GUIA Ingles

INGLES BSICO I

DOCENTES

Dr Fernando Cornejo Snchez

Lic Carmen Castaeda Chau

Lic Doris Lpez Astocondor

2014 - II

Medical English 1 Page 1

Do you have fever?

Warm ups

Look at the following pictures and answer the following questions what do they feel? What do think they are their symptoms ?

Reading Read the following dialogue and answer the following questions Booking a Doctor's Appointment Receptionist: Doctor's office. Jane speaking. How can I help you? Caller: I need to make an appointment with Dr. Harris. Receptionist: Do you know your chart number? Caller: No, sorry. It's at home and I'm at work right now. Receptionist: No problem. What's your name, please? Caller: George Mason. Receptionist: Okay Mr. Mason. Hold one moment while I grab your chart, please. Caller: Sure. Receptionist: Thanks for waiting. Now, what do you need to see the doctor about? Caller: Well, I Have a cold , and I think I have a chest infection or something. My cough is getting worse each day. Receptionist: Hmm. Doctor Harris is off tomorrow. Do you think it can wait until Wednesday? Caller: Oh, it is urgent. I feel bad Receptionist: No problem, I will help you. Check your understanding 1. Why does the caller phone the doctor's office?

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a) He's running late for his appointment.

b) He's booking an appointment with Dr. Harris.

c) He can't remember his chart number. d) His medication ran out.

2. Which is true about George Mason? a) He has a bad cold. b) he sneezes c) he has a stomachache d) he bruises

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Grammar In this unit you are going to learn about the simple present tense . Look at the following chart and do the following activities SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

TO HAVE Affirmative statements

SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT

I You We They

have have have have

fever a cold stiff neck a sunburn

He She It

has has has

fever a cold a stiff neck

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1. Have a headache 2. Have an earache 3. Have a toothache 4. Have a stomachache 5. Have a backache 6. Have a sore throat 7. Have fever

8. Have a cold 9. Have a cough 10. Have a virus 11. Have an infection 12. Have a rash 13. Have an insect bite

14. Have a sunburn


15. Have a stiff neck 16. Have a runny nose 17. Have a bloody nose 18. Have a cavity 19. Have a wart 20. Have (the) hiccups

21. Have (the) chills 22. Have cramps 23. Have diarrhea 24. Have chest pain 25. Have shortness of breath 26. Have laryngitis

SUBJECT AUXILIARY VERB COMPLEMENT

I You We They

do not / dont have have have have

fever a cold a stiff neck a sunburn

He She It

does not / doesnt

have have have


INTERROGATIVE STATEMENTS

AUXILIARY SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT QUESTION MARK

Do I you we they

have have have have


?

Does he she it

have have have


?

WH QUESTION

WORDS


How often do I you we they

have have have have


?

When Why

does does

he she it

have have have


?

TO BE


27. Be faint/weak 28. Be dizzy 29. Feel nauseous

30. Be bloated 31. Be congested 32. Be exhausted

TYPE OF SENTENCE

SUBJECT AUXILIARY VERB

NEGATIVE FORM

COMPLEMENT

+ I am a patient.

+ You are a physician.

- She is not insane.

- We are not swollen.

? Is he weak.

? Are they vitamins?


OTHER VERBS

33. Cough 34. Sneeze 35. Wheeze 36. Burp 37. Vomit/throw up 38. Bleed 39. Twist 40. Sprain 41. Dislocate 42. Scratch 43. Scrape 44. Bruise 45. Burn 46. Break 47. Hurt 48. Cut

49. Swell 50. Itch


ACTIVITIES A. CHANGE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO THE APPROPRIATE FORM.

affirmative sentences negative sentences interrogative sentences 1) She has a cold or allergies (?) __________________________________________________________________ 2) They sneeze every minute (-) __________________________________________________________________ 3) My sister doesnt cough (+) _________________________________________________________________ 4) My husband is dizzy (?) __________________________________________________________________ 5) Does he feel nauseous? (+) __________________________________________________________________ 6) His brother is exhausted (-) __________________________________________________________________ 7) You arent a good dentist (?) __________________________________________________________________ 8) I dont wait for anybody (+) __________________________________________________________________ 9) It itches badly (-) __________________________________________________________________ 10) They arent here (+) __________________________________________________________________ B. PUT IN ORDER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES. 1. in / friends / I / have / dont / class/ this / many. __________________________________________________________________ 2. hospital / to / go / to / They / the / want. __________________________________________________________________

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3. arent / These / your / patients. _________________________________________________________________ 4. need / I / a / dont / psychologist __________________________________________________________________ 5. burp / he / vomit /?/ Does / and/ often __________________________________________________________________ C. FIND THE MISTAKES IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES AND REWRITE THEM.

1. He dont have measles __________________________________________________________________ 2. The patients is dizzies __________________________________________________________________ 3. Pediatrist ckeck children __________________________________________________________________ 4. We has a sunburn and you feel nauseous __________________________________________________________________ 5. Do she work in those medical facility? __________________________________________________________________

write and speak Write down a dialogue using the simple present tense and the vocabulary from this unit . then act it out .Help Appendix A Communicating with patients .

our links Here you have some link to practice the grammar from this unit. http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/simple_present_statements2.htm http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/questions/simple_present.htm http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/simple_present_negation_long.htm

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HOSPITAL FACILITIES Warm ups Look at the following pictures and answer the following questions what can you see on the picture 1? What can you see on the picture 2 ? What can you see on the picture 3 ?

Reading

Read the following dialogue and answer the following questions

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ESSENTIAL FACILITIES A NURSING HOME

Choosing a maternity hospital or nursing home for the birth of your baby can be time consuming. There are so many factors to consider such as distance from your home, how much it costs, what facilities they offer, the quality of medical staff and so on. You naturally want the best for you and your baby, but finding something suitable within your budget is not always easy. To help you make your choice, we have listed out five facilities that must be present so that you and your newborn can be properly cared for. When you take a tour of the maternity hospitals or nursing homes on your list, ask yourself the following five questions: 1. Is there a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)? If your baby is premature, or unwell after she is born, she might need special medical care. To handle such situations, the hospital or nursing home of your choice should have a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) . As well as having special medical equipment like incubators, feeding tubes, phototherapy lights, respiratory monitors, and cardiac monitors, the NICU should have staff trained to care for very small or ill babies. 2. Do they have access to a blood bank? Having access to a blood bank is vital. If you bleed excessively after the birth, you will need to be given a blood transfusion. Do make sure well in advance that the hospital or nursing home you choose to deliver at has access to your blood type and the quantity available is sufficient. If the hospital has its own blood bank, you can enquire about its cleanliness, power arrangements and accessibility. You should also check that medical equipment such as needles are opened in front of you and then destroyed after use. Some hospitals only release blood from their


bank if some is donated. The person donating blood does not necessarily need to be of the same blood type as you. It is best to agree with a family member or friend beforehand on who will donate blood if required. 3. What is the hygiene standard? A good indication of the quality of a hospital or nursing home is the level of hygiene of the equipment, staff, rooms and bathrooms. While taking a tour of a nursing home or hospital try and check what the level of hygiene is. Is the linen changed regularly? Is the food prepared hygienically? Are the rooms cleaned daily? Is the medical equipment sterilized?

1 which factors do you need to choose a nursing home?

2.What kind of Nicu do premature babies need? .

3. Which conditions do you need in a blood bank? .

4. do you need to take a tour before choosing a nursing home ? why ..

Grammar In this unit you are going to learn about there is there are and preposition of location. Look at the following chart and do the following activities

THERE IS/ THERE ARE

Both expressions are used to state the something exists or to point out something in the distance. There is/There are can be used as the sentences subject. 1. "There is" - is used with the following subjects:

Singular nouns

Uncountable nouns

3rd person singular (he, she, my physician, his outpatient, etc.).

