Cambios Para Libro de Texto de Farmacia

8/4/2019 Cambios Para Libro de Texto de Farmacia

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We are going to begin with simple vocabulary in order to understand more complex

structures. Remember this is the beginning of your study and you must get familiar

with the technical and scientific vocabulary you are going to use during your major.

Laboratory EquipmentGlassware

Thermometer: an instrument for measuring temperature, oftenconsisting of a narrow calibrated sealed glass tube filled with a liquid (mercury or

alcohol) whose properties vary with temperature, e.g. mercury which expands as the

temperature increases and contracts as it decreases.

Crucible: a container in which metals or other

substances may be melted or subjected to very high temperatures; it is also called

melting pot.

Pipette: (noun) a slender tube with a bulb at one end, filled bysucking liquid into the tube, used for transferring or measuring out quantities of

the liquid; (verb) to pour or draw off using a pipette.


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Petri dish: a shallow circular glass or plastic plate with a flat

base and a loosely fitting lid that biologists, chemists, etc., use to culture cells.

Graduated or measuring cylinders: tall narrow containers

with a volume scale used especially to accurately measure out volumes of liquids for

use in reactions.

Mortar and pestle: a device known in various forms sinceancient times for grinding granular material into powder. The mortar is a bowl ofhard material. The pestle is a conical piece of similar material with a rounded end,

with which the material to be ground is forced against the bowl. Simple forms are

used in the kitchen or in simple pharmacy. Modern sophisticated mechanized

versions are used in industry.

Dropper: a short glass tube with a rubber bulb at one end for

measuring out drops of liquid.

Burette: a vertical cylindrical piece of laboratory glasswarewith a volumetric graduation on its full length and a precision tap, or stopcock, on

the bottom. It is used to dispense known amounts of a liquid reagent in experiments

for which such precision is necessary, such as a titration experiment.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiological_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_glasswarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stopcockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reagenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stopcockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_glasswarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiological_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiologist


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Erlenmeyer flask: a flat-bottomed and narrow-necked conical bottle used in chemical experiments, etc.

Beaker: a lipped glass vessel for scientific experiments; a deepwide-mouth thin-walled vessel usually with a lip for pouring that is used especially

in science laboratories; a deep glass container, usually one with a lip for pouring,

used by chemists in laboratory work.

Funnel: a tube with a cone-shaped opening through whichliquid, etc can be poured into a narrow-necked container; a utensil that is usually a

hollow cone with a tube extending from the smaller end and that is designed to catch

and direct a downward flow.

Test tube: a piece of laboratory glassware composed of afinger-like length ofglass tubing, open at the top, with a rounded U-shaped bottom.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_glasswarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_glassware


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Swab: a piece of cotton wool, gauze, etc., that is used for

cleaning wounds, applying antiseptics, taking a medical specimen, etc.

Inoculating loop: an instrumentused to introduce a micro-organism, e.g. a bacterium or virus, into (a

sterile medium) in order to start a culture, or into another organism, e.g. a

rabbit, in order to produce antibodies to that micro-organism.

Tweezers: a small pair of pincers for pulling outindividual hairs, holding small objects, etc.

Centrifuge: a device for separating thecomponents of a mixture (solid-in-liquid or liquid-in-liquid) by applying

rapid rotation and consequent centrifugal force.

Goggles: protective spectacles with edges that fit closelyagainst the face. They were formerly used by pilots, motorists, etc and are now

chiefly used in industry and when swimming.


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Oven: a closed compartment or arched cavity, in

which substances may be heated, used especially for baking or roasting

food, drying clay, etc.; a small furnace.

Furnace: an enclosed chamber in which heat isproduced, e.g. for smelting metal, heating water or burning rubbish.

Sieve: a utensil with a meshed or perforated bottom,used for straining solids from liquids or for sifting large particles from

smaller ones.

Three-beam balance: a balance thathas three beams that allow you to move known masses along the beam.


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The Sentence: definition and partsKey words

Word order, definition, paragraphs, topic, verbal forms, subject, noun,parts of a sentence, present, past, audience, purpose, sense, predicate,

verb, passive voice

What is a sentence?A sentenceisa sequence of words forming a meaningful grammatical structurethat can stand alone as a complete utterance, and which in written English

usually begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop, question mark or

exclamation mark. A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete

idea or thought. A sentence in English is formed by two parts: a subject and a

predicate.

Lets analyze the following expressions.Chemistry is the scientific study of the composition, properties, andreactions of chemical elements and their compounds.

Chemistry is the study of the composition and transformation of matter.Pharmacy is the science of preparing, compounding, and dispensing

medicines.Pharmacy is the science that studies the methods and techniques of

preparing and dispensing drugs.Alchemists made important discoveries in the areas of early metallurgy

and pharmacology.Scientists use the scientific method to search for solutions to problems.

For a better understanding lets analyze the former sentences.

Complete

subject

Complete predicate

Chemistry is the scientific study of the composition,

properties, and reactions of chemical elements

and their compounds.

Chemistry is the study of the composition and

transformation of matter.

Pharmacy is the science of preparing, compounding, anddispensing medicines.

Pharmacy is the science that studies the methods and

techniques of preparing and dispensing drugs.

Alchemists made important discoveries in the areas of

early metallurgy and pharmacology.

Scientists use the scientific method to search for solutionsto problems.


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Lets see other examples.

Biotechnology and gene technology are enjoying an upswing in Germany.A change from one phase to another, as in boiling or melting, is called a

phase transition.

Small and medium-sized biotechnology companies in the USA have proved

to be the prime innovative force.

Complete subject Complete predicateBiotechnology and gene technology are enjoying an upswing in

Germany.

A change from one phase to another,

as in boiling or melting,

is called aphase transition.

Small and medium-sized

biotechnology companies in the USA

have proved to be the prime

innovative force.

A continuacin se te presentan una serie de expresiones que NO renen los

requisitos de lo que es una oracin. Estdialas con cuidado junto con tu

profesor quien te guiar en el anlisis de las mismas.

Identificar las partes del mechero.Conectar la manguera de hule del mechero a la llave del gas.

Girar el collar mvil para cerrar la entrada de aire.Las expresiones anteriores no son oraciones porque:

a) Comienzan con un verbo en el modo infinitivo, es decir, no est conjugado.

b)

Los verbos en infinitivo, tanto en espaol como en ingls, se utilizan pararedactar objetivos y aqu se estn dando indicaciones.

c) Es imposible encontrar el sujeto ya que slo existe el verbo en infinitivo.

Para que estas expresiones sean verdaderas oraciones deben sufrir un pequeo

cambio. Fjate en el cambio.

1) Identifique las partes del mechero.

2) Conecte la manguera de hule del mechero a la llave del gas.

3) Gire el collar mvil para cerrar la entrada de aire.Si te das cuenta ahora las expresiones se han convertido en oraciones y podemos

analizarlas.

1) Sujeto: Ud., en forma tcita o sobreentendida.

