Budget Theory Presentation

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Budget Theory

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Two Questions

1. Why Do We Budget and Forecast?

1. Budget and Forecast Timeline

2. How Do We Budget and Forecast?

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Why Do We Budget and Forecast?

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Why Budget and Forecast?

Budgets and Forecasts

A budget is a formal expression of the plans for the operation for a specific period. This agreed upon plan is then frozen.

A forecast is a projection of activity based upon the latest information.

A budget or forecast is your best estimate of the department’s financial results for a fiscal year.

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Budgets and Forecasts

Measure actuals and forecasts against the budget throughout the planning process.

Analyze anticipated versus actual results.

Predict future performance and anticipate changes.

Assist in monitoring control of current performance.

Provide early warning of deviations from plans.

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Internal financial control by department

Impacts decisions at higher levels of the UniversityReporting responsibility to University management

Deans, VPs, President, Provost

Reporting responsibility to Board of TrusteesThree meetings per year plus executive sessions

Reporting responsibility to bond holders

Importance of good budgets and good forecasts.

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Budget and Forecast Timeline

Late August – Guidelines sent to campus for the fall financial review

Late October – Formal financial review with the Provost and CFO of the current year forecast and the proposed

budget for the next three years

Mid November – Review of projections with university management

Late November – Revised guidelines sent to campus for the winter financial review

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Budget and Forecast TimelineMid January - Formal financial review with the Provost and

CFO of the current year forecast and the proposed budget for the next three years

Mid February – Review of projections with university management and the Board of Trustees

Mid February – Revised guidelines sent to campus for the final changes to budgets that will go the Board of Trustees in May

Mid May – Board of Trustees review and approval of next fiscal year budget

End of June – Budgets finalized in Oracle

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Budget and Forecast Timeline

Financial Review

Review financial positionOperating budget surplus / deficitResearch updateFuture commitmentsCapital project requestsDeficit reviewOther issues

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How Do We Budget and Forecast?

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How to Budget and ForecastInformation Needed to Start Your Budget or Forecast

Input is required from many sourcesDepartment managementKey personnel in the department (PIs, systems

support, faculty that control significant funding from any source including discretionary funds, etc.)

Financial assumptions from university management (salary pool, benefits rates, sponsored projects F&A rates, tuition growth, etc.)

Most Important -- Your knowledge of your organization and business, including its current

financial status

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How to Budget and ForecastInformation Needed to Start Your Budget or Forecast

Financial ReportsOperating StatementFunding Source DetailFinancial Review Reports

Allocation LetterSalary InformationPlanning AssumptionsApplication Desktop Integrator (ADI)Budget Development Integrator (BDI)

Most Important -- Your knowledge of your organization and business, including its current

financial status

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How to Budget and Forecast

First Steps Depend Upon Your Organization

What is the largest part of your budget?By funding type?By expense type?

Does one portion of your budget depend upon another portion of the budget?

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Review of Operating Statement and Funding Source Detail Statement

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General Operating Funding Sources

Represents your department’s operating budget --university allocation, summer programming, executive education, INI masters program, Heinz, GSIA, unrestricted contributions

Allocation BudgetBase Allocation - Funding Source 000002 - Revenue code 71100One-Time Allocation - Funding Source 000003 - Revenue code

71200

In many cases, salaries and benefits are the largest part of the budget.

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General Operating Funding Sources

Allocation Budget continued

Can segregate revenues, expenses, and transfers by activity codes for analysis purposes.

First budget the monthly expense and transfer portion of the budget as these will be incurred, ensuring that the total equals the allocation, then match allocation revenue monthly to net to zero.

The actual allocation revenue each month will equal the budget.

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General Operating Funding SourcesGeneral Unrestricted - Funding Source 000001 (GL) or 000005 (GM)

Note: Very few organizations on campus use funding source 000005

Budget revenues and expenses monthly as they will be incurred.Budget transfers to / from the operating reserve as needed.