Examples:

There is my specialist on the corner. There is a lot of blood on the highway. There must have been an accident. There is a fracture here. 2. "There are" - is used with the following subjects:

3rd person plural (they, my doctors, the nurses, the practitioners, etc.) Examples:

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There are many nurses in this nursing station. There are practitioners there. There are three sites on the internet that are really good to study Medical English.

PREPOSITIONS

ACTIVITIES

A. THERE IS/THERE ARE. Choose the appropriate expression from the parentheses. 1. ___________ a fly in that doctor's soup. (There is, There are) 2. ______________many health centers in Huaycan. (There isn't, There aren't) 3. ________________ any viruses in this area. (There isn't, There aren't) 4. _____________________ lots of clinics in big cities. (There is, There are) 5. ______________ a blood bank here? (Is there, Are there) 6. _________________ survivors in the mine? (Is there, Are there) 7. _____________________ a blood donor I can call? (Is there, Are there) 8. _______________ an important surgery tomorrow. (There is, There are) 9. _____________________ 8 students in my Medical English class. (There is, There are) 10._________________________ many inpatients in this hospital. (There isn't, There aren't)


Medical Specialists Medical specialists are experts in certain fields of medicine. They treat specific parts of the body, such as the stomach or the heart, or they specialize in certain diseases, such as AIDS. Family doctors keep a list of local specialists and can help patients choose the right specialist for each medical issue. In many cases, specialists require a referral from a family doctor before they will see a patient. Here is a list of the most common types of specialists. Study the list and then check your understanding by taking the quiz. Allergist: specializes in determining food and environmental allergies Anesthesiologist: specializes in pain prevention during surgery Cardiologist: heart specialist Chiropractor: back specialist Dentist: tooth specialist Dermatologist: skin specialist Fertility specialist: helps people who have difficulty getting pregnant Gynecologist: specializes in women's needs Massage therapist: specializes in muscle relaxation Midwife: helps women deliver babies in a natural way Naturopath: specializes in natural cures and remedies Neurologist: brain specialist Obstetrician: specialist for pregnant women Occupational therapist: specializes in workplace health Oncologist: tumor specialist, including cancer Ophthalmologist: specializes in eye diseases Pediatrician: specialist for babies and children Physical therapist: specializes in the body's movement Podiatrist: foot specialist Psychiatrist: specialist in mental health Radiologist: specializes in imaging tests ACTIVITIES A. Read the patient complaints and say which specialist each patient needs.

1. I have a terrible rash on my arms and legs. I think I'm allergic to dairy food, but it also might be grass. a) chiropractor b) ophthalmologist

c) allergist d) psychiatrist

2. My husband and I just took a home pregnancy test, and it came out positive. We want to know when we are due and we want to make sure the fetus is healthy. a) podiatrist b) pediatrician

c) obstetrician d) pharmacist

3. I still can't walk and it's been three months since my accident. I hate being stuck in a wheelchair. a) anesthesiologist b) physical therapist

c) radiologist d) dentist

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4. The test results show that I have an advanced form of blood cancer. a) oncologist b) neurologist

c) midwife d) allergist

5. My left eye has an infection that won't go away and my vision has been blurry for two weeks now. a) podiatrist b) massage therapist

c) ophthalmologist d) radiologist

6. I don't want to take any drugs that will cause me to become addicted to them, but I

do need some sort of pain relief. a) naturopath b) dentist

c) cardiologist d) dermatologist

7. I've been having major chest pains this week. I'm also having trouble breathing. a) gynecologist b) cardiologist

c) oncologist d) dermatologist

8. I get terrible acne and I have tried all of the products in the pharmacy. I don't know what to do now. a) massage therapist b) podiatrist

c) occupational therapist d) dermatologist

9. My baby is not developing properly. She hasn't put on any weight in two months and she keeps getting ear infections. a) anesthesiologist b) pediatrician

c) midwife d) massage therapist

10. My husband and I have been trying to get pregnant for three years. We have tried everything that the books suggest. a) fertility specialist c) psychiatrist b) oncologist d) dentist B. Which are they specialties? Choose the right word for each number.

write and speak Write down a dialogue using the simple present tense ,there is / there are and the vocabulary from this unit . then act it out .Help Appendix A Communicating with patients Our links

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X-ray technician; gynecologist; psychiatrist; emergency medical technician; surgeon; pediatrician;

cardiologist; optometrist, obstetrician; dentist; doctor; nurse; lab technician.

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Here you have some link to practice the grammar from this unit http://www.adelescorner.org/grammar/there_is/thereis.html http://www.english-room.com/index.php?option=com_wrapper&Itemid=34

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THE HEAD

Warm ups Look at the following pictures and answer the following questions 1 is the frontal bone underneath the skull? 2 Is the mandible at the bottom of the persons head ? 3 Are temporals at the sides of the head?

Reading Read the following dialogue and answer the following questions BONES OF THE HEAD AND NECK The bones of the head and neck play the vital role of supporting the brain, sensory organs, nerves, and blood vessels of the head and protecting these structures from mechanical damage. Movements of these bones by the attached muscles of the head provide for facial expressions, eating, speech, and head movement. The skull consists of 22 cranial and facial bones, which, with the exception of the mandible, are tightly fused together. The skull encases and protects the brain as well as the special sense organs of vision, hearing, balance, taste and smell.... Attachment points for the muscles of the head and neck are located on the exterior surfaces of the skull and allow for important movement like chewing, speech, and facial expressions. Teeth are rooted into deep sockets in the mandible and maxillary bones. The upper portions of the digestive and respiratory tracts are also housed within the hollow oral and nasal cavities of the skull. Another important bone of the head and neck is the hyoid bone. The hyoid is closely associated with the skull but is a floating bone that does not form a joint with any other bone. It anchors muscles of the tongue and throat and holds open the larynx of the respiratory tract. The auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, and

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stapes) of each ear are also bones in the head separate from the skull. They form a bridge connecting the eardrum to the inner ear and function to transmit vibrations between these parts. The 7 cervical vertebrae form the bones of the neck that support the skull and organs of the head. The first cervical vertebra (atlas) supports and balances the head. The second vertebra (axis) allows the head to rotate laterally to the left and the right. Hollow spaces within the cervical vertebrae protect and conduct the spinal cord and vertebral arteries through the neck. Muscle attachment sites on the cervical vertebrae provide movement and posture to the head and neck.

1. How many cranial bones are there in the skull? ..

2. What is the function of the skull?

3. Where are the teeth located ?

4. What is the function of the hyoid bone? 5. What is the function of atlas and axis ?

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Grammar In this unit you are going to learn about the present progressive . Look at the following chart and do the following activities

Present Progressive We use the present continuous tense to talk about: action happening now action in the future

SUBJECT AUXILIARY VERB MAIN VERB COMPLEMENT

+ I am examining a patient.

+ You are prescribing the medicine

- She is not sleeping in the hospital.

- We are not coughing

? Is he vaccinating the children?

? Are they taking vitamins?

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ACTIVITIES A. Complete the following sentences with the present continuous. 1. The doctors _______________ (vaccinate) the children right now. 2. The gynecologist ________________________ (examine) Lucia these days. 3. The doctor __________________ (prescribe) medicines right now. 4. Listen! Michael_____________________ (cough) a lot. 5. I ______________________ (drink) cough syrup at this moment. 6. Jake _________________________ (suffer) a terrible disease. 7. Doctor, ______________________ you ________________ (cure) Mr. Baker? 8. Look! A biologist _____________________ (analyze) a microbe. 9. My children __________________________ (catch) a cold.

10. _______________ you _______________(arrange ) an appointment?