Predicado: identifique las partes del mechero.2) Sujeto: Ud., en forma tcita o sobreentendida.

Predicado: conecte la manguera de hule del mechero a la llave del gas.

3) Sujeto: Ud., en forma tcita o sobreentendida.

Predicado: gire el collar mvil para cerrar la entrada de aire.

Veamos una pequea tabla:

Sujeto PredicadoUd. o en algunos casos

t

identifique las partes del mechero.

Ud. o en algunos casos

t

conecte la manguera de hule del mechero a la llave del

gas.

Ud. o en algunos casos

t

gire el collar mvil para cerrar la entrada de aire.


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Ahora vamos a escribir estas oraciones en ingls y las vamos a analizar.

1) Identify the parts of the Bunsen burner.2) Assemble the rubber hose of the Bunsen burner to the gas intake.

3) Turn the sleeve for closing the air intake.

Subject Predicate(You) Identify the parts of the Bunsen burner.

(You) Assemble the rubber hose of the Bunsen burner to the gas

intake.

(You) Turn the sleeve for closing the air intake.

Exercise 1

Corrige las siguientes expresiones y convirtelas en oraciones. Despus de

haberlas corregido elabora una tabla, siguiendo el ejemplo anterior e

identifica el sujeto y el predicado.

1) Agregar agua destilada hasta la mitad en un vaso de precipitados de 100 mL.

2) Introducir la punta de la pipeta de Mohr hasta el fondo del vaso de

precipitados, sin tocar el vidrio.

3) Succionar por el extremo superior de la pipeta hasta que el nivel del lquido

est arriba de la marca de cero.

4) Tapar el extremo de la pipeta con el dedo ndice y controlar la salida de

lquido permitiendo que ste fluya lentamente hasta que la parte inferior del

menisco coincida con la marca de cero, manteniendo siempre la pipeta en

forma vertical.

5) Transferir los 10 mL de agua en alcuotas de 2 mL a un vaso de precipitados

de 50 mL.

Exercise 2Using as a model the former example, identify in the following sentences the

complete subject and the complete predicate.

1. Pharmacology is the study of the effect of chemical substances on

living tissues.

2. Modern drugs are derived from many sources: minerals, plants,

microbial cultures, and animal and human tissues.

3. Chemical analysis is essential to the identification of active drug

substances.

4. Drugs have played a role in the religious practices of many cultures.5. Drugs may be classified in many ways and any one substance may

belong to more than one drug family.

6. Side effects of a drug are physiologic effects exerted by the chemical

that are not related to the desired therapeutic effect.

7. Toxic effects are those that involve an excessive drug effect.

8. Medical textbooks are written for medical students and physicians and

emphasize therapeutic considerations in the prescribing of drugs.

9. Pharmacopoeia are collections of drug data considered standard by the

group developing them (medical or pharmaceutical societies or

government task forces), or by some other authority.

10.Journals are an important source of information when a specific topic isto be researched in detail.


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Exercise 3Identify the sentences in the following expressions. Use the pattern: complete

subject + complete predicate.

1. It is like a politician before a camera.

2. Drug therapy is the use of chemical agents to bring about a desiredchange in a person.

3. Which are carried out by the drug industry and the pharmacist?

4. A veterinarian is a person qualified to treat diseases of animals.

5. The recommendation of a specific substance with instructions for its

use is called a prescription.

6. The scope of pharmacy has become increasingly concerned with more

clinical functions, such as the checking of doses and drug interactions.

7. Legal status varies from state to state.

8. A pamphlet has been published by a convention.

9. Over-the-counter (OTC) preparations are employed.

10.Many drugs are currently dispensed in containers with specialchildproof caps.

Pharmaceutical Forms or PreparationsA pharmaceutical form or preparation is the way the drugs are delivered to the

patient. They can be classified into three categories: solids, semisolids, and liquids.

The following are types of pharmaceutical forms: ampoule, capsule , caplets, cream,

elixir, emulsion, drops, injection, pellets, solution, liniment, lotion, spray, powder,

suppository, suspension, syrup, tablet, tincture, ointment, pills, troches or lozenges.

Solid Pharmaceutical Forms or PreparationsAn ampoule or ampule is a small glass sealed vial which is used to contain orpreserve a fluid.

A capsule is a small gelatinous case enclosing a dose of medication.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elixirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_%28medicine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_%28chemistry%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tincturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ointmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ointmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tincturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_%28chemistry%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_%28medicine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elixirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug


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A caplet is acapsule-shaped medicinal tablet.

A pellet is a small pill or ball containing medication.

A pill is usually a medicinal or dietary preparation in a small rounded mass to beswallowed whole.

A powder is a measured dose of solid medication that is usually dissolved in water

before ingestion.


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A tablet is a mixture of active substances and excipients, usually in powder form,

pressed or compacted into a solid. Tablets can be classified in: buccal, coated,

effervescent, enteric-coated, sublingual, timed-release or prolonged-action.

A troche or lozenge is a small sweetened and flavored medicated material that isdesigned to be held in the mouth for slow dissolution, even though troches may be

used orally or vaginally.

Semisolid Pharmaceutical Forms or PreparationsA cream is a topical preparation usually for application to the skin. A healing creamis an herbal cream normally made with natural and organic ingredients; it is normally

designed to heal, renew, nourish and protect skin. It is often used by cancer patientsduring radiation treatments.

Foam is a substance that is formed by trapping many gas bubbles in a liquid or solidor a colloidal suspension of a gas in a liquid.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excipienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubbleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubbleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excipient


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A gel is a colloid consisting of a solid and a liquid that are dispersed evenlythroughout a material and have set to form a jellylike mass, e.g. gelatine. A colloid is

an intermediate state between a suspension and a true solution, in which fineparticles of one substance are spread evenly throughout another.

A suppository is a soluble preparation of medicine that remains solid at roomtemperature and that dissolves when it is inserted into the rectum or into the vagina,

releasing its active ingredient.

An ointment (salve, unction, unguent) is a viscous semisolid preparation used

topically on a variety of body surfaces. These include the skin and the mucus

membranes of the eye (an eye ointment), vagina, anus, glands, and nose. An ointment

may or may not be medicated.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucus_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucus_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucus_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucus_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin


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Liquid Pharmaceutical Forms or Preparations

Drops are liquid medications administered in small amounts. Eye drops are saline-

containing drops used as a vector to administer medication in the eye.

An elixir is a pharmaceutical preparation containing an active ingredient, such asmorphine, that is dissolved in a solution that contains some percentage of ethyl

alcohol and is designed to be taken orally.

An emulsion is a mixture of two immiscible substances, usually oil and water.Examples of emulsions include butter and margarine, espresso, mayonnaise, semen,

the photo-sensitive side ofphotographic film, and cutting fluid for metalworking.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_%28medicine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immisciblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immisciblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espressohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayonnaisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutting_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalworkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalworkinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutting_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayonnaisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espressohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immisciblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_%28medicine%29


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An injection is a method of putting liquid into the body with a hollow needle and a

syringe which is pierced through the skin long enough for the material to be forced

into the body.

