvebi aris pH-is farTo

diapazonze ganviTareba. soko F. oxysporum saukeTeso

ganviTareba sust mJave areze pH = 5,3 moxda, yvelaze

susti ganviTareba aRiniSna Zlier tutu areze pH – 9_is

pirobebSi. V. lateritium miceliumis yvelaze ukeTesi

ganviTareba aRiniSna neitralur da odnav tute sakvebi

aris pirobebSi pH _ 6,8-8,2, xolo susti ganviTareba _

pH _ 2,1; 11,4; 12-is dros;

10. soko F. oxysporum-i da soko Verticillium lateritium-i kargad

viTardeba yvela, Cvens mier, gamocdil sakveb areze.

155

mxolod, SeiniSneba maTi zegavlena morfologiur

Taviseburebebze. orive sokos zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis

saukeTeso wyaros warmoadgens kartofilis

glukoziani agarizirebuli naxarSi. soko Verticillium

lateritium-isaTvis, qlamidosporebis didi raodenobiT

ganviTarebas adgili aqvs Rarib sakveb areebze _

uglukozo kartofilze;

11. orive soko _ V. lateritium-i da F. oxysporum-i

nivTierebaTa cvlis procesSi gamoyofen toqsikur

nivTierebebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom kulturaluri

filtratis toqsikuroba duRilis Semdegac ar

mcirdeba, rac sokoebis mier gamoyofili toqsinebis

Termostabilurobaze miuTiTebs. maTgan soko F.

oxysporum-i meti toqsikurobiT xasiaTdeba, vidre V.

lateritium-i. orive soko celulozolituri fermentebis

aqtiurobiT xasiaTdeba. ufro meti fermentuli

aqtiurobiT ki soko V. lateritium-i gamoirCeva;

12. SedarebiT gamZle jiSebSi ufro maRalia Jangva-

aRdgeniT procesebSi monawile fermentebis (katalaza,

peroqsidaza) aqtivoba, mimRebianTan SedarebiT.

daavadebis Sedegad, katalazas aqtivobis Semcireba

xdeba, xolo peroqsidaza metad izrdeba. amasTanave,

gamZle jiSebSi vitamin ,,C”-s Semcveloba ufro

maRalia. fermentebis aqtivoba, vitamin ,,C”-s maRali

maCvenebeli da maTi umniSvnelo da mniSvnelovani

cvalebadoba daavadebis Semdeg, SesaZlebelia,

gamZleobis erT-erT maCveneblad miviCnioT. Cvens mier

156

gamovlenilia SedarebiT gamZle jiSi _ pikaso da

metad mimRebini jiSi _ agria;

13. 2 da 3%-ian fitoimunizator biopreparat ,,lileTi”

damuSavebuli mcenareebi xasiaTdebian kargi zrda-

ganviTarebiT, qlorofilis maRali SemcvelobiT da

msxvili amonayariT. foTlebis saasimilacio zedapiri

gazrdilia, mcenareTa fiziologiuri funqciebi

gaZlierebuli;

14. dadgenilia mcenareTa mulCirebis dadebiTi zegavlena,

rogorc mosavlis biometriul maCveneblebze, ise mis

raodenobasa da xarisxze. tuberTa biolaqtikur

maxasiaTeblebze da saxameblis Semcvelobaze.

mulCirebis Sedegad gazrdilia yoveli budnis

mosavlis saerTo raodenoba, sakontrolosTan

SedarebiT;

15. dadginda, rom mulCirebis dadebiTi roli

ganpirobebulia mulCis fitonciduri aqtivobiT.

amrigad, rogorc Catarebulma eqsperimentebma gviCvena,

kartofilis Wknobis gavrceleba-ganviTarebis intensivoba

SesaZlebelia minimumamde daviyvanoT brZolis RonisZiebaTa

sistemaSi yvela niuansis gaTvaliswinebiT.

brZolis sistemaSi, sadac prognozul vadebSi qimiuri

brZolis saSualebebTan erTad gamoyenebuli iqneba

agroteqnikuri RonisZiebebi, gamZle da mimRebiani jiSebis

nakveTebze swori ganlageba da gamZleobis gazrdis

ekologiurad usafrTxo saSualebebis gamoyeneba mtkice

garantia mavne organizmTa mier gamowveuli mosavlis

danakargebis minimumamde Semcirebisa.

157

kartofilis jiSebis jiSobrivi siwmindis dacviT

ganTavseba Sesabamis mikroklimatur zonebSi, sadac igi

gamoavlens jiSis potenciuri SesaZleblobis maqsimums,

saSualebas mogvcems pesticidebiT diferencirebuli

wamlobebisas da, Sesabamisad, maTi jeradobis, pesticidebis

xarjvis normebisa da SromiTi danaxarjebis Semcirebisas, rac

sagrZnoblad gaaumjobesebs adamianisaTvis saarsebo garemos da

moxsnis mraval yofiT problemas.