Write and speak Write down a dialogue using the present progressive and the vocabulary from this unit . then act it out .Help Appendix A Communicating with patients

Our links Here you have some link to practice the grammar from this unit http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/present-progressive/form/exercises?form02 http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/present_progressive_statements_long.htm http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/present_progressive_statements_long.htm

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Digestive System

Warm ups Look at the following pictures and answer the following questions Which organ is it?

Reading Read the following dialogue and answer the following questions

Main Structures of the Digestive System The digestive tract is a long continuous tube that starts with the mouth and ends with the anus. It includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The tongue and teeth located in the mouth are accessory structures. The salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, and pancreas are the other accessory organs of the digestive system that secretes digestive enzymes into the digestive tract that are involved in the process of digestion. Mouth: The mouth contains tongue and teeth. With the help of these the food is chewed (broken into tiny pieces) and mixes with saliva (secreted by salivary glands) Pharynx: Is a funnel shaped opening through which the food from mouth passes to esophagus. Esophagus: Is a long tubular structure that with the help of peristalsis movement passes food to the stomach. Stomach: A large sac-like structure that holds the food for a while where it gets mixed with the hydrochloric acid and gastric juice. Small intestine: It is a long muscular tube that is divisible into the duodenum, the jejunum, and ileum. Secretions of liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are passed into the small intestine, where the major part of the digestion occurs. Large intestine: Minor part of the digestion occurs in large intestine and is divisible into cecum, colon, and rectum. Reabsorption of water and absorption of food material takes place in large intestine.

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Anus: The indigested food is excreted out through anus. Liver: Liver is the largest organ of the human body and it is involved in synthesis and secretion of bile that plays a role in emulsification of fats. Liver secreted from live is stored in gallbladder, from which it flows into small intestine. Pancreas: Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice. Answer the questions What is the function of the esophagus ? . What is the function of stomach? . What is the function of the liver ? .

Grammar In this unit you are going to learn about the plural form of nouns . Look at the following chart and do the following activities

PLURAL FORM OF NOUNS

CASE DESCRIPTION OF THE RULE

STRUCTURE EXAMPLE

General rule The plural form of most nouns is created simply by adding the letter s to the end of the word.

NOUN + -S minute - minutes

When nouns end in -ch, -x, -s, -sh, -z or s-like sounds

The plural is formed by adding es

NOUN + -ES church - churches box -boxes index -= indexes ( also indices) gas - gases bush - bushes ass -asses quiz quizzes

Nouns ending in o When they are preceded by a consonant. Except: newly created words or words with Spanish or Italian origin.

NOUN + -ES NOUN + -S

potato - potatoes tomato tomatoes volcano - volcanoes photo - photos piano - pianos portico - porticos

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Noun ending in y When they are preceded by a consonant, they drop the y and add ies When they are preceded by a VOWEL, add a s

NOUN Y + IES NOUN + -S

party - parties lady - ladies Boy - boys Toy - toys Ray rays

Noun ending in f or fe

Drop the f or fe and add ves

NOUN F + VES NOUN FE + VES

calf calves half - halves wolf - wolves wife wives

Nouns ending in is

Drop the -is and add -es

NOUN IS + ES crisis - crises hypothesis - hypotheses oasis - oases

Irregular plural Some nouns change their structure to form their plural form.

ODD PLURAL FORM

child - children ox - oxen man men woman - women person - people foot - feet tooth - teeth mouse - mice louse - lice

Identical singular and plural form

Some nouns have identical plural and singular forms, although they are still considered to have a plural form.

NO CHANGE aircraft - aircraft fish - fish sheep - sheep deer - deer species - species headquarters - headquarters

Collective words or nouns associated with two parts.

These nouns exist only in the plural form and take a plural verb.

ONLY PLURAL FORM

cattle scissors trousers tweezers congratulations pajamas

Compound nouns In compound nouns the plural ending is usually

MAIN NOUN + -S court martial - courts martial son-in-law - sons-in-law


added to the main noun.

passer-by - passers-by

Uncountable noun Uncountable nouns on the other hand have no plural form and take a singular verb (is / was ...).

NO PLURAL FORM

advice information luggage headquarters - headquarters news - news

NOTES: Third person of singular in simple present tense conjugation uses the same rules that plural forms.

1 GRAMMAR

A. Write the s plural form of the following words.

1. thesis ____________ 11. watch ______________

2. stimulus ____________ 12. mountain ______________

3. alumnus ____________ 13. louse ______________

4. loaf ____________ 14. family ______________

5. medium ____________ 15. shelf ______________

6. crisis ____________ 16. cloud ______________

7. veto ____________ 17. area ______________

8. fireman ____________ 18. photo ______________

9. diagnosis ____________ 19. home ______________

10. ox ____________ 20. logo ______________

B. Next to each word in the list, write correctly the plural for that word. If that word cannot be pluralized because it's a non-count noun, write the letter X. 1. man ________________

2. furniture ________________

3. experience ________________

4. Kennedy ________________

5. ski ________________

6. gas ________________


7. box ________________

8. peace ________________

9. cactus ________________

10. criterion ________________

11. baby ________________

12. memo ________________

13. work ________________

14. self ________________

15. applause ________________

16. dancing ________________

17. 1990 ________________

18. aluminum ________________

19. fax ________________

20. roof ________________

21. fish ________________

22. child ________________

23. difficulty ________________

24. knowledge ________________

25. goose ________________

26. video ________________

27. curriculum ________________

28. biology ________________

29. URL ________________

30. dish ________________

C. Write the plural form of the following medical nouns. 1. mouth ______________

2. pharynx ______________

3. anus ______________

4. trachea ______________

5. pancreas ______________

6. enzyme ______________

7. duodenum ______________

8. cecum ______________

9. rectum ______________

10. bronchus ______________

Write and speak Write down a dialogue using the vocabulary from this unit . then act it out .Help Appendix A Communicating with patients

Our links Here you have some link to practice the grammar from this unit http://babelnet.sbg.ac.at/themepark/castle/pluralform.htm http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-plural.php#.UzhLFKh5N6k

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Medical English 1 Page1

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Warm ups Look at the following picture and answer the following questions: What is the picture about? Do you know these parts of the body?

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Reading

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM?

When you breathe in and out, your respiratory system is working. The respiratory system if made up of various organs that allow you to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. If you dont have oxygen, and you cant get rid of carbon dioxide, your body cant live for longer than a few minutes. Which organs make up the respiratory system? What are the functions of the respiratory system?

What Are the Components of the Respiratory System?

The respiratory system is made up of several organs that work in tandem to help you breathe. If something goes wrong with one of these organs, then the rest of them dont work as well. The list below includes the various components of your respiratory system.

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Major Organs Nose, mouth, larynx, pharynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi

Upper Respiratory Tract

The nose, nasal cavity, sinuses (ethmoid, frontal, maxillary, and sphenoid). Larnyx and trachea.

Lower Respiratory Tract

The lungs, airways (bronchi and bronchioles), and air sacs, or alveoli.

What Is the Function of the Respiratory System?