A liniment is a kind of thin oily lotion for rubbing into the skin to ease muscle pain.

A lotion is a low- to medium-viscosity medicated or non-medicated topicalpreparation intended for application to unbroken skin. Lotions can be used as:

antibiotics, antiseptics, antifungal, etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_of_administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodermic_needlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodermic_needlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_of_administration


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Pharmaceutical syrup is any sugar-flavored liquid medicine.

A spray is a dynamic collection of liquid drops and the entrained surrounding gas.

A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances. In such

a mixture, a solute is dissolved in another substance, known as asolvent.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneous


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A suspension is a mixture of two substances, one of which is a liquid, the other afinely divided solid dispersed in the liquid.

A tincture is an alcoholic extract (e.g. of a herb) or solution of a non-volatile

substance (e.g. ofiodine, mercurochrome).

Parts of a Drug LabelActive ingredient: an active ingredient is the chemical compound in the medicinethat works with your body to bring relief to your symptom. It can always be found as

the first item on the label.

Uses or indications: this section tells you the only symptoms the medicine isapproved to treat.

Warnings: this section tells you what other medications, foods or situations to avoid,

e.g. driving or operating machinery, when taking this medicine.

Directions: the only recommended daily dosage and frequency of dosage.

Other information: any other important information about the product, such as howto store the medicine.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility_%28chemistry%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurochromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurochromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility_%28chemistry%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol


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Inactive ingredients: an inactive ingredient is a chemical compound in the medicine

that has no effect on your body. Preservatives and items that bind the pill together

and food colors are mentioned in this section.

How to Read Drug Labels

Medicines, or drugs, come as either prescription or over-the-counter. Prescription

drugs are used under a doctor's care. Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs can be bought

and used without a doctor's prescription, and you buy them at a drug store or grocery

store. When using any kind of drug, it is important to read the drug label for

instructions. Not following the instructions can hurt your health. Read the label each

time you use a drug, just in case there have been changes to it since the last time you

used it. See the drug labels below to know what to look for. If you read the label and

still have questions, call your doctor, nurse, or pharmacist for help.


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The paragraph: definition and characteristicsKey words

Cohesion, unified, development, patterns of organization, indentation, topic,

audience, purpose

Despus de haber estudiado y formado oraciones sueltas las vamos a unir para tener

una nueva forma del pensamiento escrito. A todas las oraciones que desarrollen un

tema principal le daremos el nombre de prrafo. A continuacin se te presenta en

ingls la definicin y las caractersticas que deben tener los prrafos.

What is a paragraph? A paragraph is a group of sentences or a single sentence that is

unified, coherent, well-developed and forms a unit and develops a central idea or

topic.


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Unified: the sentences should all refer to the main idea, or thesis, of the written

work.

Coherent: the sentences should be arranged in a logical and meaningful manner and

following a definite plan for development.

Well-developed: every idea discussed in the paragraph should be adequately

explained and supported through evidence and details that work together to explainthe written works controlling idea.

Los prrafos tambin se clasifican por su estructura de organizacin, entre las cuales

podemos mencionar definicin, causa y efecto, comparacin y contraste, etc.

Exercise 4

Following there are three groups of sentences, only one of them constitutes

a paragraph. Identify it.

I like the climate of my country, El Salvador. In El Salvador I can go

shopping to Metrocentro. I like to eat pupusas. Los Planes de Renderos is a

beautiful landscape.

I like to eat pupusas. I like swimming. Santa Ana is one of the main

departments in El Salvador. I like to visit my people.

Pupusas is a very typical food of my country. They are made of cornmeal

and in some cases of rice meal. You can make them in the following way: mix

cornmeal and water in a bowl in order to form a thick mixture; add to this

mixture ground and refried beans, cheese and pork rind. Pat the mixture

between your hands into thin cakes. Place the cakes on a very hot comal.Cook the pupusas until one side browns, then turn to the other side. Enjoy

them!

Patterns of organization

Type of Pattern Key Words

Description - this pattern of organization is used

to show the reader what the writer sees: objects,scenes, characters, ideas, and even emotions and

moods. Description relies heavily on the use of

sensory language (sight, touch, taste, smell, and

sound).

descriptive adjectives

specific nouns

Narration - this pattern of organization is used to

tell a story. Narration usually involves telling

about a series of events or real life happenings

that occurred over a period of time.

Chronological order is often used in narration.

after, afterward, at last, before,

during, immediately, now,

presently, shortly, since, until,

while

Illustration - this pattern of organization usesexamples to present or support the main idea.

for example (e.g.), to illustrate,

that is (i.e.), as demonstrated, for


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Illustrations help the reader understand general or

abstract thoughts by including specific

illustrations or examples that demonstrate the

idea.

instance

Comparison and contrast - this pattern of

organization discusses the similarities and/or

differences which exist between two or more

ideas, events, or things.

also, likewise, in a like manner,

similarly, similar to, compared

with, although, however, but,

conversely, nevertheless, yet, on

the contrary, on one hand...on the

other hand, at the same time

Definition - this pattern of organization is used toconvey the full meaning of a word that is central

to the main idea. The definition may be

discussed in terms of itsdenotative meaning - the

literal meaning of the word or itsconnotative

meaning - the meaning associated with the wordthrough its common usage.

means, can be defined as, refers

to, is, are

Classification - this pattern of organization isused to group or categorize information. The

writer attempts to analyze where events, ideas, or

facts fit in with other events, ideas, or facts.

category, field, rank, group,

various elements, characteristics,

types, parts

Process/analysis - this pattern or organizationexplains to a reader how something is done, how

something works, or how something occurs. The

writer attempts to analyze a process by taking it

apart or separating the process into individualsteps or stages.

next, first, second, third, last.

Cause and effect - this pattern of organization

answers the basic human question - why? This

pattern looks at the expected consequences of a

chain of happenings. It looks for causes or

conditions and suggests or examines results,

consequences, or effects.

according, effect, as a result,

because, consequently, hence, in

short, maybe due to, reasons,

results, then, therefore, thus

Argument and persuasion - this pattern oforganization attempts to convince the reader to

follow the ideas or views of the author. It

involves a clear statement of the author's position

and then uses supporting details to convince or

persuade the reader of the author's correctness of

thought.

clearly, logically, no one canrefute, surely, without hesitation


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Exercise 5In the following readings identify the dominant pattern of organization

Branches of medicine

Working together as an interdisciplinary team, many highly trained healthprofessional and medical practitioners are involved in the delivery of modern health

care. Some examples include: nurses, emergency medical technicians and

paramedics, laboratory scientists, pharmacists, physiotherapists, respiratory

therapists, speech therapists, occupational therapists, radiographers, dietitians and

bioengineers. The scope and sciences underpinning human medicine overlap many

other fields. Dentistry and psychology, while separate disciplines from medicine, are

considered medical fields. Nurse, midwives and physician assistants treat patients

and prescribe medication in many legal jurisdictions. Veterinarians apply similar

techniques as physicians to the care of animals. The original focus of veterinary

medicine was primarily the healthcare of domestic animals. In recent years the

discipline has broadened to include all vertebrate animals and even some of the more

economically valuable or scientifically interesting invertebrates. Veterinary and

human medicine had similar origins but diverged in the West largely under the

influence of Christian doctrine which emphasized a fundamental difference between

human and all other species. The two disciplines re-converged to some degree after

the Renaissance when scientific study of anatomy and physiology revealed

undeniable similarities between humans and other animals. The similarities further

extend into pathology and disease control leading the early pioneer in scientific

pathology Rudolph Virchow to proclaim the doctrine of "one medicine." Physicians

have many specializations and subspecializations which are listed below. There are

variations from country to country regarding which specialties certain subspecialtiesare in.