rekomendaciebi

Cvens mier Catarebuli laboratoriuli da sameurneo

cdebis safuZvelze dadgenilia, rom kartofilis Wknobis

gamomwvevi organizmebi niadagis sokoebia da cxovroben

niadagSi, mcenareul anarCenebSi da sargav masalaSi _ faruli

infeqciis saxiT. amitom, am daavadebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi,

uwinares yovlisa, yuradReba unda mieqces nakveTis fito-

sanitarul mdgomareobas, Teslbrunvasa da kulturaTa

morigeobas, agroteqnikis dones, sargavad gamiznuli nakveTisa

da saRi sargavi masalis SerCevas; maT gadarCeva-gaSrobasa da

Senaxvis win damuSavebas saTanado pesticidebiT. jiSTa

ganTavsebas maTi Wknobisadmi gamZleobis xarisxisa da SerCeuli

nakveTis mikroklimaturi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

zemoTaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, kartofilis Wknobisa da

sxva daavadebaTa winaaRmdeg brZola unda moicavdes Semdeg

aspeqtebs:

sargavi masala unda iyos im nakveTidan, sadac Wknoba

da sxva daavadebaTa gavrceleba minimaluria;

158

sargavad unda SeirCes meqanikurad dauzianebeli saRi

tuberebi da mindvridan gamotanamde kargad gamoSres

mzeze;

Senaxvis win sargavi masala unda damuSavdes ,,maqsimis”

0,5%-iani xsnariT 1 kg/ha-ze da moTavsdes kiris

wyalxsnariT SeTeTrebul sacavebSi;

Senaxvis periodSi aucilebelia temperaturuli

reJimis dacva (4_70 pirobebi), sacavebis drodadro

ganiaveba, saventilacio sistemis mowesrigeba;

Tesvis win, 2 kviriT adre, sargavi masala unda

gadairCes da moTavsdes 14-180-is pirobebSi, faruli

infeqciebis gamovlineba-gamorCevisa da aRmocenebis

vadebis daCqarebis mizniT;

saTesle masala Tesvamde unda moTavsdes mzis

sinaTleze, raTa moxdes nivTiereba solaninis

warmoqmna, rac ganapirobebs tuberTa mdgradobas

daavadebaTa mimarT;

SerCeuli saRi masala unda damuSavdes ,,prestiJis”

0,5%-iani xsnariT, iq sadac kolorados xoWos

gavrcelebis kerebia an fungicid ,,moncereniT” (0,4-

0,5%), xolo, uSualod, Tesvis win _ ,,liles” 2-3%-iani

xsnariT, 20-30 wuTis eqspoziciiT;

pirveli Toxnis Catarebis Semdeg, mcenareebi unda

Seiwamlos 0,5%-iani ,,ridomil-goldi mc-s” sistemur-

kontaqturi fungicidiT; Semdegi wamloba unda

Catardes dakokrebis fazaSi kontaqturi fungicidiT,

,,spilenZis qlorJangis” 0,5%-iani xsnariT an sxva

romelime daSvebuli kontaqturi fungicidiT.

159

uSualod, Wknobis gamovlinebisas, sasurvelia

mcenareTa fesvgareSe gamokveba ,,liles” 2-3 %-iani

xsnariT.

Wknobisadmi mgrZnobiare jiSebi umjobesia, ganTavsdes

tenian adgilebSi; Tavi unda avaridoT urwyavebSi maT

Tesvas.

saTib-saZovrebSi karg Sedegs iZleva mcenareTa

mulCireba TiviT. subalpur mcenareTa fitonciduri

zemoqmedeba mniSvnelovnad amcirebs paTogenuri

organizmebis ganviTarebas. mulCi xels uwyobs

niadagis struqturisa da tenis SenarCunebas, zrdis

mosavlis raodenobriv-xarisxobriv maCveneblebs.

160

citirebuli literatura

1. al-saad nasredini, 2000w. mulCirebis da Teslis Sesawamli

preparatebis gavlena pomidoris daavadebebis mimarT qvemo

qarTlis dablobze. avt. r. sof. m. kandidatis xarisxis

mosapoveblad, 25 gv.

2. gvaramaZe T. 2002w. - kartofilis ZiriTad daavadebaTa

ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi mesxeTis regionSi da maT

winaaRmdeg brZolis RonisZiebaTa kompleqsi. avtoreferati

s. m. m. kand. samec. xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tb., 30 gv.

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laqianobis gamomwvevi sokoebi afxazeTSi da maT winaaRmdeg

brZolis RonisZiebebi. avtoref. boil. mecn. kand. xarisxis

mosapoveblad. Tb. 22 gv.

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5. kotetiSvili z. g. 1985w. zogierTi baRCeuli kulturis

rizosferos mikoflora saqarTveloSi. avtoreferati.

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kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tb. 18 gv.

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saqarTvloSi. mcenareTa dacvis problemebi, Tb. t. XXXVI,

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Sromebi, Tb. gv. 166-173.

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mosavlianobis gazrda aprobirebuli teqnologiebis

gamoyenebiT. meToduri miTiTeba garemos dacvisa da

ekologiis kavSiri `cisTvala~. Tb. 31 gv.

11. rexviaSvili l., CaCxiani n. 2006w. kartofilis umTavres

daavadebaTa mimarT gamZleoba da gamZleobis zogierTi

maCvenebeli.

12. rexviaSvili l. 2007 w. kartofilis Wknobis gamomwvevi soko

Verticilium lateritum Berk.-is moqmedebis meqanizmis

SeswavlisaTvis. saq. s.m. mecn. akad. moambe, Tb. t. 19. gv. 106-

109.

13. rexviaSvili l. 2008w. kartofilis Wknobis SeswavlisaTvis

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http://www.syngeta.ru/

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http://www.gofoto.ru/

http://www.mts.agto.com/

http://www.gloxinia.net/

http://www.iplants.ru/

http://www.gov.mb.ca/

http://www.mobot.org/

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