Each part of your body works together seamlessly to create the breathing that you need to survive. Here are the functions of the respiratory system and how each organ works in tandem with the rest to create seamless, effortless breathing. 1. Breathing-Inhalation and Exhalation The Act of Breathing: When you inhale air through your nose or mouth, it goes straight to the trachea, or windpipe. Just below that, the trachea divided into several tubes known as bronchial tubes. The air you breathe goes into these, then into bronchioles in the lungs, which are even smaller tubes. The air then fills little sacs in the lungs, called alveoli. There are over 300 million of these in the typical human body. The alveoli are surrounded by tiny blood vessels. These blood vessels suck the oxygen out of the air you have just taken in and send it to the blood, where it goes to the heart, where it is then pumped around your body to give your cells the oxygen they need. As this happens, carbon dioxide is formed. The blood carries that back to your lungs, where the process reverses. When you breathe out, you are exhaling the carbon dioxide that was created inside your body. With each breath, the process continues. Role of Diaphragm in Breathing: One of the most important components of your body is the diaphragm. This is a large muscle shaped like a dome that sits right underneath your lungs. When you take a breath, the diaphragm pushes downward, creating a vacuum that then sucks the air into your lungs. When you exhale, the diaphragm pushes upward and outward, forcing the carbon dioxide from your body. An injury to the diaphragm can make it difficult to breathe, even if there is nothing wrong with the rest of your respiratory system. 2. Clearing the Air The respiratory system also plays defense for you. The nose is filled with tiny hairs that filter out large particles. These hairs are also found among the air passages, where they move back and forth to sweep the air clean. The mucus produced in your respiratory system works to trap foreign invaders, such as bacteria, and prevent it from going deeper into your body. Finally, the things that do get past these defense systems can be coughed up from the lungs and expelled. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Why Do I Yawn? When you are sleepy or drowsy the lungs do not take enough oxygen from the air. This causes a shortage of oxygen in our bodies. The brain senses this shortage of


oxygen and sends a message that causes you to take a deep long breath - a YAWN. Why Do I Sneeze? Sneezing is like a cough in the upper breathing passages. It is the body's way of removing an irritant from the sensitive mucous membranes of the nose. Many things can irritate the mucous membranes. Dust, pollen, pepper or even a cold blast of air are just some of the many things that may cause you to sneeze. What Causes Hiccups? Hiccups are the sudden movements of the diaphragm. It is involuntary. You have no control over hiccups, as you well know. There are many causes of hiccups. The diaphragm may get irritated, you may have eaten to fast, or maybe some substance in the blood could even have brought on the hiccups.

Grammar In this unit you are going to learn about the imperative. Look at the following chart and do the following activities

THE IMPERATIVE (imperativo)

Es usado para expresar rdenes, avisos y recomendaciones. Imperativo en afirmativo:

Go! = !vaya!

Come here! = ven aqu!

Speak up! = Habla ms fuerte!

Shut up! = Cllate!

Sit down! = Sintate!

Stand up! = Levntate!

Wake up! = Despierta! Imperativo en negativo:

Don't + verbo en infinitivo sin sujeto y sin "to".

Don't shout! = No grites! Don't worry = No te preocupes! Dont move! = No te muevas! Don't open the window! = No abras la ventana! Don't eat the orange! = No comas la naranja! Dont smoke! = No fumas!

Verbo en infinitivo sin sujeto y sin "to".

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El imperativo de primera persona del plural Se utiliza cuando te quieres incluir t mismo en la orden

Let's + verbo en infinitivo y sin "to".

Let's play. = Juguemos. Let's study = Estudiemos. Lets sing = Cantemos. Let's find a solution = encontremos una solucin Let's revise the lesson = revisemos la leccin Estructura negativa de let's:

Let's + not + verbo en infinitivo sin "to".

Let's not do it = No lo hagamos. Let's not play = No juguemos. Let's not write = No escribamos. SELECT THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE

1. ______ up! We'll be late for the party. a) Don't hurry b) Hurry you c) Hurry

2. _____ your books. We'll need them in class today. a) Forget not b) Don't forget c) Forget

3. _____ that music! I can't hear you. a) Turn down b) Turn up c) Don't turn down

4. _____. I'm trying to concentrate. a) Are you quiet b) Be quiet c) Be you quiet

5. Please _____ your seats. Class will begin soon. a) takes b) take c) you take

6. _____ time before the exam. a) Don't you waste b) Don't waste c) Waste not

7. _____ to the end of this street and turn left. a) Drives b) Drive c) Drive you

8. _____ early for work tomorrow. a) Arrives b) Do you arrive c) Arrive

9. ______. I'll help you. a) Worry not b) Don't you worry c) Don't worry


10. _____ your exam in 15 minutes. a) Finish b) Finishes c) You Finish PUT IN ORDER TO MAKE SENTENCES

1. to / supermarket / go / don't / the. .

2. first / street / take / the .

3. don't / road / cross / this .

4. down / go / avenue / this .

5. right / turn / don't. . FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE IMPERATIVE FORM. 1. ________________ upstairs! (to go) 2. ________________ during the lesson. (not/to talk) 3. ________________ the instructions. (to read) 4. ________________ soccer near the windows. (not to play) 5. ________________ your teeth. (to brush) 6. ________________ the animals in the zoo. (not / to feed) 7. ________________ your mobiles. (swich off)

Write and speak Write down a dialogue using the imperative form and the vocabulary from this unit. Then act it out.

Our links

Here you have some links to practice the grammar from this unit.

http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/imperat1.htm http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-imperative.php http://www.newhealthguide.org/What-Is-The-Function-Of-The-Respiratory-System.html

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READING COMPREHENSION

Read the following text and answer the questions below.

Human Digestive System

How does food get digested? Digestion involves mechanical as well as chemical changes in the food taken. Mechanical alteration is brought about by teeth, grinding organs and muscular contraction of stomach and intestinal walls. Breaking food into small pieces increases the surface area exposed to the enzymes of digestive juices.

INTRODUCTION OF FOOD DIGESTION PROCESS Chemical changes, whether in protozoans or in animals from sponges to man, involve cleaving of complex, insoluble macro molecules into simpler, soluble sub units, and are brought about by the action of enzyme. Food Digestion Process Food Intake: Different organisms obtain food in different ways but carry out similar reactions. To take food, protozoans use pseudopodia, flagella or cilia; sponges and muscles use a current of water; hydra uses tentacles beset with stinging cells; planarians and earthworms use a muscular pharynx; flukes and leeches use oral succer.

UNIT

6


Digestive System and process: Parts of the body concerned with the uptake and digestion of food and elimination of indigestible remains from the digestive system, also called elementary system. The digestive system consists of two sets of organs: Alimentary canal: It is a tube comprising many specialized organs. It provides and helps in the process of: (i)An inlet, the mouth, to ingest food (ii)A cavity, the lumen, where food is digested (iii)A surface for the absorption of digested food (iv)A space where indigestible remains are changed in to faeces (v)An outlet the anus for elimination of faeces. Digestive glands and their function in the process: These are the structures associated with the different regions of the alimentary canal. They sent into the digestive track their secretions which contains enzyme and other materials to help in the digestion of food. Most of the alimentary canal and certain digestive glands are supported and held in place by mesenteries, the double sheets of peritoneum with a layer of connective tissues in between. Summary for Food Digestion Process The digestive system serves three major functions are:

1. Nutrition: The digestive track primarily serves to provide food to the tissues to the body. 2. Breathing: The interior part of the alimentary canal also plays a role in respiration in the chordates. 3. Excretion: The digestive system brings about sum excretion too. Excretion is the elimination of unwanted materials from the body.

QUESTIONS

1. Does digestion only involve mechanical changes? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Why are enzymes important during the digestion process? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Which is the final step of the digestion process? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. How is the alimentary canal supported? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


2. Matching Match the numbers with the letters

1. Cleave a) excrement 2. Intake b) the cavity of a tubular organ or part 3. Lumen c) tube 4. Faeces d) the amount taken in 5. Canal e) divide

ON-LINE EXERCISES The following links could provide you further information and resources on plural form. Find mistakes

http://www.englishteststore.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=707:Find-Mistakes-Basic-Level-Test-001&catid=117:find-mistakes&Itemid=365 Plural forms

http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/english-grammar-nouns-plural3.html http://www.clafoti.com/Imagenes/PLURALNOUNS.htm http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/quizzes/cross/plurals_gap.htm


THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Warm ups Look at the following picture and answer the following question Do you know this organ? Do you know that our blood circulate through it?