The Nature of MatterEverything around us consists of matter: this page, your body, the air you breathe,

and the water you drink. Matter is anything that has weight or mass and takes up

space. All matter may be classified as solid, liquid, or gas. Solids are firm and have a

definite form. Rubber, wood, glass, iron, cotton, and sand are all classified as solids.

A considerable force would be needed to change the shape or volume of an iron bar,

for example, because the atoms or molecules of a solid are densely packed and have

very little freedom of movement. Solids may be further divided into two classes:

crystalline and amorphous. Rocks, wood, paper, and cotton are crystalline solids.Crystalline solids are made up of atoms arranged in a definite pattern. When these

solids are heated, the change to a liquid, known as melting, is sharp and clear.

Amorphous substances include rubber, glass, and sulfur. In these substances, the

pattern of the atoms is not orderly, and when heated, they gradually soften. Liquids,

on the other hand, are not rigid. If water, milk, or oil is poured on a table, it will flow

all over the surface. The atoms or molecules of liquids attract each other and thereby

enable liquids to flow. But these atoms are loosely structured and do not keep their

shape. Therefore a liquid will take the shape of any container in which it is poured.

However, liquids have a definite volume; a quart of milk cannot fit in a pint

container. Gases, such as air, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, have no fixed shape or

volume of their own. They diffuse or spread out to fill any container. If water is put

into a tire, it will run to the bottom; if air is put into a tire, it fills the whole space
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inside the tire. The atoms or molecules of gases are widely spaced and move very

rapidly. They either compress or expand to adapt to any area.

Pharmacy

Pharmacy is the health profession that links the health sciences with the chemicalsciences, and it is charged with ensuring the safe use of medication. The scope of

pharmacy practice includes more traditional roles such as compounding and

dispensing medications on the orders of physicians, and it also includes more modern

services related to patientcare, including clinical services, reviewing medications for

safety and efficacy, and providing drug information. Pharmacists, therefore, are

experts on drug therapy and are the primary health professionals who optimize

medication use to provide patients with positive health outcomes.

Drugs

Drugs are chemicals that change the way a person's body works. Drugs can be

classified into legal and illegal. Medicines are legal drugs, meaning doctors are

allowed to prescribe them for patients, stores can sell them, and people are allowed

to buy them. Cigarettes and alcohol are two other kinds of legal drugs. When people

talk about the "drug problem," they usually mean abusing legal drugs or using illegal

drugs, such as marijuana, ecstasy, cocaine, LSD, and heroin.

Chemistry

Chemistry is the science that studies matter at the atomic to macromolecular scale,the reactions,transformations and aggregations of matter, as well as the energy and

entropy released or absorbed during these processes. Moreover, chemistry studies

molecules, crystals, and metals and is concerned with the composition and statistical

properties of such structures, as well as their transformations and interactions to

become materials encountered in everyday life.

Sedatives

A sedative is a substance that depresses the central nervous system (CNS), resulting

in calmness, relaxation, reduction of anxiety, sleepiness, slowed breathing, slurredspeech, staggering gait, poor judgment, and slow, uncertain reflexes. Sedatives may

be referred to as tranquilizers, depressants, anxiolytics, soporifics, sleeping pills,

downers, or sedative-hypnotics. Sedatives can be abused to produce an overly-

calming effect (alcohol being the classic and most common sedating drug). At high

doses or when they are abused, many of these drugs can cause unconsciousness and

even death.
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Acetaminophen

Paracetamol or acetaminophen is a common analgesic and antipyretic drug that is

used for the relief offever, headaches, and other minor aches and pains. Paracetamol

is also useful in managing more severe pains, allowing lower dosages of additional

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or opioid analgesics to be used, therebyminimizing overall side-effects.

Biology

Biology is the study of life and is concerned with such topics as classifying the

various forms of organisms, how species come into existence, and the interactions

they have with each other and with the natural environment. Biology covers a broad

spectrum of academic fields that are often viewed as independent disciplines. Many

of the sub-disciplines of biology are ancient, such as botany, zoology, and medicine.

Botany

Botany is the scientific study of plant life. As a branch of biology, it is also called

plant science(s) or plant biology. Botany covers a wide range of scientific disciplines

that study plants including: structure, growth, reproduction, metabolism,

development and diseases of plants, chemical properties and evolutionaryrelationships between different plant groups. The study of plants and botany began

with tribal lore, used to identify edible, medicinal and poisonous plants, making

botany one of the oldest sciences. From this ancient interest in plants, the scope of

botany has increased to include the study of over 550,000 kinds or species of living

organisms.

Mathematics

Mathematics is the body of knowledge centered on concepts such as quantity,

structure, space, and change, and also the academic discipline that studies them.

Through the use of abstraction and logical reasoning, mathematics evolved from

counting, calculation, measurement, and the systematic study of the shapes and

motions of physical objects. Mathematicians explore such concepts, aiming to

formulate new conjectures and establish their truth by rigorous deduction from

appropriately chosen axioms and definitions.
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UNIT IIIntroduction to Reading Techniques

Basic Reading TechniquesPreviewing and Prediction

Reading techniques are strategies that are very useful in the understanding of a

composition. The two basic reading techniques we are going to begin with are:

previewing and prediction. Whenever you read a technical book, a short story, a fairy

tale, a novel, etc., you must proceed in the following way.

1. First, read the title of the literary work.

2. Then, read the name of the author(s). Do you know him/her/them? If

possible, find out any additional information about the author(s).

3. Is this a fiction or non-fiction literary work?

4. Look at any pictures, tables, charts, graphs, etc.

5. Notice if the literary work is divided into parts, units, chapters, and so forth.

Pay attention to names, numbers, dates, and words that stand out.

6. When reading paragraphs, read the first sentence of each paragraph and the

last paragraph

7. What can you predict that this literary work is about?

8. List some of the adjectives which can be found in the reviews on the back and

front covers of the literary work (if any).

9. Would you like to read this literary work? Why?

If you are going to use a textbook, the technique of previewing will be veryuseful for you. Study the following tips when you are going to preview a

textbook.