Allocations revenue can be budgeted / forecasted as follows:One Time Allocation Revenue DIVISION – revenue object

code 71210 – revenue allocated to the department by the division.

Central Allocation Adjustments – Revenue code 71250 (Used for current year forecasts only for central funding approved during the current fiscal year)

NOTE: When forecasting general operating, you may use only one funding source. Be sure not to double count budget and forecast dollars.

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General Operating Funding SourcesOther Issues to Consider

Tuition that is split between colleges or departments – use the IC tuition object codes to record the tuition transfer in both

units (65100 for IC UG tuition transfer, 61502 IC graduate tuition transfer)

Financial aid can be paid by the university (financial aid) or paid by the students from their university wages (graduate student wages). The first is a reduction in revenue, the second is an expense. Split financial aid between undergraduate

(75100) and graduate (75102).

Budget tuition revenue and financial aid as they will be incurred, including an estimate of the quarterly deferral for revenue recognition.

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General Institutional Funding Source

Represents general university expenses --Insurance, legal expenses, general banking fees, external audit services, commencement , diplomas, etc.

Allocation Budget Base Allocation - Funding Source 000004 - Revenue code 71100Budget expenses monthly as they will be incurred.Budget allocation revenue monthly to net budget to zero.

Other General Institutional - Funding Source 000004 Budget revenues, expenses, and transfers monthly as they will be incurred.

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Designated Operating Funding Sources

Operating Reserve - Funding Source 060000Budget transfers to / from other funding sources as they will be incurred. Ensure that transfers match.

Cost Sharing - Funding Source 063000Any costs incurred and funded by the university that can be directly attributable as support to an existing sponsored project.

Expenses are budgeted in grants by project, task and cost sharing award.Transfers to fund cost sharing and expenses are budgeted in summary in the GL.The university funds Facilities & Administration expense in cost sharing. Either the department or the university can fund the direct cost sharing expense per agreement.

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Designated Operating Funding Sources

Other Designated Operating Funding Sources

Faculty Discretionary Funds - Funding Source 061000Internally Funded Projects - Funding Source 062000Faculty Development Grants - Funding Source 064000SURG - Funding Source 065000Affiliate Programs - Funding Sources 066000-069999Technology Transfer - Funding Sources 800000-809999

Royalties are transferred to the departments and colleges.

Do not budget beginning net assets. These are generated yearly by the University based on prior year ending net asset actuals.

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Sponsored Projects Funding Sources

Federal Sponsors - Funding Sources 071000 - 075000Army, Air Force, Navy, Department of Energy

Non-Federal Sponsors - Funding Sources 081000 - 083020Industry, State Government, Affiliate Sponsors

Future Funding - Funding Source 089000

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Sponsored projects are budgeted in detail in the Grants Management module of Oracle.

Award identifies the type of funding or revenue source.

Project and task define the work to be done -- budget expenses as they will be incurred.

Salary budgeting and balancing is important.

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Sponsored projects then need to be summarized and budgeted in GL by funding source. Revenues, expenses, and transfers should be budgeted as they will be incurred. Do not budget beginning net assets. These are generated yearly by the University based on prior year ending net asset actuals.

Issues to be consideredUse of Budget Management Spreadsheet (BMS) for

actuals, budgets, GL funding sources, etc.Budgeting / forecasting in future funding

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Other Issues to Consider

Status of current contracts in handStatus of open proposalsDepartment trends in win / loss on proposalsHistorical sponsored projects trends for the departmentCurrent information of the status of the funding from

your major sponsorsTiming of revenue recognition (revenue, transfers)Required cost sharing and funding

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Auxiliary Funding Source

Auxiliary - Funding Source 050000

Auxiliaries include operations such as Dining, Housing, Parking, Printing, Retail, Telecom

Identified as a unique entity in Oracle to allow it to be analyzed as a stand-alone business -- operating statement, balance sheet, cash flow.

Auxiliaries are expected to cover all of their costs, so university overhead is charged to each auxiliary.