UNIT

7 1


Reading

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

The circulatory system is made up of the vessels and the muscles that help and control the flow of the blood around the body. This process is called circulation. The main parts of the system are the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins. As blood begins to circulate, it leaves the heart from the left ventricle and goes into the aorta. The aorta is the largest artery in the body. The blood leaving the aorta is full of oxygen. This is important for the cells in the brain and the body to do their work. The oxygen rich blood travels throughout the body in its system of arteries into the smallest arterioles. On its way back to the heart, the blood travels through a system of veins. As it reaches the lungs, the carbon dioxide (a waste product) is removed from the blood and replace with fresh oxygen that we have inhaled through the lungs.

Arteries Arteries are tough, elastic tubes that carry blood away from the heart. As the arteries move away from the heart, they divide into smaller vessels. The largest arteries are about as thick as a thumb. The smallest arteries are thinner than hair. These thinner

2


arteries are called arterioles. Arteries carry bright red blood! The color comes from the oxygen that it carries. Veins Veins carry the blood to the heart. The smallest veins, also called venules, are very thin. They join larger veins that open into the heart. The veins carry dark red blood that doesn't have much oxygen. Veins have thin walls. They don't need to be as strong as the arteries because as blood is returned to the heart, it is under less pressure Heart Did you know that your heart is the strongest muscle? Your heart is divided into two sides. The right side pumps blood to your lungs where it picks up oxygen. The left side pumps oxygen-soaked blood out to your body. They do not work on their own, but together as a team. The body's blood is circulated through the heart more than 1,000 times per day. Between five and six thousand quarts of blood are pumped each day. Your heart is about the same size as your fist. Blood is thicker than water and has a little bit salty taste. In an adult body there is 10.6 pints of blood circulating around. In their blood there is billions of living blood cells floating in a liquid called plasma. If you took a small sample of this blood and poured it into a test tube and then put it in a machine called a centrifuge, you would be able to see the layers of this blood. This machine spins the blood around so fast that it separates the red blood cells, from the white blood cells, from the platelets. The red blood cells sink to the bottom because they are the heavier, more solid parts, but the plasma remains at the top because it is lighter. The plasma is 95% water and the other 5% is made up of dissolved substances including salts.

Grammar In this unit you are going to learn about the object pronouns, demonstrative adjectives and demonstrative pronouns, possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns. Look at the following charts and do the following activities.

PRONOUNS A pronoun is a word that can be used instead of another word. Examples: The X-ray machine is automatic, so it does not need to be programmed. Helen was diagnosed as hypertensive, so the doctor gave her some beta-blockers. If you did not pass one or more laboratories, you must take them this semester.

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SUBJECT PRONOUNS

OBJECT PRONOUNS

I Me

You You

He Him

She Her

It It

We Us

You You

They Them

When pronouns are used as subjects of clauses they are called SUBJECT PRONOUNS (SP). Their position is before verbs. They have discovered the cure. SP We are wasting time. SP OBJECT PRONOUNS (OP) are located after verbs or prepositions. They fight cancer They fight it. I gave one scalpel and three tweezers to the surgeon I gave them to him NOTE: A pronoun acts as a subject or an object in a clause, so it is an error to repeat the noun it refers to in the same clause. Example The administrators they are willing to discuss your queries. Bottle-feeding them young children is as nutritious for them as breast feeding. Demonstrative adjectives vs. demonstrative pronouns

DISTANCE SINGULAR PLURAL

NEAR This These

FAR That Those

This, that, these, those are words used to refer to nouns that are near or further away in time or space. They work as adjectives when they modify a noun (the noun is written or pronounced in the same clause). If they replace a noun these words work as pronouns. Example:

This chocolate tastes delicious. (ADJECTIVE)

This tastes delicious. (PRONOUN)

I don't like this prognosis. (ADJECTIVE)

I don't like this. (PRONOUN)

That athlete will run for an hour. (ADJECTIVE)

OP

OP

OP


That will run for an hour (PRONOUN)

Jim wrote that prescription. (ADJECTIVE)

Jim wrote that. (PRONOUN)

These patients look good. (ADJECTIVE)

These look good. (PRONOUN) Possessive adjective vs. possessive pronouns Possessive adjectives modify a noun (that is written or pronounced in the clause) and show that there is a possession relation. Possessive pronouns are used when we want to substitute a group of words that are indicating a possession relation.

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE

POSSESSIVE PRONOUN

My Mine

Your Yours

His His

Her Hers

Its Its

Our Ours

Your Yours

Their Theirs

For example:

This is my book. (ADJECTIVE)

This is mine. (PRONOUN)

Their patients are in the intensive care unit (ADJECTIVE).

Theirs are in the intensive care unit. (PRONOUN)

This is your disk and that's mine. (ADJECTIVE PRONOUN) The smallest stethoscope is hers. (PRONOUN)

NOTE Read the following sentence When you drive to Manitoba, will you take your car or theirs?

The possessive adjective "your" depends on the noun "car."

The possessive pronoun, "theirs," stands in the place of the noun phrase, "their car."


ACTIVITIES A. Underline the object in each sentence and replace it using an object pronoun.

a) Please help doctor Takashi.

_______________________________________________________________ b) Peter loves chemistry

_______________________________________________________________ c) Read page 104.

_______________________________________________________________

d) Ask doctor Huapaya and doctor Carhuancho. _______________________________________________________________

e) Buy five syringes for Miss La Rosa. _______________________________________________________________

B. Unscramble the words groups to write sentences. Use the correct punctuation and capitalization.

a) lend / him / money / some / always / I ________________________________________________________________

b) the / showing / the / something / women / is / man / to. ________________________________________________________________

c) them / she / help / some / gives / rarely. ________________________________________________________________

d) you / tell / the / him / do / ? / answers ________________________________________________________________

e) this / us / does / explain / kind / exercises / of / she / not / to.

C. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate possessive adjective, then use possessive pronouns to replace the group of words expressing possession relation.

1. Whats the boys name? _____________ name is Ben Scott. __________________________________________________________________

2. Debbie has a dog. ____________ dog is very lively. __________________________________________________________________

3. The dog is very lively. _____________ name is Ben. __________________________________________________________________

4. We are at school. _______________ school is very nice. __________________________________________________________________

5. I have a new laptop. _____________ laptop is white. __________________________________________________________________

6. I'm from Chester. Most of ______________ friends are from Chester, too. __________________________________________________________________

7. The Guptas have a restaurant. _____________ restaurant is great. __________________________________________________________________

8. The rabbit is white. ______________ cage is in the garden. __________________________________________________________________

9. You are not English. ______________ name is not an English name.


__________________________________________________________________ 10. Sandra and Jenny are friends. ________________school is in Chester.

__________________________________________________________________ 11. The Scotts have a new car. _________________ car is blue.

__________________________________________________________________ 12. Emma Peel has a brother. ________________ name is Paul.

__________________________________________________________________ 13. Nick Baker has a sister._______________ name is Debbie.

__________________________________________________________________ 14. Yes, we have a dog. _____________ dog is very old.

__________________________________________________________________ 15. The Snows have a tortoise. ____________ name is

Trundle.______________________________________________________________

Write and speak Write down a dialogue using the object pronouns, demonstrative adjectives and demonstrative pronouns, possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns and the vocabulary from this unit. Then act it out.

Our links

Here you have some links to practice the grammar from this unit. http://www.englischhilfen.de/en/exercises/pronouns/personal_pronouns3.htm http://www.language-worksheets.com/demonstrative-pronouns-elementary.html http://rojo5th.net/flash/ciencia/chapter3/eReview_P5_C3_L4.swf

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THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM

Warm ups

Look at the following words and answer the following questions: Have you ever heard about these words? What are they part of?