1. First, read the title, the name of the author(s), and the copyright page.

2. Then, read the table of contents. See if the textbook is divided in parts, units,

chapters, etc.

3. Scan the first part, unit, or chapter and look at the first page of each part, unit,or chapter.

4. Skim quickly through the final part, unit, or chapter.5. Finally, examine the reviews at the back of the book (if any).

Useful tips for previewing a textbook part, unit, or chapter.

1. First, read the title of the textbook part, unit, or chapter and look at all of the

illustrations.

2. If the part, unit, or chapter is divided into subparts, subunits, or subchapters

scan the headings of the part, unit, or chapter.

3. Then, read very quickly the first and last paragraphs of the part, unit, or

chapter.

4. Finally, read very quickly the summary or discussion questions (if any).


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UNIT III

Applications of Technical Writing

Technical Writing DefinitionKey words

essays research composition journal drug reviews reportsinstructions research articles

What is technical writing?

Technical writing is the compact, precise, and detailed presentation of factual

information intended for practical uses or applications. Such applications may

include, for example, performing an experiment, solving a problem in

mathematics, writing a computer program, or operating a fax machine.

Examples of technical writing can be short compositions, essays, articles, book

reviews, etc. that can be found in journals or other specialized writtenpublications.

Lets begin with a definition of what a composition is.

The term composition, in written language, refers to the process and study of creatingwritten works or pieces ofliterature. This can be in the form ofpoetry, drama, essays

or prose.

Lets continue with the definition of what an essay is.

An essay is a short formal piece of writing, usually one dealing with a single subject.

An essay is a written composition that varies in length depending on the development

and the level of research reached about one single topic, in essay priors the writers

opinion. An essay is a piece of writing, usually from an author's personal point of

view. Essays are non-fictional but often subjective; while expository, they can also

include narrative. Essays can be literary criticism, political manifestos, and learned

arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections of the author.

Parts of an Essay

Introductory paragraph: aimed to attract the reader's attention and givehim/her an idea of the essay's focus.Supporting paragraphs: the topic of the essay must be explained, described,

or argued.

Concluding paragraph: the conclusion brings closure to the reader, summing

up the points or providing a final perspective on the topic.
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Types of Essays

Definition Essay: in a definition essay, you take a term or an idea and write about

what it is; often, definitions are combined with classification or other forms of

organization in the essay. It is necessary to give a careful definition of the key term

before going on to discuss different types or examples.

Classification Essay: in a classification essay, things or ideas are separated intospecific categories and each of them is discussed. The essay is organized by defining

each classification and by giving examples of each type.

Descriptive Essay: in a descriptive essay, you write about what a person, place, orthing is like. The essay is organized by describing different parts or aspects of the

main subject.

Comparison and Contrast Essay: in a comparison and contrast essay, you write

about the similarities and differences between two or more people, places, or things.The essay is organized by writing about one subject first and then comparing it with

the second subject; a more effective way is to organize the essay by comparing each

subject by category.

Cause and Effect Essay: cause-and-effect writing gives reasons and explanations

for events, conditions, or behavior. It answers the need most of us have to understand

the world around us.

Exercise 9

In the following essays excerpts identify the dominant pattern of organization.

A history of computer viruses

In the following report, computer viruses will be explained in detail. A lengthy and

informative description of the evolution and history on microcomputer viruses will

be given, to give you a background of their origin for some understanding of how

they came to be. The next segment in the report is on how to combat computer

viruses with the development of anti-virus applications. The current status of

microcomputer viruses will also be discussed, naming the most common types of

viruses and the most harmful type at this present point in time. Details of the mostrecent outbreaks of computer viruses, such as the Melissa, I Love You and the

most recent Anna Kournikova viruses will be explained, and why they are so

harmful. I will also give you my recommendations on how to combat this threat of

computer viruses, what Anti-virus Applications that I believe should be used, and

why updating your virus definitions for these programs on a regular basis is so vital

and important in your quest to have a happy and uninfected computer. And finally, I

give you my conclusion in which I can only hope that you will find helpful. . .


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Chemistry

Chemistry in society focuses on the problems that humans perform against the

ecosystem. This essay will discuss direct problems with the environment and ways in

which I personally can help solve these problems through making different decisions

in my life. The issues on hand will include air pollution, ozone depletion, and globalwarming. The solutions to these problems combine my ideas as well as those

discussed in class. Air pollution, as mentioned in class, is mainly due to four major

gaseous pollutants in our troposphere. The four pollutants consist of carbon

monoxide, ozone, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxide. Carbon monoxide which is

released from cars and furnaces can be the most deadly out of all four pollutants.

Small amounts of carbon monoxide that are inhaled cause learning disabilities where

large amounts can lead to death. Ozone is a special form of oxygen that has an odor

and can cause a reduction in the function of your lungs. Sulfur oxide and nitrogen

oxide both affect breathing which create lower resistance to respiratory infection and

tend to mostly target children and the elderly. Some solutions that I have come up

with to fight the problems of air pollution in . . .

Endangered species

In 1973 a law was passed that allowed endangered animals to be protected from

poachers. It is called the Endangered Species Act. The endangered species act still

helps animals who are endangered or threatened to become endangered today.

Currently, there are some problems with the act. For example, if a farmer has an

endangered species on his land that is destroying his crops or eating his herds, he can

not do anything about it because if he did, he would get in trouble with the law. He

could possibly go to jail and/or get a fine. Another problem is that we are protecting

animals that the public does not know are endangered. If we are protecting these rare

and endangered species, then why don't we know more about them? So we can know

what they look like in case a problem arises that causes the need for action to be

taken. This is just a couple of the many problems that people have with the

Endangered Species Act. What can people do to help them in these situations?

Some solutions to these problems mentioned above, for instance, the farmer, is that if

he is having problems with this animal then he should call the right authorities to

come and help him take this animal off his property. Some farmers would take

extreme measures. . .

Chinese Book Report

The book China Since 1945 written by author Stewart Ross opens in a description of

the Chinese Empire in the 1900s. There it describes the terrain of the Chinese lands

and thoroughly states the fact of having the Great Wall of China to keep out the

barbarians at 221 B.C. The author uses a very admiring tone of the Chinese Empire

and seems to think it is one of the very few best empires that have ever formed. Infact, Rozman states, the cultural and scientific achievements of the Chinese had

been immense, including the invention of paper, printing and gunpowder, and the

creation of the most exquisite paintings and by most Empire Critics China was one


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of the best Civilizations around. The author starts the book by Revolution and

disintegration incident that happened in 1911, where the British . . .