Revenues are based on business generated by the auxiliary.

Expenses will often be directly related to revenues.

Many auxiliaries carry inventories.

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Auxiliary Funding SourceBudget revenues, expenses, and transfers monthly as they will be incurred.


Capital is charged to the balance sheet, not the operating budget

Depreciation expense is charged to all auxiliaries. Consider items that will become fully depreciated during the planning cycle, as well as new capital that will need to be depreciated.

For internal loans, interest is expensed; principal payments are charged to the balance sheet.

Any surplus or deficit falls to the bottom line (net assets) and is carried forward to the next fiscal year.

Business is evaluated on cash flow.

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Recharge Center Funding Source

Recharge Centers - Funding Source 055000

Charge services to other parts of the campus.

Budget revenues, expenses, and transfers monthly as they will be incurred.


Any surplus or deficit falls to the bottom line (net assets) and is carried forward to the next fiscal year (Note: surpluses cannot be used by other parts of the department or university).

The recharge center is expected to build prior year balances into future pricing.

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Unrestricted Endowment Funding Sources

Unrestricted Endowment - Funding Sources 000100 - 049999

The endowment is much like a mutual fund. The gift buys shares in the endowment, and a yearly distribution of income is made based on shares.

Budget endowment revenue at the beginning of each quarter; budget expenses as they will be incurred.


Balances carry forward into the next fiscal year.

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Temporarily Restricted Funding Sources

Temporarily Restricted Endowment - Funding Sources 100000 -199999

Temporarily Restricted Contributions - Funding Sources 200000 - 299999

Revenue must be spent per donor specifications.

Budget endowment revenue at the beginning of each quarter;budget gift revenue as it will be realized; budget expenses as they will be incurred. DO NOT BUDGET TRANSFERS.


Balances carry forward into the next fiscal year

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Capital Reserve Funding Source

Capital Reserves - Funding Source 090100

Budget transfers to / from other funding sources as they will be incurred. Ensure that transfers match.


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Agency Funding Sources

Agencies - Funding Sources 900000 - 910000

Not included on the operating statement.

Represents a group outside of the university that uses the university’s services and then either repays the university or is funded by the university.

Unique object code for university funding -- 85802 - Agency Funding Examples include student organizations, clubs, etc.

May have university phone service, copy service, etc.

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When forecasting gifts, consider past trends plus any knowledge that you have on future prospects.

When forecasting salaries, consider the following:Source of funding for faculty, staff, and students

– salaries and benefits need to be budgeted in the proper funding source.

Include new employees with the best estimate of where their time will be charged.

Graduate wages must be split into stipends and tuition.

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When forecasting other operating expenses, consider any extraordinary spending in the current year that will not be required in future years, as well as any new initiatives that will require funding for the first time.

When forecasting capital expenditures, consider any extraordinary spending in the current year that will not be required in future years, as well as any new initiatives that will require funding for the first time.

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How to Budget and ForecastOther Issues to Consider

Balance transfers within your organization – i.e. to fund a deficit in operations, reflect the debit in the designated operating reserve and the credit in general operating.

Include transfers to fund capital projects.

Coordinate all transfers, IC graduate tuition transfers, IC undergraduate tuition transfers, IC educational program transfers, and IC other income for Portugal transfers with the organization that is forecasting the other side of the entry to ensure that all your numbers agree and will balance across the university.

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How to Budget and ForecastFunding Source Mapping – Operating Statement to Financial Review

Financial Review – General OperatingGeneral OperatingGeneral Institutional

Financial Review – Sponsored ProjectsSponsored Projects

Financial Review – Auxiliary / RechargeAuxiliaryRecharge

Financial Review – DesignatedDesignatedUnrestricted EndowmentCapital Reserve

Financial Review – Temporarily RestrictedTemporarily Restricted

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Verify your budgets and forecasts in Oracle.

Run Financial Review Reports report setRun Budget Reports report set

Review yearly historical trends versus future yearly growth

Budget Theory Presentation

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