1

UNIT

8


Reading

THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM

Excretion - Excretion is the removal of the metabolic wastes of an organism. Wastes that are removed include carbon dioxide, water, salt, urea and uric acid. All excreted wastes travel at some time in the blood. Organs of the Excretory System Lungs - removal of excess carbon dioxide Liver - produces urea and uric acid as a by-product of the breakdown of proteins Skin - removal of excess water, salt, urea and uric acid Urinary System - kidneys filter the blood to form urine, which is excess water, salt, urea and uric acid THE SKIN Layers of the skin Epidermis - outer protective layer without blood vessels Dermis - inner layer containing blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, sweat and oil glands, hairs, and fat cells Functions of the skin Excretion - Wastes such as excess water, salt, urea and uric acid are removed from the body in sweat. Waterproofing - The skin with its oil glands prevents the entry of water into, and loss of water out of the body. Protection from disease - The intact skin prevents invasion of micro-organisms and dust into the body. Protection from ultraviolet rays - Pigments reduce the intake of UV rays. Regulation of body temperature - The thin layer of fat cells in the dermis insulates the body. Contraction of small muscles attached to hairs forms 'goosebumps' and creates an insulating blanket of warm air. Also, sweat produced by sweat glands uses excess body heat to evaporate, providing a cooling effect. Sensory Detection - The nerve endings or receptors in the dermis detect heat, cold, touch, pressure and pain.

Grammar In this unit you are going to learn about the quantifiers with countable and uncountable nouns. Look at the following charts and do the following activities

SOME / ANY

STATEMENT SOME ANY

Affirmative statement

I have some health nuisances. They will need some calories

_

Negative statements

_ I do not need any blood transfusion.

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Interrogative statements

_ Do you need any help? Does she have any classmates?

Exception: Offer: Would you like some help? Request: Can you lend me some money?

QUANTIFIERS WITH COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Some adjectives and adjectival phrases describe quantity. Some can only go with countable nouns (nurses, inpatients, outpatients), and some can only go with uncountable nouns (sugar, fat, blood, advice). However, there are quantifiers that can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns.

ONLY WITH UNCOUNTABLE

NOUNS

WITH UNCOUNTABLE AND COUNTABLE

NOUNS

ONLY WITH COUNTABLE NOUNS

How much? How much? or How many?

How many?

a little no/none a few

a bit (of) not any a number (of)

- some (any) several

a great deal of a lot of a large number of

a large amount of plenty of a great number of

- lots of -

Notes:

1. Much and many are used in negative and question forms. Example: How much sugar do you consume? How many cigarettes do you smoke? There's not much blood in the blood bank. There weren't many physicians at the meeting.

2. They are also used with too, (not) so, and (not) as : Examples There were too many physicians at the meeting. It's a problem when there are so many patients. There's not so much work to do this week.

3. In positive statements, we use a lot of: Examples: I have a lot of work this week. There were a lot of physicians at the meeting.


4. A few (for countable nouns) and a little (for uncountable nouns) describe the quantity in a positive way: Examples: I have a few patients (= maybe not many, but enough) I have a little money (= I have enough to live on)

5. Few and little describe the quantity in a negative way: Few people visited him in hospital (= he had almost no visitors) He had little money (= almost no money) ACTIVITIES

A. QUANTIFIERS. In the following sentences, fill in the gaps with one of the following quantifiers:

1. It seems to me that we haven't had ____________ assignments in English this term. 2. How _______________ material can we be expected to read in one week? 3. I've unfortunately had _________________ headaches already because of stress. 4. Our yard looks awful this summer. There are too _____________ weeds. 5. I didn't use _____________ fertilizer last spring, and that has made a difference. 6. Also, I've paid very_________________ attention to how rain we've had. 7. I'm afraid it's rained ________________ times this summer, and that is why the grass

is turning brown and dying. Farmers are very upset. 8. How _______________ good would it do if we watered the plants ourselves? 9. ________________ advice I have ever received from so-called "experts" has been

useless. 10. They said that just _________________ help could make a big difference. 11. ________________________ people know as much about computers as Tomas

does. 12. It does us _________________________ good when the banking system collapses.

Write and speak Write down a dialogue using quantifiers with countable and uncountable nouns and the vocabulary from this unit. Then act it out.

Our links

Here you have some links to practice the grammar from this unit. http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/confusing_words/some_any.htm http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/vocabulary/some-any/exercises http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/vocabulary/some-any/exercises?02

much, many, a lot of, most, a little, little, a few, few

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THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Warm ups Look at the following pictures and answer the following questions How do they feel? What are their physical appearances?

Reading Read the following and answer the questions Introduction The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones. These hormones regulate the body's growth, metabolism (the physical and chemical processes of the body), and sexual development and function. The hormones are released into the bloodstream and may affect one or several organs throughout the body. Hormones are chemical messengers created by the body. They transfer information from one set of cells to another to coordinate the functions of different parts of the body. The major glands of the endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal body, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, the pncreas and the reproductive organs (ovaries and testes).

UNIT

9

1

2


ENDOCRINE GLADS

1. Hypothalamus The hypothalamus is located in the lower central part of the brain. This part of the brain is important in regulation of satiety, metabolism, and body temperature. In addition, it secretes hormones that stimulate or suppress the release of hormones in the pituitary gland. Many of these hormones are releasing hormones, which are secreted into an artery (the hypophyseal portal system) that carries them directly to the pituitary gland. In the pituitary gland, these releasing hormones signal secretion of stimulating hormones. The hypothalamus also secretes a hormone called somatostatin, which causes the pituitary gland to stop the release of growth hormone.

2. Pituitary Gland The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain beneath the hypothalamus and is no larger than a pea. It is often considered the most important part of the endocrine system because it produces hormones that control many functions of other endocrine glands. When the pituitary gland does not produce one or more of its hormones or not enough of them, it is called hypopituitarism. The pituitary gland is divided into two parts: the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The anterior lobe produces the following hormones, which are regulated by the hypothalamus:

Growth hormone - Stimulates growth of bone and tissue (growth hormone deficiency in children results in growth failure. Growth hormone deficiency in adults


results in problems in maintaining proper amounts of body fat and muscle and bone mass. It is also involved in emotional well-being.)

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones (A lack of thyroid hormones either because of a defect in the pituitary or the thyroid itself is called hypothyroidism.)

Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) - Stimulates the adrenal gland to produce several related steroid hormones

Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - Hormones that control sexual function and production of the sex steroids, estrogen and progesterone in females or testosterone in males

Prolactin - Hormone that stimulates milk production in females The posterior lobe produces the following hormones, which are not regulated by the hypothalamus:

Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) - Controls water loss by the kidneys

Oxytocin - Contracts the uterus during childbirth and stimulates milk production The hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary are actually produced in the brain and carried to the pituitary gland through nerves. They are stored in the pituitary gland.

3. Pineal Body The pineal body, or pineal gland, is located in the middle of the brain. It secretes a hormone called melatonin, which may help regulate the wake-sleep cycle of the body.

4. Thyroid Gland The thyroid gland is located in the lower front part of the neck. It produces thyroid hormones that regulate the body's metabolism. It also plays a role in bone growth and development of the brain and nervous system in children. The pituitary gland controls the release of thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones also help maintain normal blood pressure, heart rate, digestion, muscle tone, and reproductive functions.

5. Parathyroid Glands The parathyroid glands are two pairs of small glands embedded in the surface of the thyroid gland, one pair on each side. They release parathyroid hormone, which plays a role in regulating calcium levels in the blood and bone metabolism.

6. Adrenal Glands The adrenal glands are triangular-shaped glands located on top of each kidney. The adrenal glands are made up of two parts. The outer part is called the adrenal cortex, and the inner part is called the adrenal medulla. The outer part produces hormones called corticosteroids, which regulate the body's metabolism, the balance of salt and water in the body, the immune system, and sexual function. The inner part, or adrenal medulla, produces hormones called catecholamines


(for example, adrenaline). These hormones help the body cope with physical and emotional stress by increasing the heart rate and blood pressure.