Career choices

What is a pediatrician? A pediatrician is a physician who treats children. The choice

to care for children should be based on a love for children and a belief that it is a

significant accomplishment to make a difference in a child's life. As a bonus, a

pediatrician gets to hold his patients in his arms, to see them grow and change, and

years later, to see the adults they have become. Three responsibilities a pediatrician

assumes: conducting yearly health history survey, with care plans and intervention

guides as appropriate, monitoring immunization compliance and tuberculin skin

testing, and developing and implementing the health component of Individual

Education Plans. I chose to be a pediatrician because I have a love for children. I

have been around children my whole life; whenever I had my little cousins I couldnot resist just picking they up and they have always brought joy to my day. To

become a pediatrician, after high school I need four years of undergraduate courses

at a college or university, which will get me a BS, BA, or other Bachelor degrees.

After that I need four years of medical school, which will get me a MD or DO

degree. Then after completing that I become a general doctor and have three more

years of . . .

A biography of Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great is said to be one of the greatest conquerors of all time, and yet,

his significance in battle showed up late in his life. His early years were spent in

poverty, and as the years progressed, his dream of being a war hero grew dimmer and

dimmer. Ironically, while he was later known as a war hero, he was still feared by all

because of his reputation as a drinker and murderer, but first, his background. He was

born in 356 BC. His parents were Philip, the brother of King Perdiccas III of

Macedon, in Northern Greece. His mother was Olympias, daughter of King

Neoptolemus I of Epirus, in modern Albania. He also had a younger sister, Cleopatra

(not the famous Egyptian queen). However, this family was not as ordinary as one

might think. In fact, his parents absolutely hated each other. Philip had complied

with Macedonian tradition and had a few wives. Soon, one of his wives had a babywhich had mysteriously become disabled after birth. It was said that the disability

was due to poisoning from Olympias. Olympias sometimes told Alexander that

Philip was not his real father, but this probably was not true. After all, Philip

certainly did seem to care for Alexander as if he was his real son. He even appointed

Aristotle himself . . .


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A Clockwork Orange

"A Clockwork Orange" is a very different movie. It has everything a movie should

have, but the plot is quite disturbing, especially for the time it came out. I have

personally watched this film several times to find the meaning, and every time I

watch it I come up with a different one. I am going to try to explain what this filmcontains as well as try to explain the plot. "A Clockwork Orange" is a story of a

young man whose principle interests are rape, ultra-violence, and Beethoven. It's

about a teen named Alex (Malcolm McDowell) who torments people in Britain in the

near future. He is then betrayed by his friends and caught by the police, after he had

murdered somebody. He was sent to live in a Juvenile Facility where he had to

endure a strange torture of being forced to watch horrific movies. When Alex gets

home, all the people that had done him wrong had their revenge on a weak,

recuperating Alex. I'll let you find out what happened at the end. "A Clockwork

Orange" is a cult classic. It was Stanley Kubrick's 2nd critically acclaimed film (the

first being "Spartacus"). I was first interested in the book by Anthony Burgess

(which in my opinion is equally as good as the movie). . .

Pollution

Is the air that we are breathing killing us? The average person takes about twenty

thousand breaths a day; obviously air is essential to life. Well imagine that the air

that you are breathing may be killing you, many diseases are aggravated by air

pollution. Scientists believe that all cities with populations exceeding 50,000 have

some degree of air pollution. Burning garbage in open dumps causes air pollution,

and also it smells pretty bad. Air pollution comes from many different sources. One

of the major sources is carbon monoxide which mainly comes from automobiles, but

also burning of fossil fuels, CFCs etc. Air pollution does not leave the Earth it all

gets trapped up in the atmosphere. This does not bother most people, and they think

that it will not harm them. People are burning down forests and fossil fuels, and

CFCs from aerosols. Every bit of this harms our atmosphere. Factories and

transportation depend on huge amounts of fuel billions of tons of coal and oil are

consumed around . . .

A brief history of robots

A robot can be defined as a programmable, self controlled device consisting of

electronic, electrical, or mechanical units. The notion of robots or robot-like

automates can be traced back to medieval times. Although people of that era did not

have a term to describe what we would eventually call a robot, they were

nevertheless imagining mechanisms that could perform human-like tasks. As early as

270 BC an ancient engineer named Ctesibus made organs and water clocks with

moveable figures. In medieval times, automatons, human-like figures run by hidden

mechanisms, were used to impress peasant worshipers in church into believing in a

higher power. The automatons, like the Clock Jack, created the illusion of self-

motion (moving without assistance). The Clock Jack was a mechanical figure thatcould strike time on a bell with its axe. This technology was virtually unheard of in


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the 13th century. By the 18th century, miniature automatons became more popular as

toys for the very rich. They were made to look and move like humans or small

animals. Automatons like The Pretty Musician, built around 1890, were able to

turn their head from side to side while playing an instrument with their hands and

keeping time with their . . .

Alice in Wonderland

Lewis Carrolls works Alices Adventures in Wonderland & Through the Looking

Glass and What Alice Found There are by many people considered nonsense books

for children. Of course, they are, but they are also much more. Lewis Carroll had a

great talent of intertwining nonsense and logic, and therefore creating sense within

nonsense. If you look past the nonsense you can find a new meaning other than the

one you found completing your third grade book report. You find that the books are

full of references and parallel aspects of Victorian Society such as topics of etiquette,education, and prejudice, and through these topics are shown a childs ability to

survive in a hostile world. By this last statement I am referring to Cohens comment

that Wonderland (published in1865) captures the disappointments, fears, and

bewilderment that all children encounter in their dealings with authoritarian,

pompous and mystifying adults which Wonderland seems to have no deficiency of.

Throughout the story Carroll portrays his views on the education of the times. He

makes morals and tales of obedience (Brown, May Lee) seem nonsensical by the

character of the Duchess and Alices preoccupation with her lessons. The Duchess

keeps insisting to Al. . . .

Exercise 10Download an essay about a topic of your selection and classify it according to its

structure.

Exercise 11Download a drug label of your choice and identify its parts.

UNIT IVIntermediate Reading Techniques (I)Understanding Drug Reviews

Understanding Research ArticlesIn terms ofscientific literature,reviews are a category ofscientific paper, which

provides a synthesis of research on a topic at that moment in time. A

compilation of these reviews forms the core content of a 'tertiary' scientific

journal, with examples including Annual Reviews, the Nature Reviews series of

journals and Trends. A drug review is a series of information about a specific

drug.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_journalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_journalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_journalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_journalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_literature


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GENERIC NAME: acetaminophen

BRAND NAME: Tylenol and many other

DRUG CLASS AND MECHANISM: Acetaminophen belongs to a class of drugscalled analgesics (pain relievers) and antipyretics (fever reducers). The exact

mechanism of action of acetaminophen is not known. Acetaminophen relieves pain

by elevating the pain threshold, that is, by requiring a greater amount of pain to

develop before it is felt by a person. It reduces fever through its action on the heat-

regulating center of the brain. Specifically, it tells the center to lower the body's

temperature when the temperature is elevated. Acetaminophen was approved by the

FDA in 1951.

PRESCRIPTION: no

GENERIC AVAILABLE: yesPREPARATIONS: Liquid suspension, chewable tablets, coated caplets, gel caps,

gel tabs, and suppositories. Common dosages are 325, 500 and 650 mg.STORAGE: Store tablets and solutions at room temperature 15-30C (59-86F).Suppositories should be refrigerated below 27C (80F).

