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MSc Sustainable Energy Technologies
and Part IV MEng
SESM6018
AUTOMOTIVE PROPULSION
Prof. K.H. Luo and Dr. S.M. SharkhSchool of Engineering SciencesUniversity of Southampton
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AIMS
1. To teach principles of operation of internal
combustion engines
2. To introduce fundamentals of chemical kinetics
and turbulent combustion
3. To describe environmental impact of internal
combustion engines and emission control
4. To introduce series and parallel hybrid electric
vehicle concepts with emphasis on electric motor
drive design
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Part ICombustion and I.C. Engines (Prof Luo)
Part IIHybrid Electric Propulsion (Dr Sharkh)
Prof Kai Luo Office: 25/1055
Extension: 27202
Email:[email protected]
Dr Suleiman Sharkh Office: 26/2017
Extension: 23397
Email:[email protected]
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Part ICombustion and I.C. Engines
Prof Kai Luo
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Top Ten Achievements of
Mechanical Engineering in 20th Century
(Source: ASME 2000) The automobile
The Apollo Programme
Power generation
Agricultural mechanization
The aeroplane
Integrated circuit mass production
Air-conditioning and refrigeration
Computer-aided engineering (CAE)
Bioengineering
Codes and standards
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Why study automotive propulsion?
Transport is vital to modern economy and human mobilityand comfort
Transport is an important part of oursustainable future
Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) are a marvel of
engineering that offers superiorperformance, reliability,cost and fuel flexibility compared with alternative enginetechnologies
Combustionthe energy conversion process in ICEs,which is the underpinning science and technology for over
90% of energy conversion in the world
Road vehicles are majoroil consumers and sources ofpollutant and CO2 emissions
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Early History of Engines for Road Vehicles1769,first self-propelled road vehicle built by French engineer, NicolasJoseph Cugnot (1725 - 1804), powered by a steam engine;
1807, Francois Isaac de Rivaz of Switzerland invented the first internalcombustion engine powered car burning a mixture of hydrogen and oxygenas fuel (gas engines);
1832-1839, first electric carriage built by Scottish engineer, Robert
Anderson.
1864, first gasoline-powered internal combustion engines built by Austrianengineer, Siegfried Marcus.
1876, first practical four-stroke internal combustion engine built by German
engineer, Nicolaus August Otto
1885, first prototype ofmodern internal combustion engines built byGerman engineers, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach.
1896, Southampton graduate Frederick William Lanchester built the first allBritish automobile.
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Cugnot Self-Propelled VehiclesReciprocating Steam Engine
Military tractor to haul artillery
Large steam boiler at front, 2 pistons
~ 2.5 mph, stopped every 10-12 mins to build up steam pressure
In 1771, modified to accommodate four passengers
Responsible for the first automobile accidentwhen it crashed into a garden wall
1771
1769
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Some History of Internal Combustion EnginesOtto-Langen engine patent
and engine (1867)
Diesel engine patent (1893)
Fuel is introduced at base andburns
The piston in the column is
driven up due to the pressure
Once the piston is in freefall a
racket engages which spins the
flywheel
Rudolf Diesel introduced the first diesel
engine in 1893
The slow-combustion engine
compresses air to raise its temperature
above the igniting point of the fuel
Fuel was gradually introduced and
vapourisation takes place due to heat
The fuel supply is stopped,expansion
occurs driving the piston down
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Some History of Internal Combustion Engines
Lenoir (1863)Hydrogen gas
fuelled one
cylinder, ~2 mph
Daimler (1886)First four wheeled
motor carriage
Stagecoach
adapted with a
prototype of the
modern gasengine, top speed
~11mph
Maybach (1929):Four stroke, 12 cylinder sparkignition engine; top speed ~ 93 mph
Benz (1885)
MotorwagenFour stroke engine,
two roller chains to
the rear axel. Top
speed ~10mph
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Frederick William Lanchester
18681946An automobile and aeronautics pioneer
1891 - graduated from Southampton University(Hartley University College)
1896 - Built the first British automobile
1897 - Published The soaring of flight of birdsand the possibilities of mechanical flight
1907 - Published two-volume work AerialFlight, laying foundation for Aerodynamics
1916 - Published Aircraft in warfare: the dawn ofthe fourth arm, laying the foundation forOperational Research
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Four Stroke Engine (Otto Cycle)
Mercedes Petrol Engine12
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Some Milestones
of Modern Road Transport
1908: the first Ford Model T sold
1913: mass production of Ford cars began
By 1960 global car population exceeded 100 million
In 2005, there were about 776 million road vehicles worldwide
By 2050, there will be 3,300 million road vehicles worldwide, byprojection
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Licensed Motor Vehicles in the UK:
1950 - 2008
Source: DfT14
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Global Vehicle Sales
*China accounts for 25% of the worlds vehicle sales (20% of cars only)
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Projection of Road Vehicle Number and Density
(Source: BP Energy Outlook 2030)
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Peak (Conventional) Oil Day
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Price
DemandProduction capacity
Alternative energy
Ultimately recoverable reserves
Investment
New discoveries
Production technologies
Efficiency of use
Government policies
In the New Policies Scenarios, oil production does not peak before 2035and the peak would not be caused by resource constraint
(Source: IEA, WEO2010)
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Fuel Economy Projection
19IEA, WEO2010
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Non-Combustion Propulsion
Battery electric vehicles (BEVs)
Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs)
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)
Solar powered vehicles (SPVs)
Others?
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Vehicle On-Board Storage Density
Source: Lotus Engineering, 200823
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Comparison of Weight Requirements (in Kg)
for a Driving Range of 300 Miles
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Future Transport
27IEA, WEO2010
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The Future of I. C. Engines
Improvement in fuel economy and carbon
reduction
Production and utlization of alternativefuels
Development of ultra low emission vehicles
Policy and regulations
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Assessment
Examination 80%
Coursework 20%
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Reference Books on Combustion
and Hybrid Electric Engines
1. JB Heywood,Internal Combustion Engine
Fundamentals, McGraw Hill.
2. R Stone,Introduction to Internal CombustionEngines, MacMillan.
3. BE Milton, Thermodynamics, Combustion and
Engines, Chapman & Hall.
4. M Westbrook, The electric car, IEE.5. J Larminie & J Lowry, Electric Vehicle
Technology Explained, Wiley.
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Reference Books on Combustion
1. F.A. Williams, Combustion Theory,
Addison Wesley, 1985
2. K.K. Kuo,Principles of Combustion,John Wiley & Sons, 2005
3. I. Glassman, Combustion, Academic
Press, 1996
4. N. Peters, Turbulent Combustion,Cambridge University Press, 2000
5. C.K. Law, Combustion Physics,
Cambridge University Press, 200731
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