7. Pancreas Is an elongated organ located toward the back of the abdomen behind the stomach. The pancreas has digestive and hormonal functions. One part of the pancreas, the exocrine pancreas, secretes digestive enzymes. The other part of the pancreas, the endocrine pancreas, secretes hormones called insulin and glucagon. These hormones regulate the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood.

8. Testis In males, the testes, located in the scrotum, secrete hormones called androgens; the most important of which is testosterone. These hormones affect many male characteristics (for example, sexual development, growth of facial hair and pubic hair) as well as sperm production.

9. Ovary In females, the ovaries, located on both sides of the uterus, produce estrogen and progesterone as well as eggs. These hormones control the development of female characteristics (for example, breast growth), and they are also involved in reproductive functions (for example, menstruation, pregnancy). Check your understanding 1. Are the hormones important? Why? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is the function of the hormone somatostatin? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Where is located the pituitary gland ? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. How many parts are divided the pituitary gland? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


5. What the Luteinizing and follicle hormones control? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. What is the role of the Oxytocin ? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. What secretes the pineal body? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. Why are important the insulin and glucagon in our body? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Grammar In this unit you are going to learn about indefinite Pronouns Look at the following chart and do the following activities

1. Rewrite the sentences using anything, anybody, anyone. a) There was nobody at the hospital when I phoned.

____________________________________________ b) There was nothing in the emergency room..

____________________________________________ c) The doctor listens to no one.

____________________________________________ d) I have got nothing in my bag.

____________________________________________ e) He likes nobody.

____________________________________________ 2. Rewrite the sentences using nothing, nobody, no one.

some every no any

something somebody someone somewhere

everything everybody everyone everywhere

nothing nobody no one nowhere

anything anybody anyone anywhere

3


E.g.: There isnt anything in the cupboard. There is nothing in the cupboard. There isnt anyone at the clinic. ___________________________ 1. I dont have anything to operate. ___________________________ 2. I dont know anybody in neighbourhood. ___________________________ 3. I dont have anything in the fridge. ___________________________ Choose the correct answer: a) Who did you meet at the party? I met _______ ( something/ no one) b) The fridge is empty. Theres ________ in it. ( nothing / anything) c) Im going to tell you a secret. Dont tell ______ ( anybody / someone) d) I left my keys _____________. But where? (everywhere/ somewhere) e) People look at him _____________ he goes. Hes a celebrity. (everywhere/

anything)

Write and speak Write down a dialogue using the indefinite Pronouns and the vocabulary from this unit. Then act it out.

Our links Here you have some link to practice the grammar from this unit. http://www.grammar.cl/Basic/ indefinite Pronouns .htm http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/ indefinite Pronouns .htm

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THE URINARY SYSTEM

Warm ups Look at the following pictures and answer the following questions How do they feel? What are their symptoms?

Reading Read the following and answer the questions Urine The first nitrogenous waste to be formed from the breakdown of protein is ammonia, a highly toxic chemical that is quickly converted by the liver to urea and uric acid. These are less toxic than ammonia and are transported in the blood to the kidneys for excretion in urine. Urine consists of excess water, excess salt, urea and uric acid.

Parts of the Urinary System

2

1

UNIT

10


Renal Arteries Two renal arteries constantly transport blood to the kidneys. Renal Veins Two renal veins return useful nutrients back into the bloodstream. Ureters Two ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. Urinary Bladder The urinary bladder temporarily stores urine until it is released from the body. Urethra The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. The outer end of the urethra is controlled by a circular muscle called a sphincter. Kidneys The human kidneys are the major organs of bodily excretion .They are bean-shaped organs located on either side of the backbone at about the level of the stomach and liver. Blood always enters the kidneys through renal arteries and leaves through renal veins. Tubes called ureters carry waste products from the kidneys to the urinary bladder for storage or for release. The product of the kidneys is urine, a watery solution of waste products, salts, organic compounds, and two important nitrogen compounds: uric acid and urea. Uric acid results from nucleic acid decomposition, and urea results from amino acid breakdown in the liver. Both of these nitrogen products can be poisonous to the body and must be removed in the urine. Nephron The nephron is the basic functional and structural unit of the kidney. Its main function is to regulate the amount of water and soluble substances by filtering the blood and reabsorbing what is needed. Check your understanding 1. What does urine contain? ________________________________________________________________ 2. What are the parts of the urinary system? ________________________________________________________________ 3. What are the functions of the renal veins? ________________________________________________________________ 4. What is the main function of the nephron? ______________________________________________________________


THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Warm ups Look at the following pictures and answer the following questions How do they feel? What are their symptoms? Reading Read the following and answer the questions Introduction Sexual reproduction is the process of producing offspring for the survival of the species, and passing on hereditary traits from one generation to the next. The male and female reproductive systems contribute to the events leading to fertilization. Then, the female organs assume responsibility for the developing human, birth, and nursing. The male and female gonads (testes and ovaries) produce sex cells (ova and sperm) and the hormones necessary for the proper development, maintenance, and functioning of the organs of reproduction and other organs and tissues.

1. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM These external structures include the penis, scrotum, and testicles.

Penis: This is the male organ used in sexual intercourse. It has three parts: the root, which attaches to the wall of the abdomen; the body, or shaft; and the glans, which is the cone-shaped part at the end of the penis. The glans, also called the head of the penis, is covered with a loose layer of skin called foreskin. This skin is sometimes removed in a procedure called circumcision. The opening of the urethra, the tube that transports semen and urine, is at the tip of the penis. The penis also contains a number of sensitive nerve endings.

UNIT

11 1

2


Scrotum: This is the loose pouch-like sac of skin that hangs behind and below the

penis. It contains the testicles (also called testes), as well as many nerves and blood vessels. The scrotum acts as a "climate control system" for the testes. For normal sperm development, the testes must be at a temperature slightly cooler than body temperature. Special muscles in the wall of the scrotum allow it to contract and relax, moving the testicles closer to the body for warmth or farther away from the body to cool the temperature.

Testicles (testes): These are oval organs about the size of large olives that lie in the scrotum, secured at either end by a structure called the spermatic cord. Most men have two testes. The testes are responsible for making testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, and for generating sperm. Within the testes are coiled masses of tubes called seminiferous tubules. These tubes are responsible for producing sperm cells. The internal organs of the male reproductive system, also called accessory organs, include the following:

Epididymis: The epididymis is a long, coiled tube that rests on the backside of each testicle. It transports and stores sperm cells that are produced in the testes. It also is the job of the epididymis to bring the sperm to maturity, since the sperm that emerge from the testes are immature and incapable of fertilization. During sexual arousal, contractions force the sperm into the vas deferens.

Vas deferens: The vas deferens is a long, muscular tube that travels from the epididymis into the pelvic cavity, to just behind the bladder. The vas deferens transports mature sperm to the urethra, the tube that carries urine or sperm to outside of the body, in preparation for ejaculation.

Ejaculatory ducts: These are formed by the fusion of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicles. The ejaculatory ducts empty into the urethra.


Urethra: The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of

the body. In males, it has the additional function of ejaculating semen when the man reaches orgasm. When the penis is erect during sex, the flow of urine is blocked from the urethra, allowing only semen to be ejaculated at orgasm.

Seminal vesicles: The seminal vesicles are sac-like pouches that attach to the vas deferens near the base of the bladder. The seminal vesicles produce a sugar-rich fluid (fructose) that provides sperm with a source of energy to help them move. The fluid of the seminal vesicles makes up most of the volume of a man's ejaculatory fluid, or ejaculate.

Prostate gland: The prostate gland is a walnut-sized structure that is located below the urinary bladder in front of the rectum. The prostate gland contributes additional fluid to the ejaculate. Prostate fluids also help to nourish the sperm. The urethra, which carries the ejaculate to be expelled during orgasm, runs through the center of the prostate gland.