PRESCRIBED FOR: Acetaminophen is used for the relief of fever as well as achesand pains associated with many conditions; acetaminophen relieves pain in mild

arthritis but has no effect on the underlying inflammation, redness and swelling of

the joint. If the pain is not due to inflammation, acetaminophen is as effective as

aspirin. It is as effective as the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen

(Motrin) in relieving the pain ofosteoarthritis of the knee.

DOSING: The oral dose for adults is 325 to 650 mg every 4-6 hours. The maximum

daily dose is 4 grams. The oral dose for a child is based on the child's age, and the

range is 40-650 mg every 4 hours.

When administered as a suppository, the adult dose is 650 mg every 4-6 hours. For

children, the dose is 80-325 mg every 4-6 hours depending on age.

DRUG INTERACTIONS: Acetaminophen is metabolized (eliminated byconversion to other chemicals) by the liver. Therefore drugs that increase the action

of liver enzymes that metabolize acetaminophen (e.g. carbamazepine, isoniazid, and

rifampin) may decrease the action of acetaminophen. The potential for

acetaminophen to harm the liver is increased when it is combined with alcohol or

drugs that also harm the liver.

PREGNANCY: Acetaminophen is used in all stages of pregnancy.

NURSING MOTHERS: Acetaminophen is excreted in breast milk in smallquantities. However, acetaminophen use by the nursing mother appears to be safe.

SIDE EFFECTS: When used appropriately, side effects are rare. The most seriousside effect is liver damage due to large doses, chronic use or concomitant use with

alcohol or other drugs that also damage the liver.
http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7776http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=792http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=432http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9871http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9871http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=432http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=792http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7776


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Research articles

ACTIVE COMMUNICATION OF A PHARMACY DISCHARGE PLAN FORPATIENTS WITH RESPIRATORY DISEASES: A PILOT STUDY

Marie-France Beauchesne, Laura M Nenciu, Thanh-Ha Dinh, Michel Tass, AnneFillion, Manon Labrecque, and Lucie Blais

BACKGROUND: Drug-related problems (DRPs) are common following hospital

discharge. Active communication of a written pharmacy discharge plan may increasethe number of community pharmacists interventions.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of the active communication of a writtenpharmacy discharge plan.

METHODS: This was a pilot study comparing 2 groups of pharmacists over aperiod of 6 weeks. Participating community pharmacists were assigned to either the

control group (those who provided usual patient care during hospital stay and

transmission of a standard written pharmacy discharge plan) or the activecommunication group (those who, in addition to the usual care provided in the

control group and the written pharmacy discharge plan, included a list of up to 3

DRPs with proposed interventions to resolve them and a telephone call from the

hospital pharmacist to the community pharmacist to facilitate the transfer of

information). The patients enrolled were adults admitted to the respiratory unit of our

hospital who were returning home following their discharge. Patients were assigned

to the control or the active communication group based on the community pharmacy

where they usually filled their prescriptions.

RESULTS: Overall, 36 community pharmacists were included in the study andassigned to either the active communication (n = 17) or control group (n = 19). A

total of 22 patients were assigned to either the control group (n = 8) or the active

communication group (n = 14). The mean number of community pharmacist

interventions per patient was 4.2 in the active communication group and 0.9 in the

control group (p = 0.0004). The mean number of DRPs per patient for which there

was at least one intervention made by the community pharmacist was 2.8 in the

active communication group and 0.6 in the control group (p = 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS: Results of this pilot study demonstrate that the active

communication of a written discharge plan may increase the number of interventions

by community pharmacists.

J Pharm Technol 2007; 23:67-74.

Exercise 12Download a drug review on your own.

Exercise 13Download a research article on your own.


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UNIT VLaboratory ExperimentsKey wordsGlassware boiling point freezing point melting pointAcidity starch distilled water stopper

Mass volume ruler density dimensions balance reagent

Density is a property of matter that is defined as the ratio of an object's mass to its

volume. Mass is the amount of matter contained in an object and is commonly

measured in units of grams (g). Volume is the amount of space taken up by a

quantity of matter and is commonly expressed in cubic centimeters (cm3) or in

milliliters (ml) (1cm3

= 1 ml). In other words, density is the mass of a substance

divided by its volume; symbol , units kg/m3

. The density of water is 1000 kg/m3

.

An object placed in a liquid denser than itself will float, whereas an object denser

than the liquid will sink. Let us see an example: a typical brick has a mass of 2,268 gand occupies a volume of 1,230 cm

3. The density of the brick is therefore: 2,268

g/1,230 cm3

= 1.84 g/cm3.

Calculating the density of a regular piece of metalFirst of all, we will need a balance, a ruler, and a rectangular metal block.

a) We measure the dimensions of the block using the ruler.

b) We calculate the volume of the block with the formula lwh (length x width x

height).

c) Next we weigh the block on the balance.

d) Then we calculate the density with the equation m/v.

Exercise 14

Calculate the density of a piece of lead. Mass 113.4 g. Volume 2 cm x 2 cm x 2.5

cm. Use the former example.

Calculating the density of an irregular piece of metalIn order to calculate the density of an irregular piece of metal we will use a length of

thread, a balance, a displacement vessel, a measuring cylinder, a tooth brush, an

irregular piece of metal, and some water.

a) We clean carefully the irregular piece of solid with the tooth brush.

b) We put the irregular piece of solid on the balance.

c) We weigh accurately its mass.

d) We fill the displacement vessel with water.

e)

We attach the cotton of thread to the solid.f) We put the measuring cylinder under the displacement vessel.

g) We lower gently the solid into the displacement vessel.

h) We note the volume of water.

i) We calculate the density of the solid with the equation m/v.

En ingls tcnico tienes que diferenciar entre demostraciones, instrucciones,

descripciones y reportes. En una demostracin utilizas la siguiente estructura:

Sujetopredicado: We measure mass with a balance.

En una instruccin se utiliza la siguiente estructura: sujeto (en forma tcita)

predicado, e.g.: Measure mass with a balance.

En una descripcin utilizas la voz pasiva en presente: sujeto predicado en voz

pasiva, e.g.: Mass is measured with a balance.
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The most common reagents used in Chemistry and PharmacyAcetic acid (C2H4O2)

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) aq

Formic acid (CH2O2)

Copper chloride (CuCl)

Ethyl alcohol (C2H6O)Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Magnesium chloride (MgCl2)

Methyl alcohol (CH3OH)

Potassium bromide (KBr)

Potassium chlorate (KClO3)

Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)

Silver nitrate (AgNO3)

Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) (baking soda)

Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) (washing soda)

Sodium chloride (NaCl)

Sodium cyanamide (Na2CN2)Sodium cyanide (NaCN)

Sodium fluoride (NaF)

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (caustic soda, lye)

Sodium iodide (NaI)


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A continuacin se te presenta un modelo de cmo escribir en ingls un informe sobre

un experimento.

