Autoprop Lectures01 Handout

7/28/2019 Autoprop Lectures01 Handout

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MSc Sustainable Energy Technologies

and Part IV MEng

SESM6018

AUTOMOTIVE PROPULSION

Prof. K.H. Luo and Dr. S.M. SharkhSchool of Engineering SciencesUniversity of Southampton

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AIMS

1. To teach principles of operation of internal

combustion engines

2. To introduce fundamentals of chemical kinetics

and turbulent combustion

3. To describe environmental impact of internal

combustion engines and emission control

4. To introduce series and parallel hybrid electric

vehicle concepts with emphasis on electric motor

drive design

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Part ICombustion and I.C. Engines (Prof Luo)

Part IIHybrid Electric Propulsion (Dr Sharkh)

Prof Kai Luo Office: 25/1055

Extension: 27202

Email:[email protected]

Dr Suleiman Sharkh Office: 26/2017

Extension: 23397

Email:[email protected]

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Part ICombustion and I.C. Engines

Prof Kai Luo

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Top Ten Achievements of

Mechanical Engineering in 20th Century

(Source: ASME 2000) The automobile

The Apollo Programme

Power generation

Agricultural mechanization

The aeroplane

Integrated circuit mass production

Air-conditioning and refrigeration

Computer-aided engineering (CAE)

Bioengineering

Codes and standards

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Why study automotive propulsion?

Transport is vital to modern economy and human mobilityand comfort

Transport is an important part of oursustainable future

Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) are a marvel of

engineering that offers superiorperformance, reliability,cost and fuel flexibility compared with alternative enginetechnologies

Combustionthe energy conversion process in ICEs,which is the underpinning science and technology for over

90% of energy conversion in the world

Road vehicles are majoroil consumers and sources ofpollutant and CO2 emissions

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Early History of Engines for Road Vehicles1769,first self-propelled road vehicle built by French engineer, NicolasJoseph Cugnot (1725 - 1804), powered by a steam engine;

1807, Francois Isaac de Rivaz of Switzerland invented the first internalcombustion engine powered car burning a mixture of hydrogen and oxygenas fuel (gas engines);

1832-1839, first electric carriage built by Scottish engineer, Robert

Anderson.

1864, first gasoline-powered internal combustion engines built by Austrianengineer, Siegfried Marcus.

1876, first practical four-stroke internal combustion engine built by German

engineer, Nicolaus August Otto

1885, first prototype ofmodern internal combustion engines built byGerman engineers, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach.

1896, Southampton graduate Frederick William Lanchester built the first allBritish automobile.

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http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blenginehistory.htmhttp://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blenginehistory.htm


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Cugnot Self-Propelled VehiclesReciprocating Steam Engine

Military tractor to haul artillery

Large steam boiler at front, 2 pistons

~ 2.5 mph, stopped every 10-12 mins to build up steam pressure

In 1771, modified to accommodate four passengers

Responsible for the first automobile accidentwhen it crashed into a garden wall

1771

1769

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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Nicholas-Cugnots-Dampfwagen.png


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Some History of Internal Combustion EnginesOtto-Langen engine patent

and engine (1867)

Diesel engine patent (1893)

Fuel is introduced at base andburns

The piston in the column is

driven up due to the pressure

Once the piston is in freefall a

racket engages which spins the

flywheel

Rudolf Diesel introduced the first diesel

engine in 1893

The slow-combustion engine

compresses air to raise its temperature

above the igniting point of the fuel

Fuel was gradually introduced and

vapourisation takes place due to heat

The fuel supply is stopped,expansion

occurs driving the piston down

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Some History of Internal Combustion Engines

Lenoir (1863)Hydrogen gas

fuelled one

cylinder, ~2 mph

Daimler (1886)First four wheeled

motor carriage

Stagecoach

adapted with a

prototype of the

modern gasengine, top speed

~11mph

Maybach (1929):Four stroke, 12 cylinder sparkignition engine; top speed ~ 93 mph

Benz (1885)

MotorwagenFour stroke engine,

two roller chains to

the rear axel. Top

speed ~10mph

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Frederick William Lanchester

18681946An automobile and aeronautics pioneer

1891 - graduated from Southampton University(Hartley University College)

1896 - Built the first British automobile

1897 - Published The soaring of flight of birdsand the possibilities of mechanical flight

1907 - Published two-volume work AerialFlight, laying foundation for Aerodynamics

1916 - Published Aircraft in warfare: the dawn ofthe fourth arm, laying the foundation forOperational Research

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1931_-_Frederick_Lanchester.jpg


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Four Stroke Engine (Otto Cycle)

Mercedes Petrol Engine12


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Some Milestones

of Modern Road Transport

1908: the first Ford Model T sold

1913: mass production of Ford cars began

By 1960 global car population exceeded 100 million

In 2005, there were about 776 million road vehicles worldwide

By 2050, there will be 3,300 million road vehicles worldwide, byprojection

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Licensed Motor Vehicles in the UK:

1950 - 2008

Source: DfT14


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Global Vehicle Sales

*China accounts for 25% of the worlds vehicle sales (20% of cars only)


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Projection of Road Vehicle Number and Density

(Source: BP Energy Outlook 2030)

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Peak (Conventional) Oil Day

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Price

DemandProduction capacity

Alternative energy

Ultimately recoverable reserves

Investment

New discoveries

Production technologies

Efficiency of use

Government policies

In the New Policies Scenarios, oil production does not peak before 2035and the peak would not be caused by resource constraint

(Source: IEA, WEO2010)


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Fuel Economy Projection

19IEA, WEO2010


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Non-Combustion Propulsion

Battery electric vehicles (BEVs)

Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs)

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)

Solar powered vehicles (SPVs)

Others?

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Vehicle On-Board Storage Density

Source: Lotus Engineering, 200823


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Comparison of Weight Requirements (in Kg)

for a Driving Range of 300 Miles

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Future Transport

27IEA, WEO2010


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The Future of I. C. Engines

Improvement in fuel economy and carbon

reduction

Production and utlization of alternativefuels

Development of ultra low emission vehicles

Policy and regulations

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Assessment

Examination 80%

Coursework 20%

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Reference Books on Combustion

and Hybrid Electric Engines

1. JB Heywood,Internal Combustion Engine

Fundamentals, McGraw Hill.

2. R Stone,Introduction to Internal CombustionEngines, MacMillan.

3. BE Milton, Thermodynamics, Combustion and

Engines, Chapman & Hall.

4. M Westbrook, The electric car, IEE.5. J Larminie & J Lowry, Electric Vehicle

Technology Explained, Wiley.

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Reference Books on Combustion

1. F.A. Williams, Combustion Theory,

Addison Wesley, 1985

2. K.K. Kuo,Principles of Combustion,John Wiley & Sons, 2005

3. I. Glassman, Combustion, Academic

Press, 1996

4. N. Peters, Turbulent Combustion,Cambridge University Press, 2000

5. C.K. Law, Combustion Physics,

Cambridge University Press, 200731

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