Bulbourethral glands: Also called Cowper's glands, these are pea-sized structures located on the sides of the urethra just below the prostate gland. These glands produce a clear, slippery fluid that empties directly into the urethra. This fluid serves to lubricate the urethra and to neutralize any acidity that may be present due to residual drops of urine in the urethra.


Check your understanding 1. What is sexual reproduction? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What are the external structures of the male reproductive system? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What are the parts of the penis? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What is the main role of the testicles? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Where is located the prostate gland? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Grammar In this unit you are going to learn about Simple Past. Look at the following chart and do the following activities AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS

SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT

I You We They

analyzed removed caught drank

a microbe a tumor a cold a cough syrup

He She It

had had had

genital herpes chlamydia syphilis

REGULAR VERBS 1.- Verbs ending in "e," then just add "d". Analyze analyzed Remove removed Describe described

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2.- Verbs ending in a consonant + y you have to turn the y into - ied Study studied Carry carried Hurry hurried 3.- Verbs ending in a vowel (a,e,i,o,u) + y, you have to add only ed. Play played Stay stayed 4.- When you have a consonant after a short stressed vowel at the end of the word Stop stopped Plan planned 5.- for the rest of the regular verbs you have to add only ed. Work worked Suffer suffered Explain explained Disconnect disconnected

IRREGULAR VERBS

Infinite Simple Past

Be Was were

Buy Bought

eat Ate

Go Went

Have had

Make Made

Take Took

PUT IN ORDER TO MAKE SENTENCES

1. about 10 percent /Infertility affected /of couples __________________________________________________________________

2. were /of male infertility /the most common causes /of sperm /The production and maturation __________________________________________________________________

3. sex chromosome/ of sperm / produced very low quantities /Men with an extra X __________________________________________________________________

4. caused infertility / Obstructions /in many patients/of the genital tract __________________________________________________________________

5. of infertile men / with hormone therapy /that could be treated /A small percentage/ had a hormonal disorder ________________________________________________________________


Write and speak Write down a dialogue using the SIMPLE PAST and the vocabulary from this unit. Then act it out.

Our links Here you have some link to practice the grammar from this unit. http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplepast.htmlhttp://www.englisch-http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simple-past

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THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Warm ups Look at the following pictures and answer the following questions How do they feel? What are their symptoms?

Reading Read the following and answer the questions FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM The main external structures of the female reproductive system include:

Labia majora: The labia majora enclose and protect the other external reproductive organs. Literally translated as "large lips," the labia majora are relatively large and fleshy, and are comparable to the scrotum in males. The labia majora contain sweat and oil-secreting glands. After puberty, the labia majora are covered with hair.

Labia minora: Literally translated as "small lips," the labia minora can be very small or up to 2 inches wide. They lie just inside the labia majora, and surround the openings to the vagina (the canal that joins the lower part of the uterus to the outside of the body) and urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body).

Bartholin's glands: These glands are located beside the vaginal opening and produce a fluid (mucus) secretion.

Clitoris: The two labia minora meet at the clitoris, a small, sensitive protrusion that is comparable to the penis in males. The clitoris is covered by a fold of skin, called the prepuce, which is similar to the foreskin at the end of the penis. Like the penis, the clitoris becomes erected with blood during sexual stimulation The internal reproductive organs in the female include:

Vagina: The vagina is It is located between the bladder and rectum. It also is known as the birth canal.

UNIT

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Uterus (womb): The uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped organ that is the home to a developing fetus. The uterus is divided into two parts: the cervix, which is the lower part that opens into the vagina, and the main body of the uterus, called the corpus. The corpus can easily expand to hold a developing baby. A channel through the cervix allows sperm to enter and menstrual blood to exit.

Ovaries: The ovaries are small, oval-shaped glands that are located on either side of the uterus. The ovaries produce eggs and hormones.

Fallopian tubes: These are narrow tubes that are attached to the upper part of the uterus and serve as tunnels for the ova (egg cells) to travel from the ovaries to the uterus. Conception, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm, normally occurs in the fallopian tubes. The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where it implants into the lining of the uterine wall.


How does the female reproductive system function? The female reproductive system is designed to carry out several functions. It produces the female egg cells necessary for reproduction, called the ova or oocytes. The system is designed to transport the ova to the site of fertilization. Conception, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm, normally occurs in the fallopian tubes. The next step for the fertilized egg is to implant into the walls of the uterus, beginning the initial stages of pregnancy. If fertilization and/or implantation does not take place, the system is designed to menstruate (the monthly shedding of the uterine lining). In addition, the female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.

Check your understanding 1. How is the labia majora? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Where is located the Bartholin's glands? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. How is compared the clitoris? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What specific part the baby develops? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Grammar In this unit you are going to learn about Simple Past. Look at the following chart and do the following activities

NEGATIVE STATEMENTS

SUBJECT AUXILIARY VERB COMPLEMENT

I You We They

did not / didnt

analyze remove catch drink

a microbe a tumor a cold a cough syrup

He She It

have have have


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INTERROGATIVE STATEMENTS


Did I you we they

analyze cure have have

the results the patient a stiff neck a sunburn

?

Did he she it

have have have


?

WH QUESTION

WORDS


How often did I you we they

analyze cure have have

the results the patient a stiff neck a sunburn

?

When Why

did did

he she it

have have have


?

I COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING TEXT WITH THE WORDS IN THE BOX

1.- The female gonads or sex glands are the _______________________ 2.- ___________________ is referred to as the outer or large lips. 3.-____________________ is a triangular fatty tissue that covers the pubic bone 4.-.- _______________________ Are the site of fertilization by the male sperm 5.- The powerful muscles of the ________________ expand to accommodate a growing fetus 6.- ______________________ is known as the birth canal. 7.-______________________ becomes erected with blood during sexual stimulation 8.-_____________________ is more sensitive to touch than the labia majora.

Write and speak Write down a dialogue using the SIMPLE PAST and the vocabulary from this unit. Then act it out.

Labia minora mons pubis fallopian tubes labia majora uterus Ovaries - vagina - clitoris

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Our links Here you have some link to practice the grammar from this unit. http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplepast.htmlhttp://www.englisch-http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simple-past

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LIST OF VERBS Los verbos regulares forman el Simple Past y el Past Participle agregando -ed al infinitivo. Los verbos irregulares no siguen esta regla y deben de ser aprendidos de memoria, estos se encuentran marcados con (i).

Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle Spanish

add added added agregar

answer answered answered responder

apologise apologised apologised disculparse

arrest arrested arrested arrestar

arrive arrived arrived llegar

ask asked asked preguntar

attack attacked attacked atacar

be (i) was / were been ser

become (i) became become convertirse

begin (i) began begun comenzar

believe believed believed creer

boil boiled boiled hervir

book booked booked reservar

borrow borrowed borrowed tomar prestado

break (i) broke broken romper

bring (i) brought brought traer

build (i) built built construir

buy (i) bought bought comprar

catch (i) caught caught atrapar

carry carried carried llevar

change changed changed cambiar

chop chopped chopped picar

clean cleaned cleaned limpiar

climb climbed climbed escalar

collect collected collected colleccionar

come (i) came come venir

compose composed composed componer

cook cooked cooked cocinar

copy copied copied copiar

cut (i) cut cut cortar

dance danced danced bailar

describe described described describir

destroy destroyed destroyed destruir

die died died morir

discover discovered discovered descubrir

discuss discussed discussed discutir

do (i) did done hacer


draw (i) drew drawn dibujar

dream (i) dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed soar

drink (i) drank drunk beber

drive (i) drove driven conducir

dye dyed dyed teir

eat (i) ate eaten comer

enjoy enjoyed enjoyed disfrutar

explode exploded exploded explotar

extinguish extinguished extinguished extinguirse

fall (i) fell fallen caer

feed (i) fed fed alimentar

feel (i) felt felt sentir

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