Experiment 1 Date:

Aim To determine the composition of an irregular piece of unknown metal

Equipment a tooth brush a displacement vessel

a balance a measuring cylinder

a length of thread some water

Procedure

1 The metal was first cleaned with the tooth brush. All the oxides and dirt wereremoved.

2 Then the metal was accurately weighed on the balance. Its mass was 212.5 g.3 The displacement vessel was filled with water and the excess water was

allowed to overflow.

4 Next the thread wasattached to the piece of metal and it was gently loweredinto the displacement vessel.

5 The displaced water wasallowed to overflow into the cylinder and its volumewas carefully noted. The volume of the displaced water was approximately 25

cm3.

6 Finally the density of the metal wascalculated with the equation:

m/v

212.5/25

8.5 g/cm3

ConclusionThe density of brass is normally 8.4 8.7 g/cm3

and the density of bronze is normally

8.8 8.9 g/cm3.

Therefore, this piece of metal is probably brass.

Exercise 16Write a report of Experiment X in the same way.

Mass of the piece of metal 722 g

Volume of displaced water 95 cm3

Density of some common ferrous metals

Steels: 7.4 7.55 g/cm3

Cast iron: approximately 7.6 g/cm3

Wrought iron: approximately 7.85 g/cm3


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Exercise 17Write a report of the exercise 10.

Homework assignmentStudy carefully the following experiment and submit a report about it. Make all the

necessary changes.

Materiales y reactivos1 mechero Bunsen fsforo rojo (P4)

1 probeta de 25 mL 1 frasco de boca ancha

1 caja de fsforos 1 cuchara de deflagracin

1 pieza de papel tornasol 15 mL de agua destilada

Formacin de xidos cidos o anhdridosMedir 10 mL de agua destilada en una probeta de 25 mL.

Transferir el agua a un frasco de boca ancha.Agregar inmediatamente un pedacito de papel tornasol azul.

Encender el mechero Bunsen.

Colocar una pequea muestra de fsforo en una cuchara de deflagracin y someterla

a ignicin en la llama del mechero.

Introducir la cuchara de deflagracin con el fsforo en ignicin dentro del frasco de

boca ancha, asegurndose que no haga contacto el agua con el fondo de la cuchara.

Tapar el frasco y rotarlo suavemente sobre la mesa de trabajo.

Observar el color del papel tornasol.

Hacer anotaciones.

Lavar el frasco y la cuchara de deflagracin cuando ya no se observen vapores.

Using the dictionaryWhat is the dictionary?The dictionary is a reference book that contains the words of a language arranged

alphabetically with their meanings, and sometimes also their pronunciation,

grammatical labels, inflections, etymologies, etc. An entry word is each word,

abbreviation, prefix, suffix or set of words that the dictionary explains.

A dictionary can be divided into the following parts:Guide Words: thefirstand lastentry words on a dictionary page.Syllabication: it shows how words are divided into syllables.

Part of Speech: the function of a word in a sentence.Definition: the meaning of a word or term; words may have more than one meaning.

Respelling: it shows in parentheses how to pronounce a word.Etymology: it is the study of the origin and development of words and their

meanings.

Idioms: the syntax, grammar and forms of expression peculiar to a language or avariety of language; an expression with a meaning which cannot be guessed at or

derived from the meanings of the individual words which form it.


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Following a page of The Merriam-Webster Dictionary is shown. If you have your

own dictionary read carefully the questions you are asked and answer them.

1. What are the guide words for this page?

2. What is the origin of the word able?

3. What is the eighteenth entry word on this page?

4. What is the difference between the word entries able andable?

5. What does ABM stand for?

6. How would you divide the word abortionist into syllables?

7. What are the functions of the word above?

8. What is the definition of the word abrasive?

9. What is the origin of the word abominate?

10.To what word does the following definition correspond? A mysterious

creature with human or apelike characteristics reported to exist in the

High Himalayas.

11.What is the past participle of the verb abrade?

12.How the word archbishop is abbreviated?


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UNIT VIIntermediate Reading Techniques (II)

Guessing Word MeaningGuessing word meaning is a reading technique that has as a purpose to make people

efficient in reading. When you are reading any kind of written material you must be

able to understand the text without consulting a dictionary, asking a classmate oryour professor if you find some word or words you do not know the meaning. This

technique is aided by four subtechniques: cognates, context, word formation, and

definition.

Cognates: words that have similar pronunciations and spellings in both languages,

and frequently have the same meaning. They can be divided into true cognates and

false cognates. E.g.: university, traduce, abate, hospital, compose.

Exercise 18Following there is a list of some words. Using your English-Spanish dictionary

identify them if they are true or false cognates.

Drug casualty pastelApproach traduce parent

Administration absorbance exit

Bottom familiar syringe

Facility gripe dose

Exercise 19Identify all the cognates in the following texts.

Powder injection is an innovative drug delivery technique that provides needle-free

and pain-free delivery of traditional pharmaceuticals. Drug-containing particles are

speeded up to high velocities using the energy of a transient helium gas jet in a cheap

hand-held device, and delivered directly into skin or other tissues. Iontophoresis is a

non-invasive technique that uses a mild electric current to deliver drugs through the

skin into the bloodstream. Iontophoretic systems consist of a drug-filled patch and a

miniaturised, battery-powered unit with integrated microcomputers controls, which is

worn in the same way as existing passive transdermal patches.

Context: the environment in a written text which surround a particular word, phrase,etc., and which contributes to the full meaning of the word, phrase, etc., in question.

Exercise 20Try to guess the meaning of the highlighted words in the following passage.

The federal government, displaying even less sense than usual, has yielded to theFrench fry industry. Frozen French friessliced, fried in oil, and then packaged

are now approved as fresh vegetables by the US Department of Agriculture. The

French fry industry has been petitioning the USDA for years to get this approval.

They say that their product is similar to cucumbers that have a wax coating. They

argue that they use 100 percent vegetable oil, which is much healthier for consumers

than plain wax. Most consumers, of course, beg to differ. You must be joking, said

Annie, 50. How can you consider a product that is deep-fried in oil to be a fresh

vegetable? Even if I steamed broccoli, I could no longer call it fresh broccoliit is

cooked! I wish I were a lobbyist, so my congressman would help me. Unfortunately,Im only a tax-paying citizen. The USDA defends its decision, saying that potatoes

undeniably are vegetables. Although French fries are fried in oil, they are stillpotatoes. If you let them sit on your countertop for a couple of weeks, a USDA


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spokesman said, the fries will rot just like all other fresh vegetables. Consumer

advocates say the USDA has totally lost touch with the consumers. They would

probably declare that eggshells are nutritious if a lobbyist asked them to, said one

advocate.

Exercise 21

Paying attention to the context try to guess the meaning of the highlighted words.

The crowd gathered at the city gates and at ten o clock it began to move. Reaching

the church a half

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